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Rwanda. Brianna Vear, Laura Laureano, Greg Sachetti, Doug Champigny. Location: Central Africa. Borders Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo Tanzania and Uganda 893 km of border. Area 26,338 sq km. Land 24,668 sq km. 155 Largest country in the world. Landlocked. - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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RwandaBrianna Vear, Laura Laureano, Greg Sachetti, Doug Champigny
Location: Central Africa
Borders Burundi, Democratic Republic of the
Congo Tanzania and Uganda 893 km of border
Area 26,338 sq km
Land 24,668 sq km
155 Largest country in the world
Landlocked
Slighlty larger then maryland
Natural Resources!!!goldcassiterite(tin ore)wolframite (tungsten ore) methanehydro-power arable land
Environmental issues
Deforestationovergrazing
soil exhaustion and erosionWidespread poaching
Natural HazardsPeriodic droughts
Volcanic Varunga mountains
Cli
mate
Temperate
Two rainy seasons February to April; November to January
Mild in Mountains; Some Frost and snow possible
CULTURE!!!
The People
Nationality Rwandan(s)
Population(2008) 10,180,000
Ethnic Groups Hutu 85% Tutsi 14% Twa 1%
Religions Christiona 93% Muslim 4.6% Non-claimed 1.7% traditional African .1%
Languages Kinyarwanda, French, English
Life Expecentcy 49.5 years
● 150,000 people living with HIV/AIDS
● 7800 deaths occur due to HIV/AIDS
● High Risk of Major Infectious Disease such as Malaria, Typhoid fever, rabies
● 70.4% adults are literate
FlagThree Horizontal Bands of sky blue yellow and green with a golden sun with 24 rays near the fly end of the blue band
This flag was adopted on October 25, 2001
Designed by a local artist
Green is symbolic of the country’s prosperity
Yellow is symbolic of potential and real economic development
Blue is a symbolic of happiness and peace
The Sun and Rays represent Englightment
ECONOMY
Rwanda is a poor rural country
90% of population engages in subsistence farming, or farming for the family
Rwanda is the most densely populated country in Africa
It is landlocked and has few natural resources
Primary Foreign export is coffee and Tea
The genocide and civil war depleted Rwanda’s fragile economy even farther increased the poverty rate
It destroyed the country’s ability to attract private and external investment
Rwanda is making great progress stabilizing and reconstructing the economy back to its pre 1994 state
Poverty levels are still alarmingly high, but inflation has been curbered and the GDP(gross national Product) is on the rise again
● Rwanda has very fertile soil but food production can not keep up with the pace that population growth is setting
● This then calls need for food imports● Rwanda is still being given substantial amounts
of aid from foreign Countries● Government is attempting to reduce the poverty
by improving education, infrastructure and foreign and domestic Investment.
● Energy shortages, instability in neighboring states and lack of adequate transportation to other countries is continuing to hinder growth.
HISTORY
Folklore
● Tutsi Cattle breeders came to the Horn of Africa in the 15 century
● Made Hutu their subjects over time
● Some areas Hutu’s were dominant others Tutsi and Hutu lived together under the control of Tutsi Kings
Gregoire Kayibanda who led the Parmehutu Party became Rwanda’s first president of the one party government
Ideals of the Kayibanda regime included peaceful negotiation of international problem social and economic elevation of the masses and integrated development of Rwanda.
● In 1894 Count Von Goetzen a German was the first European to visit
● He was followed by Missionaries known as the “White Fathers”
● After WWI the league of nations combine Rwanda and Burundi to become Ruanda-Urundi a given to Belgium.
● After WWII it became a UN territory under Belgium administration
Under Belgium rule Democratic political instutioins were encouraged but they met great resistance from the Tutsi Tradistionalists who found it a threat to Tutdi rule.
During revolt 160,000 Tutsi fled to other countries.
The Parmehutu government was formed during the election in 1961
Belgium granted internal autonomy to the government on January 1 1962.
July 1 1962 the UN Granted Rwanda as well as Burundi its complete independence
In the First 10 years relations with 43 countries was established
During the mid 60’s coruption began to occur within the government
On July 5 1973 the military took power under Major General Juvnal Habyarimana disbanding the National Assembly and all political activity
• President Habyarimana forms the National Revolutionary movement for Development
• Goals are to promote peace unity and national development under a one party state
• In December 1978 country endorses a new constitution and confirms Habyarimana as president
• Is “Re elected” in 83 and 88 as he is the only candidate
• Due to public pressure in 1990 he announces to change Rwanda from a one party state
On October 1, 1990 Rwanda exiles join in Force to create the Rwandan Patriotic Front
They invade Rwanda from there exile in Uganda.
War continues for 2 years until a cease fire on July 12 1992
On April 1994 an airplane that President Habyarimana is on is shot down while preparing to land in Kigali
Military and militia groups began rounding up and killing all Tutsis and political moderates
● The prime minister and her 10 body guards were first victims
● Killing spread from Kigali to all corners of the Country
● Between April 6 and the beginning of July a genocide left over a Million Tutsis and Hutu moderates dead
● Citizens were called on to kill their neighbors
The RDF in Kigali came under attack as soon as the president’s plane was shot down.
They fought there way out of the capital and met up with its comrades from the north. They continued there invasion
France landed in “Zone Turquoise” to help end the genocide.
With France’s help the RPF took Kigali on July 4th 1994 and the war ended on July 16 1994
The RPF took control of the damaged country 1 million were murder and 2 million had fled the country and another million had fled within the country.
The biggest international humanitarian response was mounted.
In November of ‘96 600,000 Rwandan refuges return in a two week span of time.
RPF Organized a coalition government that resembled
Called the Board Bases Government of National Unity
Based on a mixture of the 1991 Constitution, the Arusha accords and political declarations by the parties.
National Revolutionary Movement for Development Party was banned
Government
● In April 2003 The national assembly recommended dissolving the Democratic Republican Party(MDR)
● Human rights groups noticed the disappearance of assorted MDR figure heads.
● On May 26 2003 Rwanda adopted a new Constitution that eliminated any references to Ethnicity and paved the way for the elections that would be held in September 2003
● The Seven remaining Political parties all supported Paul Kagame who was elected on a 7yr term.
● In the Spring of 2006 elections were held to elect mayors and small councils
● The Chamber of Deputies was elected in the fall of 2008
● 42 of the 53 seats went to the RPF
● 24 seats went to women.
● Women currently hold 45 of the 80 seats
Promoting Further democratization and judicial reform
Completion of prosecution of those hundred thousands of people being charged with crimes relating to the Genocide
Preventing another revolt but the Ex- military and Militia
Long term development planning
GOVERNMENT PLANS
Executive Branch
Chief of state President
Head of government Prime Minister
Cabinet Council of Ministers
Elections 18 yrs of age, Gender and ethnicity is not a factor
Legislative Branch
Parliament Consists of
Senate 26 seats; 12 elected by local councils, 8 by the president, 4 by the Political Organization Forum; 2 by institutions of higher learning; severs an 8 yr term
Chamber of Deputies 80 members, 53 members are elected by popular vote, 24 women elected by local bodies, 3 members are selected by youth and disability organizations; serve 5 years
Judicial Branch
Supreme Court
High Courts of the Republic
Provincial Courts
District Courts
Mediation Committees
Political Parties
Centrist Democratic Party
Democratic popular Union of Rwanda
Democratic Republican Movement
Islamic Democratic Party
Party got Democratic Renewal
Rwanda Patriotic Front
Social Democratic Party
Current Government Officials
President Paul Kagame
Prime Minister Bernard Makuza
Minister of Foreign Affairs Rosemary Musemenali
Ambassador to the United States James Kimonyo
Ambassador to the UN Joseph Nsengemana
DefenseWell trained army and a small rotary-wing air force
Takes a large proportion of the National Budget fur to the security problems with the Democratic Republic of the Congo and Burundi.
After security problems are over Rwanda is intended to have a small army of 25 000
Foreign RelationsRwanda is an active member of the UN
Most of the UN development and humanitarian agencies have had a large presence in Rwanda
At the peak of the crisis 200 nongovernmental organizations were aiding in Rwanda
Rwanda also aids in peace keeping missions
They have 4 battalions in Darfur and one in Southern Sudan
In Jan 2009 forces entered the Congo and began to help the Congolese forces
Rwanda disbanded diplomatic relations with France after France charged senior Rwandan officials of shooting down the plane in 1994; Rwanda denies these charges