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POST GRADUATMEDICAL JOURNALVOLUME XXV NUMBER 288 OCTOBER I949

CONTENTSPAGE

EDITORIAL 46i

TUBERCULOUS GLANDS OF THE NECK Ronald Reid,-M.S.(Lond.), F.R.C.S.(Eng.) 465

A SURVEY OF RECENT DEVELOPMENTSIN BLOOD TRANSFUSION R. Drjrmmond, M.R.C.S.(Eng.), L.R.C.P.(Lond.) 47'

STERNAL MARROW BIOPSY E. Neumark, M.B., B.S.(Lond.) 478

THE STORY OF SILK ANDSILKWORM GUT A. M. C. Humphries, M.P.S. 483

BOOKS RECEIVED 488

THE BROKEN NOSE Jack Penn, F.R.C.S. 489

POST GRADUATE NEWS 496

BOOK REVIEWS 5o6

All rights reserved. No part of this journal may be reproducedin any form without permission in writing from the publishers.

EDITOR:Andrew Monro, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S.

ADVISORY EDITORIAL BOARD:Maurice Davidson, M.A., D.M., F.R.C.P.

Charles Read, F.R.C.S., F.R.C.O.G. A. Clifford Morson, O.B.E., F.R.C.S.David Levi, M.S., F.R.C.S. K. I. Nissen, F.R.C.S.Harold Davis, M.B., M.R.C.P. R. S. Bruce Pearson, D.M., F.R.C.P.Colin Edwards, M.B., M.R.C.P. N. Lloyd Rusby, D.M., F.R.C.P.Ronald Jarman, D.S.C., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P., D.A.. Sol. M. Cohen, M.A., F.R.C.S.

PUBLISHERS:The Fellowship of Post Graduate Medicine, I, Wimpole Street, Londpn, W.I.

BUSINESS MANAGER:R. H. Blythe, 24, Margaret Street, London, W.I. LANghem 4526.

488 POST GRADUATE MEDICAL JOURNAL - October 1949

One of the most important factors in the manu-facture of Japanese gut is the proportion of silk tobe used. In order to obtain the maximum strengthand elasticity it is necessary to use the greatestpossible proportion of pure silk, but at the sametime a proportion of glue-like substance is neces-sary if the finished product is to resemble silkwormgut. By using a large percentage of glue, Japanesegut can be made to look practically identical withthe genuine article, but this cannot be done with-out considerably sacrificing its strength. Conse-

sequently a compromise has been reached, and themost satisfactory ratio has been found to be 85per cent. pure silk and 15 per cent. glue. Evenwith these proportions, however, the silk does nottake on so glossy an appearance as one would wish,so that to the uninitiated it may appear to be less.desirable than the shiny production.

Since the war Japanese gut has not yet beenavailable in any quantity in this country.

For surgical use, Japanese synthetic gut is.sterilized by boiling.

BOOKS RECEIVIED-The Editorial Board acknowledge with thanks the receipt of thefollowing volumes. A selection from these will be made for review.

'Essentials of Orthopaedics.' By Philip Wiles,M.S., F.R.C.S., F.A.C.S. Pp. xv + 486, with 7colour plates and 365 text figures. London:J. & A. Churchill Ltd. I949. 42S.'A Surgeons Guide to Local Anaesthesia.' By

C. E. Corlette, M.D., Ch.M., F.R.A.C.S. Pp. xi+ 355, with 200 illustrations. Bristol: JohnWright & Sons. London: Simpkin Marshall Ltd.1948. 35s.'Blood Transfusion.' Edited by Geoffrey

Keynes, M.A., M.D., F.R.C.S. Pp. xii + 574,with iio illustrations. Bristol: John Wright &Sons. 1949. 52s. 6d.'Gas and Air Analgesia.' By R. F. Minnitt,

M.D., D.A., F.F.A., R.C.S. 4th Edition. Pp. vii+ 86, with 22 illustrations. London: Bailliere,Tindall & Cox. 1949. 5s..

'Psychological Aspects of Clinical Medicine.'By Stephen Barton Hall, M.D., D.P.M. Pp. xii+ 4i6, with 6 illustrations. London: H. K. Lewis& Co. 1949. 215k'Symptoms in Diagnosis.' By J. C. Meakins,

C.B.E., M.D., D.Sc. 2nd Edition. Pp. xv + 542,with II2 illustrations. London: Bailliere, Tindall& Cox. 1949. 42s.

' An Account of Schools of Surgery.' ByT. D. H. Widdess, M.A., L.R.C.P., F.C.S.I.Pp. 107, with I 5 plates. Edinburgh: E. & S.Livingstone. 1949. I 7S. 6d.

' Cystoscopy and Urography.' By F. B.Macalpine, D.Sc., F.R.C.S. 3rd Edition. Pp. 570,with 338 illustrations and I5 colour plates. Bristol:John Wright & Sons, Ltd. 1949. 63s.

'Recent Advances in Oto-Laryngology.' By R.Scott Stevenson, M.D., Ch.B., F.R.C.S.(Ed.). 2ndEdition. Pp. 395, with io6 illustrations and 8plates. London: J. & A. Churchill. 1949. 24S.'The Science and Art of Joint Manipulation.'

Vol. I. By James Mennell, M.A., M.D., B.C.2nd Edition. Pp. 215, with 299 illustrations.London: J. & A. Churchill. I949. 24s.

' Sir William GoWers,, I 845-1915.' By MacdonaldCritchley. Pp. ii 8, with io plates. London::William Heinemann. 1949. 17s. 6d.

' Modem Treatment Year Book, 1949.' Editedby Sir Cecil Wakeley, K.B.E., D.Sc., F.R.C.S.,F.R.S.E. Pp. viii + 338, with 39 illustrations.London: Medical Press. i949. 15s.

'Sternal Puncture.' By A. Piney, M.D.,.M.R.C.P., and J. I. Hamilton-Paterson, M.D.,F.R.C.S. 4th Edition. Pp. 89, with 14 plates.London: William Heinemann. I949. 15s.'A Companion in Surgical Studies.' By Ian

Aird, Ch.M., F.R.C.S. Pp. viii + io6o. Edin-burgh: E. & S. Livingstone. i949. 63s.

'Illustrations of Surgical Treatment.' By EricL. Farquaharson, M.D., F.R.C.S. 3rd Edition.Pp. 391, with 6i plates. Edinburgh: E. & S.Livingstone. 1949. 25S.

' A History of Oto-Laryngology.' By ScottStevenson, M.D., F.R.C.S., and Douglas Guthrie,M.D., F.R.C.S. Pp. vii + 155, with 52 plates.Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone. 1949. 17S. 6d.

'Mollison's Forensic Medicine Lectures.' ByK. M. Bowden, M.S. 5th Edition. Pp. 282, with65 figures. Melbourne: W. Ramsey (Surg.) Pty.,Ltd. I949. 37s. 6d.

' Atlas of Plastic Surgery.' By M. I. Berson,.M.D., Pp. xii + 304, with 1I,200 illustrations.London: William Heinemann Medical Books Ltd.1948. 75S.'The Mental and Physical Effects of Pain.' By

V. C. Medvei, M.D., M.R.C.P. Pp. 59. Edin-burgh: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. I949. 3s.'The Rhesus Factor.' By G. Fulton Roberts,

M.A., M.B., M.R.C.S., L.R.C.P. znd Edition..Pp. 64. London: William Heinemann MedicalBooks Ltd. 1949. 3s. 6d.'A Practice of Orthopaedic Surgery.' By T. P.

McMurray, C.B.E., M.B., B.Ch., F.R.C.S. 3rd.Edition. Pp. viii + 444, with i9I illustrations-London: Edward Arnold & Co. 1949. 30s.

496

POST GRADUATE NEWSOctober 1949

The information contained in this section is published by courtesy of theorganizations concerned and no responsibility for any changes of detailor omissions can be accepted by the publishers. In all cases, applicationsfor enrolment orfurther information should be made direct to the sponsorsof the course.

FELLOWSHIP OF POST GRADUATEMEDICINERheumatic Diseases (Week-end) October I and 2.All day Saturday and Sunday. Rheumatic Unit, St.Stephen's Hospital. Fee, £2 12S. 6d.Surgery (F.R.C.S.) October 5 to 26. Wednesdays at2 p.m. St. Mary Islington Hospital. Limited. Fee,£3 3s. od. (No entries accepted until syllabus ispublished and circulated.)Surgery (F.R.C.S.). October 8 and 9. All daySaturday and Sunday. Hillingdon Hospital. Limited.Fee £3 3s. od. (No entries accepted until syllabus ispublish d and circulated.)Orthopaedics (F.R.C.S.). October I5, i6, 22 and23. Saturday and Sunday afternoons, 2 to 7 p.m.Rowley Bristow Orthopaedic Hospital, Pyrford.Limited. Fee £4 14s. 6d. (No entries accepted untilsyllabus is published and circulated.)Pathology (M.R.C.P.). October 12 to November 30.Wednesdays, 6 p.m. Dreadnought Hospital, Green-wich. Limited. Fee £4 4s. od. (No entries accepteduntil syllabus is published and circulated.)Infectious Diseases (Week-end) October 29 and30. All day Saturday and Sunday. Park Hospital,Hither Green. Limited. Fee, Cj3 3s. od. (No entriesaccepted until syllabus is published and circulated.)Please note that instruqtion arranged by the Fellowshipof Post Graduate Medicine is open only to Members(annual subscription, from month ofjoining, xos. 6d.). Inthe case of 'limited' courses no entries are accepted inadvance of the detailed syllabuses being published andcirculqted; post graduates (whether Members are not) arenot automatically included in the mailing lists, but mustnotify the Fellowship of Post Graduate Medicine, x,Wimpole Street, London, W.s, if they wish to be sentsyllabuses as published, and must specify the subjects inwhich they are interested. Information regarding coursescan be obtainedfrom the Office, daily between zo a.m. and5 p.m. (Saturdays 1o a.m. to 12 noon.) Telephone:Langham 4266.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF SURGEONS OFENGLANDAnaesthetics. October 17 to November 4. A courseof three lectures daily for a period of three weeks.Fee, £Is 15s. od. (Fellows and Members of the College,£12 12S. od.). A detailed programme will be publishedlater. Tutorials will also be held during the sameperiod; each class limited to Io students. Fee,10o5os. id.

Anatomy, Applied Physiology and Pathology. Acourse of lectures and demonstrations will be givenfrom October IO, 1949, to January 6, I950. Practicaldemonstrations will be held in the mornings and earlyafternoons, and lectures will be given at 3.45 p.m. and5 p.m. on certain days of the week. The closing datefor applications is September I6, I949. Fees, demon-strations and lectures, C37 ios. od. (Fellows andMembers, and Licentiates in Dental Surgery of theCollege, £33 12S. od.) Lecture course only, £I6 i6s. od.(Fellows and Members and Licentiates in DentalSurgery, £12I12. od.).

Kettle Memorial Lecture will be delivered at theCollege at 5 p.m. on October 7, by Dr. BeatricePullinger, on ' The significance of functional differentia-tion in mammary tumours.' No fee for attendance.Surgery. The following course of lectures will begiven at the College:October3 5 p.m. Mr. Lawrence Abel. Surgery of the mouth.

6.15 p.m. Mr. R. G. Pulvertaft. The treatment oftendon injuries in the hand.

4 5 p.m. Mr. T. A. Hindmarsh. When to operatefor toxic goitre.6.15 p.m. Mr. W. Alexander Law. Surgical pro-cedures in the treatment of chronic arthritis of thespine.

5 5 p.m. Mr. J7. R. Armstrong. The diagnosis andtreatment of prolapse of the lower lumbar inter-vertebral discs.6.15 p.m. Mr. Hugh Donovan. The surgery of theureter.

6 6.I5 p.m. Mr. Digby Chamberlain. The indica-tions for splenectomy.

7 6.15 p.m. Mr. J. C. Scott. Scoliosis.IO 5 p.m. Mr. R.J. McNeill Love. The appendix.

6.I5 p.m. Mr. Harvey Jackson.I I 5 p.m. Mr. Hedley Atkins. Carcinoma of the

breast.6.I5 p.m. Mr.7. E. A. O'Connell.

12 5 p.m. Mr. W. B. Gabriel. Carcinoma of therectum.6.I5 p.m. Mr. John Sandrey. Anomalies of therenal pelvis and ureter.

13 5 p.m. Mr. T. Holmes Sellors. Surgery of con-genital heart disease.6.I5 p.m. Mr. P. R. Allison. Surgery of themalignant disease of the oesophagus.

14 5 p.m. Mr. Ernest Finch. Acute intestinal obstruc-tion.

Post Graduate News

6.I5 p.m. Mr. D. N. Matthews. Hare lip andcleft palate.

17 5 p.m. Mr. Anthony Till. The modem practiceof blood transfusion.6.I5 p.m. Mr. P. H. Jayes. Methods of skin re-placement.

i8 5 p.m. Sir Heneage Ogilvie. The relation of acidsecretion to peptic ulceration and its treatment.6.I5 p.m. Sir Gordon Gordon-Taylor. Intra-thoracic aneurysm.

19 5 p.m. Mr. R. P. Scott Mason. The managementof cholecystitis.6.x5 p.m. Mr. A. D. Marston. Guiding principlesof anaesthesia in surgery.

Fee for the whole course, including clinical conferencesat hospitals, L.2 IS. od. For lectures only, £8 8s. od.

FACULTY OF DENTAL SURGERYFellowship and Dental Examinations. SpecialFinal Fellowship Examinations have been instituted inOphthalmology and Oto-Laryngology. A Fellowshipin Dental Surgery has also been instituted.Conjoint Examinations. The Diplomas of L.R.C.P.,.M.R.C.S., are granted jointly with the Royal College ofPhysicians, as well as Diplomas in i I specialties.Scholarships and Prizes. The College grants manyResearch Scholarships and Prizes and in certain casesmakes grants in aid of surgical research, the work beingcarried out either in the College or elsewhere.Residential accommodation is available in the Collegefor post graduate students.Full particulars may be obtained from the Secretary, PostGraduate Education Committee, Royal College ofSurgeons, Lincolms Inn Fields, W.C.2.

ROYAL COLLEGE OF OBSTETRICIANSAND GYNAECOLOGISTSWilliam Meredith Fletcher Shaw MemorialLectureOctober12 2.30 p.m. Mr. R. W. Johnstone. Scotland's con-

tribution to the progress of midwifery in the i8thand early i9th centuries.

Admission by ticket only.A course of advanced lectures in Obstetrics andGynaecology will be given at the College House onNovember 4, 5, i8 and i9. Three lectures will be givenon November 4 and i8, and two on November 5 andi9. Further particulars will be available later.Applications for further information and for enrolmentshould be addressed to the Secretary, Royal College ofObstetricians and Gynaecologists, 58 Queen Anne Street,London, W.I.

SOCIETY OF APOTHECARIES OFLONDONDiploma of Industrial Health. The examinationsare held in July and December each year.Diploma of Mastery of Midwifery (M.M.S.A.).The examinations are held in May and November eachyear.

For regulations apply to the Registrar, Society of Apothe-caries, Black Friar, Lane, E.C.4.

MEDICAL SOCIETY OF LONDONOctober 0

io 8.30 p.m. Presidential Address by Mr. L. E. C.Norbury on ' The sigmoidoscope.'

24 8.30 p.m. Discussion on 'Deafness' to be intro-duced by Mr. Terence Cawthorne and Mr. Ian G.Robin.

For further information apply to the Registrar, TheMedical Society of London, i I Chandos Street, CavendishSquare, London, W. i.

DENTAL BOARD OF THE UNITEDKINGDOMA Dental Postgraduate Information Bureau has beenestablished for the purpose of collecting and makingavailable to those who require it all possible informationon this subject. Clinical demonstrations are arranged atintervals.For further information applications should be addressedto the Registrar, Dental Board of the UnitedKingdom, 44Hallam Street, London, W. I.

INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH ANDINSTITUTE OF CARDIOLOGYA course of lectures will be given at the National HeartHospital, Westmoreland Street, London, W. i, onTuesdays at 5 p.m. on 'Heart disease in childhood.'October4 Dr. J7. D. Boyd. Development of the heart.

I Dr. William Evans. Heart sounds and murmurs.i8 Dr. J7. M. W. Wells. Raiiology of the heart in

children.25 Dr. Bernard Schlesinger. The acute rheumatic-

state.

Novemberi Dr. D. Evan Bedford. Pericarditis.8 Dr. Paul Wood. Cardiac catheterization.

I5 Dr. R. E. Bonham Carter. Acyanotic congenitalheart disease.

22 Dr. G. W. Hayward. Angiocardiography.29 Dr. Maurice Campbell. Cyanotic congenital heart

disease.December6 Mr. R. C. Brock. Surgical treatment of congenital

heart disease.I3 SirJohn Parkinson. Rheumatic heart disease.Fee for the course, £3 3s. od., or 7s. 6d. for a singlelecture.Applications for tickets, with remittance, should be sent tothe Secretary, Institute of Child Health, The HospitalforSick Children, Great Ormond Street, London, W.C.I.

INSTITUTE OF CARDIOLOGY(National Heart Hospital) (University ofLondon)Full-time course of instruction lasting three months isavailable for Membership candidates and generalphysicians. Fee, £26 5s. od.A limited number can be accepted part-time, which in-cludes Out-patient sessions and lectures.

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POST GRADUATE MEDICAL JOURNAL

Special short courses lasting two weeks are given atintervals. Fee, jiz2 i2s. od.Further details and applications for admission to thesecourses should be made to the Dean, Institute of Cardi-ology, National Heart Hospital, Westmoreland Street,London, W. i.

INSTITUTE OF DISEASES OF THECHEST (Brompton Hospital and TheLondon Chest Hospital) (University ofLondon)The Institute of Diseases of the Chest (MedicalSchool of the Hospitals for Diseases of the Chest) issituated in the grounds of the Brompton Hospital,S.W.3. Courses of instruction in diseases of the chestincluding tuberculosis, are conducted during terms oftwelve weeks starting in January, the end of April andthe end of September. The courses consist of clinicalwork in wards and out-patient departments, lecturesand demonstrations. A whole-time programme can bearranged for a limited number of graduates, preferablythose specializing in diseases of the chest. For this thefee is at present LI5 15s. od. per term. A larger numbercan be accepted for part-time study, for which the feeis C3I2 IaS. od. per term. Graduates are accepted forshorter periods only if vacancies are available; for thisthe fee is C5 5s. od. for one month.Industrial Pulmonary Diseases. A course oflectures will be given on Fridays at 5 p.m. as follows:October7 Prof. J3. Gough. Pathology of the coal miner's lung.14 Dr. C. M. Fletcher. Pneumokoniosis of coal miners.2z Dr. S. Roodhouse Gloyne. Pathology of pr-eumo-

koniosis.28 Dr. K. M. A. Perry. Effects of dusts of vegetable

origin.November4 Dr. L. W. Hale. Silicosis.

i i Dr. H; Wyers. Asbestosis: talc, china clay andother silicates.

i8 Dr. A. I. G. McLaughlin. Siderosis.25 Dr. A. J7. Amor. Industrial aspects of new growths

of the respiratory tract.

December2 Dr. Alice Stewart. Industrial aspects of pulmonary

tuberculosis.9 Dr. T. A. Lloyd Davies. Manganese, beryllium,

vanadium and platinum.i6 Dr. A. Thelwall Jones. Industrial lung disease due

to gases.These lectures will be open to enrolled students of theInstitute without extra fee ; a limited number of ticketsis available for the course at a fee of £3 3s. od.For further information applications should be addressedto the Dean, Institute of Diseases of the Chest, BromptonHospital, Fulham Road, S.W.3.

INSTITUTE OF CHILD HEALTH (Uni-versity of London) (Hospital for SickChildren)The Institute of Child Health is associated withThe Hospital for Sick Children, Great Ormond Street,and the Post Graduate Medical School at Hammer-smith Hospital, and also has an arrangement with the

Queen Elizabeth Hospital for Children. In its pro-gramme, teaching on every aspect of child health isprovided, including the Department for the new-bornand premature infant at the Post Graduate School,Maternity and Child Welfare Clinics, Nursery Homes,etc. The Institute provides tuition throughout the yearin three terms of three months' duration each, com-mencing in January, May and October, and in additiona series of lectures by specialists and experts in variousspheres is given each term. The fees vary from 25guineas for six months' attendance to 3 guineas fora week.Applications should be made to the Dean, Institute ofChild Health, Hospital for Sick Children, Great OrmondStreet, London, W.C.i.

INSTITUTE OF DERMATOLOGY(Medical School of St. John's Hospitalfor Diseases of the Skin)(University of London)Clinical Teaching. Instruction is given twice dailyin the Out-patients' Department for which the feevaries from one guinea for one week to Is guineas for ayear. Selected cases are shown each Monday at 4.30p.m.Laboratory. There are facilities for study andtuition in the pathological laboratory. Arrangements canbe made for individual instruction and for researchwork.Lectures. (a) A long and systematic course of lec-tures will be given during the winter, beginning inOctober. The fee for the complete course will be,£15 15s. od. (b) A special course of lectures on theHistopathology of the Skin will be given on Monday andWednesday mornings, beginning in September.General. No ward instruction is yet possible, but anew extension to the Hospital is in the course of con-struction, and greatly improved facilities for teachingand study will be available on completion.Enquiries should be made to the Dean, Institute ofDermatology, St. John's Hospitalfor Diseases of the Skin,Li.dle Street,- Leicester Square, London, W.C.2.

INSTITUTE OF LARYNGOLOGY ANDOTOLOGY (Royal National Throat, Noseand Ear and Golden Square Hospitals)(University of London)A comprehensive course lasting zo weeks and designedto cover the whole field of the specialty is held twice ayear in January and July. This consists of lectures,demonstrations and attendance on the practice of thehospital, with facilities for dissection. A special point ismade of the anatomy, physiology and pathology relatedto the subject. Advanced students may obtain additionalexperience by appointment as Out-patient Assistants.An Advanced Revision Class (io weeks) for M.S. andF.R.C.S. students is also given twice yearly. Thecomposite fee, including enrolment as a clinical assis-tant, attendance on the hospital practice and at oneof the comprehensive courses, but excluding dissection,varies from 35 guineas for three months to 45 guineas fora year. There are lower rates for attendance on thehospital practice only.For further information applications should be addressedto the Dean, Institute of Laryngology and Otology, 330Gray's Inn Road, I7.C.r.

498 October I1949

Post Graduate News 4

INSTITUTE OF OBSTETRICS ANDGYNAECOLOGYIncorporates the teaching facilities of Queen Charlotte'sMaternity Hospital, the Chelsea Hospital for Women,and the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology ofthe Postgraduate Medical School. Applications toattend courses of instruction are invited from graduatesholding a registrable medical qualification. TheAutumn Term will commence on October 3, 1949.On enrolment, graduates are posted to one of theconstituent hospitals but they also attend combinedclasses at the other two hospitals on two days a week.This provides a wide variety of teaching and clinicalmaterial. The enrolment fee is C3, and the charge forone term is £20 or for two terms the charge is C35.General practitioners wishing to obtain further ex-perience of obstetrics may be accepted at Queen Char-lotte's Hospital to attend the practice of the hospital,for periods of two or four weeks, during which time theywill have opportunities for delivering normal cases. Inaddition they will attend the combined classes of theother two hospitals. A fee of C3 a week is chargedduring term time, for attending the practice of thehospital. Post graduates may attend the practice of thehospital at the Postgraduate Medical School and QueenCharlotte's Hospital during the vacation, when a chargeof £i a week is made. An intensive course suitable forthose preparing for higher examinations will be held atthe end of the Summer Term.Hostel accommodation is available at the PostgraduateMedical School and at a short distance from QueenCharlotte's Hospital.Applications for further information and for enrolmentforms should be made to the Secretary, Institute ofObstetrics and Gynaecology, Chelsea Hospitalfor Women,Dovehouse Street, London, S.W.3.

INSTITUTE OF OPHTHALMOLOGY(Royal London Ophthalmic, Royal West-minster Ophthalmic, Central LondonOphthalmic Hospitals) (University ofLondon)Courses of lectures and classes beginning March I andOctober i each year to meet the requirements ofcandidates entering for the examination for the Diplomain Ophthalmology and other ophthalmological examina-tions will be given by members of the staff of the Hos-pital and Institute. Each course is designed to extendover two terms of approximately I8 weeks each and isnormally divided into two parts.Part I. Anatomy (including embryology and normalhistology), elementary physiology of the eye, optics(elementary and physiological), practical tutorials inrefraction work and clinical subjects.Part II. Advanced physiology, all clinical branches ofthe subject together with bacteriology and pathology.Students can attend the daily clinical practice of the twobranches of the Moorfields, Westminster and Central EyeHospital, and hold the appointments of Junior ClinicalAssistants and Clinical Assistants concurrently with theabove courses. A composition fee of £26 5s. od. willadmit students once to the lectures and tutorial classesof any one term, with six months' clinical practice inthe hospital.Advanced Course. Clinical teaching and lectures ata higher level for advanced students. Fees are adver-tised as and when courses are arranged.

Extra Courses. Slit lamp microscopy (fee, £5 5s. od.);orthoptic training (one week's intensive course, fee,,C5 5s. od.); contact lenses (one week's intensive course,fee, Cio ios. od.). Additional courses by arrangement.Hospital Practice only. Fees as follows: i month,£2 2S. od. ; 3 months, £s 5s. od. ; 6 months, £io Ios. od.For further information apply to the Academic Secretary,Institute of Ophthalmology, Judd Street, London, W.C.i.

INSTITUTE OF ORTHOPAEDICS(University of London)The Institute is concerned with post graduate educationin orthopaedics and with research. The practice of thehospital, both at the Central Hospital in Great PortlandStreet, and at the Country Hospital at Stanmore, is opento post graduates, who may join at any time. Inaddition to hospital practice, formal courses of variouslengths are held during academic terms. Facilities foradvanced clinical work are available for selected can-didates having a suitable scientific or surgical training.A six months' systematic course in orthopaedics will beheld from October 3 to December io and from January 9to March i8. This is a comprehensive course includingthe full practice of the Town and Country Hospitalsand about 2oo demonstrations and lectures.Further particulars may be obtained from the Dean,Institute of Orthopaedics, Royal National OrthopaedicHospital, 234 Great Portland Street, W.r.

INSTITUTE OF PSYCHIATRY(University of London)The Institute, which is part of the British PostgraduateMedical Federation, was formerly the Maudsley HospitalMedical School. Since July 5, 1948, it has also beenassociated with the Bethlem Royal Hospital:It is concerned with post graduate education inpsychiatry and allied subjects, and with research. Acourse of instruction covering two to two and a halfyears, and starting in October yearly, is provided formedical practitioners who wish to specialize in psy-chiatry or to prepare for the Diploma in PsychologicalMedicine. Clinical instruction, which includes caseconferences, seminars, and practical experience in casetaking, is given at associated hospitals in the mornings,and systematic lectures and demonstrations are ar-ranged for the afternoons. Students may also enrol forshorter periods or for separate lecture series.The subjects covered include general and chilcpsychiatry, neuroanatomy, neurophysiology, electrcphysiology with special reference to the clinical applica-tions of the electroencephalogram, neuropathology, bio-chemistry, psychology, principles of psychotherapy,forensic psychiatry, criminology, mental testing, andstatistics. Lectures on subjects of special interest arearranged from time to time. The tuition fee for a fullyear's course is C52 ios. od. For shorter periods thefee varies with the type of course chosen.Selected students are eligible for appointments onthe staff of the Joint Hospital.Facilities for research and supervision of study forhigher degrees also exist in clinical work and in thebiochemical, electrophysiological, neuropathological andpsychological laboratories.Further information may be obtained from the Dean,Institute of Psychiatry, Maudsley Hospital, DenmarkHill, London, S.E.5.

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INSTITUTE OF UROLOGY (St. Peter'sand St. Paul's Hospitals) (University ofLondon)Three courses are held annually. Instruction includessystematic lectures, out-patient sessions, ward visits,operation sessions and tutorial demonstrations. Fee,£i8 i8s. od. Special courses in venereology are heldfrom time to time.Applications should be addressed to the Secretary, St.Peter's Hospital for Stone, Henrietta Street, London,W.C.2.

BRITISH POST GRADUATE MEDICALFEDERATION (University of London)Refresher courses for general practitioners will be heldas followsObstetrics and GynaecologyOctober 3 to 8. North Middlesex Hospital, Edmonton,N.i8.October 24 to 29. Sussex Maternity Hospital, Brighton.November 7 to I2. Southend-on-Sea Group.November I4 to I8. Lewisham Hospital, S.E.13'.GeneralOctober Io to Is. Hackney Hospital, E.g.October I7 to November io (various afternoon sessions).Chichester and District Hospitals.October 24 to November 5. Fulham and KensingtonHospitals.November 21 to 26. Royal Sussex County Hospital,Brighton.November 2I to December 3. Royal Northern Hospital,Holloway Ioad, N.7.October 6 to December I 5 (one afternoon weekly).War Memorial Hospital, Woolwich.October 6 to December I 5 (one afternoon weekly).Southend-on-Sea Group.Fees: £xo iOS. od for two weeks' courses; £5 5s. od.for one week's course, or for the last two courses.Schemes of financial assistance are available, subject tocertain conditions, for (a) demobilized general prac-titioners and (b) N.H.S. practitioners.Applications for places and for further information shouldbe made to the Secretary, British Post Graduate MedicalFederation, 3 Gordon Square, London, W.C. I. Theyshould state if the practitioner is applying under (a) or(b) above, or neither.

LONDON SCHOOL OF HYGIENE ANDTROPICAL MEDICINE (University ofLondon)Course of study for the University of LondonCertificate and Diploma in Public Health. Thecourse is designed for qualified medical practitioners andis intended primarily to prepare them for the AcademicPost Graduate Certificate and Diploma in Public Healthof the University of London. The preliminary part isintended to meet the needs of registered medicalpractitioners who intend to devote themselves to anybranch of Public Health work, and the full course isintended to provide more advanced instruction forthose practitioners who wish to qualify themselves forappointments in which they are required by law to hold

registered Diplomas or Degrees in Public Health (orState Medicine). The preliminary course lasts threemonths, and the complete course covers one academicyear of nine months, and tuition begins at the end ofSeptember in each year. The tuition fee for the coursefor the Certificate in Public Health is £2I, and for thefull course is £56 14s. od. (both payable at the time ofenrolment). These fees include payments in respect ofwork in a public health department, instruction in in-fectious diseases and hospital administration, and certainvisits. They do not include University registrationand examination fees. The registration fee, payable tothe University by students who have not previouslymatriculated in the University of London, is £3 3s. od.Application for admission to the course should be madeto the Registrar of the School. Applications fromnationals from Pakistan and India should- be madethrough the offices of their respective High Commis-sioners in London. Part-time students are not at presentadmitted to the course. The detailed regulations,governed by the Rules of the General Medical Council,are issued by the University of London.Course of study for the Diploma in TropicalMedicine and Hygiene (England). The course isintended primarily to prepare qualified medicalpractitioners for the examination of the Conjoint Boardfor the Diploma in Tropical Medicine and Hygiene.The course is open to any qualified medical practitioner,but those not holding a medical qualification registrablein England should consult the Secretary of the Con-joint Board, 8, Queen Square, London, W.C.i, re-garding their admissibility to- the examination for theDiploma. The course is a continuous one of five monthsduration, preparing for a single examination by theConjoint Board. The tuition fee for the whole courseis £40, but it does not include the examination feepayable to the Conjoint Board.Application for admission to the course should bemadeto the Registrar of the School. Students from overseasare advised to make application as early as possible inorder that they may be assured before sailing that thereis a place available. Applications from nationals fromPakistan and India should be made through the officesof their respective High Commissioners in London.Course of study for the Academic Diploma InBacteriology. This course is designed to preparecandidates for the Academic Post Graduate Diploma inBacteriology of the University of London. The courseis open to graduates in medicine, science and pharmacyof the London or another approved University, whoseprevious training has, in the opinion of the LondonUniversity fitted them to profit by the course; reg-istered medical practitioners and other students who,though not graduates, have obtained a qualification andundergone a previous training which, in the opinion ofthe London University, has fitted them to profit bythe course. The course begins about the first week inOctober in each year and lasts one academic year ofnine months. The examination for the Diploma isheld once in each year beginning on the Thursdayfollowing the third Monday in June. The compositefee for the course is £56 I4S. od.; this includes tuition,hire of microscope, and the provision of a clean gownand towel each week. The examination fee is £5 5s. od.The registration fee, payable to the University bystudents who have not previously matriculated in theUniversity of London, is £3 3s. od.Applications for admission to the course should be sub-mitted to the Registrar of the School, and should beaccompanied by a statement of the candidate's pastexperience, and of the particular branch of bacteriology

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that he intends to take up in the future. A list ofpublications, if any, should also be included. It isimportant to know whether the candidate is going to takeup bacteriology as a whole-time career. The number ofplaces is strictly limited. Applications for admissionshould be received by the end of March; candidateswill be informed by the end of April whether or notthey can be admitted.Applicants who are interested in hospital pathology asopposed to public health bacteriology are reminded thata course for the Diploma in Clinical Pathology is avail-able at the Post Graduate Medical School of London.Short courses in the principles of MedicalStatistics and Statistical Methods. . In additionto the general course of instruction in medical statisticsand elementary statistical ideas and methods whichforms part of the curriculum of students working foracademic diplomas, the Department of Medical Statisticsoffers a short and rather more advanced three monthcourse in these subjects. 'In this short oourse particularattention is given to the analysis of medical statisticalmaterial and students are taught, in lectures and bypractical work, the more important methods of treatingand interpreting numerical data. Special lectures aregiven on the general principles of statistical inferenceand the elements of the theory of probability. Thenature and source of medical-statistical data are dis-cussed and lectures given on statistical-epidemiologicalaspects of diseases and on such subjects as occupationaland social aspects of mortality and morbidity, popula-tion sampling methods and tests of inoculation pro-cedures. The programme consists of 4-5 lectures and6-7 hours of practical work each week, usually arrangedto occupy two whole days. The days and hours ofattendance are not fixed but are arranged from term toterm to fit in with other courses in the School and tomeet, when possible, the needs of students who wishto take this part-time course and to carry on with otherwork at the same time. Those with more time at theirdisposal are able to do additional practical work and areassisted in analysing statistical material of their ownoutside the fixed hours of classes. The course laststhree months and is held twice a year, beginning in thefirst week of January and about mid-April, if sufficientapplications are received. The fee for the course isiz2 I2S. od. Application should be made to the Registrarof the School not less than one month before the courseis due to begin.

Course in Applied Helminthology. A short courseis held from time to time, and is designed for membersof staffs of agricultural colleges, officers or intendingofficers of the Colonial Agricultural and VeterinaryServices, and officers engaged under local authorities.The course lasts three weeks and is held in the monthof July, but it is not held every year. The fee for thecourse is £4 4s. od.

METROPOLITAN EAR, NOSE ANDTHROAT HOSPITALThe post graduate training is the traditional one ofbeing appointed as clinical assistant to one of thesurgeons, taking part in the out-patient clinics andassisting at operations. Special four-week coursesare held for general practitioners, which necessitateattendance at the hospital at least twice a week forlectures, practical demonstrations and training in theexamination of patients. In addition there are frequentintensive week-end courses for general practitioners.There is a dailyeHearing Aid clinic at the Hospital.

Daily operations at I.P. Dept., 5 Collingham Gardens,S.W.S. Courses for specialists by arrangement.For further information applications should be addressedto Chief Lay Administrative Officer, Metropolitan Ear,Nose and Throat Hospital, 14-i6 Granville Place, Wi.

NATIONAL HOSPITAL, Queen Square(Institute of Neurology)The teaching is mainly by attendance on the hospitalpractice. More advanced students are appointed asclinical clerks to the wards or to the electroencephalo-graphic, or one of the other special departments, or tothe research laboratories. In addition, two full-timecourses of ten weeks' duration are given each year inthe autumn and spring terms. The first portion of thecourse deals with the anatomy and physiology of thenervous system, methods of examination, neurQ-pathology, neuro-ophthalmology, neuro-otology, radio-logy and psychology, and consists mainly of lecturesand demonstrations. A course in neuro-surgery isgiven during the summer term. Special lectures byneurologists from outside London and from abroadare held throughout the three courses. Fees: Forthe ten-weeks' full-time course, C2I ; For attendinghospital practice, £15 15s. od. for three months or,£29 8s. od. for six months.

Extra lectures at 5 p.m. without fee:October7 Dr. Wilder Penfield. Observations on the anatomy

of memory.io Dr. Foster Kennedy. Allergic manifestations in the

nervous system.A course of clinical demonstrations will be given onSaturdays at 10.30 a.m. from October 8 till December 17,inclusive, and also on Wednesdays at 4 p.m., fromOctober IX till December 21, inclusive. These demon-strations are open to post graduates at a fee of oneguinea for the course. Admission will be by ticket, butno doctor will be allowed to attend both courses.Applications for further information should be addressedto the Dean, Medical School, National Hospital, QueenSquare, London, W.C.:i.

NORTH LONDON POST GRADUATEMEDICAL INSTITUTECourses in advanced medicine, advanced surgery, andobstetrics and gynaecology. Instruction in pathology,anaesthetics and radiodiagnosis. Clinical instruction atBearsted Memorial Hospital, Chase Farm Hospital,North Middlesex Hospital, the Prince of Wales'sGeneral Hospital and St. Ann's General Hospital.During the coming academic year there will be eight-week courses in advanced medicine suitable for thosetaking the M.R.C.P. examination, and eight-weekcourses in advanced surgery suitable for those takingthe F.R.C.S. examination, also two-week courses forthose taking the D.Obst.R.C.O.G. examination.For further information apply to the Dean, the Princeof Wales's General Hospital, London, N.I5.

POSTGRADUATE MEDICAL SCHOOLOF LONDON (University of London)The Postgraduate Medical School of London (formerlythe British Post Graduate Medical School) is associated

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with the Hammersmith Hospital, Ducane Road, W.12.It has University Departments in Medicine, Surgery,Obstetrics and Gynaecology, and Pathology. TheDepartment of Obstetrics and Gynaecology togetherwith Queen Charlotte's and the Chelsea Hospitals, nowforms the Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. Theteaching in the clinical departments, which is of anadvanced nature and based on ward work, is continuousand is supplemented by lectures during three io-weeksessions starting in January, April and October.Suitable students are encouraged to undertake researchwork. A course for the University Diploma in ClinicalPathology, lasting one year, is available for a limitednumber of selected students. This commences inOctober. In anaesthetics, short practical coursselasting a fortnight, and longer periods of training for sixmonths, are provided. The Department of Radiologyof the Hospital provides courses for the Diplomas inMedical Radiology of the University- and ConjointBoard. The fees vary from £3 for one week to £6ofor a year.For further information application should be made to theDean, Postgraduate School of London, Ducane Road,.W.I2.

ROYAL EYE HOSPITAL (King's CollegeHospital Group)Malcolm McHardy Memorial Lectures: Anatomyof the Eye and Orbit will be given by Prof. ThomasNicol on Mondays, November 28, December 5, 12,I9, January 2, 9, i6 and 23, at 5.30 p.m.Laurence-Holthouse Memorial Lectures: Physi-ology of the Eye will be given by Dr. David Slomeand Dr. C. A. Keele on Fridays, November 4, II, I8,25, December 2, 9, i6, 30, January 6, I3, 20 and 27, at5.30 p.m.

Arthur D. Griffith Memorial Lectures: Opticswill be given by Mr. J. F. P. Deller on Mondays,October 3, 10, 17, 24, 31, November 7, 14 and 2i, at$.30 p.m.

Clinical Ophthalmology Lectures: Methods ofExamination will be given 'by Mr. C. Taylor on'Thursdays, January 12 and i9, at 5 p.m., and by Dr.R. A. Burn on Fridays, January I3 and 20. at 4.I5 p.m.Introductory Lectures in Ophthalmology will begiven by Mr. L. H. Savin on Wednesdays, October 5,12, I9, 26 and November 2, at 5 p.m. Science andArt of Refraction will be given by Dr. T. H. Whitting-ton on Tuesdays, November i, 8, I5, 22, 29, December6 and I3, at 5 p.m. Medical Ophthalmology will begiven by Mr. A. J. Cameron on Fridays, October 7, 14,21* and 28, at 5 p.m. Ophthalmic Neurology will begiven by Mr. L. H. Savin on Wednesdays, December 7,14, 21, January 4 and ii, at 5 p.m. Pathology will begiven by Miss Mary Savory on Fridays, November 4,II, i8 arid 25, at 4.15 p.m. Genetics in Ophthalm-ology will be given by Prof. Arnold Sorsbh on Tuesdays,October 4, i8 and 25, Thursdays, October 6, 20 and27, at 5 p.m. Operative Surgery will be given byMiss J. M. Dollar on Thursdays, November Io, 17,24. and December I, at 5.30 p.m. Operative SurgeryDemonstrations will be given by Mr. B. W. Rycroft,by arrangement.Occasional lectures will be given as follows.November3 5 p.m. Dr. Macdonald Critchley. Metamor-

phopsia.

ovember9 5 p.m. Dr. W. G. Oakley. Ocular aspects of

diabetes.i6 5 p.m. Mr. B. W. Rycroft. Some recent advances.30 5 p.m. Mr. B. W. Rycroft. Some recent advances.December8 5 p.m. Prof. S. Nevin. Ocular palsy.15 5 p.m. Prof. S. Nevin. Papilloedema and optic

neuritis.Practical Courses, Pathology and Bacteriology byDr. J. D. Gray and Dr. A. Cunliffe on Tuesdays,December 6, 13, 20, January 3, io and 17, at 4 p.m.Refraction, by Dr. T. H. Whittington, by arrangement.Operative Surgery, by Miss J. M. Dollar and MissMary Savory, by arrangement.The lectures are open to both post graduate and under-graduate students. A fee of C5 5s. od. per subject, ora composition fee of £12 12S. od. will be charged forPhysiology, Anatomy and Optics, and a fee of £5 5s. od.for each of the practical courses. Tutorial revisionclasses will be held by arrangement during the course.

Full details on application to the Secretary to the MedicalCommittee, Royal Eye Hospital, St. George's Circus,London, S.E.x.

ST. GEORGE'S HOSPITAL MEDICALSCHOOL (University of London)The following lecture-demonstrations will be given at4.30 p.m. There is no fee for attendance.October6 Dr. Feiling. Neurology.

I 3 Dr. Curran. Psychiatry.20 Dr. W'illiams. Neurology.27 Dr. Curran. Psychiatry.For further information apply to the Dean, MedicalSchool, St. George's Hospital, Hyde Park Corner,London, S. W. i.

ST. STEPHEN'S HOSPITAL(Rheumatism Unit)Two concentrated week-end courses in the RheumaticDiseases are given each year, in' March and in October,under the auspices of the Fellowship of Post GraduateMedicine.A limited number of post graduates can attend the Out-Patient Sessions of the Unit on Wednesday and Fridaymornings at Io a.m.Applications for attendance at these sessions should bemade to the Medical Registrar, Rheumatism Unit, St.Stephen's Hospital, Fulham Road, S.W. x o.

EMPIRE RHEUMATISM COUNCILLecture courses in Rheumatic Diseases are arranged forgeneral practitioners and other post graduatesperiodically.A week-end course will be held at the ApothecariesHall, Blackfriars Lane, E.C.4, on Friday, Saturday andSunday, November i8,i9 and 20, 1949. Fee, C2 2S. od.Limited to ioo entries.

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Particulars are obtainable from the General Secretary,Empire Rheumatism Council, Tavistock House (N),Tawistock Square, London, W.C.i.

NATIONAL ASSOCIATION FORMENTAL HEALTHCourses for Medical Officers on 'Educationally sub-normal children and mental defectives, I949,' are or-ganized by the Extra-mural Department of theUniversity of London in co-operation with the NationalAssociation for Mental Health; they are intended forqualified medical practitioners, more especially thoseengaged as School Medical Officers and as CertifyingOfficers under the Mental Deficiency Act.A course will be held at the University of LondonExamination Hall, Imperial Institute Road, SouthKensington, from October 3 to 22. Fee, £15.Applications for further information and for enrolmentshould be made to the Educational Secretary, NationalAssociation for Mental Health, 39 Queen Anne Street,London, W.i.

ROYAL INSTITUTE OF PUBLICHEALTH AND HYGIENEThe next course of instruction of the Institute for theCertificate in Public Health, and for Part i of theDiploma in Industrial Health-which is the same andruns concurrently-will begin on Friday, September30, 1949. The next course for the D.P.H. begins onJanuary 27, 1950, and for Part II (D.I.H.) on February17, 1950.

Further information can be obtained from the Secretary,The Royal Institute of Public Health and Hygiene, 28Portland Place, W. i.

ABERDEENUniversity of AberdeenA two-weeks' refresher course for general practitionersand ex-Service medical officers will be given at theAberdeen Royal Infirmary, beginning on October io.Fee, Cio ios. od. Schemes for financial assistance areavailable under which the fee for the course, locumfees, subsistence allowances and travelling expensesmay, subject to certain conditions, be repaid to (a)Service medical officers recently demobilized fromh.M. Forces, and (b) N.H.S. doctors. Numbers willbe limited.Applications should be made by October I to the Chairman,Postgraduate Medical Committee, University Buildings,Foresterhill, Aberdeen.

BRISTOLMedical Post Graduate Department of theUniversity of BristolC.P.H. (Certificate in Public Health) and D.P.H.(Diploma in Public Health). Preliminary course forthe C.P.H. occupies ten weeks. Final course for theDiploma occupies the Spring and Summer Terms.Courses run concurrently and begin in October.D.M.R.D. & T. (Diploma in Medical Radio-Diagnosis and Radiotherapy). The D.M.R.D.covers a period of i 8 months. The D.M.R.T. covers aperiod of two years. Course begins in October.

D.P.M. (Diploma in Psychological Medicine)Part I. The course covers a period of not less thantwo terms normally beginning in the autumn.Course in Child Health. A course lasting threemonths, suitable for the D.C.H. of the Royal Colleges,begins in October.Course in Anaesthesia. A course lasting I2 months,suitable for the D.A. of the Royal Colleges, begins inOctober.Application for further information and for enrolment incourses should be made to the Director, Medical PostGraduate Studies, The University, Bristol, 8.

CAMBRIDGEUniversity Medical SchoolPost Graduate Facilities for General Prac-titioners. From October 3, 1949, to July 31, 1950,regular daily n edical and surgical ward rounds, out-patient clinics, and a monthly clinico-pathologicalconference will be available at the Cambridge UnitedHospitals. A detailed time-table, showing subjects, isobtainable on application.Enquiries should be addressed to the Secretary, CambridgeUniversity Medical School, The Naval Hut, DowningCollege, Cambridge.

CARDIFFThe Welsh National School of MedicineC.P.H. Wales (Certificate in Public Health).Three months' full-time course, October to December.D.P.H. Wales (Diploma in Public Health). Twelvemonths' part-time course, January to December.T.D.D. Wales (Tuberculosis Diseases Diplomaj.Five to six months' full-time course, January to June.D.M.R.D.Eng. (Diploma in Medical Radio-Diagnosis). Eighteen months' full-time course fromOctober.The number of admissions to each of the above courses isstrictly limited and early application should be made tothe Secretary, The Welsh National School of Medicine,34 Newport Road, Cardiff.

DUBLINUniversity CollegeThe following courses will be held during the session,1I949-50C.P.H. Course and examination. Michaelmas Term.D.P.H. Course. Hilary and Trinity Terms.

Examinations. Summer Term.D.P.M. Course and examination. Michaelmas Term.D.C.H. Course and examination. Hilary Term.Further particulars may be obtained on application to theRegistrar, University College, Earlsfort Terrace, Dublin.

EDINBURGHEdinburgh Post Graduate Board ofMedicineGeneral Surgery. A three months' course of postgraduate surgery is arranged to start on March 27,I950. It is suitable for surgeons requiring a refresher

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course in the current outlook on general surgery, or forgraduates preparing to specialize in surgery; approxi-mately 2oo hours of instruction are provided. Fee,£3' ios. od.Internal Medicine. A course lasting I2 weeks, suit-able for graduates wishing a refresher course, or tospecialize in Medicine, begins on April 3, 1950. Thesecourses consist of 320 hours' instruction, comprisinglectures, clinical demonstrations and ward visits. Fee,£31 ios. od.Paediatrics. A short course of instruction is run inconjunction with the course in Medicine, and is primarilyintended for those who wish additional experience inthis subject. A small fee is charged, and the numbersare limited.Applications for enrolment should be addressed to Directorof Post Graduate Studies, Surgeons' Hall, Edinburgh,8. Applicants for courses, except general practitioners,should supply particulars of qualifications and postgraduate experience.

Royal Medical SocietyThe meetings of the Society are held in the Society'sHall on Friday evenings during the Autumn and SpringTerms. Meetings consist of Private Business (at 7 p.m.)and Public Business (at 8 p.m.) in which dissertationsby members or addresses by prominent medical men onsubjects of medical interest are given. Clinical meetingsare held periodically in the Royal Infirmary and filmshows ofthe latest medical films are given in the Society'sRooms. Prospective members will be welcomed oni -nyFriday evening in the Society's Hall before publicbusiness.Applications for further information should be addressedto the Secretary, Royal Medical Society, 7 MelbournePlace, Edinburgh. i.

GLASGOWUniversity of Glasgow Post GraduateMedical Education CommitteeCourse in Mental Deficiency. The University ofGlasgow in co-operation with the Scottish Associationfor Mental Hygiene, offers a short intensive postgraduate course in Mental Deficiency, from October ioto 28, I949. The course will consist of (a) Lecturesand demonstrations on various aspects of mentalhandicap and mental deficiency (legal, medical, educa-tionaJ, social), and on epilepsy and delinquency, es-pecially as associated with mental defect. (b) Instruc-tion in mental testing-observation of testing, practicewith individual children and young persons, interpreta-tion of results. (c) Visits for observation, includinginstitutions, an occupational centre, a special school forthe mentally handicapped and a child guidance clinic.Fee, 0'5 15s. od. The course will be limited to 20practitioners, places being allocated strictly in order ofreturn of application forms.Requests for further information and for applicationforms should be addressed to the Director of Post GraduateMedical Education, The University, Glasgow, W.2.

GODALMING, SURREYTuberculosis Educational InstituteA three-day course will be held at the King George VSanatorium, Godalming, from October I8 to 20.Accommodation, either in the Sanatorium or in a nearbyhotel, at reasonable terms. Fee, excluding accom-modation, £3 3s. od.

Applications for further information and enrolmentshould be addressed to Dr. Harley Williams, TuberculosisEducational Institute, Tavistock House North, TavistockSquare, London, W.C.i.

LIVERPOOL

University of LiverpoolThe following post graduate courses of instruction areoffered:Orthopaedic Surgery. A full-time is-month courseleading to a Mastership in Orthopaedic Surgery(M.Ch.Orth.) open to all medical graduates of approvedUniversities (and to graduates in other faculties withqualifications in medicine) who hold an F.R.C.S. of oneof the British colleges or its equivalent. The fee forthe whole course is £8o. The course begins in October.Radiology. A full-time course of two academicsessions leading to a Diploma in Radiology (D. or T.)which can be taken in either radio-diagnosis or radio-therapy, open to medical graduates of approvedUniversities and to medically qualified candidates whohold approved higher medical diplomas and a degreein a faculty other than medicine. The fee for the fulltwo-year course is Lig. The course begins in October.The degree of M.Rad. may, after report by the Faculty,be conferred on holders of the D.kadi(D. or T.) of thisUniversity under certain conditions.Surgery. A full-time one-year course leading to theMastership of Surgery (Ch.M.) of the University ofLiverpool, open to medical graduates of approvedUniversities and to graduates in other faculties withqualifications in medicine and an F.R.C.S. of one of theBritish colleges or its equivalent. The course is suitablefor candidates who have already completed the Primaryof their F.R.C.S. and will not include instruction inanatomy and physiology suitable for this examination.The fee for the course is L6o. The course begins inOctober.Public Health. A full-time one-year course leading tothe Diploma in Public Health, open to candidates witha medical qualification from an approved University ormedical school. The fee is £6o. All courses of in-struction begin in October.Tropical Medicine and Hygiene. A full-time four-month course leading to the Diploma in TropicalMedicine and Hygiene (D.T.M. & H.) open to candi-dates with a medical qualification from an approveduniversity or medical school. The course begins inSeptember and January. Fee, £42.Anaesthesia. A full-time course of post graduateinstruction, limited to ten students, will begin onOctober ist and last for one year. This course has beenaccepted by the Conjoint Board of England as fulfillingthe requirements of candidates for the Diploma inAnaesthetics. The fee for the course is £60.Internal Medicine. For graduates proceeding to ahigher qualification in medicine (e.g. M.R.C.P. orM.D.) there is a part-time course lasting one year.This comprises lectures and demonstrations in path-ology, bacteriology, general medicine, neurology, cardi-ology and radiological diagnosis. The course normallybegins in October, but graduates may join at other timeswithout disadvantage. The fee for the year's course is £21.Refresher courses for general practitioners arearranged from time to time.Applications for further information should be addressedto the Dean, Faculty of Medicine, The University,Liverpool, 3.

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MARKET DRAYTON, SALOPTuberculosis Educational InstituteThree day Clinical Courses are given at the CheshireJoint Sanatorium, Market Drayton, throughout theyear. The next course will take place in the autumn.Applications for further information and enrolment shouldbe sent to Dr. Harley Williams, Tuberculosis EducationalInstitute, Tavistock House North, Tavistock Square,London, W.C.I.

NEWCASTLE-UPON -TYNEUniversity of Durham Medical SchoolCertificate and Diploma in Public Health. Whole-time course for the Certificate and Diploma in PublicHealth of the University will be held during the session1949-50. The course for the Certificate will he heldduring the Michaelmas Term, I949. Fee, £20. Thecourse for the Diploma will be held during the Epiphanyand Easter Terms, 1950. Fee, £40.Applications should be addressed to the Assistant Registrar,Medical School, King's College, Newcastle-upon-Tyne.

OXFORDUniversity of Oxford Post GraduateMedical Education CommitteePost graduate education for general practitioners willbe arranged as follows:-At the United Oxford HospitalsClinics held throughout the year, except during Augustand September:-Medicine, ward rounds daily, IO.x5a.m., Radcliffe Infirmary; case discussions, Thursdays,2.15 p.m., Nuffield Department of Medicine, RadcliffeInfirmary. Chest Diseases, ward rounds, Mondaysand Fridays, 2 p.m., the Osler Pavilion. Geriatrics,to be arranged later, Cowley Road Hospital. Psy-chiatry, out-patients, Tuesdays, 2 p.m., RadcliffeInfirmary; case discussions, Fridays, 4 p.m., ParkHospital. Infectious Diseases, ward rounds, Mon-days, 2 p.m., Slade Infectious Diseases Hospital.Social Medicine, lectures, Mondays, 5 p.m. (duringterm only), Institute of Social Medicine. Paediatrics,ward rounds, Saturdays, 10.30 a.m., Radcliffe Infir-mary; Infant Welfare Clinic, Thursdays, 2 p.m.,Oxford City Clinic. Neurology, out-patients, Tues-days and Wednesdays, 2 p.m., Radcliffe Infirmary;clinical demonstrations, Thursdays, 5 p.m., RadcliffeInfirmary. Dermatology, out-patients, Mondays andFridays, 2 p.m., Radcliffe Infirmary. Surgery, wardrounds, Thursdays, 9.30 a.m., Churchill Hospital;accident service, daily, I0 a.m., Radcliffe Infirmary;ward rounds, Mondays, Thursdays and Fridays, IO.15a.m., Radcliffe Infirmary; Monday, Tuesday andThursdays, 2.15 p.m., Radcliffe Infirmary; clinicaldemonstrations, Tuesdays 4.30 p.m., ChurchillHospital. Orthopaedic Surgery, clinical demon-strations, Thursdays, 9 and Io a.m., Wingfield-Morris Hospital. Obstetrics and Gynaecology,post-natal clinic, Wednesdays, 2 p.m.; ante-natalclinic, Thursdays and Fridays, 2 p.m.; symposium,Thursdays, 3.I5 p.m. (monthly), Maternity Home,Radcliffe Infirmary; ward rounds, Wednesdays, 5p.m., Radcliffe Infirmary. Clinico-Pathology, sym-posium, Wednesdays, 5 p.m. (during term), MaternityTheatre, Radcliffe Infirmarv.

Lecture-demonstrations on special subjects:E.N.T., October 13, 20, 27, at 3 p.m., Radcliffe In-firmary. Ophthalmology, October I4, 21, 28, at3 p.m., Oxford Eye Hospital. (These lecture-demon-strations will not be held if less than I2 general prac-titioners apply to attend them.)At the Reading Group of HospitalsClinical Assistantships open to all practitioners inthe area in the following subjects:-medicine, surgery,paediatrics, ophthalmology, oto-rhino-laryngology, ob-stetrics and gynaecology, pathology. These appoint-ments will be from one to three months according tothe number of applicants. Applications should be sentto Mr. Gordon Bohn at the Royal Berkshire Hospital,Reading.Ward Rounds to be held throughout the year:Surgery, Fridays, 2.15 p.m. (weekly), Royal Berk-shire Hospital. Medicine, Thursdays, 2.15 p.m.(weekly), Tuesdays, 2.15 p.m. (alternate weeks), RoyalBerkshire Hospital. Geriatrics, Tuesdays, 2.15 p.m.(alternate weeks), Battle Hospital. Paediatrics,Tuesdays, 10.30 a.m. (alternate weeks), Royal Berk-shire Hospital. Obstetrics and Gynaecology,Thursdays, I0.30 a.m. (alternate weeks), Royal Berk-shire Hospital.Aylesbury Group of HospitalsIntensive refresher courses of a fortnight's durationmay be held twice yearly (Spring and Autumn) at theRoyal Buckinghamshire Hospital, Aylesbury, providednot less than IS general practitioners are accepted forattendance at each course. Next course, October 31 toNovember 12.Northampton Group of HospitalsIntensive refresher courses of a fortnight's durationmay be held twice yearly (Spring and Autumn) at theGeneral Hospital, Northampton, provided not less thanIS general practitioners are accepted for attendance ateach course. Next course, November 14 to 26.General practitioners wishing to avail themselves of thefacilities set out in this schedule should apply to theChairman, Post Graduate Medical Education Committee9x Banbury Road, Oxford.

SOUTHENDSouthend General HospitalAn abdominal operation session is held every Saturdayafternoon from 2 p.m. to 7 p.m., at which Post Graduatesare welcome. There is no fee. Trains from FenchurchStreet to Southend or to Westcliff are as follows, butPost Graduates are advised to check them in case ofalterations, the time of arrival is stated in brackets.To Southend: 12.1 (1.7), 12.7 (I.19), 12.13 (I.25),12.25 (1.32), 12.32 (1.46). To Westcliff: 12.1 (I.3),12.7 (1.15), 12.25 (1-28), 12.32 (I.44). Trains re-turning to Fenchurch Street are as follows. FromSouthend: 7.34 (8.SS), 8.4 (9.56). From Westcliff:7.3 (8.30), 7.39 (8.5s), 8.8 (9.56).CONFERENCES, ANNUAL MEETINGS,ETC.British Orthopaedic Association. Annual meetingat Bristol on Thursday, Friday and Saturday, October13, 14 and 15, 1949.

Association of Anaesthetists of Great Britain andIreland. Annual meeting at the Royal College ofSurgeons on Thursday, November 3, followed by dinnerat the Savoy Hotel.

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