Russian Revolutions Key Causes: New Society Growing Urban Workforce Growing Urban Workforce The industrial revolution came to Russia largely in the 1890s

Russian Revolutions

Key Causes: New Society Growing Urban Workforce Growing Urban Workforce The industrial revolution came to Russia largely in the 1890s industrialized societyThe industrial revolution came to Russia largely in the 1890s industrialized society Development in Russia was not as advanced as BritainDevelopment in Russia was not as advanced as Britain Russias cities began to expand and large numbers of peasants moved to the cities to take up new jobs and were in tightly packed and expanding urban areas experienced problems like poor and cramped housing, bad wages, and a lack of rights in their jobsRussias cities began to expand and large numbers of peasants moved to the cities to take up new jobs and were in tightly packed and expanding urban areas experienced problems like poor and cramped housing, bad wages, and a lack of rights in their jobs The government was afraid of the developing urban classThe government was afraid of the developing urban class Even more afraid of powerful foreign investment away by supporting better wages, and the consequent was a lack of reforming legislation.Even more afraid of powerful foreign investment away by supporting better wages, and the consequent was a lack of reforming legislation.

Key Causes: New Society Still1890s:Still1890s: Russia develops an educated, political culture among a group of people who were forming between the aristocracy and the peasantsRussia develops an educated, political culture among a group of people who were forming between the aristocracy and the peasants This group were part of a civil society which sent their youth to be students, read newspapers, and looked towards serving the public rather than the TsarThis group were part of a civil society which sent their youth to be students, read newspapers, and looked towards serving the public rather than the Tsar A severe famine in the early 1890sA severe famine in the early 1890s Showed how ineffective the Tsarist government now wasShowed how ineffective the Tsarist government now was Showed them how much they could achieve if they were allowed to uniteShowed them how much they could achieve if they were allowed to unite Tsar refused to meet their demands many of this social sphere turned against him and his governmentTsar refused to meet their demands many of this social sphere turned against him and his government

Key Causes: Bad Government Tsarist Autocracy and a Lack of Representation Tsarist Autocracy and a Lack of Representation Russia ruled by TsarRussia ruled by Tsar Held by the Romanov family.Held by the Romanov family. Ruled aloneRuled alone Freedom of expression was limitedFreedom of expression was limited The result was an autocratic regime under which republicans, democrats, revolutionaries, socialists and others both chaffed and were increasingly desperate for reformThe result was an autocratic regime under which republicans, democrats, revolutionaries, socialists and others both chaffed and were increasingly desperate for reform Some wanted violent change, others peaceful, but as opposition to the Tsar was banned, opponents were increasingly driven to extreme measures.Some wanted violent change, others peaceful, but as opposition to the Tsar was banned, opponents were increasingly driven to extreme measures. The Tsar - Nicholas II:The Tsar - Nicholas II: Determined to govern but lacked ability to run an autocracy correctlyDetermined to govern but lacked ability to run an autocracy correctly Went back to seventeenth century an almost late-medieval system (rather than reforming and modernizing Russia)Went back to seventeenth century an almost late-medieval system (rather than reforming and modernizing Russia) Strong reform movement in Russia (essentially westernizing) during the mid- nineteenth century under Alexander II. A constitution was being written when Alexander II was assassinated in 1881. His son, and his son in turn (Nicholas II), reacted against the reform, not only halting it but starting a counter reform of centralized, autocratic government.Strong reform movement in Russia (essentially westernizing) during the mid- nineteenth century under Alexander II. A constitution was being written when Alexander II was assassinated in 1881. His son, and his son in turn (Nicholas II), reacted against the reform, not only halting it but starting a counter reform of centralized, autocratic government.

Key Causes: Bad Government Unsuccessful Government Unsuccessful Government The late Tsarist government was not goodThe late Tsarist government was not good There was a mass of competing bodies out of whose confusion law, judgment and government decisions appeared entirely arbitrary, random, or reliant on patronageThere was a mass of competing bodies out of whose confusion law, judgment and government decisions appeared entirely arbitrary, random, or reliant on patronage Russia was under governed Russia was under governed Peasants had little contact with the imperial governmentPeasants had little contact with the imperial government Government had to go through landed nobilityGovernment had to go through landed nobility ZemstovsZemstovs peasant emancipation landholders declined and turned on the government, demanding reform peasant emancipation landholders declined and turned on the government, demanding reform Rulers did not have an idea of the peasant view, Peasants were not involved with the government Didnt care about the wiping away of the whole Tsarist regime (in 1917)

Timeline: Stage 1 1890: An imperial decree subordinated the zemstva the authority of the appointed regional governors.1890: An imperial decree subordinated the zemstva to the authority of the appointed regional governors. 1891: Severe famine affects almost half of Russia's provinces1891: Severe famine affects almost half of Russia's provinces 1904-1905: Loss in the Japanese-Russo War 1914-1918: Big losses in WWI Cost of bread skyrockets Food shortages

Timeline: Stage 2 1894-1917: Weak leadership of Nicholas II Tries to crush the Duma (Parliament) 1917: Censorship of all anti-government activities1917: Censorship of all anti-government activities December 1917: Red Terror led by the secret police known as ChekaDecember 1917: Red Terror led by the secret police known as Cheka Eliminate all opponents to Lenin like Reign of Terror and Committee of Public SafetyEliminate all opponents to Lenin like Reign of Terror and Committee of Public Safety

Timeline: Stage 3 1905: Bloody Sunday: a peaceful protest of 200,000, but guards open fire and kill 10001905: Bloody Sunday: a peaceful protest of 200,000, but guards open fire and kill 1000 1916:1916: Assassination attempts and final assassination of RasputinAssassination attempts and final assassination of Rasputin 1917:1917: February/March Revolution: 10,000 working class women led a series of strikes in Petrograd and St. Peterburg chanting Peace and Bread and Down with Autocracy---similar to Womens Bread March on VersaillesFebruary/March Revolution: 10,000 working class women led a series of strikes in Petrograd and St. Peterburg chanting Peace and Bread and Down with Autocracy---similar to Womens Bread March on Versailles All factories shut down and go on strike in Petrograd and soldiers join inAll factories shut down and go on strike in Petrograd and soldiers join in October Revolution:October Revolution: Menshevik and moderate Soviets representatives walked out to protest the October Revolution. The Congress established, and Lenin its first chairman, to run the country between sessions.Menshevik and moderate Soviets representatives walked out to protest the October Revolution. The Congress established, and Lenin its first chairman, to run the country between sessions.

Timeline: Stage 4 1917:1917: Civil War in Russia-brought on primarily over continued involvement in World War OneCivil War in Russia-brought on primarily over continued involvement in World War One Whites: anti-communists and supporters of the Provisional Government like the GirondinsWhites: anti-communists and supporters of the Provisional Government like the Girondins Reds: communists-Bolsheviks like the JacobinsReds: communists-Bolsheviks like the Jacobins Liberals: made up of the middle class and wanted a constitutional monarchyLiberals: made up of the middle class and wanted a constitutional monarchy Socialists: more democratic, did not follow Lenin, mostly peasants who wanted more land rightsSocialists: more democratic, did not follow Lenin, mostly peasants who wanted more land rights Communists: radicals and followers of LeninCommunists: radicals and followers of Lenin Communists broken into Bolsheviks led by Lenin and Mensheviks led by TrotskyCommunists broken into Bolsheviks led by Lenin and Mensheviks led by Trotsky Kornilov AffairKornilov Affair

Timeline: Stage 5 1917: Provisional Government led by Alexsandr Kerensky1917: Provisional Government led by Alexsandr Kerensky Moderate republicModerate republic Duma met on March 12, 1917 to establish a Provisional Government made up mostly of the middle class like the National Assembly and later the Legislative AssemblyDuma met on March 12, 1917 to establish a Provisional Government made up mostly of the middle class like the National Assembly and later the Legislative Assembly 1918-1921: Had Czar Nicholas II step down and got rid of the monarchy like at the end of the Legislative Assembly1918-1921: Had Czar Nicholas II step down and got rid of the monarchy like at the end of the Legislative Assembly

Timeline: Stage 6 Development of Soviets---workers councils to give the working class a voice because they feel the Provisional Government does not represent themDevelopment of Soviets---workers councils to give the working class a voice because they feel the Provisional Government does not represent them October 1917: Lenin succeeds in taking overOctober 1917: Lenin succeeds in taking over

Timeline: Stage 7 March 1918:led the Bolsheviks and changed the name of his political party to the Communist Party.March 1918: Lenin led the Bolsheviks and changed the name of his political party to the Communist Party. 1918-1921: Lenin still led the split political party of the Russian Social-Democrat Labor Party, and his party soon moved in and took control of Russia.1918-1921: Lenin still led the split political party of the Russian Social-Democrat Labor Party, and his party soon moved in and took control of Russia.

Timeline: Stage 8 Lenin dies in 1924 by natural causesLenin dies in 1924 by natural causes The Politburo is created---a seven member ruling government from membership of the Communist Party like the DirectoryThe Politburo is created---a seven member ruling government from membership of the Communist Party like the Directory Land given to peasantsLand given to peasants New Economic PolicyNew Economic Policy Workers given control of factoriesWorkers given control of factories Gave women equal rights and payGave women equal rights and pay Legalized abortionsLegalized abortions

Timeline: Stage 9 1918-1921:1918-1921: Execution of entire royal family without a trialExecution of entire royal family without a trial Creation of Labor Camps and GulagsCreation of Labor Camps and Gulags 8 million people sent to the camps and gulags8 million people sent to the camps and gulags 5 million were killed5 million were killed Complete censorship of all forms of communicationComplete censorship of all forms of communication

Timeline: Stage 10 1922-1924:1922-1924: Power struggle about who would lead next between Trotsky and StalinPower struggle about who would lead next between Trotsky and Stalin New middle class of young men from the working class newly educated and loyal to StalinNew middle class of young men from the working class newly educated and loyal to Stalin

Key Figures

Vladimir Lenin Born April 22 1870 Died January 21 1924 Born April 22 1870 Died January 21 1924 All power to the soviets Slogan (manipulated soviets) All power to the soviets Slogan (manipulated soviets) Lenin was a revolutionary leader who returned from exile in 1917 to facilitate support for the Bolsheviks Lenin was a revolutionary leader who returned from exile in 1917 to facilitate support for the Bolsheviks He advocated an armed rebellion to establish a communist state Agitated the masses against the provisional government He instigated multiple large street demonstrations He advocated an armed rebellion to establish a communist state Agitated the masses against the provisional government He instigated multiple large street demonstrations Alienated most of the other prominent socialists, since he believed the Bolsheviks should rule Alienated most of the other prominent socialists, since he believed the Bolsheviks should rule Used soldiers frustrations with the provincial governments handling of WW1 to his advantage. He wanted immediate exit of the war.(greatly increased his support by the masses) Used soldiers frustrations with the provincial governments handling of WW1 to his advantage. He wanted immediate exit of the war.(greatly increased his support by the masses) he launched an aggressive propaganda campaign directed specifically at the Russian troops still serving on the front. he launched an aggressive propaganda campaign directed specifically at the Russian troops still serving on the front. His troops took over in nearly a bloodless coup on October 25, 1917 His troops took over in nearly a bloodless coup on October 25, 1917 Fought(won) civil war against the Whites(conservatives) Fought(won) civil war against the Whites(conservatives) Lenin introduced a new economic policy on State Capitalism (runs like capitalism but controlled by state) Lenin introduced a new economic policy on State Capitalism (runs like capitalism but controlled by state)

Alexander Kerensky One of the most prominent leaders of the February Revolution. One of the most prominent leaders of the February Revolution. Was one of the members of the provisional and was elected vice-chairmen of the Petrograd Soviet. Was one of the members of the provisional and was elected vice-chairmen of the Petrograd Soviet. After a government crisis he became the Minister of war and a dominant figure in the newly formed socialist-liberal coalition government. After a government crisis he became the Minister of war and a dominant figure in the newly formed socialist-liberal coalition government. He continually pushed the war effort and lead an offensive against the Austro- Hungarian/German south army(proved to be a failure). He continually pushed the war effort and lead an offensive against the Austro- Hungarian/German south army(proved to be a failure). Following unrest in Petrograd during July 1917 he became Russias Prime Minister. He then appointed himself supreme Commander-in-chief. Following unrest in Petrograd during July 1917 he became Russias Prime Minister. He then appointed himself supreme Commander-in-chief. Kerensky then on September 15 proclaimed Russia as a republic, an action which the provisional government was not aloud to do. Kerensky then on September 15 proclaimed Russia as a republic, an action which the provisional government was not aloud to do. His philosophy of "no enemies to the left" greatly empowered the Bolsheviks and gave them a free hand, allowing them to take over the military arm or "voyenka" of the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets. During the His philosophy of "no enemies to the left" greatly empowered the Bolsheviks and gave them a free hand, allowing them to take over the military arm or "voyenka" of the Petrograd and Moscow Soviets. During the During the Kornilov Affair, Kerensky distributed weapons to the Petrograd workers who in turn sided with the Bolsheviks who overthrew Kerensky in October During the Kornilov Affair, Kerensky distributed weapons to the Petrograd workers who in turn sided with the Bolsheviks who overthrew Kerensky in October Was overthrown and sent into exile after the October Revolution in 1917 Was overthrown and sent into exile after the October Revolution in 1917

Leon Trotsky Was an important leader of the Mensheviks but quickly joined Lenin after the October Revolution Was an important leader of the Mensheviks but quickly joined Lenin after the October Revolution Became second in command under Lenin Became second in command under Lenin Lenin appointed Trotsky to the position of Peoples Commissar of Foreign Affairs, which made Trotsky responsible for creating a peace treaty that would end Russia's participation in World War I. Lenin appointed Trotsky to the position of Peoples Commissar of Foreign Affairs, which made Trotsky responsible for creating a peace treaty that would end Russia's participation in World War I. After that Trotsky became the people's commissar of army and navy affairs in March 1918, placing him in charge of the Red Army. After that Trotsky became the people's commissar of army and navy affairs in March 1918, placing him in charge of the Red Army. After Lenin died Trotsky was politically outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin and did not become Lenins successor. He was soon exiled from the Soviet Union and was eventually assassinated by Stalins orders. After Lenin died Trotsky was politically outmaneuvered by Joseph Stalin and did not become Lenins successor. He was soon exiled from the Soviet Union and was eventually assassinated by Stalins orders.

Nicholas II Born May 18 1868 Died July 17 1918 Born May 18 1868 Died July 17 1918 He was the last Russian Czar He was the last Russian Czar He abdicated the throne after the February Revolution got out of hand He abdicated the throne after the February Revolution got out of hand He was executed in July 1918 when the Bolsheviks feared he would inspire conservatives to regain power. He was executed in July 1918 when the Bolsheviks feared he would inspire conservatives to regain power.

Joseph Stalin Not particularly important in the October revolution but became a prominent member of the Bolsheviks after Lenins return in 1917. Not particularly important in the October revolution but became a prominent member of the Bolsheviks after Lenins return in 1917. Was Lenins commissar of nationalities Was Lenins commissar of nationalities After the revolution Stalin became increasingly powerful and became Lenins successor over Leon Trotsky After the revolution Stalin became increasingly powerful and became Lenins successor over Leon Trotsky

Results Q1: The ideals did change during this revolution as the leaders changed. The provisional government established after Czar Nicholas abdication was never unified on an issue. They bickered frivolously and never seemed to accomplish anything. Their failure to accomplish dramatic change (especially in WW1) lead to Lenin and the Bolsheviks coming to power. The Bolsheviks then held true to their ideals and took Russia out of WW1. Lenin also changed his values while seeking power. - While Lenin gauged the Russian masses for revolution he continually changed his stance on various different issues to gain more support. For example he eventually embraced the Petrograd Soviet even though he only wanted the Bolsheviks to gain power.Q1: The ideals did change during this revolution as the leaders changed. The provisional government established after Czar Nicholas abdication was never unified on an issue. They bickered frivolously and never seemed to accomplish anything. Their failure to accomplish dramatic change (especially in WW1) lead to Lenin and the Bolsheviks coming to power. The Bolsheviks then held true to their ideals and took Russia out of WW1. Lenin also changed his values while seeking power. - While Lenin gauged the Russian masses for revolution he continually changed his stance on various different issues to gain more support. For example he eventually embraced the Petrograd Soviet even though he only wanted the Bolsheviks to gain power.

Results cont. Q2: Most original goals of the revolution were not achieved. - When the soldiers(millions) returned home from WW1 they were tired, hungry, and wanted jobs. However there was no surplus of food due to the fact that since there was no private land ownership, farmers only grew enough produce for themselves. Thus there was no incentive for them to make extra to sell. So the Russian people did not receive the Land or food they were promised.Q2: Most original goals of the revolution were not achieved. - When the soldiers(millions) returned home from WW1 they were tired, hungry, and wanted jobs. However there was no surplus of food due to the fact that since there was no private land ownership, farmers only grew enough produce for themselves. Thus there was no incentive for them to make extra to sell. So the Russian people did not receive the Land or food they were promised. However this revolution did successfully bring an end to Russian intervention in WW1, thus facilitating the Peace Lenin promised. In addition to this the revolution did bring about the rule of the Bolsheviks; one of Lenins main goals.However this revolution did successfully bring an end to Russian intervention in WW1, thus facilitating the Peace Lenin promised. In addition to this the revolution did bring about the rule of the Bolsheviks; one of Lenins main goals.

Results cont. Q3- Though it seemed as if the working class (Proletariat) was going to gain a significant amount of power they did not. This was because the Bolsheviks failed to provide the bread and land they promised to the people. Thus the lower class people were not elevated in the heavily land based Russian society. In addition to this all social classes suffered from the impending civil war between the Reds(Bolsheviks) and the Whites(conservatives). After the revolution was done about 1.5 million soldiers and 13 million civilians died.Q3- Though it seemed as if the working class (Proletariat) was going to gain a significant amount of power they did not. This was because the Bolsheviks failed to provide the bread and land they promised to the people. Thus the lower class people were not elevated in the heavily land based Russian society. In addition to this all social classes suffered from the impending civil war between the Reds(Bolsheviks) and the Whites(conservatives). After the revolution was done about 1.5 million soldiers and 13 million civilians died.

Results cont. Q4- Politically, the Russian Revolutions brought about the end of autocratic rule in Russia and the establishment of a socialist/communist government. Militarily it brought about the withdrawal of Russia from WW1. Economically the revolutions other than bringing about some industrial growth, did relatively little to stimulate the economy. Socially, as stated earlier, the revolution did not change much due to the civil war that resulted.Q4- Politically, the Russian Revolutions brought about the end of autocratic rule in Russia and the establishment of a socialist/communist government. Militarily it brought about the withdrawal of Russia from WW1. Economically the revolutions other than bringing about some industrial growth, did relatively little to stimulate the economy. Socially, as stated earlier, the revolution did not change much due to the civil war that resulted.

Sources Bunyan, James and H. H. Fisher. The Bolshevik Revolution. Stanford University Press. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 2 April 2014.Bunyan, James and H. H. Fisher. The Bolshevik Revolution. Stanford University Press. Demand Media, n.d. Web. 2 April 2014. Grey, Ian. The First Fifty Years. Coward-McCann. Demand Media Inc., New York, 1967. Print. 2 April 2014.Grey, Ian. The First Fifty Years. Coward-McCann. Demand Media Inc., New York, 1967. Print. 2 April 2014. Matthews, Roy T. and F. DeWitt Platt. The Western Humanities. Third Edition. Mountain View. Mayfield Publishing Co., 1997. Web. 28 March 2014.Matthews, Roy T. and F. DeWitt Platt. The Western Humanities. Third Edition. Mountain View. Mayfield Publishing Co., 1997. Web. 28 March 2014. McNeal, Robert H. The Bolshevik Tradition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1975. Web. 2 April 2014.McNeal, Robert H. The Bolshevik Tradition. Prentice-Hall, Inc. Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. 1975. Web. 2 April 2014. Leon Trotsky. About.com 20th Century History. N.p., n.d. Web. 4 April 2014. WHAP HomepageWHAP Homepage

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Russian Revolutions Key Causes: New Society Growing Urban Workforce Growing Urban Workforce The industrial revolution came to Russia largely in the 1890s