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RUSSIAN REVOLUTIONchapter 11.5
CHARACTERISTICS OF
19TH CENTURY CZARS
• Autocracy
• Harsh measures against opponents
• Secret police
• Pogroms
• Oppression of non-Russians
• Resistance to change
EVENTS OF 1905
Bloody Sunday
• 200,000 workers march on czar’s winter palace
• Troops fire on crowd, 1,000 + killed
Creation of Duma
• First parliament of Russia
• Czar forced to share power; dissolved it after 10 weeks
NICHOLAS II’s MISTAKES
• Brought Russia into WWI
• Moved Headquarters to front in WWI
• Czarina Alexandra given power; she became influenced by Rasputin
• Rasputin was freaky, crazy, and corrupt
• People poor and starving; lots of unrest
• MARCH 1917 (February in Russian Calendar)
• 200,000 workers march on St. Petersburg (Petrograd) over bread and fuel shortages
• Czar’s soldiers joined the crowds
“DOWN WITH AUTOCRACY!”
PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
Temporary Government
Led by:
Alexander Kerensky
But the Provisional Government did not have as much power as the…
• Formed by social revolutionaries
• Local councils in cities
• Consisted of workers, peasants, and soldiers
MISTAKES OF PROVISIONAL GOVERNMENT
Biggest mistake: kept Russia in World War One
Also, did not help workers or peasants with food and fuel shortages
Lost all support!
NOVEMBER REVOLUTION
Led by:
Vladimir Lenin, leader of Bolshevik Party (Communists!)
His slogan:
“Peace, Land, and Bread”
• Bolshevik Red Guards took over gov’t offices; arrested Prov. Gov’t leaders
• Bolsheviks in power November 1917
• All farmland distributed to peasants
• Factories controlled by workers
• End Russia’s involvement in WWI
• Gained many opponents, leading to Russian Civil War
RUSSIAN CIVIL WAR1918-1920
RED ARMYRED ARMY• Bolsheviks(Communists!)• Led by…Leon Trotsky
WHITE ARMYWHITE ARMY• Opponents of
Bolsheviks in Russia; western nations like the USA
RESULTS OF THE CIVIL WAR
• Red Army crushes all opposition to Bolshevik rule
• Russian economy destroyed: no trade or industrial production
BOLSHEVIKS BECOME KNOWN AS…
THE COMMUNIST PARTY
(still led by Lenin)
THE NEW ECONOMIC POLICY1921
To help Russia recover from the war Lenin allowed for a little bit of capitalism
• Peasants could sell surplus (extra) crops for profit
• Individuals could buy and sell goods for profit
• Some small factories, farms, and businesses allowed
NEW COUNTRY
• Lenin organized Russia into self-governing republics
• Central Government controlled them!• 1922: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics
(USSR)• Capital: Moscow• Lenin had created a “Dictatorship of the
Communist Party”• This becomes known as Leninism
Soviet Union Moving Forward
• 1924 – Lenin dies
• Power struggle between Leon Trotsky & Joseph Stalin– Stalin wins, Trotsky murdered
• Stalin turns to ruthless measures to win dictatorial power