Rwanda Canada’s Peacekeeping Failure

5Ws (Background)

Who: Tutsi and Hutu• Tutsi and Hutu – two main ethnic groups in Rwanda, Africa.• In the 1400s the Tutsi’s formed most of the population of nobility and

the Hutu majority (85%) of the population was mostly poor peasants.• In the 1800’s Tutsi chiefs demanded labour from the Hutu’s that

occupied their land.• In 1885, Rwanda became a German colony and they chose the Tutsi’s

to rule.• After WWI when Rwanda was handed to Belgium, the Belgians

supported the self-government of Rwanda in 1959 (a civil war over leadership ensues until 1962 when an official election puts Hutu moderates in the seat of power)

• Rwanda is an unstable country rife with violence through to the 1990s • The Hutu extremists resented Tutsi elites and the extremist group was

formed…later carrying out the mass killing of almost 1 Million Tutsis in Rwanda

Who: Moderate Hutu, Tutsi civilians, RPF (Tutsi), Extremist Hutu

• Moderate Hutus officially take power in 1973 (President = target that starts genocide)

• Tutsi civilians (minority) wind up being the victims of genocide• Rwandan Patriotic Front (RPF) are the Tutsi nationalist rebel

group that try to take power from the 1960’s to the 1990’s. They finally succeed in 1994 (a sad victory after the 100-days genocide against their people)

• The Hutu extremists are initially two militia groups called INTERAHAMWE (“those who attack together”) and IMPUZAMUGAMBI (“those who have the same goal”). But after the assassination of the President, extremist crawl out of the woodworks from the Presidential Guard, the Rwandan Armed Forces.

Who: United Nations

• an intergovernmental organization established on 24 October 1945 to promote international co-operation. A replacement for the ineffective League of Nations, the organization was created following the Second World War to prevent another such conflict.

• One of the UN's primary purposes is "promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and for fundamental freedoms for all without distinction as to race, sex, language, or religion", and member states pledge to undertake "joint and separate action" to protect these rights. (as per United Nations Charter – Chapters I and IX)

Who: Romeo Dallaire and UN peacekeepers

• United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR) Canadian commander Major-General Romeo Dallaire, led the Mission (which included peacekeeping troops from numerous countries, including Ghana) in Rwanda from 1993-1994 and had been credited with saving 20,000 Tutsis in safe-havens across Rwanda.

• At times, more than 400 Canadian soldiers were peacekeeping in Rwanda.

What: Rwandan Genocide

• 100 days (April 6, 1994 – July 18, 1994)• It is estimated that between 800, 0000 to 1 Million Tutsis

and Hutu moderates were slaughtered with machetes and guns by Hutu extremists. Even Hutu’s that did not take up the cause and carry out the mass killings were killed.

• United Nations Assistance Mission in Rwanda (UNAMIR) could not manage the overwhelming genocide sweeping the country. Little to no support (troops, equipment or whatever) was given to the effort by the UN Security Council. In fact by Day 12, 90% of UN troops are withdrawn from Rwanda.

Where:

When:

April 6, 1994 DIRECT CAUSE – TRIGGER EVENTAfter a plane carrying the Rwandan and Burundi Hutu Presidents crashed killing all on board. RPF was blamed in shooting down the plane (but to this day, it is unknown whether or not RPF or Hutu extremists were to blame).

Why:

• On one side, the RPF want to reclaim power in Rwanda and succeed in gaining a power-share agreement with the Hutu moderate government by 1992 (after years of exile)

• On the other side, the Hutu extremists plot to eradicate the Hutu moderates (in power) and the Tutsi minority

• Both had a vested interest in gaining more power by assassinating the moderate President and sparking the conflict ensued