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Threats to Media Freedom: The Real and The ImaginedSashi Kumar
Rural women take to journalism, redefine lives Shoma A. Chatterji
Let us Adapt to Digital Platforms A note on the WAN IFRA digital media conference
G{]nð 2012 $ ]pkvXIw 1 $ e¡w 1 $ hne 10 cq]
8 Threats to Media Freedom: The Real and The Imagined Sashi Kumar 12 A dif�cult phase, when the media is in transition Sashi Nair
apJNn{Xs¯¡pdn¨v 4FUntämdnbð 6ap³t] ]dóhÀ 16]n. kpPm-X³
\yq thhvkv 31tPmk^v BâWn
hmb-\ 36jmPn tP¡_v
Bookshelf 39
\yqkv s\äv 40C.]n.jmPpZo³
Media Today 41A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ 47temIw Iï hc 50
5 apJya{´nbpsS ktµiw a{´n sI.kn.tPmk^nsâ ktµiw
14 ktXy«³ Fó No^v dnt¸mÀ«À F³. _meIrjvW³
18 Changes in Media Education Necessitated by Media Technology in the New Millennium J V Vil’anilam
22 Rural women take to journalism, rede�ne lives Shoma A. Chatterji
25 hmÀ¯: {]XnOmbbpw \ngepw F. kltZh³
33 Let us adapt to digital platforms Shyam Krishna and K.Sreejith
(4)
G{]n 2012
2005ð ss\Pdnepïmb ISp¯ hcĨbpw `£y£mahpw aqew t]mjImlmc hnXcW
tI{µ¯nse¯nb A½bpw IpªpamWv Nn{X¯nð. Hcp hbÊpImcn AemÊ Kmenku A½
^mäu HusÊ\nbpsS Npïnð hncepIÄ AaÀ¯n¸nSn¨ncn¡pIbmWv. 2005 BKÌv 1 \v
ss\Pdnse Xmlph Fó Øes¯ t]mjImlmchnXcWtI{µ¯nð \nópamWv ^n³_mÀ
Cu Nn{Xw ]IÀ¯póXv.
dnt¸mÀ«dmbn ]{X{]hÀ¯\ PohnXw Bcw`n¨ It\Unb³ kztZinbmb ^n³_mÀ
B{^n¡bmWv Xsâ {]hÀ¯\taJebmbn XncsªSp¯Xv. 10 hÀjt¯mfw B{^n¡
apgph³ Npän¡d§n cm{ãobhpw kmaqlyPohnXhpw bp²§fpw Iem]§fpw {]IrXn
Zpc´§fpsañmw dnt¸mÀ«v sNbvX Ct±lw 2005emWv t^mt«m{Km^nbnte¡v XncnbpóXv.
aÄ«naoUnbbnepw t^mt«m{Km^nbnepw \nch[n A´ÀtZiob ]pckvImc§Ä t\Snbn«pÅ
^n³_mdnsâ Nn{X§Ä {]apJ A´ÀtZiob am²ya§fnseñmw {]kn²oIcn¨n«pïv. hnhn[
cmPy§fnð ^n³_mÀ Nn{X§fpsS {]ZÀi\hpw \Són«pïv.
apJNn{Xs¯¡pdn¨v
2005 se temI {]Êv t^mt«m{Km^n AhmÀUv t\Snb Nn{Xw.
tdmbnt«gvknse ^n³_mÀ H'sdbven BWv t^mt«m{Km^À.
^n³_mÀ H'sdbven
Cut̬ tImwtKmbnð ssk\nIcpsS Nn{Xw ]IÀ¯pó ^n³_mÀ
(5)
G{]n 2012
D½³ NmïnapJya{´n
tIcfw
ktµiw
{]kv A¡mZanbpsS B`napJy¯nð aoUnb Fó t]cnð {]Xnamk amKkn³
{]kn²oIcn¡póp FódnªXnð hfsc kt´mjw.
AXnthK¯nð amdns¡mïncn¡pó aoUnbbpsS ]pXnb apJ§Ä, {]hWXIÄ,
shñphnfnIÄ, {]iv\§Ä, {]XnkÔnIÄ XpS§nbhsbñmw NÀ¨ sN¿pó t^mdambn
CXp amdpsaóp {]Xo£n¡póp.
aoUnbtbbpw s]mXpkaqlt¯bpw X½nð Iq«nbnW¡pó ]meambn Cu
amknIbv¡p {]hÀ¯n¡m³ Ignbpw. s]mXpkaql¯n\pw CXp {]tbmP\IcamIs«.
Fñm hnPbmiwkIfpw t\cpóp.
D½³ Nmïn
ktµiw
tI-c-f {]-kv A-¡m-Z-anbpsS "aoUn-b' Fó t]-cn-epÅ {]-kn-²o-Ic-Ww ]p\cmcw-`n-
¡póp FódnbpóXnð k-t´m-j-apïv. am-[y-a- hn-Zym-`ym-khpw ]-cn-io-e-\hpw ]T-\hpw
ssI-Imcyw sN-¿p-ó H-cp Øm-]-\-¯n-\v kz-´-am-bn {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-apïm-tIï-Xv
A-Xy-´m-t]-£n-X-amWv.
]-{X-§-fnepw am-K-kn-\p-I-fnepw {]-kn-²o-Ir-Xam-b te-J-\-§Ä k-am-l-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv
aoUn-b ap-¼v sN-bv-Xn-cpó-sX-¦nð ]p\cmcw-`n-¡pó {]-kn-²o-Ic-W¯nð kz-X-{´- te-J-
\-§fpw ]T-\-§-fp-am-Wv D-ïmhp-I F-ó-Xpw G-sd k-t´m-j-I-c-amWv.
Ignª aqóv ]Xnämïntesd tI-c-f-¯n-se am-[y-a-ta-J-e-bv-¡v I-gn-hp-ä A-kwJyw
]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯I-sc kw-`m-h-\ sN-bv-X A-¡mZ-anbpsS {]hÀ¯\w At§bäw {]iwk\o
bamWv. ]-cn-an-XnIÄ a-dn-IS-óv kw-Øm\-s¯ an-I-¨ A-¡m-Z-an-bm-bn {]-kv A-¡m-Z-ansb
h-fÀ-¯m³ kÀ-¡mÀ {]-Xn-Úm-_-²-am-Wv.
tem-I-s¯-¼mSpw A-Xn-th-K-X-bn-em-Wv hmÀ-¯m-hn-X-c-W-am-[y-a-§Ä hn-I-kn-¨p-
sImïn-cn-¡p-óXv. am-[y-a-§-fp-sS co-Xn-bnepw L-S-\-bnepw D-]-tbm-K-¯nepw km-t¦Xn-I
hn-Zy-bn-ep-sañmw hn-¹-h-I-camb am-ä-§Ä kw-`-hn-¨p-sIm-ïn-cn-¡póp. sXm-gn-en-sâ
_-²-¸m-Sp-IÄ-¡n-S-bnepw C-h-sb-Ip-dn-s¨ñmw A-dn-ªn-cn-t¡ï-Xv am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-\-
¯n-sâ A-dnhpw Im-cy-£-a-Xbpw h-fÀ-¯m³ A-Xym-h-iy-amWv. tI-c-f-¯n-se am[y-a
{]-hÀ-¯Isc Cu am-ä§-sf Ip-dn-¨v t_m-[-hm-òm-cm-¡m\pw A-h-cp-sS sXm-gnð-]-cam-b
taò D-bÀ-¯m\pw A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS ]pXn-b {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-¯n-\v I-gnbpw Fóv {]-Xo-£n-
¡póp.
{]-kv A-¡m-Z-an¡pw "aoUn-b'¡pw Fñm hnP-b§fpw B-iw-kn-¡póp.
sI. kn. tPmk^v
sI. kn. tPmk^vkmwkvImcnI, sF.]n.BÀ.Un. hIp¸p a{´n
tIcfw
(6)
G{]n 2012
A¡m-Z-an-bp-sS `-c-W-L-S-\-bnð Øm-]-\-¯n-sâ {]-hÀ-¯-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-sb-
Ip-dn¨pw D-t±-i-e-£y-§-sf Ip-dn-¨pw tc-J-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pïv. tI-c-f-¯n-se
am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS sXm-gnð-]-c-hpw _u-²n-I-hpam-b \n-e-hm-c-ap-bÀ-¯p-óXn-\p-Å
{]-hÀ-¯-\-§-fm-Wv A-¡m-Z-an- \-S-t¯ïXv. A-Xnð ¢m-ÊpIÄ, ]T-\-]-cn-]m-Sn-
IÄ, NÀ-¨m-k-t½-f-\§Ä, sk-an-\m-dpIÄ, ]T-\-]-cy-S-\§Ä, {]-kn-²o-I-c-W-§-Ä
Fón-h DÄ-s¸-Spóp. C-sXñmw kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡p-I-bm-Wv Cu A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS Npa-X-e
h-ln-¡p-ó `-c-W-k-an-Xn-bp-sS ap-Jy-D-¯-c-hm-Zn-¯w.
Cu Øm]-\w cq-]w-sIm-ï F-gp-]-Xp-I-fn-te-¡v Hóv Xn-cn-ªp-t\m--t¡ï-Xpïv.
am-[y-a-Øm-]-\-§Ä s{]m-^-j-\-en-k-¯n-te-¡v sa-sñ I-S-óp-h-cp-tó D-ïm-bn-cp-
ópÅq. cm-jv-{So-b ]mÀ-«n-I-fp-sSbpw a-äp-]-e Xm-ev-]-cy-§-fp-sS-bpw {]-Nm-c-I-cm-bn
{]-hÀ-¯n-¨p-t]m-ó ]-{X-§-fnð hn-Zym-k-¼-ócm-b ]pXn-b X-eap-d I-S-óp-h-cn-Ibpw
A-hÀ ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\-¯n-sâ co-Xn-IÄ ]p-\À-\nÀ-hNn-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-Xp-t]m-ó Im-e-
am-bn-cp-óp A-Xv. H-cp t{S-Uv bq-Wn-b-\m-bn ^-e-{]-Z-am-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-¨p-t]m-ó tI-c-f
]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I bq-Wn-b³ B-Wv sXm-gnð ]-cn-io-e-\hpw am-[y-a-]T-\hpw ]-{X-{]-hÀ-
¯-IÀ-¡v th-ïn kw-L-Sn-¸n-¨p-Xp-S-§n-bXv. ]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-\ ]-cn-io-e-\ in-ev-]-im-e
-Ifpw ]T-\-¡-f-cn-Ifpw kw-L-Sn-¸n-¡pó-Xv ]-Xn-hm--bn. C-Xn-\m-bn \yq-kv-{Im-^v-äv
F-sóm-cp hn-`m-Kw X-só bq-Wnb³ Xp-S§n. "]-{X-{]-hÀ-¯-I³' amkn-I Xp-S-§n-
bXpw C-¡m-e-¯p-X-só-bm-Wv.
]-e {]-hÀ-¯-\-§Ä-¡n-S-bnð hñ-t¸mgpw \-S-t¯ï H-óñ s{]m-^-j-\ð
]-cn-ioe\-saó Xn-cn-¨-dn-hpïmbn. N-cð-¡p-ónð kw-L-Sn-¸n¨ H-cp ]-cn-io-e-\ I-f-cn-
bn-em-Wv B-Zy-am-bn {]-kv A-¡mZ-an Fó Bi-bw NÀ-¨ sN-¿-s¸-«Xv. Pn. th-Wp-
tKm-]mð B-bn-cp-óp Aóvv bq-Wn-b³ {]-kn-U-âv. Sn.sI.Pn.\mbÀ, tXma-kv tP-¡_v,
]n.cmP³, F³.hn.ss]en, sI.Fw.tdmbn, a-e-¸p-dw ]n. aq-k, hn.sI._n., F³.F-³.
k-Xy-{h-X³ Xp-S-§n-b-h-cm-Wv B Nn-´-bv¡vv I-cp¯pw Zn-im-t_m-[-hp-ta-In-b-sXóv
A-óv bq-Wn-b³ P-\-dð kn-{I-«-dn-bm-bn-cp-ó Sn.th-Wp-tKm-]mð H-cp A-`nap-J kw-`m-
j-W-¯nð HmÀ-¡p-ópïv (tU-äv-sse³: N-cn-{X-s¯ Nn-d-In-te-än-b-hÀ þ sI.F._o-\,
Ko-Xm-_£n). Aó-s¯ ap-Jy-a-{´n sI.I-cp-Wm-I-c-\m-Wv ]-»n-Iv dn-te-j³-kv
U-b-d-Iv-äÀ tXm-«w cm-P-ti-J-c-s\ A-¡mZ-an cq-]-hð-¡-cn-¡m³ Np-a-X-e-s¸-Sp-¯n-b-Xv.
]n-óo-Sv ]n.sI.hm-kp-tZ-h³ \m-bÀ ap-Jy-a-{´n-bm-bn-cn-¡p-t¼m-gm-Wv A-¡mZ-an
cq-]-hð-¡-cn-¨Xv.
F-´n-\mWv Cu ]-g-¦-Y-IÄ hn-h-cn-¡pó-Xv F-óp-tXm-ómw. Xn-cn-ªp-t\m-¡m-sX
ap-tóm-«v t]m-Im-\m-hn-sñ-ó kXyw \mw A-dn-bWw. A-¡m-Z-an-sb kw-_-Ôn-¨
`-c-W-]-cam-b Xo-cp-am-\-sa-Sp-¡p-ó ]-eÀ¡pw Cu A-¡mZ-an F-´m-Wv, F-´n-\m-Wv
F-ó-Xn-s\ Ip-dn-¨v H-cp [m-c-W-bp-anñ, ]-e sX-än-²m-c-W-I-fp-ap-ïp-Xm-\pw. ]-{X-{]-hÀ-
¯-IÀ-¡v ]pXn-b A-dn-hp-IÄ D-ïm-¡p-ó-Xn\pw sXm-gnð-]-c-am-bn Ah-sc D-bÀ-¯p-
ó-Xn\pw B-Wv Cu Øm]-\w ZoÀ-L-ho-£-W-ap-Å a-lm-c-Y-òmÀ Xp-S-§n-sh-¨Xv.
A-¡mZ-an XpS-§n Ip-sd hÀ-j-§Ä-¡v ti-j-am-Wv A-¡m-Z-an-bnð tP-W-en-kw
Un-t¹m-a tIm-gv-kv Xp-S-§n-bXv. Imð-\q-äm-ïv ]n-ón-«-t¸mÄ ]-ecpw [-cn-¨n-cn-¡p-ó-Xv
(6)
G{]n 2012
FUnäÀF³. ]n. cmtP{µ³sNbÀam³, tIcf {]Êv A¡mZan
]{Xm[n] kanXnC. ]n. jmPpZo³No^v \yqkv FUnäÀ, awKfw, tIm«bwF³. cmtPjv\yqkv FUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSvFw. ]n. kqcyZmkvko\nbÀ dnt¸mÀ«À, amXr`qan, tImgnt¡mSv]n. kpPmX³s]mfnän¡ð FUnäÀ, ho£Ww, sIm¨nSn. BÀ. a[pIpamÀkvt]mÀSvkv FUnäÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨nkn. F³. taml\³amt\PÀ, tZim`nam\n, sIm¨n
FUntämdnbð AknÌâv]n. kenð
amÌv slUv, IhÀ, _p¡v Unssk³{]ho¬ H^oenb
{]nâÀ Bâv ]»njÀhn. Pn. tcWpIsk{I«dn, tIcf {]Êv A¡mZan
hnemkw"aoUnb'tIcf {]Êv A¡mZan Im¡\mSv, sIm¨n þ 682 030t^m¬: 0484 2422275E-Mail: [email protected]: www.keralapressacademy.org
nt m nbð
tIc-f {]-kv A-¡m-Z-an- n\v th nbmWv \nesIm póXv
(7)
G{]n 2012
tP-W-en-kw Un-t¹m-a tIm-gvkvv \-S-¯m\m-Wv A-¡m-Z-an- Øm-]n¨-Xv F-óm-Wv. A-¡mZ-an \-S-t¯ï ]-e
{]-h-À-¯-\-§-fnð H-óv am-{X-am-Wv tP-W-en-kw tIm-gv-kv. XoÀ-¨-bmbpw tI-c-f-¯n-se a-äv Øm-]-\-§Ä-
s¡ñmw am-Xr-I-bm-hp-ó H-cp tP-W-en-kw tIm-gv-kv \-S-¯m³ A-¡mZ-an {]-Xn-Úm-_-²-amWv.
am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-IÀ-¡v X-§-fp-sS sXm-gnð ta-J-e-sb-Ip-dn-¨v k-a-{K-Úm-\-apïm-¡pIbpw B-h-iyam-b
sXm-gnð ]-cn-ioe-\w \ð-Ip-Ibpw tem-I-s¯-¼mSpw Cu ta-J-e-bn-ep-ïm-Ip-ó hn-¹-h-I-cam-b am-ä§-sf
Ip-dn-¨v A-dn-hp-ïm-¡p-I-bp-am-Wv A-¡m-Z-an-bp-sS {]-hÀ-¯-\-e£yw Fó Bibw Cu L-«-¯nð D-d-¸n-¨v
]-d-tb-ï-Xm-bn h-ón-cn-¡póp. Cu {]-kn-²o-I-cWw þ ao-Un-b þ B e£yw t\-Spó-Xn-\v A-¡mZ-an t\-XrXzw
B-kq-{X-Ww sN-¿p-ó ]-e ]-²-Xn-I-fnð H-óm-Wv. ap¼v Cu t]-cnð A-¡mZ-an H-cp {]-kn-²o-Ic-Ww \-S-¯n-
bn-cp-óp. ]-{X-§-fnepw am-kn-I-I-fn-ep-sam-s¡ h-óp-sIm-ïn-cpó am-[y-a-kw-_-Ôam-b hmÀ-¯-Ifpw te-J-\-
§fpw ]p-\x{]-kn-²o-I-cn-¡p-I-bm-Wv Aóv aoUn-b sN-bv-Xp-sIm-ïn-cpóXv. H-cp ]-Xn-ämïv ap-¼v A-Xn-sâ
{]-kn-²o-Ic-Ww \nÀ-¯n. A-Xn-sâ D-Å-S-¡-¯nð BÀ¡pw hen-b Xm-ev-]-cy-anñ F-ó Xn-cn-¨-dn-hm-Wv Aó-
s¯ Xo-cp-am-\-¯n-\v Im-cWw.
C-Xn-\À-°w A-¡m-Z-an-¡v H-cp {]-kn-²o-I-cW-ta thï Fóñ. tI-c-f-¯n-se am-[y-a-k-aq-l-¯n-\v
Ip-d-ª Im-ew sIm-ïpïm-b am-äw h-ep-Xm-Wv. ap-gp-h³ k-a-b am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS F-®w At\-I aS-§v
hÀ-²n-¨n-cn-¡póp. sNdn-b ]-«-W-§-fnð-t]mepw am[y-a {]-hÀ-¯-I-cp-sS hen-b kw-L-§Ä {]-hÀ-¯n-¡póp.
{]-kv ¢-ºp-I-fnð Fñm km-t¦Xn-I ku-I-cy-§-fp-ap-ïv. H-cp-]m-Sv am-[y-a C³-Ìn-äyq-«p-IÄ D-bÀ-óp-h-ón-cn-
¡póp. H-«-\h-[n tIm-tf-Pp-I-fnð tP-W-en-kw Bâv I-½yq-Wn-t¡-j³ Un{Kn tIm-gv-kp-IÄ Xp-S-§n-bn-cn-
¡póp. tP-W-en-kw hnjbw B-bn-«p-Å _n.F. tIm-gv-kp-IÄ U-k³-I-W-¡n-\v tIm-tf-Pp-I-fn-ep-ïv. ¹-kv Sp
tIm-gv-kn-\v t]mepw tP-W-en-kw ]Tn-¸n-¡p-ópïv Nn-te-S-¯vv. am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯\-s¯ Ip-dn-¨p-Å A-¡m-Z-anIv
{]-kn-²o-I-c-W-¯nð X-ev-]-ccm-b B-bn-c-¡-W-¡n-\m-fp-IÄ tI-c-f-¯n-epïv FópNp-cp-¡w. F-óm-ð A-¯-c-
sam-cp {]-kn-²o-I-c-Whpw tI-c-f-¯n-enñ-Xm-\pw.
tI-c-f-¯n-\-I-¯pw ]p-d-¯p-ap-Å, {]nâv ao-Un-b-bn-epw Zr-iy-am-[y-a-¯nepw {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-ó, A-¡m-Z-an-Iv
cw-K¯pw am-[y-a-{]-hÀ-¯-\-cw-K¯pw tPm-en sN-¿pó, A-dnhpw A-\p-`-h-hp-ap-Å hy-ànIsf Cu {]-kn-²o-
I-c-W-¯nð A-Wn \n-c-¯m-\m-Wv D-t±-in-¡póXv. cwK-¯v \nóv hn-c-an-¨-hÀ A-h-cp-sS Ime-s¯ Ip-dn¨v HmÀ-
¡pó ]wàn, tem-I am-[y-a-cwK-s¯ A-Xn-i-b-I-c-am-b am-äw hn-h-cn-¡p-ó ]w-ànIÄ, ]pXn-b km-t¦-Xn-I-
hn-Zy-I-fn-eq-sS-bp-Å Hm-«-{]-Z-£nWw, tkm-jyð aoUn-b DÄ-s¸-sS-bp-Å ]p-¯³ {]-Xn-`m-k§-sf Ip-dn-¨p-Å
hn-e-bn-cp-¯ð þ Cu {]-kn-²o-I-cW-s¯ Ip-dn-¨v R-§Ä-¡v hen-b {]-Xo-£-I-fp-ïv.
A-h k-^-e-am-¡m³ Cu ta-J-e-sb-Ip-dn-¨v Xm-ev-]-cy-ap-Å Fñm-hcpw k-l-I-cn-¡-W-saóv
A-`yÀ-°n-¡p-óp.
F³.]n.cm-tP-{µ³
F-Un-äÀ, aoUnb
tIcf {]Êv A¡mZan `cW kanXnsNbÀam³: F³. ]n. cmtP{µ³ (sU]yq«n FUnäÀ, amXr`qan) sshkv sNbÀam³: sI. kn. cmPtKm]mð (aebmfat\mca, {]knUâv, sI.bp.U»yp.sP.)`cWkanXn AwK§Ä: Fw. Fkv. chn (amt\Pn§v UbdÎÀ, tIcfIuapZn), F³. cmtPjv (\yqkvFUnäÀ, am[yaw, tImgnt¡mSv)F. ^ntdmkv (UbdÎÀ, ]»nIv dntej³kv, Xncph\´]pcw), sk{I«dn (^n\m³kv Un¸mÀ«vsaâv), sk{I«dn (P\dð AUvan\nt{Ìj³) sk{I«dn: hn. Pn. tcWpI
(8)
G{]n 2012
The Chairman of the Press council, Justice Katju, has set out the reasons why he thinks the Press Council
of India needs more powers and a structural shift into a Media Council of India to include the electronic media. He has been very forthright in his views on what ails the news-media in the country today. The issue needs to be joined by the journalistic fraternity and by the media organisations, not in the myopic, short-sighted sense that we saw the News Broadcasters Association joining the issue - by issuing guidelines on how to cover the pregnancy and birth of a child to the Bachchans. That is almost proving Justice Katju’s point right, that the intellectual realm in the journalism that we see and practice today is marked by exception. He qualified his condemnation of the press by saying that he does not tar all the press with the same broad brush, but goes on to say that 80% of what we see as journalism today is trivial, is tabloid, is not addressing itself to the impinging social, economic concerns of our day, skirting the issues and is probably unrepresentative of the reality of society out there.
One of Justice Katju’s clinging arguments has been why should the press be exempted from a regulatory body when other democratic institutions and professional bodies are subject to regulation and these are not, according to him, purely voluntary self-regulatory exercises. This, I think, is the essential fallacy or the weakness of his argument. In a democracy like India, a democracy of the liberal, freewheeling kind that Justice Katju and you and I are familiar with, there are the clear separation of powers. We have the executive, the legislature and the judiciary and these are the three constitutional pillars of our democracy. But we give the news-media the stature, the status and the moral high ground of being the fourth pillar of democracy. The accountantability of these four pillars needs to
be investigated and this has been written about, by scholars like Umberto Eco. He says that in a democracy the executive, the legislature and the judiciary are accountable to the people in an institutionalised and constitutionalised sense. And, this is what Justice Katju is arguing, ‘therefore why should the fourth pillar of democracy be exempt from such regulations’.
That is precisely the defining characteristic of the free press in a democracy - that it should not lend itself to regulation of any external agency. In the moment it lends itself to regulation of any external agency, it loses the qualification of a free press. It becomes a qualified or a controlled press. If you want to use the picturesque terminology of Mani Shankar Aiyer, it becomes a ‘kept press’. Therefore, this rudimentary proposition by Justice Katju should be opposed tooth and nail, not just by the journalistic fraternity and the media organisations but by civil society and agents of democracy at large, in defense of democracy. Because, if the fourth estate is to be regulated, it will lose its very rationale, its raison d’être, as you call it. Freewheeling freedom, unrestricted freedom, even irresponsible freedom, as Jawaharlal Nehru said, is the privilege and the prerogative of the fourth estate. Because, the function of the fourth estate is to enhance and deepen and be a vigilante of democracy, to ensure that there is no erosion in the freedoms that the democracy gives us.
There are very important roles that the Press Council needs to play, in terms of furthering the freedoms of the press but not in terms of abridging them. In the Indian context the freedom of the press is an evolved constitutional right and not a prescribed constitutional right. But, the fact of the matter is that, there is a contract and connect with the society, and after the Emergency, every government has been very weary about stepping on the freedom of the press. The people in this country
Sashi Kumar
Threats to Media Freedom:The Real and The ImaginedThe ordinary, sensible citizen will ask, 'yes you are a business, you compete like a business in the market and if I like your product, I will buy it. Why do you want moral high ground? Why do you raise this whole cry about the freedom of the media in peril everytime somebody wants to regulate that market?' If you are a market, you will have to be regulated. If you do not want regulation, don't be a product of the market, don't be a product for the consumer. Be an agent for the reader, for the viewer.
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believed that the press is the bulwark of their freedoms, that the press represents them, represents their grievances, their rights, their liberties, their problems to those in power. That, the press will tell truth to power. There is no doubt that we have had several instances and we continue to have several instances when the press has spoken truth to power, however uncomfortable it might have been, both for the press and for those in power. These have meant a change in terms of governance, in terms of responsibility and accountability, in terms of what we expect of those who are in positions of power. We are speaking in the context of another explosion of information parallely, not quite part of the organised structure of the press but an explosion in terms of right to information, in the form of Wikileaks phenomenon. So, when, in fact, technologically, ideologically, thematically, philosophically the thrust and emphasis is on expanding the scope of freedoms of information of which the freedom of press is the centre plank, the move to create borders or conditionalities must be seen almost as a counter-liberal move.
There are some real threats and there are some
mantra of the media and journalism becomes an also-ran, a corollary, a kind of prop to give the media the pretense of the rights and privileges of the press so that it can continue its basic, core business and profit maximisation, there is something wrong with the entire dispensation.
We are seeing the emergence of big media baronages, not just in India. It is a world phenomenon and unfortunately in a finance capitalised globalised world, trend is as much ours as in the rest of the world. We are seeing a form of political capitalism in the media in this country where political parties are owning channels - run as purely commercial enterprises - and therefore they reflect a particular point of view. So, you find this whole mix of power politics and profit maximisation of the media, the convergence that is taking place which is typified by Murdoch and Murdochism. And you know what is happened to the story of News of the World in England, how it get intrusive into the lives of people. We have seen that’s happened, and we are also tailing that, not perhaps in that scale. But, there is a huge problem in the way we are also tailing that problem.
The media decides that the Anna Hazare movement is the movement of the millenium, irrespective of what really happened on the ground.
imagined threats to the freedom of the press. The real threats of the freedom of the press are of the kind that the Press Council under the Chairmanship of Justice Katju are advancing because they become part of public discourse. They are tapping a popular sense of resentment against the media today. I think we need to acknowledge that. There is great cynicism about the news-media in the country today. Because, the people are seeing, particularly the electronic media, the way we are rushing to conclusions, the way we are being judgmental, the way we are opinionated, the way we don’t think about putting somebody in the dock, about damaging someone’s reputation. And, therefore, when you see the Rs. 100 crores fine being levied against a channel for, what looks like to me, a very trivial technical error, it is the cumulative image of the genre of the news which also, I assume, influences the gravity of a judgment. It is not only the gravity of the specific offence, it is also a generic sense of how this is affecting community at large which seems to have a bearing.
Therefore, the media needs to introspect. Because, if the fourth estate of democracy is not to be dictated to, it becomes a moral responsibility of the fourth estate to put itself in the dock and asks itself whether it is serving by the responsibility entrusted to it by the people it serves. When we ask that question, again some of the real threats to the freedom of the press emerge. I personally feel that to cite a Majithia Wage Board award as a threat to the freedom of the press is honestly ludicrous. When you look at the bottom-line, we have a press in this country, particularly the big media in this country, whose profit margins are very, very healthy. In fact, the media is an exemplar of capitalist profit maximisation in India so much so that a disjuncture is developing between the concept of media as business on the one hand and journalism as a democratic agency on the other hand. Of course, it is a valid argument that unless you have a profitable business you can not be bold to say what you want to say. But, there is a difference between healthy profit lines and freewheeling profit maximisation which marks the media today. If profit maximisation becomes the main
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So, these are the kind of dangers of the media. We need to separate, as I said, the concept of media and the concept of journalism. What is endangered in India today most is journalism. Where is the working journalist? I am yet to meet journalists who feel proud that they are journalists. They are all apologetic about the fact that they have to do this or do that. Sometimes, if they are writing something, it is purely by default, because there is nobody to see it, or nobody understands what they write. So, freedoms are not positive, they are by default. You slip in the freedom between the cracks that appear. Surely, a fourth estate of that kind can not hold aloft the flag of democracy. It is itself a victim of that process and this has a resonance in the popular mind. So, today if the government were to initiate a draconian law against the media, I personally am not sure that the people in this country will come out onto the streets, shoulder to shoulder with the media, to protest that, like they did during the emergency, and like they did in several instances after that. I think it is important for us to be brutally frank about the fact that we can not continue to be defined as business, that we must retake some of the lost ground in terms of the best practices in journalism.
There are several restraints and bottlenecks in the media that have appeared, sometimes unknown to us. Increasingly I can see that distribution is going to become the big threat for the media and a media which is produced but not distributed or disseminated is of little use to anybody. It is happening in the electronic media, in television, in the DTH platforms. In this country, there is no prescribed tariff for any channel on a DTH platform. It is purely the whimsicality of the DTH operator. There is
no law or any regulatory mechanism. The Press Council should address itself on the free availability of media, not just the rich media but also the middle media, the poor media and try to make these platforms of distribution accessible equally or as equitably as possible to all social classes of the media. Now the whole atmosphere is prejudiced and biased in favour of the rich media. The practice of the electronic media in this country is making a mockery of the historic judgment where Supreme Court ruled that the air waves are public property. Public property can not be suborned or hijacked by a few rich people in a club. It is impossible for a middle-order businessman today to start a channel, because you will have no distribution. Slowly, the sense of distribution is also creeping into the reality of the printed press. When you hear about those who are reaching the papers to the homes organising and going on strike, I think, this is the beginning of a symptom. The press in the country thrives on the fact that the end-distribution, the last mile coverage is almost free labour, or small penny labour. But we shouldn’t assume that with the free market price determining mechanisms that we are moving into and with generational changes, this rosy picture will continue. Those were also become monopolised or cartelised or oligopolised and you will find distribution mechanisms getting distorted, even for the newspapers. That is going to be the lynchpin which will determine the success or failure of newspaper or that media.
So, there are structural issues which should be addressed and I wish an organisation like the Press Council of India should set up commissions and expert bodies to look at these issues. It is part of its mandate
When you hear about those who are reaching the papers to the homes organising and going on strike, I think, this is the beginning of a symptom.
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“to keep under review any development likely to restrict the supply and dissemination of news of public interest and importance”. We have as never before in the history of India such restrictions operating. And, I am telling this as a prime concern, “to keep under review cases of assistance received by any newspaper or news agency in India from any foreign source including such cases as are referred to it by the Central Government ”. This may be a bit outdated because post liberalisation we are not allergic to foreign investment in the media. But, yet, we should at least know what is the extent of foreign influence on the media here. Do we know how much of Indian media is owned by Murdoch today, directly or indirectly, in sectors of distribution, productions, channels, newspapers? We do not know that because there is no such study. And which is the body than the Press Council of India should initiate such a study? You should know the media you are talking about, before you begin to start restricting it. Because, there are already strong restrictions in place. And if you are bring in the restrictions that you are talking about, it will be a double whammy, it will be compounding the distinctions for the poorer press, for the middle press. The rich press somehow goes untouched by all this. It is the diversity and variety of the media that will get affected. We will have more and more homogenous, lesser and lesser media telling us more and more the same.
So, these are, I think, some of the dangers of the way we are moving in terms of the news-media in this country and these dangers can prove very adverse and damaging to democratic process itself. The Anna Hazare movement, we are not debating the merits or demerits of the Anna Hazare movement, but the media decides that this is the movement of the millenium, irrespective of its core strength, irrespective of the number of the people who are there, irrespective of what really happened on the ground, and then we are left to believe that this indeed is a great movement. Not that anything wrong in the movement, but there is a sense of disproportion, there is a sense of exaggerating it all out of proportion. So, the media does not err only by not telling us what is happening, or by telling us lies about what is happening but also by not giving us it in the right proportion, in the context. Context is everything in the media. We don’t get any of these contexts.
So, I think, I will end by saying that the litmus test for the free media, news-media in this country is whether the journalist will re-emerge; the thinking, concerned, committed, dedicated, open-minded journalist will re-emerge as the central figure of this new media environment. If it is not the journalist, but the business of the media, the market of the media, the reach and extent of the media, the sophistication of the media, the technology of the media, that we are going to be enamoured of, that is going to dazzle us, I think, it then ceases to be a democratic agent. Then it becomes a force from the market. And, the ordinary, sensible citizen will ask, ‘yes you are a business, you compete like a business in the market and if I like your product, I will buy it. Why do you want moral high ground? Why do you raise this whole cry about the freedom of the media in peril every time somebody wants to regulate that market?’ If you are a market, you will have to be regulated. If you do not want regulation, don’t be a product of the market, don’t be a product for the consumer. Be an agent for the reader, for the viewer. Even the terms have changed. We talk about consumers. We talk about media products. So, there is need for resistance within the media, within the media organisations. There is a need for rehabilitating the working journalist, making the sovereignty of the working journalist at the core of the issue. Unless we address that issue, the aberrations, the alibis, the false implications (not in a criminal sense) that even the Chairman of the Press Council of India are putting out into the public realm are likely to be lapped up and that would be the beginning of the end of free media in this country. The media would then have really dug its own grave. We often heard on the channels and newspapers, ‘don’t kill the messenger’. The paradox of the times is that the messenger doesn’t need to be killed, because he is already shooting himself in the foot.
Sashi Kumar is Chairman of Asian College of Journalism, Chennai. This is an edited version of the talk by Sashi Kumar made on National Press day in the function organised by Kerala Press Academy in Kesari Hall Thiruvananthapuram on 16th November 2011.Transcript by Kiran Paul, Institute of Communication, Kerala Press Academy.
The Chairman of the Press council, Justice Markandey Katju
The Press Council should address itself on the free availability of media, not just the rich media but also the middle media, the poor media and try to make these platforms of distribution accessible equally or as equitably as possible to all social classes of the media.
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As I write this, news is everywhere, about senior journalists working for The Sun (the sister paper
of Rupert Murdoch’s News of the World) having been arrested over allegations of “inappropriate payments to police and public officials”. Those arrested include the deputy editor, the photo editor, the chief reporter and chief foreign correspondent. “A shocker at the heart of its newsroom”, as the Guardian reported. The story, as most people in the media may know, goes back to the hacking of the phone of murdered schoolgirl Milly Dowler. It’s a sad day not only for The Sun and, indeed, for Rupert Murdoch’s empire, especially after the News of the World had to close down, but also for all honest and upright journalists and editors for whom journalism is a calling, a deep responsibility to society that is often echoed in journalism schools but seldom practised.
Ultimately, it’s all about influencing people in power or bribing your way through a labyrinth of streets to reach your goal. The Sun is now facing the thrust of Scotland Yard’s Operation Elveden, but would it be able to serve its readers well as its editor was quoted as saying he wanted to? Well, corruption is as old as the hills and exists worldwide. Sadly, India happens to be one of the top ten countries where corruption is the most rampant. Malpractices in the media are nothing new. We will all remember the Radia tapes for quite a while. It is not as though the tapes suddenly opened out a whole new world that was hitherto unknown. What it brought into sharp focus was the fact that even some of the superstars of media were dabbling in dangerous territory. It is a malaise that not only all well-meaning journalists but also PR practitioners and communicators must strive to eradicate, and eradicate quickly. Making words work is not enough for a journalist or editor. It must be accompanied by a pledge to remain above board and earn the respect of people.
Open Magazine’s expose, what it called the X-Tapes, came as a rude shock and media gained an unsavoury
hue. Were there clean-up operations in the media thereafter, or are such operations possible at all? Will some journalists be tempted again to “string a source along”? Would the BBC, The Guardian or The New York Times have tolerated such errant behaviour from their reporters? There is no doubt that the bar needs to be set higher. Journalists must be governed by a code of ethics, or there must be a set of codified rules and anyone transgressing the line should have no place in the profession.
Unless stringent steps are taken, unless there is a continuing debate among senior editors, publishers and those who matter, about journalistic ethics and what constitutes right and wrong, unless mechanisms are put in place to redress grievances voiced by the reader or viewer and to admit and correct mistakes, it will be difficult for the Fourth Estate to regain credibility. What really is meant by credibility? It’s an asset, like goodwill. It’s earning the respect of the reader. When I recently met the editor and managing director of the Kalki Group, one thing she said still echoes within me. “Speak the truth. Everything is contained in that. To speak the truth we should know the truth, so we should be there and ensure for ourselves that we give a true story,” she said. A similar sentiment was expressed at a seminar on new media in a Kolkata college, when the vice chancellor of the Makhanlal Chaturvedi National University of Journalism, Bhopal, using a Punjabi folk parable, said that a journalist must always reflect whether he was speaking the truth, doing something immoral, or creating friction between people. If the answer was ‘no’ to all the three, then there was nothing to worry, he said.
But how easy is it to bring credibility at a time when people are talking about the media “going Page 3”, when there is a sort of unabashed celebration of a personality cult, promotion of consumerism, and trivialisation of and dumbing down serious issues has become routine? An academician said “the trivialisation process is eating
A Dif�cult Phase, When The Media Is In Transition There is no doubt that print and television are focused more on ‘entertaining’ rather than on ‘informing’ or ‘educating’ the reader. Where are the feel-good real-life stories, stories of people who are fighting the odds at the grassroots and turning achievers? Also, in the mad scramble for news and bytes, ‘checking’, ‘condensing’ and ‘clarifying’ have taken a back seat. So, is Justice Katju completely wrong in saying what he did?
Sashi Nair
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into the vitals of a healthy socialisation process” while another wondered whether there would come relief from “drowning in this tidal wave of trivialisation, of crass commercialisation”. Today, we all talk about the Internet and the new (social) media, forgetting that it is still television that drives the agenda and to which people turn to in a jiffy. We all know how television anchors and reporters ‘play up’ hard due to cut-throat competition for eyeballs, for TRPs. What television anchors don’t seem to understand is that when viewers realise the news put out is not credible, the TRPs will automatically sink. And it is quite a discerning reader/viewer we are catering to nowadays. Sadly, creating frenzy by appealing to the emotions, not the mind; ignoring reality and any search for uncomfortable truth ... that seems to be the media of today.
There is no doubt that print and television are focused more on ‘entertaining’ rather than on ‘informing’ or educating’ the reader. Where are the feel-good real-life stories, stories of people who are fighting the odds at the grassroots and turning achievers? Also, in the mad scramble for news and bytes, ‘checking’, ‘condensing’ and ‘clarifying’ have taken a back seat. How many young reporters today double-check and cross-check facts and thoroughly know the subject they are covering, or even make an honest attempt to understand things? How many have the patience for legwork and the desire to put in hard hours of work to get to the bottom of a story, rather than ‘Googling’ up information or using the mobile phone to network and put together a hastily written piece? Perhaps it is symbolic of the times we live in, when we do not even have time to talk or socialise with our own family members. A reporter needn’t be exceptionally intelligent, but surely he or she must have more than a passing interest and a worldview of things. So, is Justice Katju completely wrong in saying what he did? May be it was his manner of saying it all – too blunt for anybody’s liking. But his comments cannot be
rubbished and buried under the carpet. One of the points raised by Justice Katju is indeed
a pertinent one – the quality of journalism on offer today, in terms of language, style and substance. Despite journalism schools doing a fairly good job and youngsters today having good opportunities to train or apprentice, why do we hear the familiar refrain: “Standards have fallen… it is not what it was like years ago…?” Because accuracy, fairness and balance have taken a beating. Like a senior writer said, facts are often randomly selected for inclusion, the main points made at an event are missing, facts are rarely presented with the context necessary for a reader to make sense of them, direct quotes attributed to speakers are often not correct and sometimes even attributed to the wrong speaker. She offers suggestions: précis writing, listening attentively, taking notes, doing background research. The other worrying aspect she points out is the fall in the standard of English used (other languages, too). The same is the case with editing skills. And do journalism schools have specific courses on media ethics? It may be a harsh statement to make, but it is to a large extent true that there is a serious problem with the depth of knowledge and awareness apparent in young journalists today. May be ‘corporatisation’ of media houses has something to do with it.
For youngsters, it is a good time to be in the media when there are so many opportunities available to test a range of skills. But it is a difficult time no doubt, with huge challenges to be met. Earning trust is not easy. It never was, and is likely to be much more difficult in today’s world. And then again, no matter what they teach you at journalism school, the classroom is as far removed from the theatre as make-believe is from reality.
The writer is the Editor, Press Institute of India – Research Institute for Newspaper Development, Chennai.
News of the World’ last edition; First edition of The Sun on Sunday and Rupert Murdoch, poses for a photograph with the first edition of The Sun on Sunday
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Ncn{Xw. AXn\Iw At\Iw ]cnioe\
tI{µ§Ä tIcf¯nð ]{X{]hÀ¯IÀ
¡mbn s]m«napf¨ncpóp Fóv
HmÀ¡Ww. 1993 apXð 15 hÀjw
Hcp No^v dnt¸mÀ«À F§s\ {]hÀ¯n¡Wsaóv Ct¸mgs¯ No^v
dnt¸mÀ«ÀamÀ ktXy«s\ Iïp]Tn¡Wsaóp tXmómdpïv Ct¸mÄ
]et¸mgpw. hmÀ¯bpsS temI¯v cm¸Ið apgpIn¡nS¡pó No^v
dnt¸mÀ«À þ AXmbncpóp ktXy«sâ ssien. F´nepw FhntSbpw
hmÀ¯ aW¡pó a\Êpw icochpw. kIeXnepw At±lw
ssIsh¡pw. IqsS ]WnsbSp¡póhscsbmópw shdpsXbncn¡m³
hnSnñ. hmÀ¯¡p ]nómse HmSn¡pw; kzbw HmSpIbpw sN¿pw.
a\pjya\Ênsâ teme`mh§sf sXm«pWÀ¯pó lrZbkv]Àinbmb
hmÀ¯ItfmSv At±l¯n\v {]tXyI I¼w Xsóbmbncpóp.
hmÀ¯IÄ¡p Xsó B¡nbXnsâ
HuNnXys¯ Cu kµÀ`¯nð
{]iwkn¡msX h¿.
km[mcW¡mcnð
km[mcW¡mÀ¡pw, tIhew
A£cm`ymkw am{Xw kn²n¨hÀ¡p
t]mepw hmbn¨mð a\ÊnemIpó
hn[¯nð efnXambncn¡Ww
]{X¯nsâ `mj Fó Imcy¯nð
At±l¯n\v \nÀ_Ô_p²n
bpïmbncpóp. AtXkabw Nað¡mcw
thïnS¯v AXv Iïnsñ¦nð
At±lw I®pcp«pw. icnbmb
in£Wtam sXäpIpä§Ä¡pt]mepw
in£tbm Cñmbncpó A¡me¯v B
I®pcp«embncpóp R§Ä Pq\ntbgvkn-
sâsbms¡ t]Snkz]v\w. AXsñ¦nð
Npïnsâ tImWnð Hfn¸n¨psh¨
B ]cnlmk¨ncn. CsXms¡
F§s\ adnIS¡msaómbncn¡pw
Fs´gpXpt¼mgpw a\Ênsâ
ASn¯«nse Nn´. efnXamb ]Z§Ä
am{Xw tImÀ¯v Nað¡mc`wKn XnIª
AXñm¯Xv, F§s\ thWw Unkvt¹,
F§s\ BIcpXv þ Cu ]mT§sfms¡
A§s\Xsó a\Ênð ]XnbpIbmbn
cpóp. tPmen Ignªv ]pd¯nd§nbmð
Kuchw hn«v At±lw Xosc hyXykvX
\mb HcmfmIpw. {]mbt`Zw t\m¡msX
Bcpambpw Iq«pIqSpw. GXp I¼\n
bnepw BkzZn¨v ]¦mfnbmIpw.
Imew t]mbns¡mïncns¡
At±l¯nsâ {]hÀ¯\taJebpw
hn]peambns¡mïncpóp; hyXykvXhpw.
News planning, Co-ordination, News assigning XpS§nbh ]{X¯nsâ
Imcy£aamb \S¯n¸n\v
AXy´mt]£nXamsWóv At±lw
Øm]ns¨Sp¯p. hmÀ¯IÄ F§s\
Bkq{XWw sN¿Ww, F§s\ Ah
kab¯n\v kwLSn¸ns¨Sp¡Ww,
hnhn[ bqWnäpIÄ X½nepw
hnhn[ _yqtdmIÄ X½nepapÅ
GtIm]\w F§s\ km[yam¡mw
XpS§nb Imcy§fnð kXy³kmÀ
sh«ns¯fnbn¨ AtX ]mX XsóbmWv
kXy³kmÀ A¡mZanbnse {][m\
]cnioeI\mbn XpSÀóp. AhnsS
\nópw \qdpIW¡n\p injyòmscbpw
At±l¯n\p e`n¨p.
C§s\ Ht«sd¸dbm\pïv
kXy³kmdns\¡pdn¨v. ]{X{]hÀ¯I
bqWnb³ kwLS\bpsS t\Xmshó
\ne¡v At±lw \S¯nb {]hÀ¯\
§Ä F¡mehpw HmÀ½n¡s¸Spw.
]{X{]hÀ¯IcpsS {]iv\§Ä kw_
Ôn¨ GXp NÀ¨bnepw kXy³kmÀ
\ndªp\nó Hcp Imeapïmbncpóp.
GXp Imcy¯n\v Cd§n¯ncn¨mepw
AXn\mbn kzbw kaÀ¸n¨psImïpÅ
{]hÀ¯\ssien þ AXmWv Cópw
]{X{]hÀ¯IÀ¡nSbnð At±l¯n\v
DbÀó Øm\w e`n¡póXnsâ
ImcWw.
amXr`qan ap³ sU]yq«n FUnädmWv
teJI³. Ct¸mÄ s{Sbv\n§v tImgvkv
UbdÎÀ.
(16)
G{]n 2012
]n. kpPm-X³
A`n-apJ bp²`qan-bnse \mbnI
]{X{]hÀ¯Isâ XqenI¡v, Iymad¡®n\v temIs¯ amän
adn¡m\pÅ Ignhpïv. temINcn{X¯nse \nÀ®mbIamb ]e
kw`h§Ä¡pw am[yadnt¸mÀ«pIÄ ImcWambn«pïv. hmÀ¯bpsS
temI¯v AÛpX§Ä krãn¨ temIam[yacwKs¯ A¯cw
AXpeycmb {]Xn`Isf ]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó ]wàn.
ap t] ] óhÀ
^ñmknbpsS Ncn{X{]kn²amb
A`napJ§fpsS kamlmcw
temI t\Xm-¡-sf A`n-apJ
kw`m-j-W-§-fneqsS h«w
Npän¨ Cäm-en-b³ ]{X-{]-hÀ¯I Hmdn-
bm\ ^ñmkn AÀ_pZ tcmKw _m[n¨v
InS-¸n-em-b-t¸mÄ A´ym-`n-em-j-saó
\ne-bnð C§s\ ]d-ªp; "Ìmen-s\
bpw lnäve-sdbpw Iïv kwkm-cn-¡m³
Ign-ªn-cp-só-¦nð, tbip-{In-kvXp-hp-
ambn Hcp CâÀhyq Xc-s¸-«n-cp-só-¦nð...'
Hmdn-bm\ Fgp-¯p-Im-cnbpw ]{X-{]-hÀ
¯-Ibpw BIp-ó-Xn\p apt¼ tPmk^v
Ìmen\pw AtUmÄ^v lnävedpw kz´w
PohnX \mS-I-¯nsâ bh-\nI Xmgv¯n-
¡-gn-ªp. ssZh-]p-{X-\p-ambn ^ñmkn
`mh-\-bnð kñ]n¨p-sImïv BXpc
Pohn-X-¯nsâ hnc-k-Xbpw thZ-\bpw
ad-óp. 2006 sk]vXw-_À 14þmw XobXn
an-em-\nse ^vtfmd³kv \K-c-¯nse
ho«nð ar-Zp-]m-Z-§-fp-ambn hó AXnYn-
bpsS XW-p¯ kv]Àiw Gð¡p-thmfw
{Inkv-Xp-hp-am-bpÅ kw`m-jWw AhÀ
XpS-cpI Xsó sNbvXp.
45 hÀjs¯ A]-I-S-I-c-amb ]{X
{]hÀ¯-\-¯n-\p-tijw \oï-Imew
tcmKi¿-bn-em-bn-cpóp Hmdn-bm\
^ñmkn. Ignª \qäm-ïnse Gähpw
{]Kð`-bmb A`n-apJ kw`m-j-W-¡m-cn.
CâÀhyq tPÀW-en-ks¯ {Inbm-ß-
Ihpw Iem-]-chpw hnhm-Z-hp-am-¡nb
F¡m-e-s¯bpw anI¨ amXr-I. Fgp-¯p-
Im-cn-bm-Im-\pÅ {ia-§-sf-¡mÄ Ahsc
Ncn-{X-¯nsâ `mK-am-¡n-bXv kml-kn-I-
amb ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-am-Wv. -A-`n-apJ
kw`m-j-W-¯nð ^ñm-knsb shñm³
am[y-a-temIw Ct¸mgpw asäm-cmsf
Im¯n-cn-¡p-óp.
Hmdn-bm\ Pohn¨ Imes¯ Fñm
temI t\Xm-¡-sfbpw Iem-Im-c³am-sc
bpw Ne-¨n{X {]Xn-`-I-sfbpw AhÀ
t\cn«v Iïv kwkm-cn-¨n-«pïv. t]gvk-Wm-
enän CâÀhyq- Fó hn`m-K-¯nð C{X-
t¯mfw anIhv ]peÀ¯nb HcmÄ am[ya
Ncn-{X-¯nð thsd-bn-ñ. Hmdn-bm-\-bpsS
Hmtcm A`n-apJ kw`m-j-Whpw hnhm-Z§
Ä¡v Xncn-sIm-fp¯n. BtcmSpw ]d-ªn-
«n-ñm¯ cl-ky-§Ä t]mepw t\Xm-¡Ä
Hmdn-bm-\-tbmSv shfn-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«pïv.
C´y-bnð Cµn-cm-Km-Ônsb am{Xta
Hmdnbm\ CâÀhyq sNbvX-n«pÅq. kpð
^n-¡À Aen `qt«m, bmkÀ Acm-^-¯v,
slân InknôÀ, Ab-¯pÅ sJmta-\n,
lpssk³ cmPm-hv, tKmÄUm sabÀ
XpS§n Ignª \qäm-ïnse an¡ t\Xm-
¡fpw Hmdn-bm-\-bpsS tNmZy-§-fnð
hoWphe-ª-cm-Wv. Inkn-ôÀ Hcn-¡se-
gp-Xn; ""]{X-tem-I¯v Btcm-sS-¦nepw
kwkm-cn¨v Rm³ A]-I-S-¯nð NmSn-b-
Xv Hcn-¡ð am{Xw, AXv Hmdn-bm\ ^ñm-
kn-tbm-SmWv.'' CâÀhyq thf-bnð Hmdn-
bm-\-bpsS Hcp tNmZy¯n\v hnb-äv\mw
bp²w ""-bqkvsekv'' Bbn-cp-óp-shóv
InknôÀ ]d-ªp. Ata-cn-¡-bnepw
]pd¯pw AXv henb H¨-¸m-Sp-bÀ¯n.
Cµn-cm-Km-Ôn-bp-am-bpÅ kw`m-jWw
C´y-þ-]mIv _Ô-s¯ sNdp-Xm-sbm-óp-
añ De-¨-Xv. 1970ð Znñn-bnð h¨m-Wv
Hmdn-bm\ Cµn-cm-Km-Ôn-tbmSv kwkm-cn-¨-
Xv. hm¡p-IÄ hfsc Icp-X-temsS am{Xw
{]tbm-Kn-¡m-dpÅ Cµn-cm-KmÔn Hcp h«w
`qt«msb ]än C§s\ ]dªp; ""\ñ
shfn-hpÅ a\p-jy-\ñ `qt«m, At±lw ]
d-bp-ó-sXs´óv a\-kn-em-¡m³
{]bm-kw.'' A`n-apJw BZyw "-KmÀUn-
b³' ]{X-¯nð A¨-Sn-¨p-hóp.- AXv
]nóoSv C´y-bn-sebpw ]mIn-Øm-\n-se
bpw am{X-añ temIs¯ ]e ]{X-§-
fnepw D²-cn-¨p. -C-µn-c-bpsS kw`m-jWw
hmbn¨v bYmÀ°-¯nð `qt«m-bpsS
shfnhp sI«p. Hmdn-bm\sb hnfn¨v CÉm-
am-_m-Znð hcp¯n `qt«m Xpdó-Sn-¨p.
""Cµn-cm-Km-Ôn¡v Htc-sbmcp B{K-lta-
bpÅq. Cu D]-`q-J-Þ-amsI sh«n-¸n-Sn¨v
R§sf Ah-cpsS Imð¡o-gnð F¯n-
¡-Ww. F\n¡v Ahsc H«pw _lp-am-\-
an-ñ. R§Ä kl-]m-Tn-I-fm-Wv. C¯ncn
am{Xw _p²n-bpÅ Hcp km[m-c-W-¡m-
cn-bm-bn-cpóp ]Tn-¡póIme¯v Cµn-c.
Ah-cpsS ssI]n-Sn¨v Ipep-¡m³ t]mepw
Rm³ CjvS-s¸-Sp-ón-ñ''.
`qt«m-bpsS CâÀhyq IqSn A¨-Sn¨p
hó-tXmsS \b-X-{´-hr-¯-§Ä A¦-em-
¸n-em-bn. t\cs¯ Xocp-am-\n-¡-s¸-«-cpó
knwe D¨-tImSn apS-§p-saóm-bn. cïp
cmPy-§-fnsebpw hntZi Imcy-a{´namÀ
X½nð kwkm-cn-¨p. `qt«mþCµnc IqSn-
¡m-gv-N-bv¡p-Å- km-[yX a§n. Xsâ
hmN-I-§Ä \ntj-[n-¡m³ Hmdn-bm\
tbmSv `qt«m Xsó t\cn«mh-iy-s¸-«p.
AhÀ AXn\v hg§nbn-ñ. HSp-hnð X{´-
im-en-bmb Cµn-cm-KmÔn Aós¯
]mew hnam-\-¯m-h-f-¯nð `q-t«msb
ssIsIm-Sp-¯p kzoI-cn-¨p. B cwKw
(17)
G{]n 2012
Ignª \qäm-ïnse an¡
t\Xm-¡fpw Hmdn-bm-\-bpsS
tNmZy-§-fnð hoWphe-ª
h-cm-Wv. Inkn-ôÀ Hcn-¡se-gp-Xn;
""]{X-tem-I¯v Btcm-sS-¦nepw
kwkm-cn¨v Rm³ A]-I-S-¯nð
NmSn-b-Xv Hcn-¡ð am{Xw, AXv
Hmdn-bm\ ^ñm-kn-tbm-SmWv.'' Hmdn-bm\ ^ñm-kn-
sSen-hn-j-\nð Iïv eï-\nð Ccpóv
Hmdn-bm\ t]mepw ssIb-Sn-¨p. A`n-ap-J-
kw-`m-jWw Ncn-{X-¯nse Ahn-kva-c-Wo-
b-amb aplqÀ¯-ambn amdp-I-bm-bn-cpóp.
t\mh-enÌpw ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-\p-amb
K{_n-tbð KmÀjy amÀIzkv ]d-bpóp,
""A`n-apJ kw`m-jWw {]Wbw t]mem-
Wv. cïp t]À¡pw \ñ Xmð]cyapsï-
¦nte kw`m-jWw AÀ°-h-¯m-Ip-I-bp-
Åq. Csñ-¦nð Hcp Iq«w tNmZy-§-fpw
\nÀPo-h-amb D¯-c-§fpw am{Xw.''
Hmdn-bm\bpsS A`n-apJ kw`m-j-W-
§Ä acym-Z-bpsS koa-IÄ ewLn-¡pó-
Xm-sWóv Bt£-]n-¨-h-cpïv. AhÀ
Ft¸mgpw {]tIm-]-\-]-c-ambn tNmZy-§Ä
FSp-¯n-«p. bmkÀ Acm-^-¯n-t\mSv Hcn-
¡ð AhÀ tNmZn¨p; ""tamsj Ubm-\-
sb-Ip-d-n¨v \n§-Ä F´p ]d-bpóp?
IrXy-ambn adp-]Sn Xc-Ww. ]Xnhv Dcp-
ïp-Ifn ]mSnñ.'', Inkô-tdmSv kwkm-
cn-¡p-t¼mÄ Hmdn-bm\ tNmZn¨p ""A[n-
Imcw \n§sf D³a-¯-\m-¡póptïm?''
CÉm-anIv {]t£m`w sImSp-¼ncnsImï
thf-bnð Cdm-\nse jmtbmSv AhÀ
tNmZn-¨Xv C§s\; ""Xm¦Ä Hcp GIm-
[n-]-Xn-bmb cmPm-hm-sWó kXyw
\ntj-[n-¡m-\m-Iptam?'' C¯cw {]tIm-
]-\-§Ä tNZy-§-fnð \nd-bv¡-cp-sXóv
]dbpóh-cpïv.
]t£ Hmdn-bm\ ^ñmkn Xsâ
tNmZyssien Hcp Iebm¡n hfÀ¯n.
BtcmSpw ]d-bn-sñóv Dd-¸n¨ cl-ky-
§Ä AhÀ kwkm-cn-¨p- ]p-d-¯p-sImïp
hóp. kw`m-jW thf-bnð Ccp-hÀ¡p-an-
S-bnð krjvSn-s¨-Sp-¡pó Bß_Ôw
tNmZyw t\sc sXmSp-¯p-hn-Sm³ Hmdn-bm
\bv¡v ss[cyw ]IÀóp. Cµn-cm-KmÔn
kw`mjW thf-bnð Hmdn-bm\tbmSv
]dªp; ""^ntdm-kn-t\mSv F\n¡v KmV
amb {]Wbw Dïm-bn-cpón-ñ-. Fsâ
Ip«n-IÄ¡v Hcp Aѳ thW-am-bn-cpóp.
AXn-\mð R§Ä hnhm-ln-X-cm-bn.''
km[m-cW KXn-bnð HcmÄ C§-s\-sbm
ópw asäm-cm-tfmSv ]d-bmdnñ. Cµn-cm-Km-
Ôn-sb sImïv C§-s\-sbms¡ kwkm-
cn-¸n-¨Xv Hmdn-bm\bpsS ssh`hw. Xsâ
]nXmhv Bcm-sWóv Adn-bm-am-bn-cp-
só-¦nepw Hcn-¡epw At±-ls¯ Xm³
sNóp Iïn-sñóv hnñn {_m³Uv Gäp
]dªXv Hmdn-bm\tbmSm-Wv. Bð{^Uv
ln¨v tIm¡v `oI-c-kn-\n-a-IÄ am{X-saSp
¡m³ ImcW-sa´v? ]eÀ¡pw AÚm-
X-amb B hkvXpX Hmdn-bm\bpambpÅ
ln¨vtIm-¡nsâ kw`m-j-W-¯nð hmbn-
¡mw. sPkym«v ]ptcm-ln-XÀs¡m-¸-amWv
_mey-¯nð ln¨vtIm¡v Pohn-¨-Xv.
""AhÀ Fsó Ft¸mgpw `b-s¸-Sp-¯n-
s¡m-ïn-cp-óp. Ct¸mÄ Fsâ Dug-am-Wv.
Rm³ kn\n-a-I-fn-eqsS temIs¯ t]Sn
-¸n-¡póp''. _mey-Im-em-\p-`-h-§Ä Hcp
a\p-jysâ kz`mh cq]o-I-c-W-s¯bpw
A`n-cp-Nn-sbbpw F§s\ kzm[o-\n-¡p-
saóv ln¨vtIm-¡n-sâ hmN-I-¯nð
\nóp hyàw.
Hmdn-bm\ tNmZy-§-fp-sSbpw D¯-c-
§-fp-sSbpw {Iaw amän-¡-f-bm-dp-sïóv
kl-{]-hÀ¯-IÀ Ipä-s¸-Sp-¯n-bn-«p-ïv.
Hcn-¡ð kn\n-am-¡m-c-\mb s^ñn\n
Ah-tcmSv X«n-¡bdn; ""hr¯n-sI« \pW-
¨n, sacp-¡-an-ñm¯ \mbv,'' Fsóñmw
hnfn¨p. CâÀhyq A¨-Sn¨p hó-t¸mÄ
Hmdn-bm\ AsXmópw hn«p-I-f-ªn-ñ.
tNmZy-§-fp-ambn D¯-c-§Ä tXSn
Ae-bpó-Xn-\n-S-bnð Hcn-¡ð Xsâ Hcp
Cc adn-s¨mcp tNmZy-hp-ambn Hmdn-bm\
bpsS Pohn-X-¯n-te¡p ISóp hóp.
{Koknse GIm-[n-]-Xn-bmb `cWm[n-
Imcn tPmÀÖv ]¸m³ t{Um ]ueo-hns\
h[n-¡m³ hn^e {iaw \S-¯nb hn¹h
t\Xmhv Ae-Ivkm-ïÀ ]\-Ku-enkv
Bbn-cpóp B adp tNmZy-¡m-c³. Pbnð
in£ A\p-`-hn-¨p-hó Ae-Ivkm-ïsd
tS-Xmbn Dïv. 1991ð Gähpw IqSp-Xð
hnä-gn-¡-s¸-«- Ir-Xn-sbó AwKo-Imcw
t\Sn-sb-¦nepw t\mhð kmln-Xy-¯nð
AhÀ¡v Imcy-amb Ne-\-apïm-¡m³
Ign-ªn-ñ. ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-am-bn-cpóp
Hmdn-bm\bpsS alna apgp-h³ t{]mPz-e-
am-¡nb taJ-e. s]gvk--Wm-enän CâÀhyq
A\yq-\-amb Hcp Ie-bm¡n hfÀ¯n
Hmdn-bm\^ñmkn Ncn-{X-¯nð kz´-am
bn Hcp CSw t\Sn. C´y³ D]-\n-j-¯n
se \Nn-tI-X-kns\ t]mse Hcn-¡epw
D¯cw e`n-¡m-¯ -tNm-Zyhpw sXmSp-¯p-
hn«v Pohn-X-t¯mSp bm{X ]d-ª-t¸mÄ;
Dä-kp-lr-¯mb amÀIzkv FgpXn;
""A`napJ bp²-`q-an-bnse DÖze
t]mcm-fnbpw hoWp''. AhÀ Ct¸mÄ
kzÀ¤¯nð {InkvXp-hp-ambn km¯m-s\-
¡p-dn¨v kwkm-cn-¡p-I-bm-Ipw.
teJI³ ho£Ww ]{X¯nse
s]mfnän¡ð FUnädmWv.
A[n-Ir-X-cpsS A\p-hm-Z-t¯msS Pbn-
enð sNópIïv Hmdn-bm\ kwkm-cn-¨p.
B kw`m-j-W-§Ä {]kn-²oIr-X-am-b-
tXmsS a\p-jym-h-Imi {]hÀ¯-IÀ
{]t£m`w XpS-§n. A§s\ s]mXpam
¸nð in£ Cfhv sNbvXv hn«-b-¡-s¸«
Ae-IvkmïÀ IrXÚXm ]pjv]-§-fp-
ambn Hmdn-bm\sb kao-]n-¨p. Abm-fp
sS adptNmZyw Ah-cpsS Pohn-X-¯nsâ
KXn amän-sb-gp-Xn. Ccp-hcpw hnhm-ln-X-
cm-bn. GXm\pw amk-§Ä am{Xta B
Zm¼Xy_Ôw \ne-\n-óp-Åq. AXn-\Iw
Zpcql kml-N-cy-¯nð Ae-IvkmïÀ
]\-Ku-enkv sImñ-s¸-«p. "F am³' Fó
t]cnð ^ñmkn AtX¡pdn-¨v A\p-`-h-
Xo-£vW-amb Hcp t\mhð cNn-¨p.
X§Ä¡p-]n-d-¡msX t]mb a¡-sf-¡p-
dn¨v "Spssa Nnð{U¬ s\hÀ t_m¬'
Fó cïm-as¯ t\mhepw Hmdn-bm\bp
(18)
G{]n 2012
Communication to the modern world is what the nervous system is to the human body. It became a
separate and serious branch of academic learning about 150 years ago when it received recognition in certain universities in the New World of which the United States was the most important region. The Old World of Europe continued to be conservative, especially in academic course offerings, but the U.S. led the world in the evolution of new courses, particularly in the technology of mass communication. Morse and Marconi had already revolutionized telecommunication; and the science of electricity and electronics had registered great progress in Britain and Europe in the 19th century itself.
Today communication has grown into the most important branch of human knowledge, especially because of the tremendous progress made by the U.S. and Japanese technologists in space science, miniaturization, tele-medicine, biotechnology, nano sciences and oceanography. There are unprecedented sociological developments too that have affected the contents, quality and differential spread of the media of inter-personal and mass communication globally.
Training and education in communication had to change according to the new requirements identified in the Western world. Changes did occur in the West but in the East (with the exception of Japan, Malaysia, Hong Kong and Singapore) did not see changes for a long time especially in South Asia. Even the nomenclature of the training institutes in India did not have the word Communication.
In fact, when this writer wanted to change the name of the Department of Journalism in the University of Kerala to Department of Communication & Journalism in 1985, there was a hue and cry against the change, raised not only
by some ignoramuses who attributed personal motives to me, but by well-informed journalists, journalism educators, and members of the University syndicate. Their opposition was based on the premise that Communication had nothing to do with journalism and vice versa! Luckily the controversy died down when it was pointed out to the opponents that well-known universities in the U.S. had changed the names of their departments of journalism to ‘Department of Telecommunication’!
Mass communication has undergone a sea change all over the world and it is but proper that this change is reflected in the nomenclature, content and practice of media education and training. The management of newspaper organizations and that of institutes run by journalists’ professional bodies in Kerala and India must seriously consider the question of introducing appropriate changes in their course curriculum and syllabi to embrace the big changes that have occurred in the functioning of the mass media in the world.
Besides theories, all aspects of communication (intra-personal, inter-personal and mass) must be known to the students who should also be aware of at least the fundamentals of the modes and principles of the new developments in the field — satellite and cable TV, international communication, the use of new devices such as blogging, e-mail, Internet, SMS, Twitter, mobile phones, broadband spectra (2-G, 3-G, 4G etc.) and above all the Combo medium and Palm Top where various media can be conveniently used in the Convergence Mode.
The Contemporary Scene Access: Though communication is as old as humanity, the most significant changes in several aspects of it
Changes in Media Education Necessitated by Media Technology in the New MillenniumThe biggest change that occurred in the media world during the past two decades is that the media users have been empowered since they are no longer passive receivers of mediated messages but active creators of messages. Mass communication has always functioned as an immensely large, heterogeneous, anonymous activity organized by huge conglomerates that considered communication as one of their industries. They have considered that the consumers of their media products had little say in the organization and spread of messages. But today, the new technologies of internetting, blogging, u-tubing, mobile phoning, SMS-sending, twittering, etc., have made users and consumers, active producers of messages.
J V Vil’anilam
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took place in the last three hundred years, especially in the latter part of the 20th century And the most rapid changes occurred in recent decades of the 21st century that witnessed the electronic revolution in all branches of the one-way mass media and the two-way social media. What is of great importance is that the scientific factors that brought about the big changes in both sectors — mass and inter-personal — are common: digitalization, rapid transmission, computerization, transistorization, and the use of microelectronic and miniaturized systems of communication, the linking of networks of mass and inter-personal communication, and above all the development of “Combo” sets where the art and science of combining different media systems — telephone, television, radio, film, Internet, e-mail, SMS, Twitter, etc. are combined under the same miniature palmtop device. This is the ultimate experience in communication and the freest and most convenient device a human being can carry wherever she or he goes and still be in touch with the outside world!
But can we ignore that despite the availability of all these new devices of communication, there are severe problems of communication experienced by a very large number of people in India primarily because of the structure of the Indian society. No doubt the number of people using the modern devices has increased and is still increasing, although as a proportion of the total Indian population, namely 120 crores (1200 million or 1.2 billion), the number of modern media users is still small.
In other words, the access to these modern devices of
communication will continue to be limited for a long time to come. The reasons for this are not far to seek; they are mainly economic and sociological, although a minister recently observed that half the Indian population is demanding mobiles, not comfort cabins!
The use: Another question of importance before us is the use to which the modern devices are put by the limited number of their users. Are they using it for building bridges of understanding among people coming from various ethnic, socioeconomic and cultural backgrounds or using them for silly preoccupations such as gossiping, listening to some meaningless songs and watching movies. Some politicians were recently spotted watching pornography on their mobiles — and that too in the Legislative Assembly, instead of using them for being in touch with the people of their constituencies! Thus there is a flip side to the use of technological progress for not-so-important personal pleasures rather than for social benefit. But we cannot condemn all the modern devices of communication as meaningless and dangerous, (yes, dangerous when mobiles are used by terrorists for detonating explosive devices!) Despite all these undesirable uses of the TC devices, human beings have to recognize their beneficial boons.
Still another aspect of technological progress leading to deviant media behaviour is their heavy use for entertainment. Although life without entertainment is dull, dreary and sometimes very dissatisfying to the human psyche, no society should be “entertained
Changes in Media: From Paper to Tablet
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to death!”, as a famous communication scholar, Neil Postman, once said. Another world famous communication scientist, George Gerbner, said that the modern man is so dependent on film and television that he organizes his life on the models and styles propagated through stories presented in them. The stories that appeal the most to humans are now the ones that are presented on the mini and maxi screens! This may be an exaggeration but it is an exaggeration of a vital truth. Gerbner reminds people that even news stories are presented in cinema style.
Story-selling VS Story-telling: The modern media are “story-sellers”, not conventional story-tellers, because their main aim is to sell goods. Facts are not sacred any more for them whereas fiction is! Selling news stories is considered good for selling goods! Once upon a time, stories were hand-crafted but today they are crafted by trained craftsmen, for huge audiences — readers, listeners and viewers — running into millions in all parts of the globe, mainly aimed at selling goods. The needs of small groups are ignored in this modern craftsmanship. Daily violations of human rights are ignored too. And even the needs of women (forming half the world’s population) are ignored in this scheme of things except for entertainment!
Perhaps from the beginning of the 20th century, the big scientific and technological changes that occurred in various fields influenced the modes and contents of communication — its systems, concepts and equipment, although the latest media revolution occurred through the most recent changes that happened since the 1980s — e-mail, Internet, digitalization, computerization, microelectronic systems, glass fibres, miniaturization and storage of millions of bits of information on silicon chips of the size of a human nail. All this has provided us a new world—the e-world, a far cry from the cave walls where our primitive ancestors scribbled their ideas and stories in pictures.
It is exciting and essential for the academies, universities, and training institutes to provide their scholars with a systematic narration of the story of human journey from the hot coves to the cool cyber cells. The story of scraggy humans’ utterances of meaningless (as well as meaningful) sounds that later developed into speech, writing, printing, radio diffusion, television and the present-day instant devices for social communication, is worthy of the closest attention of teachers and students of communication. But the basis of all these changes is Electronics, and modern students and teachers of communication in every training institution have to know at least the basics of Electronics.
Electronics: Everything in, on, above or below the earth, in fact, everything in our infinite universe consists of atoms. The structure of all atoms including those of human beings, animals and objects, is the same. All atoms consist of a nucleus which, in turn, consists of a positively charged proton and chargeless neutrons. The negatively charged electrons are revolving around the
nucleus. Electrons help in moving information from one point to another in all the media of communication except perhaps the traditional media of staged performances.
Modern media are all electronic. Until the 1970s in India and the 1960s in Europe, North America and Japan (ENAJ countries), printing was mechanical and types were cast in hot metal but when electronic processing was started, printing was cold and called the cold process printing, Most newspapers in the West were produced using the Video Display Terminals (VDTs). Modern printing became a safe and clean process—no more dirty black hands and stinking sweat for the press workers!
Digitalization followed, and whatever information was gathered was stored in databanks from where the required information could be retrieved whenever needed and printed quickly. The computer could be hooked to the printer and the whole process of printing could be completed in a short time. * We called the new process of printing as the “cold process.”**
But training institutes have to discuss the history and background, progress and evolution of modern systems of printing and production. Letter presses and metal types are now museum pieces!
Another question of importance before us is the sociology of the mass media. Every training institute has to teach the sociology of the media against the backdrop of the sociology of knowledge in India. This will include not only the technological aspects of the new devices but the sociology of media ownership. No media system can escape the economic aspects of media ownership since the latter tends to influence the contents of the media and practices of the media owners, publishers and workers as proved by the operation of the phenomenon of Paid News and Private Treaties in recent years, all of which coloured and controlled the credibility of the media. Media workers (editors, field workers such as reporters, television camera persons, selectors of those aspects of reality supposed to attract the media users and thereby influence television/media rating) have to assert their independence in the name of truth and social relevance. Should there not be some emphasis on the use of journalism and communication for the benefit of the people. This is a land where the Father of the Nation, among other things, emphasized that “journalism was service to the people.”
Perhaps from the beginning of the 20th century, the big scientific and technological changes that occurred in various fields influenced the modes and contents of communication — its systems, concepts and equipment, although the latest media revolution occurred through the most recent changes that happened since the 1980s (e-mail, Internet, digitalization, computerization, microelectronic systems, glass fibres, miniaturization and storage of millions of bits of information on silicon chips of the size of a human nail.) All this has provided us a new world — the e-world, a far cry from the cave walls where primitive beings recorded their ideas and stories in a crude manner.
Changes have occurred in photography and
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cinematography too. The use of electronic and digital photography, optoelectronics, photophonics and digital transmission of images started in India in the early 1990s, the beginning of the era of globalization. There are now centres of digital imaging technology. Students of mass communication have to visit these centres and observe their working. Press club institutes and press academies have to expose their wards to all the new technologies before they finish their training. Schools of Communication have to equip their wards with theoretical knowledge and practical training in the art and science of ‘COMPUNICATION’ — that is, computerized communication, digital camera operations, scanning, analogue vs digital systems, Desk Top Publishing (DTP), etc. The lingo itself has changed as you can see from the Glossary of many new books on communication.
A significant drawback of many training programmes in the country is that theoretical aspects are sometimes totally missing in them. Of course, some good souls emphasize that communication and journalism are mainly craft-oriented and theory is of no practical value. This is absurd. Communication is a vital aspect of human life and monopolization of it by a few who deliberately shut their trainees’ eyes to the essential theories that see through the machination of many profit-oriented trainers is not in the ultimate interests of society as a whole. You can train crafts-persons but such training ends up as crafty and deleterious to society since it shuts the trainees’ eyes to the hard social realities in the country. Therefore there should be a judicious bending of theory and practice in all communication/journalism training. The freedom of speech and information envisaged in our Constitution is not only the freedom of the publisher or the working journalist/media technician but the freedom of the entire people to express their views — even views unpalatable to the ruling fraternity! It is people’s freedom that is more important for the nation’s future than the freedom of the proprietor/publisher/media owner.
This truth and the historical evolution of the concept have to become part of the training programmes in all institutes.
One last point: The biggest change that occurred in
the media world during the past two decades is that the media users have been empowered since they are no longer passive receivers of mediated messages but active creators of messages. Mass communication has always functioned as an immensely large, heterogeneous, anonymous activity organized by huge conglomerates that considered communication as one of their industries. They have considered that the consumers of their media products had little say in the organization and spread of messages. But today, the new technologies of internetting, blogging, u-tubing, mobile phoning, SMS-sending, twittering, etc., have made users and consumers, active producers of messages. Trainees can become citizen journalists.
John Milton, the famous English poet had argued in his famous Areopagytica for the freedom of the citizen to give expression to his or her thoughts without fear of persecution. He even said that people could hold their own personal faith and practise it without harming others. “A true church can consist of one person!,” he said. This is the basic idea of democracy and the media have to protect and defend this human right. No media education and training will be complete without stressing this fundamental right. Are we stressing it in our institutes and academies of communication and journalism training? Are our trained journalists votaries of this freedom or just mercenaries out there to fight for any cause that brings them huge monetary rewards, foreign junkets and various other personal benefits? Courage of conviction is more important for a journalist/communicator than the sheen and jingle of coins or the glitter and glamour of positions or status.
Prof. Dr. J. V.Vil’anilam is former Vice-Chancellor and & Head, Department of Communication & Journalism, University of Kerala, T’Puram.
*For details see the writer’s books: Aa Lokam Mutal e-Lokam Varei (Malayalam), Bhaasha Institute, 2003; and his Public Relations in India, SAGE, 2011) ** Kerala Kaumudi was the first newspaper in Kerala to introduce this cold process in the early 1970s, followed by Manorama, Matrubhumi and other newspapers.
Training and education in communication had to change according to the new requirements identified in the Western world. Changes did occur in the West but in the East did not see changes for a long time especially in South Asia. Even the nomenclature of the training institutes in India did not have the word Communication.
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Navodayam is the merging of two words – nava, meaning ‘new’ and udayam, meaning ‘dawn’. It
is the name of a community magazine that has realised the dreams of hundreds of women of Chittoor District in Andhra Pradesh, run, edited, published, marketed and distributed by women, for women and of women. It realises the democratic spirit laid down in the Indian Constitution. Over time, Navodayam has become a strong link between village women and the government by spreading awareness about official schemes and programmes targeted at women who can benefit from the programmes. At the other end, it informs the government and its agencies about the needs and concerns of the women. The women do not come from sophisticated, affluent and urban backgrounds backed by university degrees. None of them have ever been to a journalism school. Most of them cannot even speak English, leave alone read or write it. But all that has not caused hurdles for their growth. They have taken running the magazine on, as a learning experience, as a commitment and as a career. The Navodayam Project began as part of the World Bank’s Poverty Alleviation Programme. The first issue of the newsletter, aimed at empowering women through communication, called Navodayam, was
published on August 15, 2001. The main aim: to take the newspaper to the village. Six poor and semi-educated women living in Chittoor District in Tirupati gathered strength from within themselves to write, edit, lay out, print, publish and distributethe newsletter in Telugu all by themselves. Picking and laying out photographs, and running a cartoon strip done by one member of the staff who happens to be a good artist are all within a day’s work for the gritty young women whose lives have changed since they began the project.
Navodayam was born in the form of a newsletter with the purpose of putting into action‘Information for Empowerment’. The four major aims are to – (a) give ‘voice’ to the rural and poor women, (b) place rural women in charge of news coverage, (c) reach information out to touch, influence and inspire the rural poor, and (d) adapt journalism so that it becomes a tool to empower rural, poor, oppressed and uneducated girls and women. In the process, the six women who began the newsletter have been able to redefine their own lives and look at their involvement with it as a great learning process.
Initially launched as a quarterly newsletter in Telugu with eight pages of printedmatter (the inaugural issue printed only 750 copies), Navodayam today is a
Rural Women Take to Journalism, Rede�ne Lives
Shoma A. Chatterji
It’s been ten years since a ‘new dawn’ arose in a district in Andhra Pradesh, when six poor women in Chittoor decided to bring out a newsletter filled with women’s voices and then take it to the villages. They believed that informing rural women who knew nothing, and giving them a voice, was empowerment. From 750 copies, Navodayam is today a monthly magazine with a circulation of 30000, and a readership well past two lakh. From reporting and writing to editing and laying out the pages, it’s all the handiwork of women. Stories drive home pertinent messages, special issues focus on specific subjects, and semi-literate women have been trained to gather news, file copy, even shoot a video. It’s been quite a remarkable initiative that has benefited the marginalised and oppressed communities of Andhra Pradesh.
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powerful, 24-page monthly paper that has grown to 30,000 copies, all of which are sold out. Eighty reporters, all of them from poor families settled in rural areas, have learnt reporting, writing, editing and layout since the newsletter first came out. Navodayam has a readership of 200,000 – that can easily beat the readership figures of some of the leading dailies in Andhra Pradesh. It began with six core women. Today, it has around ten staff reporters and 20 contributors. They have initiated a system of annual subscription. The community coordinators and sanghamitras (village-level activists of the Indira Kranthi Patham programme) motivated self-help groups to pay the subscription. The reporters were instrumental in facilitating annul subscription to the magazine by the line departments and NGOs. The reporters personally approached the line departments in the district and managed to get advertising support for the magazine and the amount contributed to the corpus fund. The advertisement rates were worked out beforehand by the team.
“Our reporters are semi-literate and poor women from the villages. They have undergone training in newsgathering and filing copy. We have also picked out the artists among them. We have put them through basic
training in journalism that has improved their language, writing and editing skills. They have been so effective that they have acquired the courage and integrity needed to deal with the consequences of conscientious reporting and critical writing,” informs Manjula, who began her career as editor of Navodayam.
Mallika, one of the first six and a member of the core group, says that they would receive death threats for covering issues directly dealing with local women, from vested interests who do not want Navodayam to deal with the problems of the women. “We bring out a special issue on the basis of a survey we conduct ourselves. We publish our findings in the form of a report in an issue. We also approach the local collector, ask him for his views and publish his side of the story as well. In this way, we move one step ahead of news per se. For example, we went to cover four cases of rape, of four girls. We discovered that in one case, a 14-year-old girl had been raped by a 50-year-old man and she had left school because of the social stigma. We not only brought pressure on the perpetrator but also persuaded the girl to get back to school,” recounts Mallika.
The technical logistics and financial issues of publishing the magazine is taken care of by a core
Rural women video journalists, a Scene from Andhrapradesh; Courtesy: outlook
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committee formed from within the reporters’ pool, which manages the total budget. The Zilla Samakhya (district-level federation of self-help groups) was requested to provide its services to help the ongoing publication, distribution and sales of the magazine. Nine members formed the Navodayam Planning Commission – six were reporters and three representatives of the Zilla Samakhya. The president is the editor of Navodayam. The reporters began networking with regional newspapers to gain training and experience as professional journalists. Reporters are encouraged to contribute issue-specific features, reports and articles linked to a particular area of the district. For example, if alcoholism is rampant in one area, there is a detailed piece on the impact of alcoholism on the family and ways to resolve the problem.
“There was one touching case of a woman who committed suicide and we brought this to public view by writing about it. It happened because the woman had taken a loan from an NGO that offered micro loans to rural women. But the woman did not know anything about the interest payable. So, when she saw the interest that had accumulated after some time, she was shocked and this drove her to suicide. Our aim was to drive home the point that since village women were illiterate, all details needed to be spelt out for them in the future so that such tragic cases did not happen again,” Manjula elaborates.
In January 2010, Navodayam brought out a special issue against child marriage to coincide with the Shivaratri Festival. “The idea was to spread awareness among people about the evils of child marriage. The special issue carried comparative interviews of women married off as children and interviews with women whose marriages were stopped when they were kids and now were happier for the stoppage,” says Manjula. Why Shivaratri? Villagers of Srikalahasti in Chittoor District believe that the night is auspicious for giving away the girl-child in marriage because they last longer than normal marriages and it is the night of Devudu Pelli (God’s Marriage). It is an age-old custom associated with the festivities surrounding Shivaratri. Around 2000 marriages are performed in February of which, many are child brides and grooms putting a stop to the girls’
schooling.Navodayam has trained seven women over a ten-
month long span in video journalism. The trained video journalists have made over 100 documentary films and are even providing video clips to major television networks, a source of revenue for them. A video film on child marriage was shown across villages where child marriage was rampant. The women of Navodayam have persuaded women of self-help groups to put the children they had taken out of schools to join the growing mass of child labour, back to school. In addition, each woman who subscribes to the magazine sees to it that every member of her family also reads it.
The Navodayam women are convinced that their poor, marginalised and oppressed readers, have gathered the courage and faith to talk freely about personal problems, about health, domestic violence, the pressure to get their small girls out of school and married off, family peace being threatened by chronic alcoholism among the men and so on. The Navodayam women often intervene personally to settle such disputes and resolve some of the problems. They then narrate their success stories through the magazine, to inspire and encourage other women to come forward and discuss their problems, too.
Navodayam has also spread its journalistic wings towards a revival of cultural roots that are getting lost to time and modernistic interventions such as the cinema, television and so on. Journalists visit senior people in the villages to collect oral cultural forms of performance such as traditional songs, proverbs, grandmother ’s tales, and so on and publish them in the magazine to inform, educate and entertain the readers of the younger generation. The Navodayam Community Magazine (Telugu) won the UNFPA-Laadli Media Special Jury Award for 2009. It has been a source of inspiration for similar media initiatives like radio and films.
The writer is a freelance journalist, author and film scholar based in Kolkata. She has authored 17 books and contributed to many edited compilations on cinema, family and gender. Courtesy: Vidura
A cover page of Navodayam
Eighty reporters, all of them from poor families settled in rural areas, have learnt reporting, writing, editing and layout since the newsletter first came out. Navodayam has a readership of 200,000 – that can easily beat the readership figures of some of the leading dailies in Andhra Pradesh. It began with six core women. Today, it has around ten staff reporters and 20 contributors. “Our reporters are semi-literate and poor women from the villages. They have undergone training in newsgathering and filing copy. We have also picked out the artists among them. We have put them through basic training in journalism that has improved their language, writing and editing skills. They have been so effective that they have acquired the courage and integrity needed to deal with the consequences of conscientious reporting and critical writing,” informs Manjula, who began her career as editor of Navodayam.
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G{]n 2012
¯nð ]qÀ®Xbntes¡¯m³ kaba\phZn¨p sImSpt¡ï
Xpïv; {]tXyIn¨p kmt¦XnIX amdns¡mïncn¡pó kml
Ncy¯nð. Cu kmlNcyw aebmf¯nse sSenhnj³
hmÀ¯m teJIÀ¡pw hmÀ¯m FUnäÀamÀ¡pw hmÀ¯m
AhXmcIÀ¡pw sNdnb D¯chmZn¯añ Gð¸n¨p \ðIp
óXv. aebmf¯nð hmÀ¯m sSenhnj³ Nm\en\v GXp coXn-
bnð {]hÀ¯n¡mw?
`mj hnIkn¡póp`mj Hcn¡epw XS¦enð Ccn¡pótXbnñ. Fómð
A\nb{´nXambn {]hÀ¯n¡póXpanñ. ]pXnb hm¡pIÄ
kzoIcn¨pw ]pXnb {]tbmK§Ä \S¯nbpw `mj hnIkn¨p
sImtï Ccn¡póp. AtXkabw `mjm ]ÞnXòmÀ
BhnjvIcns¨Sp¯ LS\bnð tI{µoIrXambn \nba§Ä
Gsd¡psd ]men¡pIbpw sN¿póp.
`mjbv¡p Poh³ \ðIpóXv P\§fmWv. AhcpsS
BËmZhpw tIm]hpw cmKhpw tZzjhpw aäv hnImc§fpw
hnNmc§fpw {]Xn^en¡pó `mjbnð AÀYh¯pw Nn´
\obhpw ckIchpw Bb Iq«nt¨À¡epIÄ kw`hn¡pó
tXmsSm¸w sXäpIfpw ISóp hcpóXv kzm`mhnIamWv. sXäp
IÄ thÀXncn¨dnªp \o¡w sN¿m³ NneÀ BhiyamWv.
BibmhnjvImc¯ns³d A\´cL«ambn \St¡ï
kwthZ\w kpKaamhm³ `mj D]tbmKn¡póhÀ s]mXp\nba
§Ä ]ment¡ïnhcpónS¯mWp hymIcW]pkvXI§Ä
DïmhpóXv. hyXykvXtaJebnð {]hÀ¯n¡pó khntij
tPmenIÄ sN¿póhÀ¡mbn ssÌð _p¡pIfpw cq]s¸Spóp.
`mjmhmÀ¯mNm\epIÄ¡v \nÝbambpw Ìbnð ssKUv
BhiyamWv.
apJyambpw Fgp¯pImÀ, {]`mjIÀ, A[ym]IÀ, am[ya
{]hÀ¯IÀ, kn\na, \mSIw XpS§nb ZriyIemcq]§fnð
{]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ FónhcmWp `mj sXäv IqSmsX, `wKn
tNmÀóp t]mImsX D]tbmKn¡pIbpw `mhnXeapd¡p ssI-
amdpIbpw sNt¿ï IÀ¯hyw \nÀhlnt¡ïXv. Chcnð
am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ¡v, X§fpsS {]hr¯n \nÀhln¡m³
hfsc Ipdª kab¯n\pÅnð \ñ `mj D]tbmKnt¡ïn
hcpóXp shñphnfnbmbn amdpóp. Chcnð Xsó A¨Sn
am[ya¯nse Fgp¯pImcpw sSenhnj\nse Fgp¯pImcpw
cïp Xcw amÀ¤§Ä kzoIcnt¡ïnbncn¡póp.
Snhn D]t`màmhn\v GXp \nanjhpw kz´w tdmÄ amäm³
Ignbpw. AhÀ¡p t{]£Icmtbm shdpw t{imXmhmtbm IqSp
amdmw. At¸mÄ asämcp {]hr¯n IqSn Iq«nt¨À¡s¸Spóp.
Zriy§fpsS bmYmÀ°ys¯ DÄs¡mÅm³ DÅ NpaXe
t{]£I\p hn«psImïv AXn\¸pdapÅ ImWm\mhm¯
hmÀ¯ Snhn teJI\pw hmÀ¯mhmb\¡mc\pw IqSn \ðIm³
_m[yØ\mhpóp. aebmfw sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯mkwt{]jW
¯ns³d hgnbnð C\nbpw Zqcw t]mtIïXpïv. Snhn`mjbpsS
LS\sb kzm[o\n¡pó \nch[n LSI§Ä DsïóXmWv
B am[ya¯nð {]hÀ¯n¡póhÀ t\cnSpó shñphnfn.
ImWpó hmÀ¯; tIÄ¡póXpwZriy`mjsb kw_Ôn¨v _n_nknbptSbpw Atacn¡³
Nm\epIfptSbpw kao]\¯nð \nóp hfsc hn`nóamWv
\½ptSXv. Cópw aebmf¯nepw aäv C´y³ `mjIfnepw
hmÀ¯bnð t{]£I³ ImWpóXpw tIÄ¡póXpw Hóp
XsóbmWv. AXmbXp \S(¡p)óXns³d t\ÀapJhÀ®\.
Zriyw kzbw kwkmcn¡póXn\mð sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯bnð
t{]£Is\ hmÀ¯bpsS ASp¯L«¯nte¡p \bn¡m³
DÅ hnhcamWv \ðtIïsXóp am[ya{]hÀ¯\¯nð
aqóp {][m\ hyXymk§Ä
A¨Sn, sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯IÄ¡p X½nð Dïv.
BZyt¯Xv, sSenhnj³ teJIÀ¡v hmÀ¯m
aqeyw AXns³d kabs¯ B{ibn¨ncn¡póp
FóXmWv. kabw sSenhnj\v henb
hmÀ¯maqeyamWv. cïmas¯
hyXymkw, Npcp¡n ]dbpó {]mYanI
hnhc§Ä Xsó. hnkvXcn¨pÅ
hnhcWt¯¡mÄ hnhcw (C³^Àtaj³)
BWv sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯bnð BZyambpw
Ahkm\ambpw Dïmbncnt¡ïXv. ]{X§Ä
hmÀ¯ hniZoIcn¡póp. aqómat¯Xv hmÀ¯
ImWpt¼mgpw tIÄ¡pt¼mgpw DÅ Imgv¨bpsS
iàn AYhm BLmXw.
(27)
G{]n 2012
sshhn[yamÀó taJeIfnð {]hÀ¯n¨p ]cnNbapÅ {io
_n.BÀ.]n. `mkvIÀ A`n{]mbs¸Spóp. \ñ `mjbnsegpXp
óXpw AXp hmbn¡póXpw sSenhnj³ am[ya {]hÀ¯Isc
kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw hfsc {][m\amWv. IrXyX, hÀ¯am\w
Adnbn¡póXnepÅ \njv]£X, \ymbw FónhtbmsSm¸w
Xsó \ñ `mjbpw \½Ä t{]£I\v hmKvZm\w sN¿pópïv
FóXv ad¡cpXv. hmkvXh¯nð sSenhnj³ Nm\epIÄ
t{]£Icpambn A¯csamcp [mcWbnð GÀs¸Spóp Fóp
]dbpóXmWv icn.
sSenhnj³ ImWm³ am{Xañ tIÄ¡m³ IqSnbpÅXm-
sWóv hmÀ¯ X¿mdm¡pt¼mÄ HmÀ½bpïmhWsaómWp
{io _n.BÀ.]n.`mkvIÀ ]dbpóXv. aebmfw sSenhnj³
hmÀ¯m cwK¯v `mjm]camb F´p amä§fmWv thïsXó
Xns\¡pdn¨v At±l¯n\p hyàamb [mcWbpïv. "SnhnbpsS
ap³]nð Cñm¯, Fómð kao]¯p asämcnS¯p \nóp
hmÀ¯tbm atäm tIÄ¡pó t{imXmhns\ IqSn \½Ä
HmÀ½nt¡ïXpïv'.
KpcpXcamb A_²w hóp IqSnb A¯csamcp kµÀ`w
{io `mkvIÀ C{]Imcw HmÀ½n¡póp, "hmÀ¯mhXmcI(³)
Hcp {]apJhyànbpsS NcahmÀ¯ hmbn¡pI Bbncpóp.
thsd apdnbnð \nóv B hmÀ¯ tIÄ¡pIbmbncpó hyàn
]tcXs³d t]cv BZy XhW tI«nñ. ]tcXs³d t]cv
BhÀ¯n¡pIbpapïmbnñ. acn¨Xv Bscódnbm\pÅ
PnÚmk sImïv sSenhnjs³d apónse¯nb At±lw
kv{Io\nð IïXv kz´w Nn{Xambncpóp. At±lw tIcf
¯nepw ]pd¯pw Adnbs¸Spó hyànbmbncpóp'. \nÝbam-
bpw ]men¨ncnt¡ï \nbaw adóp. kw`hn¨p IqSmt\ ]mSn
ñm¯ A_²hpw hóp. Nne hnhc§Ä hmÀ¯bnð ]ebnS
§fnð BhÀ¯n¨ncn¡WsaóXv Ct¸mgpw Nm\epIÄ
{i²n¡póXmbn ImWpónñ.
BhÀ¯\ kqN\IÄ]{Xhmb\¡mÀ¡p hmb\¡nSbnð kwib\nhÀ¯n
¡mbn hmÀ¯bneqsS aptóm«pw ]ntóm«pw t]mImw. Snhnbnð
AXp km[yañm¯Xn\mð AhnsS sh¨p sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯
bnse `mj hgnXncnbpóp. F´ns\ Ipdn¨mtWm ]dªp
sImïncn¡póXv AXp kw_Ôn¨v HmÀ½s¸Sp¯pó
hmÀ¯m kqN\IÄ CS¡nsS sSenhnj\nð BhÀ¯nt¡ï
Xmbn hcpw. {][m\ambpw Ah hmÀ¯bnð hcpó Øet¸cp
IÄ, hyànIfpsS t]cpIÄ FónhbmWv. Nca hmÀ¯bnð
acn¨ hyànbpsS t]cv Hóntesd XhW BhÀ¯nt¡ïn
hcpw. BhÀ¯\w hfsc DNnXamb CS§fnð Bbncn¡Ww.
24 aWn¡qÀ Xðkab hmÀ¯m kwt{]£Whpw ÌpUn
tbmbnse hmÀ¯mhXmcIcpw kw`hØes¯ dnt¸mÀ«À
amcpw X½nð \S¡pó tNmtZym¯chpw Ahsc, `mjm]c
amb `wKnbpw HuNnXyhpw kq£n¨psImïp hmÀ¯ AhXcn
¸n¡póXnð k½À±w sNep¯pópïv. Ip«n¡mew apXte
\ñ `mjtbmsSm¸w kôcn¨n«nñm¯hÀ¡v CXp hnjaw
XsóbmWv.
\ñ `mj\ñ `mj FóXp sImïv Dt±in¡póXv, A£cw, D¨m
cWw, kmcw, AÀ°w, {]tbmKw Fónhbnð ip²nbpÅXv
FómWv. EPp AYhm BÀÖhapÅXv, t\cn«pÅXv, iàn-
bpÅXv Fón§s\ BhWw \½psS `mj. {]tbmK¯nð
HuNnXyw DÅXmhWw. \½Ä Dt±in¨sXt´m AXv ]pd¯p
hcm³ thï hm¡pItf D]tbmKnt¡ïXpÅq. anXhm¡v,
kmcamb hm¡v, BIÀjIamb hm¡v Fón§s\bmWv
hm¡pIÄ sXcsªSp¡pt¼mÄ a\ÊnepïmthïXv.
kmcw, AÀYw\½Ä F´mWp ]dbm³ Dt±in¡póXv, A¡mcy¯nð
hyàX DïmhpIbmWp {][m\w. Hóp a\Ênem¡pIbpw
asämóp FgpXpIbpw sN¿póXv an¡hcnepw Dïmhpó ]ni
ImWv. \oï hmIy§fnð k¦oÀWX Dïmhpw; sNdnb
hmIy§Ä AÀ°w hyàam¡n¯cpw. Hcp hmNI¯nð cïn
e[nIw Bib§Ä DÄs¡mÅn¡m³ {ian¨mð A_²w
hcmw. Dt±in¡m¯ AÀYw hóptNcpóXpw Ipdhñ. Cw¥ojn
epw C¯cw sXäv kw`hn¡póp FóXn\p sXfnhmbn
_n._n.kn. DZmlcn¡pó Hcp hmNIw FSp¯pIm«mw:þ
"t^mÀ Zn sk¡³dv ssSw C³ knIvkv a\vXvkv, F {]nkWÀ
Aäv UÀlmw Pbnð lmkv ssUUv B^väÀ lm§nwKv
lnwskð^v C³ lnkv skð', (Bdp amk¯n\nSbnð cïmw
XhW Hcp XShpImc³ Xs³d XShdbnð Xq§nacn¨p).
HcmÄ¡v cïp XhW BßlXy sN¿m³ IgnbpsaómWv Cu
hmNIw \s½ t_m[ys¸Sp¯póXv! hmkvXh¯nð \½psS
`mjbnepw C{]Imcw HcmÄ cïp XhW hnPbIcambn
BßlXy sNbvXpIqSmbvIbnñ. CXp F§s\ amän
FgpXmw? Xq§nacW¯n\v {]m[m\yapïv. Fómð AXp
]pXphmÀ¯bñ. "UÀlmw Pbnenð XShpImc³ Xq§n
acn¨p' Fó XpS¡w t]mcm. XShpImÀ XpSsc BßlXy
sN¿póXn\p ImcWapïmhmw. AXn\mð BhÀ¯\¯n\p
{]m[m\yw sImSp¡Ww. "UÀlmw Pbnenð Hcp XShpImc³
IqSn BßlXy sNbvXp. Bdp amk¯n\nSbnð Cu Pbnenð
\S¡pó cïmas¯ BßlXybmWnXv.'
efnXamb Bib§Ä efnXamb `mjbnð ]dbpóXmWv
DNnXamIpI. ]{X§Ä¡pw sSenhnj\pw FgpXpó tIm¸n
bnð henb hyXymkapïv. DZmlcWw:þ "tam³kv tPmk^v
tIcf¯ns³d ]pXnb s]mXpacma¯v a{´nbmhpw. tIcf
tIm¬{KÊv (sP) ISp¯pcp¯n Fw.Fð.F. Bb At±l
¯ns³d t]cv ]mÀ«n sNbÀam³ ]n.sP. tPmk^v BWp
{]Jym]n¨Xv...' CXnse cïmw hmNIw cïm¡pI. "tam³kv
tPmk^ns³d t]cp ]mÀ«n sNbÀam³ ]n.sP.tPmk^v
BWp {]Jym]n¨Xv. tIcf tIm¬{KÊv (sP) ISp¯pcp¯n
Fw.Fð.F. BWp tam³kv tPmk^v'. tam³kv tPmk^ns³d
t]cp BZyL«¯nð BhÀ¯n¡póXmWp t{]£Is\
kw_Ôn¨nSt¯mfw DNnXw.
`mj¡v tNÀóXv IÀ¯cn {]tbmKamWv. `wKnbpw HuNn
Xyhpw AXmWv. "_n³ emZ³ h[n¡s¸«Xv' \½Ä \ymboI
cn¡mXncn¡pI. "Hkma _n³ emZs\ Atacn¡ h[n¨p' Fó
XmWv icn. hmÀ¯ hmbn¡s¸SpóXnt\¡mÄ, hmbn¡pó
XmWv, \ñXv.
]{XhmÀ¯ FgpXpóXnð \nóp hfsc hyXykvXamWv
sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯m Fgp¯pw AhXcWhpw. hmÀ¯
FgptXïsX§s\? CXp kw_Ôn¨ BZy ]mT§Ä \ðIn
bhcnð {]apJcmb antkmdn {Kq¸v hniZoIcn¨pXsó AXv
hyàam¡nbn«pïv. Hcp kw`hs¯ ]{X§Ä hmÀ¯bm¡p
óXnð s]mXpsh kzoIcn¡pó aqey§fnð Fñmw Xsó
sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯¡pw {][m\ am\ZÞamIpóp. AtX
kabw aqóp {][m\ hyXymk§Ä A¨Sn, sSenhnj³
hmÀ¯IÄ¡p X½nð Dïv. BZyt¯Xv, sSenhnj³ teJIÀ
¡v hmÀ¯m aqeyw AXns³d kabs¯ B{ibn¨ncn¡póp
FóXmWv. kabw sSenhnj\v henb hmÀ¯maqeyamWv.
cïmas¯ hyXymkw, Npcp¡n ]dbpó {]mYanI hnhc§Ä
Xsó. hnkvXcn¨pÅ hnhcWt¯¡mÄ hnhcw (C³^À
taj³) BWv sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯bnð BZyambpw Ahkm\
ambpw Dïmbncnt¡ïXv. ]{X§Ä hmÀ¯ hniZoIcn¡póp.
aqómat¯Xv hmÀ¯ ImWpt¼mgpw tIÄ¡pt¼mgpw DÅ
Imgv¨bpsS iàn AYhm BLmXw. sSenhnj\p thïn
hmÀ¯ sXcsªSp¡s¸Spt¼mÄ kabw {][m\ LSI-
(28)
G{]n 2012
amIpóp. t{_¡nwKv \yqkv tÌmdn¡p henb {]m[m\yamWv
e`n¡pI. ]Xnhp ]cn]mSn \o¡w sN¿s¸Spóp. A{X¡p
AXymhiyamWv B hmÀ¯ ]pd¯mtIïXv Fóp kmcw.
Cu kab{]m[m\yw Fñm LSI§tfbpw kzm[o\n¡póp.
{]m[m\yw Gdnbmð AXphsc {]m[m\ysaóp tXmónb
hmÀ¯IÄ t]mepw ]n´Ås¸Spóp. Nne hmÀ¯IÄ aWn
¡qdpIÄ sSenhnj\nð Øm\w ]nSnt¨¡mw.
hÀ¯am\ Ime¯nð kw`hn¡póXv.F´mWv hmÀ¯ FóXnt\¡Ä F§s\ AhXcn¸n
¡Ww Fóp IqSn \nÝbn¡m³ B hmÀ¯ k½À±w
sNep¯pw. Fóp am{Xañ hÀ¯am\ Imes¯bmWv AXv
Dów sh¡póXv. B \nanjw F´p \S¡póp FóXnð
Duóð \ðIpIbpw sN¿póp. CXn\\pkrXamb `mjbpw
H¸w tNcpóp. AXn\mð `qXIme¯nð (]mÌvsS³kv) sSen
hnj³ hmÀ¯ FgpXs¸Smdnñ. Ignbpó{X hmÀ¯ hÀ¯
am\Ime¯nð FgpXWw Fóp hcpóp. Npcp¡n FgpXW
saóp hcpóp. kw`mjW`mjbnte¡p amdWsaóp hcpóp.
DZmlcWw. "\ap¡p In«pó shÅw H«pw ip²asñóp
]cnØnXnkwLS\bmb {Ko³ ]dbpóp. ("]dªp' FóXp
amän). hfsc ]gb Imcy§Ä am{Xta ]mÌv sS³knð FgpXq.
ImenI {]m[m\yw IqSpXð FSp¯pImWn¡m³ "FXm\pw
\nanjw ap³]p', "Að]kab¯n\pÅnð', "Cóp cmhnse',
Fsóñmw {]tbmKn¡póp. Ignª Znhkw \Só Hóns\¸än
Cóp ]dtbïnhcpt¼mÄ, "10 Znhkambn XpScpó temdn
ss{UhÀamcpsS ]WnapS¡v Ahkm\n¨p' FómsWgpXmdv
(Cóse Hgnhm¡n). ]Icw B hmÀ¯bnð Cóv F´p ]pXn
bXp kw`hn¨p Fóp Isï¯n tNÀ¡póp. hmÀ¯ Cót¯
Xm¡m³ AXmWv hgn.
sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯ ssehv BWv. Fgp¯nepw hmb\
bnepw AX§s\ tXmópIbpw thWw. BZy hnhc§Ä
A]qÀ®amWv FóXpw BZy hkvXpXm ]niIpIÄ
Xncp¯n, icnbnte¡v sImïpt]mIpóXpw sSenhnj\nð
kzoIcn¡s¸« hmÀ¯mk{¼ZmbamWv. sSenhnj³ ÌpUntbm
bnse hmÀ¯sb ]änbpÅ kmt¦XnI ]d¨nð "Hcp Znhkw
]e XhW hmÀ¯ {]Ênte¡p t]mIpóp'' FópIqSnbmWv.
hmÀ¯ þ hm¡pIfpsSbpw
Zriy§fptSbpw hnhmlw\yqkvþ Z amtcyPv Hm^v thÀUkv B³Uv ]nIvt¨ÀÊv :þ
A¨Snam[ya¯nð hmÀ¯ hm¡pIfpsSbpw Nn{X§fptSbpw
hnhmlamsWómWv hnhcn¡s¸SpóXv. sSenhnj\nse
hmÀ¯ hm¡pIfpsSbpw Zriy§fptSbpw hnhmlsaópw.
tI«psImïpw, Zriyw IïpsImïpw t{]£I³ temIhnhcw
Adnªv kzbw Adnhns³d iànbpw A[nImchpw kzmb¯
am¡pó {]{Inbbnð dnt¸mÀ«Àamcpw doUÀamcpw hfsc {][m
\amb ]¦v hln¡póp. henb D¯chmZnXzamWnXv. t{]£I
\pambn ASp¡pó Cu {]{Inbbnð iÐw, t\m«w, icoc
Ne\w, icnbmb Adnhv, B[nImcnIX, Bßhnizmkw, Fón
h¡v {]m[m\yapïv. B hmÀ¯ F¯nt¡ï hn[w F´mWv?
BcmsW¯n¡póXv? Bscñmw `mK`m¡mIpóp? AhcpsS
NpaXeIfpw D¯chmZnXz§fpw F´mWv? Ahscs´ñmw
HmÀ¡Ww?
dnt¸mÀ«À / B¦À / s{]k³dÀ / doUÀ.]dbpI þ P\§sf Adnbn¡m\m{Kln¡pó Imcyw
\n§Ä AhtcmSv þ t{]£ItcmSv þ ]dbpI. t{]£Is³d
kabw \½Ä _p²n]qÀÆw hn\ntbmKnt¨ aXnbmIq. CXn\v
hr¯nbmbn FgpXn¯¿mdm¡nb kv{In]väv BhiyamWv.
kw`mjWw t]mse Xsó thWw kv{In]väv FgpXm³ Fóv
A´mcm{ãXe¯nð kzoIcn¨ coXnbmWv. AXv {]kwKw
t]mse \oïpt]mIcpXv, ]dbm\pÅXv Npcp¡n, A[nI¸äm
sWóv tXmómsX, IrXyXtbmsS, ]qÀ®XtbmsS, hn¡epw
XSbepw CñmsX ]pd¯psImïphcWw. Hmtcm hm¡pw Hmtcm
hmNIhpw Hcp ]pXnb hnhcw ]pd¯psImïphcpóXmIWw.
Xðkabw kw`hw dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿m³ {][m\ Awi§Ä
A[mcam¡n a\Ênð AsX¡pdn¨p ASp¡pw Nn«bpw Dïm¡n
thWw ]dbm³.
kw`mjW coXn"kwkmcn¡pó t]mse FgpXpI' FómWv sSenhnj³
hmÀ¯bnð kzoIcn¨p t]mó coXn. "FgpXnbXv D¨¯nð
hmbn¡pI' CXns\ ]n´pScpóp. AXmWv thïXpw.
hmÀ¯mhXmcI³ t{]£ItcmSv kwkmcn¡pIbmWv. H¸w
AXp efnXamIWw. Cw¥ojnð \nóv ]pXnb hm¡pIÄ hcp
t¼mÄ aebmf¯nem¡m³ ]äptam Fóv Nn´n¡pI, A\y
`mjm hm¡pIÄ AtX]Sn kzoIcnt¡ïXnñ. Ir{Xna
hm¡pIfpw {]tbmK§fpw Hgnhm¡Ww.
"F´p Rm³ tI«p', "F´p Rm³ Adnªp' FómWv
dnt¸mÀ«dpsS klmbt¯msS hmÀ¯mhmb\¡mc³ t{]£I
t\mSv ]dbpóXv. Rm\nt¸mÄ F´mWv tI«Xv Asñ¦nð
IïXv Fóp HuðkpIyt¯msS Hcp kplr¯nt\mSv ]dbp
óXmbn k¦ð¸n¡pI. A§s\ XsóbmWv t{]£ItcmSv
]dtbïXv. hnhn[ {]mb¡mÀ¡p a\ÊnemIpó `mjbpw
(29)
G{]n 2012
D¨mcWhpw BIWw. sSenhnj³ hmÀ¯m {]hÀ¯IÀ¡v
henb kzmX{´yw A\phZn¡póXpamWv Cu kw`mjW
ssien. Fómð AXnð hymIcWw sXämXncn¡Ww. t{]£
I\p a\ÊnemIm¯ Xc¯nepÅ {]mtZinI {]tbmK§Ä
ISóp hccpXv. Zriyw ImWn¡póXpt]mse kw`hw ]dbpó
hn[hpw {][m\amWv. Be¦mcnI `mj, A¯csamcp hnjbw
Asñ¦nð, Hgnhm¡Ww. am[ya{]hÀ¯I³ kwhZn¡póXv
A½sb HmÀ¯psImïmIWw Fsómcp AenJnX \nba
apïv. AXmbXv \n§Ä ]dbpóXv \n§fpsS A½¡v Xsó
a\ÊnemIpó km[mcW `mjbnemtWm Fóp kzbw ]cntim
[n¡pI. A½ \½sf kwkmcn¡m³ ]Tn¸n¨Xv kmlnXyþ
Be¦mcnI `mjbneñ; km[mcW kw`mjW`mjbnemWv.
k¦oÀ®amb `mjbnepw A½ \½sf kwkmcn¡m³ ioen¸n
¨n«nñ. AXn\À°w kwkvIrXhm¡pItfm A\y`mjmhm¡p
Itfm A\mhiyambn Ibdn hcm¯ `mj FómWv.
shdpw hnhcw \ðIeñ hmÀ¯, adn¨v ssZ\wZn\ kwkmc
`mjbnð kw`hw ]dbemWv. Iymadbnte¡v t\m¡n Imcyw
AhXcn¸n¡pó B¦À AYhm s{]k³dÀ (AhXmcIÀ),
t{_mUvImÌv \yqkv kmt¦XnI]Zmhen A\pkcn¨v hmÀ¯
]dbpó hyànbmWv, AXmbXv doUÀ. Cu hyàn¡v
hmÀ¯mkµÀ`w sshImcnIambn kPohambn ]IÀóp sImSp
¡m³ tijn DïmhWw. hmÀ¯bpsS DÅS¡w \ómbn
Adnªncn¡Ww. Adnª kw`hw AsX A\p`ht¯msS
]IÀópsImSp¡m³ BhWw. B kmlNcy¯ns³d kPohX
t_m[ys¸Sp¯m³ IgnbWw. I×pónð \S¡póXv t]mse
]dbm³ {ian¡Ww. Fómð \mSIm`n\bambn amdcpXv.
]dbpó hmÀ¯sb Ipdn¨v hniZamb AdnhpïmhpI, tIÄhn
¡mÀ F´mWv IqSpXð Adnbm³ B{Kln¡pósXóv
Xncn¨dnbpI, B hnhcw hn«pt]mImXncn¡m³ AXp tNmZn¨v
D¯cw tXSpI, Fónh {][m\amWv.
Ccn¸v/\nð¸vdnt¸mÀ«ÀamÀ AXn{][m\amb hmÀ¯IÄ Gsdbpw
kw`hØe¯v \nó \nð¸nemWv Adnbn¡póXv. ASnb´c
kz`mhanñm¯ hmÀ¯Itfm IuXpI hntij§tfm \nópw
Ccpópw Adnbn¡mdpw Dïv. B¦ÀamÀ AYhm doUÀamÀ
Ccpópw \nópw hmÀ¯ AhXcn¸n¡pó coXn Dïv. Ah
_pÅän\pIfpsS Kuchkz`mhhpw kabhpw A\pkcn¨n
cn¡pw. temIs¯m«msI hfsc KuchapÅ ImemhØm
_pÅän³ an¡hmdpw \nómWv ]dbpI. Ccn¡póXnt\¡mÄ
\nóv ]dbpóXn\v \nch[n kuIcy§fpïv.
Ccpómbmepw \nómbmepw Ccn¸v, \nð¸v, ssINe\w,
apJ`mhw Fónh doUdpsS {]kóXbpw {]kcn¸pw {]Xn^en
¸n¡póXmhWw. Ccn¸nepw Ne\§fnepw aäpÅhsc A\p
Icn¡mXncn¡pI. kz´w hyànXz¯n\mWv NmcpX \ðIm³
IgnbpI. Ah km[mcW Ne\§Ä¡¸pds¯¡v t]mbn
t{]£Is³d {i² sXän¡mXncn¡Ww. Iymad¡p apónð
\nð¡pt¼mÄ "hñ`\v ]pñpw Bbp[w' Fó \ymb{]Imcw
s]cpamdn¡qSm. IcpXn¡q«nbpÅ A{i², AekX, acymZ-
tISv, AXr]vXn, £oW¯mepÅ imcocnINe§Ä Fónh
F´mbmepw Dïmbn¡qSm.
iÐwB¦À¡pw doUÀ¡pw iÐw {][m\ LSIamWv.
dnt¸mÀ«À/B¦À Hcp BÄ¡q«¯nð \nóv hmÀ¯ Adnbn¡p
t¼mgpw t{]£IÀ AhchcpsS hoSpIfpsS kzØXbnencpóv
ImWpIbpw tIÄ¡pIbpw sN¿póp Fó Imcyw HmÀ¡Ww.
ho«nð _Ôp¡Ä ASp¯ncpóv hÀ¯am\w ]dbpó Hcp
ASp¸w iЯnð tXmón¡Ww. H¸w Hcp hÀ¯am\w Adn
bn¡póXns³d HuÕpIyhpw {]kóXbpw BkóXbpw
iЯnepïmhWw. Hcp Xc¯nepÅ k½À±hpw apJ¯pw
hm¡pIfnepw Zriyambn¡qSm.
ImWm³ am{Xañ tIÄ¡m³ IqSnbmWv sSenhnj³.
kz´w ASnØm\ iЯnð \nóð¸w DbÀóv thWw
kwkmcn¡m³. dnt¸mÀ«v sN¿pt¼mÄ Iymadsbm ssat¡m
AIsebmIcpXv. hm¡pIÄ apdnªpt]mImsX Ahkm\
A£cw iÐw XmgmsX ]dbWw. Hmtcm A£chpw hm¡pw
kv^pSambn D¨cn¡Ww. IgnbpóXnt\¡mÄ D¨¯nsem,
thK¯ntem ]dbm³ {ian¨mð izmkXSʯmð InX¸\p
`hs¸Spw. \nhr¯nbnñm¯t¸mgñmsX (BÄ¡q«¯nð)
iÐw DbÀt¯ïXnñ.
Hcp hmÀ¯ BZyw t{_¡v sN¿pt¼mÄ \yqkv B¦À
dnt¸mÀ«td¡mÄ apsó kIehnhchpw Adnªp Fó a«nð
eoUnð Fñm hÀ¯am\hpw ]dbcpXv; Iãs¸«v tiJcn¨
hnhc§Ä BZyw ]dbm\pÅ dnt¸mÀ«dpsS AhImiw \yqkv
B¦À X«nsbSp¡póXv {IqcXbmWv..
A]ISw \S¡pt¼mÄ acWw F{Xsbó tNmZyw kzm`m
hnIw. ]s£ AXp Nm«pfn FdnbpóXv t]mse \ñXñ. A]
ISw F{Xt¯mfw KpcpXcamWv? F{X t]À¡v ]cnt¡äp Fó
dnbmtam? Pohlm\n¡nSbm¡pó A]ISamtWm? A§s\
sb¦nð acWw {i²bnðs¸«n«ptïm? \nch[n t]À¡§s\
kw`hn¨n«ptïm? Fóv {ItaW tNmZn¡póXmhpw DNnXw.
\½psS iЯnð Bi¦ am{Xta {]Xn^en¡mhq. acWhn-
hcw \ðIpt¼mÄ \½psS iÐw A\pXm]mÀlambncn¡Ww.
Zriyw, \ndw, iÐw, `mj Fónhbnð sSenhnj³ kv{Io³,
\ap¡v Fópw shñphnfnbpw {]mYanI ]mT§fpamWv \ðIp
sSenhnj³ kv{Io³, \ap¡v Fópw
shñphnfnbpw {]mYanI ]mT§fpamWv \ðIpóXv.
Pq\nbÀ tPWenÌpIÄ BZyw ]cnNbs¸Spó
Cu Zriy{]Xew sXäpIfnð \nóv Ft¸mgpw apàambncn¡Ww.
cq]LS\bnð efnXhpw BIÀjIhpambncn¡Ww,
AXnse sXäpIÄ¡v thïn \mw \nc´cw ]cXnsb Xocq.
sXäp Iïmð DS³ Xncp¯m\pw aptóm«p hcWw.
kv{Io³ ]pXp¡ns¡mïncn¡m\pÅ BtemN\
Fópw \½psS a\Ênð DïmhWw.
(30)
G{]n 2012
óXv. Pq\nbÀ tPWenÌpIÄ BZyw ]cnNbs¸Spó Cu Zriy
{]Xew sXäpIfnð \nóv Ft¸mgpw apàambncn¡Ww. cq]
LS\bnð efnXhpw BIÀjIhpambncn¡Ww, AXnse sXäp
IÄ¡v thïn \mw \nc´cw ]cXnsb Xocq. sXäp Iïmð
DS³ Xncp¯m\pw aptóm«p hcWw. kv{Io³ ]pXp¡ns¡mïn
cn¡m\pÅ BtemN\ Fópw \½psS a\Ênð DïmhWw.
t{_¡nwKv \yqknepw kvt{Imfnepw hmNI§Ä sNdpXm
hWw. BZy`mKw kv{Io\nð \nóp adªmepw hmNIw XpScp
óXv AÀ°w hyàam¡m\pXInñ. t{]£IcpsS hnes¸«
kabamWv D]tbmKn¡póXv. AXv AhÀ¡v {]tbmP\{]Z
ambn Xsó D]tbmKn¡Ww. ]dbpó Hmtcm hm¡pw hmIyhpw
Hmtcm ]pXphnhcw \ðIm³ {]m]vXambncn¡Ww. ]dªXv
BhÀ¯n¨psImïncn¡cpXv. kw`hØe¯p \nóv dnt¸mÀ«À
]dªXv, doUÀ Npcp¡n¸dbpó coXn \ñXñ. BhÀ¯am
WXv. BZy hnhc§Ä hó tijw XpSÀópÅ _pÅän\pI
fnð am{Xta \yqkv B¦À¡v hmÀ¯ hniZoIcn¡m³ km[y
amIq, At¸mÄ dnt¸mÀ«dnð \nóv ]pXnb hnhc§Ä tXSnsb
Sp¡pIbpw thWw. kmt¦XnI XSÊtam asäm hómeñmsX
Cu tPmen \yqkv B¦À \nÀÆln¡póXv icnbñ.
Fgp¯vHcp hmNI¯nð cïv Bibw DÄs¡mÅn¡póXv Hgnhm
¡Ww. anI¨ t{_mUvImÌv tPWenÌmhm³ F´v thWw
Fó tNmZy¯n\v t{_mUvImÌv tPWenÌv tUhnUv {_n¦ven
C§s\ ]dbpóp, "{][m\ambpw aqóp Imcyw HmÀ½n¡pI.
1. FgpXm³ ]Tn¡pI 2. FgpXm³ ]Tn¡pI 3. FgpXm³ ]Tn
¡pI.' dnt¸mÀ«v FgpXn¯só ]Tn¡Ww. {]apJ am[ya{]hÀ
¯IÀ Fñmw Xsó BZyhÀj§fnð sNbvX {][m\ ]Wn
CXmWv. {_n¦ven sNbvXXpw asämóñ. {_n¦ven Cu cwKs¯
AXnImb\mWv. 50 hÀjs¯ sSenhnj³ am[ya{]hÀ¯\w
sImïv kIe taJeIfpw ssIshÅbnseót]mse
sXfnª a[ya{]hÀ¯I³!. (Hcp L«¯nð At±lw
Atacn¡³ {]knU³dv sXcsªSp¸v dnt¸mÀ«nwKv \nÀ¯n.
ImcWsas´sóm? P\§Ä {]knU³dv Øm\mÀ°nsb
Xgªv Ct±l¯n\v Npäpw IqSm³ XpS§n FóXp Xsó!)
Fgp¯vþZriywþiÐwdnt¸mÀ«ÀamÀ tÌmdn shdpsX hmbn¡pIbñ thïXv.
Zriyw Hcp hgn¡pw hmIyw asämcp hgn¡pw t]mImsX,
Fómð Zriyw apgph³ hÀ®n¡msX, XpSÀóv F´p \S¡mw
FóXn\p IqSn kqN\IÄ \ðIn hniZam¡pIbmWv thïXv.
AÀ°w hyàamIpw hn[w thïnS¯v \nÀ¯nbpw FSp¯p
]dtbï `mKw Duóð sImSp¯pw t]mIWw. Cu hmb\
]cnioent¡ï HómWv. dnt¸mÀ«dpsS iÐhpw hmIyhn\ym
khpw t{]£Is\ BIÀjn¨nsñ¦nð hmÀ¯ {i²n¡
s¸SmsX t]mIpw.
tÌmdn ssZÀLywZriyw Iïv a\Ênð Dd¡m\pÅ 3 sk¡³Uv kabamWv
Hcp tjm«ns³d ssZÀLyw. ]mt¡Pv tÌmdnIÄ¡v ssZÀLyw
Hcp an\näv ]Xn\ôv sk¡³Uv Bbn temIsam«msI hmÀ¯m
Nm\epIÄ \nPs¸Sp¯nbncn¡póp. AXnðIpdª kabw
sImïv ]mt¡Pv sN¿m\mbmð \óv. \yqkv sUkvIns³d
A\phmZt¯msSbñmsX GXp kmlNcy¯nepw Cu kab
{Iaw sXän¡cpXv.
sXäv Nqïn¡mWn¡pt¼mÄ "BfpIÄ¡v a\Ênembmð
t]msc', Fóv tNmZn¡póhcpïv. sXsägpXn "A§s\bpw
]dbmw' Fóv ]dbpóhcpïv. sXäñmsX Hcn¡epw icn
FgpXpItbm ]dbpItbm sN¿m¯hcpïv. sXäv H«pw Xncn
¨dnbm¯hcpïv. IqSqXepw HSphnð ]dª hn`mK¯nð
s¸Spóp. Ahcmcpw \½sf Xncp¯m³ hcnIbnñ. C¡mcy
amWv _n._n.kn. ssÌð _p¡v BZyw Nqïn¡mWn¨Xv.
hnIeamb {]tbmK§Ä F{Xtbm ISópIqSnbn«pïv sSen
hnj³ hmÀ¯m `mjbnð. Hcp sNdnb DZmlcWw: H.hn.
hnPbs³d {]kn² t\mhð "Jkm¡ns³d CXnlmk'¯n\v 43
hbÊmbn Fóp ]dbpóXv Be¦mcnIambn ]dbpIbmsWóv
hmZn¨mepw A_²amWv. A_²s¯ Bcpw Be¦mcnIam¡n
\ymboIcn¡mdnñ. t\mhenð hymIcWs¯ ]cnlkn¨
ssh¡w apl½Zv _joÀ Hcn¡se¦nepw `mjbpsS `wKn¡mbn
A_²w FgpXnbn«nñ. A_²samóp t]mepw FgpXmsX
`mjsb Be¦mcnI `mjbnð AhXcn¸n¨hcmWv \½psS
{]KÛcmb Fgp¯pImscñmhcpw. AXn\mð "Jkm¡ns³d
CXnlmkw' Fgp¯nepw hmb\bnepw Dïmb ]pXp`mhpIXz
¯ns³d 43 hÀj§Ä ]nón«p, FsógpXpóXv
DNnXamhpw.
C´ymhnj³ Atkmkntbäv FUnädmWv teJI³
Zriy`mjsb kw_Ôn¨v _n_nknbptSbpw
Atacn¡³ Nm\epIfptSbpw kao]\¯nð \nóp
hfsc hn`nóamWv \½ptSXv. Cópw aebmf¯nepw
aäv C´y³ `mjIfnepw hmÀ¯bnð t{]£I³
ImWpóXpw tIÄ¡póXpw Hóp XsóbmWv.
AXmbXp \S(¡p)óXns³d t\ÀapJhÀ®\..
(31)
G{]n 2012
]-{X-hy-h-km-b-¯n-ð \-ap-¡v ]-cn-Nn-
Xam-b ]-c-¼-cm-K-X k-{¼-Zm-b-¯n-
sâ Xp-S-¡w 1833 k-]v-Xw-_À aq-ón-\m-bn-
cpóp. A-ó-s¯ {]-`m-X-¯nð \yq-tbm
À-¡v \-K-c-ho-Yn-I-fnð ]pXn-sbm-cp ]{Xw
{]-Xy-£-s¸-«pþ "k¬'. h³-tXm-Xnð
hm-b-\-¡m-sc B-IÀ-jn-¡m-\p-t±-in¨v
ss{Iw dn-t¸mÀ-«p-Ifpw lyp-a¬ Câ-d-kv-äv
kv-täm-dn-I-fp-w tN-À-ó tNcp-h A-Xnð
H-cp-¡n-bn-cpóp. am-{X-añ, shdpw H-cp
s]\n (one penny) B-bn-cp-óp ]-{X-¯n
sâ hn-e, \yq-tbmÀ-¡nð Aóv hn-än-cp-ó
a-äv ]-{X§-sf A-t]-£n-¨v Bdn-sem-óv
am{Xw!
"F ln-Ìdn Hm-^v \yq-kv' Fó {K-Ù-
¯n-sâ IÀ-¯mhv an-s¨ð Ìo-s^³kv
]-d-bp-ó-Xp {]-Imcw, Aóv \yq-tbmÀ-¡n
ð G-ähpw hen-b ]-{X-am-bn-cpó "tIm-dn
b-dn'sâ {]-Nm-cw sh-dpw 4500 tIm-¸n-bm-
bn-cp-óp. ]pXn-b "s]-\n ]-{Xw' A-Xph-sc
]{Xw hm-§m-¯-hÀ-¡n-S-bn-ep-sa¯n.
c-ïp-hÀ-j-¯n\-Iw k¬ ]-{X-¯n-sâ
kÀ-¡p-te-j³ 15000 I-Sóp. B-hn-i-àn-
bnð {]-hÀ-¯n-¡p-ó A-¨-Sn-b-{´-ap-]-
tbm-Kn-¨v C-{Xbpw tIm-¸n-IÄ Zn-h-k-hpw
A-\m-bmkw A-¨-Sn-¨n-d-¡n.
k¬ ]-{X-w ap-tóm-«p-sh-¨ _n-kn\-
kv am-Xr-I-bm-bn-cp-óp -{]-[m-\w. kÀ-¡p-
te-j³ hÀ-[n-¡pó-Xv ]-c-ky-Zm-Xm¡-sf
B-IÀ-jn-¡pw. ]-c-ky-¯nð\n-óp-Å
h-cp-am-\w-sImïv Ip-d-ª hn-e-bv-¡v
]{Xw hnð-¡m-\m-Ipw. ]-c-ky-Zm-Xm-hn-s\-
bpw ]-{X-hm-b-\-¡m-c-s\bpw H-tc-t]m-se
k-t´m-jn-¸n-¡p-ó kw-K-Xn-. ]-c-ky-Zm-Xm-
hn-\v Iq-Sp-Xð B-fp-I-fn-te-¡v ]-c-kyw
F-¯p-ó-Xn-sâ k-t´m-jw, sNdn-b hn-e-
bv-¡v ]{Xw In-«pó-Xn-sâ B-ËmZw hm-b-
\-¡m-c-\v. ]-{X-hnð-¸-\-bnð \n-óp-Å
h-cp-am\s¯ am{Xw B-{i-bn-¡pIsbó
Øn-Xn amdn. h-cp-am-\-¯nð ]-c-ky-¯n-
\m-bn ap-Jy-]¦v. kzm-`m-hn-I-ambpw
s{]m-^-j-Wð tPÀ-W-en-ÌpI-sf \n-tbm-
Kn-¨v sa-¨-s¸-« hmÀ-¯m-ti-J-c-W-¯n-\v
hgn-sbm-cp§n.
H-tó-ap-¡mð \q-ämïmbn hmÀ-¯m-
hy-h-km-bw ]n-´p-SÀó co-Xn G-sd-¡p-sd
C-Xm-Wv. F-ómð, C-óv I-Y am-dn-bn-cn-
¡p-óp. a-äv ]-e cw-K-§-sfbpwt]m-se
hmÀ-¯-sbbpw hmÀ¯m-hy-h-km-b-s¯
bpw Un-Pn-äðhn-¹hw ]pXn-b cq-]-¯n-te-
¡v ]-cn-hÀ¯-\w sN-¿pIbmWv. hmÀ-¯
ti-J-cn-¨v ]m-I-s¸-Sp-¯n A-h-X-cn-¸n-
¡p-I- FóXv tPÀ-W-en-Ìp-I-fp-sS am{Xw
Ip-¯-I-bm-sWó Øn-Xn am-dn-bn-cn-¡p-
óp. \-h-am-[y-a-§Ä hmÀ-¯-bp-sS
Aw-KoIr-X co-Xn-Isf ]p-\À-\nÀ-h-Nn-¡p-
I-bm-Wv.
hmÀ-¯-bp-sS c-N-\bpw hn-\n-a-bhpw
hn-X-c-Whpw kzm-[o-\hpw ]p-Xp-¡n \n-Ý-
bn-¡p-Ibm-Wv Un-Pn-äð bp-Kw. Szn-ädpw
s^-bv-kv-_p¡pw t]m-epÅ tkm-jyð
s\-äv-hÀ-¡v ssk-äp-IÄ G-ähpw hen-b
hmÀ-¯m-hnX-c-W ¹mäv-t^m-ap-I-fm-bn ]-cn-
W-an-¨Xn-s\m¸w, hmÀ-¯-I-fp-sS hn-Nm-c-
W-bv¡pw A-h thZn-sbm-cp-¡p-óp.
tk-Wnð kzn-Êvþ{^-ôv A-XnÀ-¯n-
bnð `q-an-¡-Sn-bnð Øm-]n-¨n-«p-Å emÀ-Pv
lm-t{Um¬ sIm-ssf-UÀ (Fð.F-¨v.kn)
A-h-cp-sS G-ähpw ]pXn-b I-sï-¯-ep-
IÄ tem-I-¯n-\v ap-¼n-se-¯n-¡p-ó-Xv
Szn-äÀ h-gn-bm-Wv. www.twitter.com/cern ImWpI. tI-c-f-\n-b-a-k-`-bn-se kz-Im-cy
_nñv s]m-Xp-P-\-§-fp-sS A-`n-{]m-b-am-cm-
bm³ s^-bv-kv-_p-¡nð {]-Xy-£-s¸-Spóp
(A-Xn-sâ t]-cnð Xr¯m-e Fw.Fð.F.
hn.Sn._-edmw cïpX-h-W kv-]o-¡-dp-sS
Xm-¡o-Xn-\n-c-hp-I-bpw, B t]m-kv-äv
s^-bv-kv-_p-¡nð-\nóv ]n³-h-en-t¡ïn
bpw h-óp Fó-Xv th-sd-Imcyw).
bp-Syq-_nð {]-Xy-£-s¸-Spó H-cp A-ta-
NzÀ hoUntbm B-Imw H-cp Zn-hk-s¯
t{_-¡n-Mv \yq-kv! A-ta-cn-¡³ `-c-W-Iq-S-
s¯ t]mepw sh-«n-em-¡m³ t]m-ó
c-l-ky-tc-JIÄ hn-¡n-eo-Iv-kv t]m-epÅ
ssk-äp-I-fnð {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-sa-óv B-sc-
¦nepw I-cp-Xn-bn-cp-tóm.
sh-fn-s¸-Sp-¯-ep-IÄ-¡pw t{_-¡n-Mv
\yq-kp-IÄ-¡p-ap-Å th-Zn- ]-c-¼-cm-K-X
am-[y-a§Ä (]-{Xw, sS-en-hnj³,
tdUntbm) am-{X-sa-ó Øn-Xn Io-gv-tað
a-dn-ªn-cn-¡póp. t»m-KpIÄ, SznäÀ,
s^-bv-kv-_p¡v, bp-Syq_v, hn-¡n-eo-Iv-kv
F-ón§-s\ tkm-jyð ao-Un-b-bp-sS
]-cn-[n-¡p-Ånð h-cp-ó Un-Pn-äð th-Zn-
I-fnepw C-t¸mÄ temI-s¯ ]n-Sn-¨p-Ip-
ep-¡p-ó kw-`-h-§Ä BZyw "t{_-¡v'
sN-¿póp. D-Zm-l-c-W-§Ä F-{X th-W-
sa-¦nepw ]-d-bmw.
a-[y-Sp-Wo-jy-bn-ð kn-Un _u-kn-Zv
]-«-W-¯n-se sX-cp-hp- I-¨-h-S-¡m-c-\m-
bn-cpó sam-l½-Zv _u-hm-kn-kn kz-bw
Xo-s¡m-fp-¯n Po-h-s\m-Sp-¡m³ {i-an-¨-Xv
2010 Un-kw-_À 17\m-Wv. X-sâ ]g-¡S
t]m-en-kv ]n-Sn-s¨-Sp-¡p-Ibpw A-[n-Ir-XÀ
A-]-am-\n-¡m³ {i-an-¡p-Ibpw sN-bv-X-
Xn-s\-Xn-cm-bn-cpóp _u-hm-kn-kn-bp-sS
{]-Xn-tj[w. Sp-Wn-jy-bn-se sXm-gn-enñm-
bv-a-bp-sS B-gw B kw-`-hw h-c-¨p-Im«n.
B 26 Imcsâ Po-h-Xym-Kw shdp-samcp
{]m-tZ-in-I-hmÀ-¯ am-{X-am-bn H-Xp-t§-
ï-Xm-bn-cpóp. F-ómð, \-h-am-[y-a-§Ä
A-Xn-\v a-säm-cp am-\-am-Wv NmÀ-¯n-s¡m-
Sp-¯Xv.
_u-hm-kn-kn-bp-sS D-½-bp-sS t\-Xr-
Xz-¯nð kn-Un _u-kn-Znð \S-ó H-cp
{]-Xn-tj-[{]-I-S-\-¯n-sâ A-ta-NzÀ
nPn ðbpK¯nð hmÀ¯IÄ¡v kw`hn¡póXv
tPmk^v BâWn
]c¼cmKX am[yatemIt¯¡mtfsd Cóv temI¯v hmÀ¯IÄ
{]Xy£s¸SpóXpw ]e Ne\§fpw krãn¡póXpw \yqaoUob
Fópw tkmjyð aoUnb Fópsams¡ Adnbs¸Spó t^kv_p¡v,
SznäÀ, bpäyq_v t]mepÅ sskäpIfnse P\§fpsS t\cn«pÅ
CSs]SepIfmWv. Cu cwKs¯ ]pXnb kw`hhnImk§sf
]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS
\yq thhvkv
(32)
G{]n 2012
hoUntbm s^-bv-kv-_p-¡nð t]m-kv-äv
sN-¿-s¸«p. J-¯À tI-{µ-am-bn {]-hÀ-¯n-
¡pó Aðþ-Pko-d sS-en-hn-j-sâ \-h-
am[y-a hn-`m-K-¯n-sâ {i-²-bnð B
ho-tUmtbm s]«p. A-hc-Xv sS-en-hn-j³
Nm-\-en-eq-sS A-d-_v tem-I-¯m-sI
kw-t{]£-Ww sN-bv-Xp.
s]m-Å-te-ä _u-hm-knkn 2011
P-\-h-cn 4\v A-´y-izm-kw h-en-¨-tXmsS,
Syp-Wo-jy-bn-em-sI P-\Iob-{]-t£m-`w
I-¯n-¸-SÀ-ón-cpóp. 23 hÀj-s¯ `-c-W-
¯n-\v tijw, P-\-tcm-j-¯n-\v apónð
]n-Sn-¨p-\nð-¡m-\m-Im-sX 2011 P-\-h-cn 14
\v Sp-Wo-jy³ {]-knUâv ssk-\n Fð
A_n-ssZ³ s_³ A-en-¡v cm-Pn-sh-
bv-t¡ïn hóp. _u-hm-kn-kn a-cn-¨n-«v
]-¯p-Zn-hk-ta B-bn-cp-óp-Åp A-t¸mÄ.
_u-hm-kn-kn H-cp Xo-s¸-«n-s¡m-Ån-
bpc-¨v kz-´w i-co-c-¯nð ]-IÀó A-án-
bm-Wv ta-J-e-bn-em-sI ]-SÀóv "Ad-_v
h-k-´'am-bn ]-cn-W-an-¨-Xv. B {]-Xn-
tj-[-s¡m-Sp-¦m-änð Sp-Wo-jy Iq-Sm-sX,
Cu-Pn-]vXv, en-_n-b, sb-a³ Fón-hn-S-§-
fn-se `-c-W-Iq-S-§Ä ]p-d-¯m-¡-s¸-«p.
ta-J-e-bn-se F-«v cm-Py-§-fnð h³-
{]-t£m-`-§Ä A-c-t§dn. A-d-_v tem-Iw
ap-gp-h³ P-\-Io-b-{]-t£m-`-¯n-sâ ]n-Sn-
bn-em-bn.
tkm-jyð ao-Un-b-bpw D-]{K-l sS-en-
hn-j³ Nm-\-ep-Ifpw kw-bp-à-am-bn Ad-
_v h-k-´-¯n-\v thZn-sbm-cp-¡p-I-bm-Wv
sN-bv-X-sXóv, tPmÀ-Pv hm-jn-Mv-S¬ kÀ-
h-I-em-im-e-bnð ]-Ýn-ta-jy³ am-[y-a-cw-
K-s¯-¡p-dn-¨v ]Tn-¡p-ó amÀ-¡v en³-Nv
hn-e-bn-cp¯p-óp (Zn C¡-tWm-an-kväv,
Pq-embv 7, 2011).
Bäw-t_mw-_v kv-t^m-S-\-¯n-teXp
t]m-se-bm-Wv \-h-am-[y-a-§Ä hmÀ-¯-
{]-N-cn-¸n-¡p-ó-Xv. Bäw-t_mw-_v kv-t^m-
S-\-¯n-sâ XpS¡w H-cmä-s¯ \yq-t{Sm¬
C-Sn-¨v ]n-fÀ-¡p-ó-tXm-sS-bmWv. DuÀ-P-
hpw G-Xm\pw \yq-t{Sm-Wp-Ifpw B ]n-fÀ-
¡-enð kz-X-{´-am-¡-s¸-Spóp. B
\yq-t{Sm-Wp-IÄ Iq-Sp-Xð B-ä-§-sf ]n-f
À-¡p-óp. Iq-SpXð DuÀ-Pw Iq-Sp-Xð \yq-
t{Sm-Wp-IÄ... C-sXm-cp irw-J-em-{]-hÀ-¯-
\-am-bn I-¯n-¸SÀóv DuÀ-P-hnkv-t^m-S-\-
am-bn am-dp-óp.
Szn-ädpw s^-bv-kv-_p¡pw t]m-ep-Å
th-Zn-I-fnð G-Xm-ïv C-Xn-\v k-am-\am-b
irw-J-em-{]-hÀ-¯-\-am-Wv hmÀ-¯-I-fp-sS
Im-cy-¯nð kw-`-hn-¡p-ó-Xv. H-cmÄ ]-¦n-
Sp-ó hmÀ-¯, A-bm-fp-sS kp-lr-¯p-¡-fn
ð Ip-sd-t¸À ]p-\À-]-¦n-Snð \-S-¯póp.
B H-mtcm-cp-¯-cp-sSbpw kp-lr-¯v-h-e-
b-§-fn-se Cu {]-{In-b-bn-eq-sS ]-cÈ-Xw
t]-cn-te-¡v hmÀ-¯ H-tc-ka-bw F-¯-s¸-
Spóp. A-hnsS-sbm-s¡ hmÀ-¯-sb-¡p-dn-
¨p-Å A-`n-{]m-b-§fpw A-[n-I-hn-h-c-§
fpw ]-¦p-sh-bv-¡-s¸-Spóp. Cu irw-J-em-
{]-hÀ-¯-\-amWv tkm-jyð ao-Un-b-bp-sS
i-ànbpw kzm-[o-\-hpw.
hmÀ-¯- A-h-X-cn-¸n-¡-s¸-Spó th-Zn
IÄ am-dpóXp-t]mse, hmÀ-¯sb-¯pó
h-gn-I-fpw am-dp-I-bmWv. t]m-¡än-sem-Xp-
§p-ó kv-amÀ«v-t^m-Wm-Wv ]-eÀ-¡p-anóv
hmÀ-¯-b-dn-bm\pw hm-bn-¡m-\p-ap-Å
ap-Jy-D-]m[n. A-sñ-¦nð tXmÄ-kôn-bn
ð In-S-¡pó Sm-_ve-äv I-¼yq-«À. C¯-cw
sam-ss_ð D-]-I-c-W-§-fnð CâÀ-s\-äv
F-¯p-ó co-Xnbpw hy-XykvX-amWv. ]-c-
¼-cm-K-X co-Xn-bnð Hm-tcm shºv-ssk-äp-
I-fpw {_u-kv sN-bv-Xv I-ã-s¸-Sp-I-sbm
ópw thï. Szn-ä-dm-sW-¦nð A-Xn-sâ
B³-t{Um-bn-Uv B-¸v-kv A-sñ-¦nð sF-
t^m¬ B-]vkv. s^-bv-kv-_p-¡m-sW-¦n
epw B-]v-kv... H-ä ¢n-¡nð GXp- tem-I
hpw ap-ón-se-¯p-ó am-{´n-ImhØ.
1999ð t»m-Kp-I-fp-sS cq-]-¯nð \-h-
am-[y-a§Ä B-Zy-ambn cw-K-{]-th-iw
sN-bv-X-t¸mÄ ]-c-¼-cm-K-X am-[y-a-cw-K-
¯p-Å-hÀ A-Xns\ "Ip-«n-¡-fn'bmbm-Wv
IïXv. X-§-fp-sS tdmÄ A-N-ô-e-am-
sW-óv tPÀ-W-en-ÌpIÄ Duäw-sImïp.
F-ómð, t»m-KÀ-amÀ dn-t¸mÀ-«À-am-cmbpw
hmÀ-¯m-{]-Nm-c-I-cmbpw H-¸n-\n-b³
eo-UÀ-am-cmbpw h-f-sc-th-Kw am-dn. I-®S-
¨p Xp-d-¡p-ó th-K-¯n-em-Wv t»m-Kn-Mv
H-cp {]-Xn-`m-k-am-bn cq-]-s¸«-Xv. ]n-óm-
se s^-bv-kv-_p-s¡¯n, bp-Syq-_v hóp,
Szn-ä-dpw.
]-c-¼-cm-K-X am-[y-a-§Ä hmÀ-¯-IÄ
Iq-Sp-Xð B-fp-I-fn-se-¯m³ C-óv \-h-am-
[y-a- km-[y-X-I-fm-Wv tX-SpóXv. bp-Syq-
_nð {]-Xy-£-s¸-Sp-ó Ip-ähpw Ip-d-hp-ap-
Å s{^-bn-ap-IÄ temI-s¯ {]-apJ
Nm-\-ep-IÄ t]mepw Im-Wn-¡póp. Szn-ä-dn-
se 140 Iym-c-Î-dnð Ip-d-hp-Å {lkzk-
tµ-i-§Ä-¡v ]-{X-§fpw sS-en-hn-j\pw
Im-tXmÀ-¡póp. ap-Jy-[m-cm am-[y-a-
§-fn-se {]-hÀ-¯-IÀ¡v C-t¸mÄ
tkm-jyðaoUn-b ]-cn-ioe-\w \-S-¡póp.
]m-Ým-Xy-]-{X-§-fnð tkm-jyð-aoUn-b
F-Un-äÀ-amÀ F-ó X-kvXn-I ]p-Xp-a-bñm-
Xm-bn-cn-¡p-óp.
k-tµ-i-s¯-¡mÄ k-t¦-X-am-Wv
km-aq-ly-L-S\-sb \n-Ý-bn-¡p-ó-sX-ó
amÀ-jð a-lv-ep-lm-sâ hm-Zw A-{X
em-L-h-Xz-t¯m-sS F-gp-Xn-¯-Åm³
I-gn-bnñ F-óm-Wv tkm-jyð aoUn-b
\ð-Ip-ó ]mTw; hmÀ-¯m-hn-\n-a-b-¯n-sâ
Im-cy-¯nð {]-tXy-In-¨pw.
amXr`qan Hm¬sse\nð No^v k_v
FUnädmWv teJI³
I-S-¸mSv: The Future of News, Special Report, The Economist, Jul 7, 2011; How a Single Match Can Ignite a Revolution, by Robert F.Worth, NewYork Times, Jan 21, 2011; Googled-The End of the World As We Know it (2009), by Ken Aulett)
_u-hm-kn-kn-bp-sS D-½-
aIsâ Nn{X¯n\cnInð
(33)
G{]n 2012
In US and other western countries the digital platforms are now dominating in such an appalling way that
by 2020, the experts predict that only five American newspapers are going to survive.
But in India, though the digital platforms are still growing, the newspapers are over dominating the society. It’s a positive factor for the time being. But, Gregor Waller, the main speaker of the conference says that the digital platforms will grow in lightening pace and will influence the Indian society. It is mainly due to the prevailing fact that mobile internet access rate is higher among Indians.
Now the print revenue is 92 % and digital revenue is only 8% on an average for major newspapers of India. The conference discussed various strategies to increase the digital revenue. But the most disappointing fact is that advertisement industry has not yet started to react to the possibilities of digital media. They are unaware about its potentialities.
Waller says business on print is EARTH but business on online is MARS. Print business is well-established where as online business is need to be established. First one is rational and second futuristic and so irrational. And he says at the least 2 to 3 years will take to understand the nature of marketing and advertising trends. And marketing in print and marketing in online content is entirely two different things.
So advertising and revenue generation from digital platforms is no longer a question of ‘yes or no’ but ‘how to do it’ and ‘when we are ready’ is the big question.
In 1998, India had 1.4 million internet users; but by 2005 it increased to 50 million and in 2010 it doubled to 100 million and it will be 300 million by 2013. The reason for this surge is the multidimensional platforms that an internet provides like content, pictures, videos, audios etc. It provides everything under the sun that you want. Its varied choices like social media, chats, tablets etc are also alluring the users. And with all reluctant approaches from advertising groups, the digital ad revenue increased
by 55% from 2010 to 2012. And it is still growing by 30 percentages.
And by five years down the line the Smartphone and digital tablets will overtake the desktop internet users. The advantageous circumstances are that their prices are becoming cheaper and are provided with greater bandwidths.
The Times group had a 32% up in ad revenue and its regional daily ‘Navbharat times’ had a 50% up in digital ad revenue. This shows the vast scope for digital platforms like mobile and tablets. The times mobile versions have huge traffic for contents related to cricket, politics and movies.
Live streaming now became more popular, and it was proved by Al Jazeera TV, when they telecasted Middle East uprisings against respective governments. They made it big by appointing social media managers assisted with editors and technical team with a 24/7 work schedule.
Metros in India now have 73 million active users of digital platforms (13 % increase in two years) and in non-metros it is 24 million (67 % increase in two years!). It means regional newspapers have a higher scope for revenue generation from digital media.
The regional newspapers are still doing big business across India, and at the same time, regional digital versions of the same are also in their growing phase. Majority of Indian population who are using digital format in non-metros are more gum to regional languages websites. But the most interesting fact is that India has less regional websites when compare to other nations like china, Japan, Indonesia etc. Globally, the vernacular language based websites are dominating the market.
The set-backs for regional websites in India are non-search ability, font supporting problems and lack of international standards in grouping and clustering news. And, due to above reasons, none of the Indian regional websites are considered globally. The wrong perception
Let us Adapt to Digital PlatformsShyam Krishna and K.Sreejith
A note on the WAN IFRA digital media conference held in Hyderabad in March 11th and 12th
(34)
G{]n 2012
of audience’s quality and standardisation of ad revenues are also main reasons for their setback. But experts say that languages’ sites are going to play a key role in near future.
For it to happen:1. Implementation of Unicode 6.02. Right positioning3. Quality content creation4. Adapting to correct digital standards5. Creating a sustainable model of adsThese are necessary for it to happen.Its practicality and awareness are important. We need
to be more realistic while approaching a digital media and finding out its vast ad generating scopes. Even now, big industrialists and big companies have already begun to invest in digital media. It means the top guns have already understood its futuristic growth.
Another interesting point noted is that the regional language comments for news and other interactive sections are outstanding and profound while compared to that of English websites.
Most of the Indian newspapers are projecting their websites as an extension of their print edition. But it needs to be changed. The websites need to be independent of their print version because people are already wishing it as a different entity. Some news papers are already into it.
For example, the Dainik Bhasker in the last year equipped their all journalists with laptops with internet connections, so that they could report their news immediately in an online way. And two months before the group got Smartphone to capture videos to upload videos and news from the spot where it is occurring. Also, they have a separate team of reports for the net
version. They are uploading more regional stories than national and international stories and getting outstanding response from the people.
By 2020, 80% of the Indians will have high resolution display mobiles and high speed internet connections, the panel predicted. By then tablets and Smartphone will be the leading devices. And more than that these will outplay the TV sets. With more functions and high speed internet connections, these will become more entertaining than PCs and TVs.
In US, 77% people are using tablets; a person is using tablets 1 hour and 35 minutes per day. The people prefer tablets for listening to news, reading news, mailing, reading long articles and social media visits. 55% people read only headlines; but more importantly 42% read long articles, out of which 16% are sharing these articles.
The reasons for using tablets are:1. It makes complimentary reading possible2. Gets additional information than television3. Allowing users to connect to real-time news4. Creating deeper engagement with audiences5. Highly interactive6. More user friendly7. Intimate and easy to carryBut tablet news-making is not just moving the news
content from website or print to tablet. It needs to be more specific, precise, dynamic and engaging.
How to increase revenue through online ads:1. Analyze past performance through research2. Securing brand presence3. Simple deal structure4. Free brand building5. Use the right ad server6. Quality positions and quality contentHow to make money in digital media:1. Personalise classifieds2. Mash the content3. Clicks to impressionsWe need a digital mentor; digital research team and a
separate content enrich team for positioning the digital platform from print platform.
Social media: In America, 48% of youngsters reach news only through Facebook. Social media is a dominant promotional vehicle for websites or a gloried platform.
So it needs to have two business goals: 1. Driving traffic. 2. Engaging users and multiplying users.
In old days communication happened one to many. But today it is happening many to many. So you can use social media as a marketing tool also.
What will drive social media traffic?1. Ticking the ‘publish social box’2. Useful funny personal headlines3. Character of the story4. Integrating nonprofessional emotions like USG
video, mobile video picturesIndia will be a country that will jump directly into the
mobile age with very rapid affects on print circulation.
Writers are Sub Editors, Mathrubhumi Online
Gregor Waller speaks at digital media conference
(35)
G{]n 2012
Kerala Press Academy, the pioneer institution in Communication studies in Kerala is re- launching its �agship publication Media after a small gap. The bi-lingual publication will be unique in character, because this is the only magazine published from Kerala covering the media. Kerala Press Academy, as you may be aware, is a joint venture of the Government of Kerala, Kerala Union of Working Journalists (KUWJ) and Indian Newspaper Society (INS). It was established in 1979 and is located in Kochi, Kerala.
And, the architects of the magazine are the top most media personalities from Kerala and outside. The re launch of the Media is eagerly awaited by the media fraternity in Kerala. Since there are several journalism and communications institutes and colleges having graduate and post graduate courses in Kerala, a large number of media students will be bene�ted by this publication. Besides this, the magazine will be circulated among the decision makers and peers of the larger community.
This is not going to be run for pro�t. We need �nancial support from persons and institutions with a larger heart and a concern for the well-being of the society. We seek co operation of all persons and institutions in the form of advertisements.
The Publication is consisting of 48 pages, published in English and Malayalam.
Size: Demy 1/4
The tari� is as follows 6 issues 12 issuesBack cover: Color: Rs 25,000 1,25,000 2,00000Inside cover: Color: Rs 20,000 1,00000 1,75000 Inside full page: B&W: Rs 15,000 50000 1,00000
Your Advertisement order may please be send to The Secretary, Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030.
An appeal to well-wishers of Media
Annual subscription : Rs. 100/- ; Price per Issue : Rs. 10/-Media, Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030.
Subscribe
Threats to Media Freedom: The Real and The Imagined
Sashi Kumar
Rural women take to journalism, redefine lives
Shoma A. Chatterji
Let us Adapt to Digital Platforms
A note on the WAN IFRA digital media conference
(36)
G{]n 2012
amÀIvkn-b³ kmaq-ly-hn-i-I-e-\-
§Ä Ct¸mgpw C´y³/tIc-fob
]cn-k-c-§-fnð t\cn-Spó Gähpw henb
]cn-anXn PmXn Dĸ-sS-bpÅ ASn-Øm\
LS-I-§sf Ah ]cn-K-Wn-¡p-ónñ
Fó-Xm-Wv. tIc-fobm[p\n-I-X-bpsS
Ncn-{Xm-ß-I-hn-i-I-e-\-§-fnð amÀIvkn-
b³co-Xn-im-kv{X-§Ä¡pÅ C¯cw
]cn-an-Xn-IÄ adn-I-S-¡p-óp-shó-XmWv
tdm_n³ P{^n-bpsS kmaq-ly-]-T-\-§sf
{]k-à-am-¡pó Hóm-as¯ LS-Iw.
PmXn, aXw, enwKw, Zmb-{I-aw, km£-c-X,
am[y-aw, amÀIvkn-kw, P\-{]n-b-
kw-kvImcw XpS-§nb aWvU-e-§-tfm-
tcmópw hkvXp-Xm-]-chpw Ncn-{X-]-c-hp-
ambn hni-I-e\w sNbvXv tIc-fo-b-
k-aq-l-¯nsâ B[p-\n-Io-I-c-W-{]-{In-b
-sb-¡p-dn¨v P{^n \S-¯nb ]T-\-§Ä
hÀK-k-a-hm-Iy-§Ä¡-¸p-d¯v kmwkvIm-
cnI ]T-\-§Ä¡pÅ km[y-X-I-fpsS
anI¨ Nqïp-]-e-I-Ifn-semóm-Wv. kmaq-
ly-\-c-hw-i-imkv{Xw apXð tl_À
amkn-b³ s]mXp-a-WvU-e-k-¦ð]-\w-
h-sc-bp-Åh B[m-c-am¡n \S-¯pó
kaq-l-tI-{µn-X-amb am[y-a-]-T-\-¯n-
sâbpw am[y-a-tI-{µn-X-amb kaq-l-]-T-\-
¯n-sâbpw Gähpw anI¨ tIc-fo-b-am-Xr-
I-I-fmbn Ah AwKo-I-cn-¡-s¸-Sp-Ibpw
sN¿p-óp.
tIc-f-]-T-\-¯nð Xm³ CS-s]« \mep
apJy-ta-J-e-I-sfbpw (t_mIvkv ImWp-
I) Ipdn-s¨-gp-Xnb {K-Ù-§Ä¡p ]qc-I-
amtbm A\p-_-Ô-amtbm P{^n cNn¨
teJ-\-§-fpsS kam-lm-c-amWv Cu
]pkvX-Iw. kv{XoPo-hn-X-s¯ tIc-fo-bm-
[p-\n-I-X-bpsS cmjv{Sob Ncn-{X-]m-T-§-
fmbn Xncn¨dnbpó Bdp-te-J-\-§fpw
am[y-a-§-fpsS cmjv{Sobw C´y³/tIc-
fob kaq-l-§sf hgn-Xn-cn¨phn«-Xnsâ
hni-I-e-\-ambn amdpó Bdp-te-J-\-
§fpw tNÀóXmWv Cu {KÙw.
tIc-fo-b-kv{Xo-bpsS Akm-[m-c-Wamw
hn[w kzbw-\nÀ®-b-tijn ssIh-cn¨
kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-¯nsâ kqN-I-sa-ó -
\n-e-bnð P{^n hc-¨n-Spó {]i-kvX-amb
Hcp hmMva-b-Nn-{X-ap-ïv. Imew 1968. Xncp-
h-\-´-]p-c¯v Aópïm-bn-cpó I®n-
tadm amÀ¡-änð\nóv Xe-¨p-a-Smbn Ip«-
\n-dsb aÕy-hp-ambn ]pd-t¯-¡n-d-§nb
Hcp aÕy-s¯m-gn-em-fnkv{Xo, tdmUnð
InSó Hcp ]{X-¡odv Hscm-ä-am-{X-sImïv
Imðhn-c-ep-IÄ¡n-S-bn-em¡n DbÀ¯n
ssIbn-se-¯n¨v AXp-hm-bn-¨p-sIm-ïp-
Xsó \S-¸p-Xp-S-cp-óp. C´y-bnð asäm-
cn-S¯pw ImWm³ Ign-bm¯ Hóm-Wn-
sXóv P{^n Ipdn-¨n-Sp-óp. Iogm-fbpw
Zcn-{Zbpw ]Iðap-gp-h³ A[zm-\n-t¡ï-
h-fp-am-bn«pw Cu sXmgn-em-fnkv{Xo ]{Xw-
hm-bn-¡m³ ImWn-¡pó Akm-am-\y-amb
Xmð]-cy-¯nsâ ambm¯ Zriy-_nw-_-am-
Wv P{^n-bp-tS-Xv. kv{XoI-fpsS km£-cX
D¯-tc-´y³ kwØm-\-§-fnð ]¯p-i-
X-am-\-¯n-ð Xmsg am{X-apÅ Ime-¯m
Wv A³]-Xp-i-X-am-\¯ne-[nIw kv{Xo
Ifpw km£-c-cmb tIc-f-¯nð\nóv
C§-s\-sbmcp Zriyw P{^n Isï-Sp-¡p-
ó-Xv.
Cu {KÙ-¯nð hnh-cn-¡-s¸-Spó
tIc-fo-b-kv{Xo-bpsS B[p-\n-Io-I-c-W-
¯nsâ IrXy-amb kqN-I-amWv Cu
Zriyw. "C´y³ kaq-l-¯nð tIc-fo-
bkv{Xo F§s\ hyXy-kvX-bm-Ipóp'
Fó P{^n-bpsS At\z-jWw cïp- X-e-
§-fn-emWv \ne-bp-d-¸n-¡p-ó-Xv. acp-a-¡-
¯m-b-¯nepw km£-c-X-bn-epw. cïpw,
kv{XobpsS kmaq-ln-I-]-Z-hn, enwK-
kz-Xzw, hyàn-kzm-X-{´yw, cmjv{So-b-
t_m[w XpS-§nb LS-I-§-fnð {Inbm-
ß-Ihpw KpWm-ß-I-hp-amb amä-§Ä
krjvSn-¨p-sh-ó-t±lw Nqïn-¡m-Wn-¡p-
óp. I½yq-WnÌp ]mÀ«n-bpsS thtcm«w
tIc-f-¯nð \S-óXnsâ Gähpw \nÀWm-
b-I-amb ]Ým-¯-e-ambn P{^n Isï-
¯p-óXpw km£-c-X-bpsS hf-¡q-dpÅ
a®p-X-só. IÀj-I-s¯m-gn-em-fn-IÄ
kmIqXw "I½yq-WnÌv am\n-s^tÌm'
hmbn-¡pó cwKw 1940Ifnð Hcp Cw¥ojv
anj-\dn hnkva-b-t¯msS tcJ-s¸-Sp-
"A£-chpw B[p-\n-I-Xbpw'
jmPn tP¡_v
hmb-\
am[yacwKhpambn _Ôs¸« {]apJ ]pkvXI§sf
]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbneqsS
kmlnXyþkmwkvImcnI cwK§fnse ]T\§fneqsS {it²b\mb
teJI³.
Robin JeffereyMedia and Modernity : Communications Women and the State in India (2010)Permanent Black Rs. 695
(37)
G{]n 2012
¯nb Imcyw P{^n hnh-cn-¡p-óp. AXn-
kq-£va-amw-hn-[w, acp-a-¡-¯m-b-¯nsâ
XIÀ¨bpw I½yq-WnÌv ]mÀ«n-bpsS cq]o-
I-c-Whpw Iq«n-bn-W-¡p-óp, BZy teJ-
\w. PmXn-N-cn-{X-¯n-sâbpw cmjv{So-b-
{]-Øm-\-§-fp-sSbpw ASn-sbm-gp-¡p-IÄ
Xncn-¨-dn-bpó {it²-b-amb kmaq-ly-hn-i-
I-e-\-amWv Cu cN-\.
Akm-am-\y-amw-hn[w cmjv{So-b-hð¡-
cn-¡-s¸« Hcp kaq-lw, "hnI-k-\'-
¯nð krjvSn¨ amXr-Im-cq-]-§-sf-ó
\n-e-bnð \mep kv{XoIsf Ah-X-cn-¸n-
¡p-óp, cïmas¯ teJ-\w. bYm-{Iaw
acp-a-¡-¯m-b-hy-h-Ø-¡p-Ånepw I½yq-
WnÌv cmjv-{So-b-t_m-[-¯n-\p-Ånepw
\nóp-h-fÀóp-h-ó-h-cmWv Cu kv{XoIÄ
FóXpw {it²-b-am-Wv. sI.-]n.-F-kv.-
ta-t\msâ A½-bmb Pm\-½, sshZy-
im-kv{X-_n-cp-Zw-t\-Snb BZy-a-e-bmfn
h\nX tacn ]pó³ eqt¡m-kv, A¡m½
sNdn-bm³, sI.-BÀ.-Kucn Fón-h-sc-¡p-
dn-¨pÅ ]T\w hyà-am-¡pó hkvXpX
CXm-Wv: tIc-f-¯nð DbÀó km£-
c-Xm-\n-c¡pw hnZym-`ym-k-\n-e-hm-chpw
aqew kv{XoIÄ s]mXp-cw-K-¯p-h-cm³
kÖcpw tijn-bp-Å-h-cp-am-Wv. ]s£
s]mXp-hnð ]pcp-jm-[n-]-Xy-kz-`m-h-apÅ
tIc-f-k-aqlw kv{XobpsS cmjv{So-b,
kmaq-ln-I-Po-hn-Xs¯ ]e-a-«nð XS-bp-
óp. Iayq-WnÌv ]mÀ«nbpw CXn-\-]-hm-Z-
a-ñ.
A´n-¡mSv Fó {Kmas¯ ap³
\nÀ¯n Ccp-]-Xmw-\q-äm-ïnsâ cïmw
]Ip-Xn-bnse tIc-fo-b-k-aq-l-¯nsâ
km¼-¯n-I, cmjv{Sob ]cn-Wm-a-§Ä
hni-I-e\w sN¿p-óp, aqóm-as¯ teJ-
\w. `qhp-S-a-Ø-X, PmXn-k-a-hm-Iy-§Ä,
kv{Xo]p-cp-j-_-Ô-§Ä, cmjv{So-b
-{]-Øm-\-§Ä Fón-h-tbm-tcmópw Cg-
]n-cn-sªm-gp-Ipó tIc-fo-b-km-aq-ly-
Pohn-X-¯nsâ kq£va-Nn-{X-W-amWv Cu
teJ-\-hpw.
acp-a-¡-¯m-b-¯nsâ Ncn-{Xhpw
cmjv{So-bhpw hni-Zo-I-cn¨psImïv
Ccp-]-s¯mómw \qäm-ïnð t]mepw
tIc-f-¯nsâ kmaq-ly-L-S-\-bnð Iq«p-
Ip-Spw-_-hy-h-Ø-bv¡pÅ Øm\hpw
km[y-X-Ifpw hni-I-e\w sN¿p-óp,
"acp-a-¡-¯m-b-¯nsâ ss]Xr-I-§Ä'
Fó cN-\. Cu `mKs¯ Ah-km-\
s¯ teJ\w, kv{XoIfpw tIc-f-¯nsâ
km£-c-Xm-kw-kvIm-chpw X½n-epÅ
khn-ti-j-_Ôw NÀ¨-s¡-Sp-¡p-óp.
sImtfm-Wn-bð `-c-W-Iq-Shpw \m«p-
cm-Pm-¡-òmcpw {InkvXy³ anj-\-dn-amcpw
]s¯m³]-Xmw-\q-äm-ïnsâ XpS-¡w-
ap-Xð Xncp-hn-Xmw-Iq-dnepw sIm¨n-bnepw
\S-¸m-¡nb PmXn, enwK, hÀK hyXym-k-
§Ä adn-I-Só hnZym-`ym-k-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-
fpsS Ncn-{Xw, hkvXp-X-Ifpw tcJ-Ifpw
D²-cn¨v P{^n hnh-cn¡póp. XpSÀóv ae-
_m-dnepw C´ybpsS aäp {]hn-iy-I-fnepw
\S-¸mb km£-c-Xm-{]-hÀ¯-\-§-fpsS
kz`mhw Xmc-Xayw sN¿p-óp.
C´y³ ]{X-cw-Ks¯ hn]Wn
apX-em-fn¯ kwkvIm-c-¯nsâ \m\mÀ
°-§-f-t\z-jn-¡p-ó-h-bmWv cïmw-
`m-Ks¯ BZy-cïp teJ-\-§Ä. {][m-
\-ambpw ]{X-ap-X-em-fn-¯w, hn]-Wn-ap-X-
em-fn-¯w, ]c-kyw, D]-t`m-K-kw-kvImcw
Fón-hsb tI{µo-I-cn¨p aptó-dpó Cu
]T-\-§Ä `c-W-Iq-Shpw am[y-a-§fpw
X½n-epÅ _Ô-s¯-bmWv apJy-ambpw
{]iv\-hð¡-cn-¡p-ó-Xv. \mj-Wð
doUÀjn¸v kÀsh, HmUnäv _yqtdm Hm^v
kÀ¡p-te-j³kv, cPn-kv{SmÀ Hm^v
\yqkvt]-¸gvkv C³ C´y Fóo aqóp
"Øm]-\'-§-fn-eqsS `c-W-IqSw am[y-a-
§Ä¡p-tað sNep-¯pó {]`mhw P{^n
hni-I-e\w sN¿p-óp. Ch aqópw ^e-
¯nð apX-em-fn-¯-¯n-sâbpw hn]-Wn-bp-
sSbpw Xmð]-cy-§Äs¡m¯v am[y-a-§
sf ]cp-h-s¸-Sp-¯p-I-bmWp sN¿p-ó-Xv.
hmÀ¯ DÄs¸-sS-bpÅ am[y-a-cq-]-§Ä
¡p-tað hn]-Wn-¡pÅ kzm[o\w Xpdóp-
Im-Wn-¡pó P{^n "C´y³ ]{X-hn-¹-h'-
saó IrXn-bnð hni-Z-ambn NÀ¨-sNbvX
C´y³ `mjm-]-{X-§-fpsS hfÀ¨sb
]c-ky-hn-]-Wn-bpsS ka-hm-Iy-§Ä
ap³\nÀ¯n IqSp-Xð hni-Zo-I-cn-¡p-I-
bmWv Chn-sS.
tZio-b-X, ]uc-t_m-[w, km£-c-X,
s]mXp-a-WvU-ew, ]{X-cw-Ks¯ IpSpw-_-
hm-gvN, ]{X-hy-h-km-bw, {]mtZ-in-I-`m-jm-
cm-jv{So-bw, aX-au-en-I-hm-Zw, C´y³
apX-em-fn-¯w -þ- ]-{X-§Ä ap³\nÀ¯n
P{^n \S-¯pó kmaq-ly-]-T-\-¯nð
hni-I-e\w sN¿-s¸-Spó taJ-e-IÄ
\nc-h-[n-bm-Wv.
C´y³ ]{X-cw-Ks¯ ZfnXv A`m-
h-s¯bpw C´y³]{X-§-fnse ZfnXv
Xa-kvI-c-W-§-sfbpw Ipdn-¨pÅ At\z-
j-W-amWv ASp-¯-te-J-\w. ap³te-J-\-
§-fpsS cN-\-s¡- ó-t]mse Cu teJ-\-
¯nsâ cN-\bv¡pw P{^n C´y-bn-ep-S-
\o-f-apÅ ]{X-Øm-]-\-§Ä kµÀin-¡p-
Ibpw \qdp-¡-W-¡n\v ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-cp-
ambn kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibpw sNbvXn-«p-ïv.
C´y³ ]{X-§-fnð Zfn-X-cmb ]{X
-{]-hÀ¯-I-cpsS F®w hnc-en-se-®m-
hpótXbpÅq Fópw C´y-bn-sem-cn-
S¯pw Zfn-XÀ¡v {it²-b-amb Hcp
{]kn-²o-I-c-Ww-t]m-ep-anñ Fópw Zfn-
Xsc ]{X-§-fnð tPmen-s¡-Sp-¡m³
]{X-ap-S-a-IÄ s]mXpsh XXv]-c-cñ
Fópw Npcp-¡-¯nð C´y³]-{X-{]-hÀ
tdm_n³ P{^n
B[p\n-ItIcf-¯nsâ kmaply LS-\-
sb-¡p-dn¨v Gähpw kq£v-ahpw ka-{K-hp-
ambn ]Tn¨ A¡mZ-an-I-]ÞnX-cn-sem-cm
-fmWv tdm_n³ P{^n. C´y³, aebmf-
am-[y-a-§-sf-¡p-dn¨v C{Xam{Xw sshhn-[y-
t¯msS At\zj-W-§Ä \S-¯nb asäm
cmfnñ. saðt_m-Wnse emt{Sm_vv kÀh-
I-em-im-e-bnepw Bkvt{Sen-b³ tZiob
kÀh-I-em-im-e-bnepw s{]^-k-dmb P{^n
1960IÄ apXð ]e XhW-bmbn hÀj§-
tfmfw C´ybnð Xma-kn¨v C´ybpsS
hntijn¨pw tIcf-¯nsâ kmaqly-L-S-\-
bnse Gähpw khntijamb Nne LS-I
§Ä Ncn-{Xm-ßI-ambn hni-I-e\w
sNbvXv \nc-h-[n-{K-Ù-§Ä cNn¨p. apJy
-ambpw \meptaJe-I-fn-emWv At±l¯n
sâ tIcf-]-T-\-§Ä tI{µoI-cn¨cn-¡p-ó-
Xv. \mbÀk-ap-Zm-b-¯nsâ Ignª Hó-c-
iX-I-¡m-es¯ kmaqly-]-cn-Wmaw,
tIcf-hn-I-k-\-am-Xr-I-bpsS Gähpw
{it²bamb LSI-saó \ne-bnð kv{Xo
I-fpsS km£-c-X-bnepw kmaq-ly-Po-hn-X-
¯n-ep-apïmb aptóäw, acp-a-¡-¯mb
¯nsâ tIcfNcn-{Xw, am[y-a-cw-K¯v
hntijn¨pw A¨Sn am[y-acw-K¯pïmb
P\-{]nb kmwkvImcnI amä-§Ä.The Decline of Nair Dominance :
Society and politics in Travancore 1847 - 1908 (1976)
Politics, Women and wellbeing : How Kerala became a model (1992),
India’s Newspaper Revolution : Capitalism, Technology and the Indian Language Press, 1977 - 1999 (2000),
Media and Modernity : Communications Women and the State in India (2010)
Fón-hbmWv P{^n-bpsS {][m\
{KÙ§Ä. Chbv¡p ]pdsa C´y³
cmjv{Sob-¯nsâ ASn-sbmgp¡p-IÄ
hnh-cn-¡pó cïp {KÙ-§Ä ‘What’s happening in India’ Fó t]cnð P{^n
cNn¨p (1986, 1994). \mbÀta[mhn-¯¯n
sâ ]X\w (hnh. ]pXp-¸Ån cmL-h³,
Fw. Fkv. N{µtiJc-hm-cn-bÀ, Un. kn.
_pIvkv), C´y³ ]{X-hn¹hw (hnh. hn.
sI. inh-Zmkv, tIcf-`mjm C³Ìnäyq«v)
Fóo hnhÀ¯-\-§Ä ae-bm-f-¯n-ep-
ïmbn.
(38)
G{]n 2012
¯-\-cwKw ZfnXvhncp-²hpw khÀW-hp-am-
sW--óp-apÅ hmZ-§Ä aptóm-«p-h-bv¡p-
I -am-{X-a-ñ, hkvXp-X-IÄ \nc¯n Ah
Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿póp P{^n.
Hmtcm teJ-\-¯nepw Xm³ Ah-
X-cn-¸n-¡pó \nco-£-W-§Ä P{^n
A¡m-Z-an-I-ambn Ønco-I-cn-¡p-óXv
"F´p-sImïv C§s\ kw`-hn¨p' Fó
tNmZyw Dó-bn¨pw AXn-\p -hy-à-amb
D¯-c-§Ä \nÀt±-in-¨pw-sImïm-Wv. Zfn-
X-cpsS am[ya A`m-h-¯nsâ hni-I-e-\
hpw asämcp coXn-bn-eñ aptódp-ó-Xv.
khÀW-lnµp a\ximkv{Xw apXð `c-W-
L-S-\-bnse hIp-¸p-IÄhsc CXn\p
Imc-W-ambn At±lw Isï-¯p-Ibpw
sN¿p-óp.
1980 IÄ hsc-bpÅ ]{Xkw-kvIm-c
¯n\pw Ncn-{X-¯n-\p-sam¸w 80IÄ
sXm«pÅ sSenhn-j³ kwkvIm-c-s¯bpw
hni-I-e\w sN¿pó teJ-\-amWv ]¯m
-at¯Xv. htcWy, P\-{]nb am[y-a-
kw-kvIm-c-§-fpsS kmaq-ly-imkv{Xw
kq£vaamb-]-{K-Yn-¡pó Cu teJ\-
¯nsâ IuXp-I-I-c-amb asämcp km[y-
X, ASp¯ teJ\-¯nð ImWmw.
"alm-ß-KmÔn F´p-sImïv kn\na
CjvSs¸-«ncp-ónñ' Fó tNmZyw
ioÀj-I-ambn \ðInbn-cn-¡p-óp Cu
cN\. H¸w `c-W-Iq-S-\n-b-{´-W-§Ä
taðss¡t\Snb kwt{]jW \b-§Ä
1947 apXð Cóphsc C´ybnð XpSÀ¨-
bm-bn AhX-cn-¸n-¡-s¸Spó-Xnsâ hni-I-
e-\hpw. tdUntbm, 1927 apXð F«p-]-Xn-
äm-ïp-Imew `c-W-Iq-S-am-[y-a-ambn am{Xw
\ne-\n-ó-Xnsâ L«w L«-am-bpÅ hni-
I-e-\-amWv CXn\t±lw kzoI-cn-¡pó
coXn-im-kv{Xw.
Ah-km-\teJ\w, cïp-\q-äm-ïnsâ
tIcfob A¨-Sn-N-cn-{Xhpw Hó-c-\q-äm-
ïnsâ {]km-[-\-N-cn{Xhpw Hcp \qäm-
ïnsâ hmb-\m-N-cn{Xhpw tIcf-¯nsâ
cmjv{Sob-]-cn-Wm-a-§-fnepw B[p-\n-Io-
I-c-W-¯nepw F´p-]-¦ph-ln¨p Fó
At\zj-W-am-Wv. _\UnIvSv
B³tUgvksâ "A¨-Sn-ap-X-em-fn¯w'
tl_Àam-knsâ "s]mXpa-Þew' Fóo
k¦-ev]-\-§-fmWv ChnsS P{^n¡m-
[m-cw. tIcfob ]Ým-¯-e-¯nð Cu
k¦ev]\-§Ä¡pÅ ]cn-an-Xn-IÄ
Nqïn¡m-Wn-¨p-sImïpw, AaÀXym-sk-
ónsâ "]»nIv BIvj³' Fó k¦-
ev]-\s¯ ChtbmSptNÀ¯ph-¨p-amWv
]{X-N-cn-{X-s¯bpw kaq-l-]-cn-Wm-a
s¯bpw P{^n ]Tn-¡p-óXv. \nÝ-bam-
bpw ae-bm-f-]-{X-N-cn-{X-¯nsâ Gähpw
{it²bamb kwkvIm-cn-I-hn-i-I-\-§-fn-
semómWv Cu teJ\w. 1870\v ap³]v,
1870þ1970, 1970\v tijw Fón-§s\ aqóv
L«-§fmbn Xncn-¨mWv A¨-Sn-bpsS
kmwkvIm-cn-I-N-cn{Xw tIcfob ]Ým-
¯-e-¯nð P{^n At\zjn-¡p-ó-Xv.
AXp-hgn "A£-chpw B[p-\n-I-X'bpw
X½n-epÅ _Ô-¯nsâ tIcfob Ncn-{X-
s¯-¡p-dn-¨pÅ auen-I-amb ]T-\-ambn
Cu teJ\hpw {KÙ-a-¸m-sSbpw amdp-
Ibpw sN¿p-óp.
{ioi¦c kÀÆIemimebnð aebmfw
A[ym]I\mWv teJI³
C´y³ ]{X-§-fnð Zfn-X-cmb ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-I-cpsS F®w
hnc-en-se-®m-hpótXbpÅq Fópw
C´y-bn-sem-cn-S¯pw Zfn-XÀ¡v {it²-b-amb
Hcp {]kn-²o-I-c-Ww-t]m-ep-anñ Fópw
Zfn-Xsc ]{X-§-fnð tPmen-s¡-Sp-¡m³ ]{X-ap-S-a-IÄ
s]mXpsh XXv]-c-cñ Fópw
Npcp-¡-¯nð C´y³]-{X-{]-hÀ¯-\-cwKw
ZfnXvhncp-²hpw khÀW-hp-am-sW--óp-apÅ hmZ-§Ä
aptóm-«p-h-bv¡p-I-am-{X-a-ñ, hkvXp-X-IÄ \nc¯n
Ah Øm]n-¡p-Ibpw sN¿póp P{^n.
Kerala Press Academy, the pioneer institution in Communication studies in Kerala is re- launching its �agship publication Media after a small gap. The bi-lingual publication will be unique in character, because this is the only magazine published from Kerala covering the media. Kerala Press Academy, as you may be aware, is a joint venture of the Government of Kerala, Kerala Union of Working Journalists (KUWJ) and Indian Newspaper Society (INS). It was established in 1979 and is located in Kochi, Kerala.
And, the architects of the magazine are the top most media personalities from Kerala and outside. The re launch of the Media is eagerly awaited by the media fraternity in Kerala. Since there are several journalism and communications institutes and colleges having graduate and post graduate courses in Kerala, a large number of media students will be bene�ted by this publication. Besides this, the magazine will be circulated among the decision makers and peers of the larger community.
This is not going to be run for pro�t. We need �nancial support from persons and institutions with a larger heart and a concern for the well-being of the society. We seek co operation of all persons and institutions in the form of advertisements.
The Publication is consisting of 48 pages, published in English and Malayalam.
Size: Demy 1/4
The tari� is as follows 6 issues 12 issuesBack cover: Color: Rs 25,000 1,25,000 2,00000Inside cover: Color: Rs 20,000 1,00000 1,75000 Inside full page: B&W: Rs 15,000 50000 1,00000
Your Advertisement order may please be send to The Secretary, Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030.
An appeal to well-wishers of Media
Annual subscription : Rs. 100/- ; Price per Issue : Rs. 10/-Media, Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030.
Subscribe
Threats to Media Freedom: The Real and The Imagined
Sashi Kumar
Rural women take to journalism, redefine lives
Shoma A. Chatterji
Let us Adapt to Digital Platforms
A note on the WAN IFRA digital media conference
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G{]n 2012
Audience Evolution: New Technologies and the Transformation of Media Audiences Philip M. Napoli Columbia University Press 248 pages, Price: Rs. 1560
Today’s consumers have unprecedented choice in terms of the technologies and platforms that access, produce, and distribute media content. The development and overlap of television, the internet, and other media technologies is fragmenting and empowering media audiences more than ever. Building on his award-winning book, Audience Economics, Philip M. Napoli maps the landscape of our current media environment and describes its challenge to traditional conceptions of the audience. He examines the redefinition of the industry-audience relationship by technologies that have moved the audience marketplace beyond traditional metrics. Napoli explores the interplay between political and economic interests in the audience marketplace and its effect on audience evolution.
Why Voice Matters: Culture and Politics After Neoliberalism Nick CouldrySAGE Publications Ltd 184 pages, Price: Rs. 1641
In this book, Nick Couldry passionately argues for voice, the effective opportunity for people to speak and be heard on what affects their lives, as the only value that can truly challenge neoliberal politics. But having voice is not enough: we need to know our voice matters. Insisting that the answer goes much deeper than simply calling for ‘more voices’, whether on the streets or in the media, Couldry presents a dazzling range of analysis from the real world of Blair and Obama to the social theory of Judith Butler and Amartya Sen. This book breaks open the contradictions in neoliberal thought and shows how the mainstream media not only fails to provide the means for people to give an account of themselves, but also reinforces neoliberal values.
The Language of New MediaLev ManovichMIT Press 354 pages, Price: Rs.1387
In this book Lev Manovich offers the first systematic and rigorous theory of new media. He places new media within the histories of visual and media cultures of the last few centuries. He discusses new media’s reliance on conventions of old media, such as the rectangular frame and mobile camera, and shows how new media works create the illusion of reality, address the viewer, and represent space. He also analyzes categories and forms unique to new media, such as interface and database.Manovich uses concepts from film theory, art history, literary theory, and computer science and also develops new theoretical constructs, such as cultural interface, spatial montage, and cinegratography. The theory and history of cinema play a particularly important role in the book.
Bookshelf
(40)
G{]n 2012
Zv lq«v]{X{]hÀ¯\w kw_Ôn¨ anI¨
C´y³ sh_vsskäpIfnð {][m\amWv
Zv lq«v (http://thehoot.org). ]{X{]hÀ¯
IÀ¡pw ]{X{]hÀ¯I hnZymÀYn
IÄ¡pw Gsd {]tbmP\Icamb en¦p
Ifmð kar²amWv Cu sh_vsskäv.
C´y³ am[ya cwKs¯¡pdn¨v
Bg¯nð ]T\w \S¯pó \yqUðln-
bnse aoUnbm ^utïj\mWv CXnsâ
AWnbd {]hÀ¯IÀ. C´ybnse
apXnÀó am[ya{]hÀ¯Icpw ]{Xm[n]
òmcpw am[ya \nco£Icpw tImfanÌp
Ifpw aäpamWv _n.Pn.hÀKokv
Fóo {][m\ hnjb§Ä CXnð
DÄsImÅn¨ncn¡póp.
Hmtcm BgvNbpw am[yacwK¯pïm
hpó sXmgnehkc§Ä, AhmÀUn\v
At]£nt¡ï hnhc§Ä XpS§nbh
Cu sskänð \nóp Isï¯mw. ]{X{]
hÀ¯IÀ¡v CXnð FgpXm\pw Ahk-
capïv. cN\IÄ [email protected] Fó
hnemk¯nð Ab¨p sImSp¡mw.
Zv Hm¬sse³ PÀWenkw dnhyqAtacn¡ BØm\ambn {]hÀ¯n¡pó
ss\äv ^utïjsâ kwcw`amWv Zv
Hm¬sse³ PÀWenkw dnhyp (http://www.ojr.org). Ient^mÀWnb kÀhIem-
imebpsS s_ÀIven {KmtPzäv kvIqÄ
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(41)
G{]n 2012
Twice in the past couple of months I have experienced what I can
only describe as the thrill of seeing social media open up live video events to all-comers.
Last month, award-winning Reuters photographer Finbarr O’Reilly conducted a live video question and answer session on his recent trip to Congo — scene of a conflict that is consuming more lives than Gaza, Iraq and Afghanistan combined.
Finbarr answered questions about the nature of that conflict, what it’s like to be a photographer in war, and how he managed the transition from text journalist to photojournalist. All from his home in Dakar, Senegal.
The setupWe used Finbarr’s mobile
phone as a video camera, hooked it up to the qik live video service via Finbarr’s wireless broadband, embedded it in a post on our ‘Reuters Photographers’ blog, and used qik, our blogs comments, an email address and Twitter — the fast-growing micro-blogging service — to solicit questions from viewers/readers.
I’m not going to pretend that this was unmitigated success. One wag pointed out that our production values were reminiscent of an al Qaeda video. The more observant will have noticed that the Reuters logo is out of date. And, as anticipated by Finbarr at the top of the show, the live video feed failed for a few minutes halfway through.
But the reaction, on Twitter and elsewhere, was pretty positive.
Before Christmas, we opened up a Reuters NewsMaker event at Canary Wharf with Conservative leader David Cameron. We’d hosted a similar event with Gordon Brown back in October and been criticised for not pushing to have the Prime Minister take questions direct from social media.
David okayed the social media-
casting of his session and agreed to answer questions posed by bloggers and other users of social media.
Sitting in the front row of the Thomson Reuters Canary Wharf auditorium monitoring questions for David coming in live via social media and then putting them to him felt a bit like moderating a TV phone-in. Except instead of all the technical infrastructure of a broadcaster all we had was Christian Payne streaming to qik via his mobile and me with a laptop.
There were an overwhelming number of questions that came in via Twitter — more than 150 — and there was only time for three to be asked. But David went on to answer more via his YouTube channel.
Our two attempts at socialising live interviews have been reasonably successful but I think they’ve raised some important questions we’ve yet to answer: -
1. Is there an optimal audience size?
We’re new to this and still working out how best to build an audience via social media and conventional PR routes. Yet there were more questions than either David or Finbarr could reasonably answer. Both Finbarr and David Cameron went on to answer some of the questions they hadn’t dealt with during the live show but if the audience gets bigger that’s not going to be possible — the majority of questions will be left unanswered and that’s not going to be such an engaging experience.
2. Is this really free?
The tools we used were free. But handling anything live is labour-intensive. Chris Parker and Ilicco Elia from Reuters and social media bloggers Christian Payne and Mike Atherton did huge amounts of moderation and publicising for the Cameron event. We also had added firepower in the form of reuters.com editor Adam Pasick for Finbarr’s live video chat. Unless we can find a radically simpler way of handling questions then we will have to reserve the approach for very big events and/or limit the publicity.
3. What has happened to the distinction between Journalism and PR?
In social media there is little distinction between the creation of content and the publicising of it. Bloggers tag and link and network their content as a natural part of the production process. In traditional media, however, there is more of a separation of the roles. So when traditional journalists start using social media effectively there is an inevitable blurring of the line between journalism and PR.
4. What is the role of mainstream media?
In the case of David Cameron, the Conservative party could have done everything we did. In fact it has. Finbarr could have done a pared down version of this all by himself, using his own site and his own networks to publicise, and limiting channels for questions to, say, just qik.
Finbarr would not have got as big an audience, at least not on a first attempt. And monitoring questions at the same time that you are answering them is always going to be a challenge. David’s social media advisor told me that he saw the value in collaborating over this kind of event was a) the wider audience an organisation like Reuters can deliver, and b) the guarantee of even-handed questioning and civil moderation.
TV interviews web 2.0 styleMark Jones; http://blogs.reuters.com
media today
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G{]n 2012
media today
Golden Pen of Freedom Awarded to Mexican Journalist
Newspapers are losing $7 in print revenue for every $1 in digital gainedAndrew Beaujon; www.poynter.org
Revenue is just one of the problems facing American newspapers, says a new Project for Excellence in Journalism study. The culture at newspapers, and not just on the editorial side, is as much an impediment to publications finding their way out of the mess they’re in.
The study, called “The Search for a New Business Model,” looked at “highly granular” data from 38 newspapers of various sizes. The data was verified through site visits and interviews, then anonymized and shared with executives at seven more companies. The frankness of the newspaper executives is striking.
On revenue: • Digital revenue continues to stymie executives. The papers brought in about $1 in digital advertising for every $11 in print. To get to the mythical “crossover point,” at which digital dollars would overtake print, one executive said “was reducing the annual print losses to somewhere between 6% and 8% and growing the digital revenue at a minimum of 30% annually. Another said he thought the rate of digital growth would need to be close to 50%.” One executive fretted about how much time they spent on digital versus what it brought in: “We spend 90% of our time talking about 10% of our revenue,” he told PEJ. Daily deal sites like Groupon accounted for about 5 percent of digital revenue at the papers studied. Mobile brought in .9 percent. That’s POINT nine.Only 40 percent of all papers are pursuing targeted advertising. Most effort is going to display and classified. 92 percent of papers “said display was a major focus of their sales effort.” Video advertising? “Right now, video seems to be more of a goal than a reality. Less than half (44%) of the papers said they were currently selling video advertising. Those tended to be the larger papers (circulation of 50,000 and over).”
On culture: • Entrenched
attitudes aren’t just for editorial. Executives predicted thinner papers: One predicted a future of “probably one-third original content, one-third blogger opinions and one-third community journalism [generated from] outside.” But navigating a transition to a news product like that seems like a relative breeze compared to finding someone who can sell it. One executive said the biggest difficulty facing his company is ‘execution,’ particularly by the sales staff. ‘This is where the game will be won,’ he explained, ‘in the streets with small and mid-sized businesses.’ Another executive said his sales people frankly did not know how to sell all the products they were offering.” The majority of executives “indicated they had experienced difficulty recruiting digitally fluent ad sales people. One reason, they admitted, is the perception of newspapers
Anabel Hernández, a Mexican journalist and writer known for her investigative reporting on corruption and the abuse of power in Mexican politics, has been awarded the 2012 Golden Pen of Freedom, the annual press freedom prize of the World Association of Newspapers and News Publishers (WAN-IFRA).
Ms. Hernández, who has worked on national dailies including Reforma, Milenio, El Universal and its investigative supplement La Revista (now emeequis), currently contributes to the online news site Reporte Indigo. Her most recent book, ‘Los Señores del Narco / The Drug Traffickers’ (2010), details the complicities between organised crime and high-level authorities, from government officials to the police, the military and the business community. She has received numerous death threats after the book’s publication.
In making the award, the Board of WAN-IFRA, meeting in Dubai, said: “Mexico has become one of the most dangerous countries in the world for journalists, with violence and impunity remaining major challenges in terms of press freedom. In making this award, WAN-IFRA recognises the strong stance Ms. Hernández has taken, at great personal risk, against drug cartels. Her actions help ensure the development of good, unrestricted investigative journalism in the region.
as a deeply troubled business. A number of other executives told us they were still trying to figure out how to best integrate digital-only sales people with their traditional sales personnel.”Despite training programs for digital at nearly all papers, “most of these papers are still largely print first operations, or print and digital together, when it comes to the composition of their sales staffs. Sales people concentrating largely on digital are a distinct minority.”
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G{]n 2012
Newspapers Are The Fastest Shrinking Industry Matt Rosoff; www.businessinsider.com
If you want to be a journalist, think online.
Newspapers have shed a greater percentage of jobs since 2007 than any other industry in the United States, according to data published today by LinkedIn.
That’s not surprising, given how ad revenue in the newspaper industry has fallen off a cliff since 2000.
LinkedIn has professional profiles from millions of users, and also is a big tool for recruiters, so it’s got a ton of accurate data about jobs. This year, the Council of Economic Advisors, which works for President Obama on economic issues, turned to LinkedIn for insight into which industries are hurting.
On a percentage basis, newspapers shed the most jobs, down 28.4% between 2007 and 2011.
The good news: online publishing had job growth of 20.4%. But it didn’t add as many jobs as newspapers lost.
The big winner? Renewables and environmental jobs, which grew 49%. Internet-related companies added the most jobs, and had the second-biggest percentage growth at 24.6%.
The full chart is available on the LinkedIn blog.
The Times drops below 400,000 copiesDaniel Farey-Jones, www.mediaweek.co.uk
The Times’ circulation has dropped below 400,000 copies for the first time since Rupert Murdoch triggered a price war in 1993, as the daily newspaper market showed continuing decline in February.
The Times’ daily average circulation in February was 397,549 copies, down 1.9% on January and down 10.9% on February 2011. The last time it was lower than this was in August 1993, the month before
million copies in February.In the mid market, the Daily Mail
fell 6% year on year to 1,945,496 copies, while the Daily Express fell 7.4% year on year to 577,543 copies. Among the tabloids, the Daily Star is down 14% year on year to 617,082 copies and The Sun is down 8.4% year on year to 2,582,301 copies. The Sun’s new Sunday edition reported a debut ABC of 3,213,613 copies, based on its first issue on 26 February.
UK newspaper circulation down 20% in �ve years Jon Slattery; www.themediabriefing.com
British newspaper circulations are among the worst performers in Europe, according to industry analyst and consultant Jim Chisholm.
They have plunged by 20% over the last five years, compared with a European average of 12%. During the past five years UK nationals declined by 16% against a European norm of 13%, while regionals declined by 29% against a norm of 12%.
Chisholm gives the gloomy figures in an article for the fothcoming book What Do We Mean By Local?, edited by John Mair , Neil Fowler and Ian Reeves, which is to be published by Arima on March 27th.
He writes that there are more than one thousand regional non-daily titles, against one hundred and four dailies delivering 20m copies per issue, against 3m per issue for the dailies. Of all newspaper advertising in the UK, 42% is in national press, 21% in regional dailies, and 37% in regional weeklies.
Chisholm says that “on the digital front, international comparisons are harder, given that we operate within the English-speaking world, which has advantages and disadvantages.
“But here again, with notable exceptions, the picture is not encouraging. British newspapers share a global challenge in that they may attract high numbers of unique visitors, but those visitors return only occasionally, and view very few
Murdoch cut the cover price from 45p to 30p. The move boosted circulation by nearly 90,000 copies to more than 440,000, and triggered a long period of growth that took it past 800,000 copies later that decade.
In today’s digital age, The Times is priced £1, the same as The Independent, and 20p cheaper than The Daily Telegraph and The Guardian.
All three of its rivals were also hit by circulation falls in February, with The Guardian down 16.3%
year on year to 215,988 copies. The Independent fell 10.2% from January, and 27% from February 2011, to 105,160 copies. This was partly due to its publisher Independent Print switching over approximately 10,000 bulk copies from the paper to its cheaper sister title i, which rose 8.7% on January to 264,432 copies.
The Times, which went behind a paywall in summer 2010, can point to its burgeoning digital edition figures, which are not audited by ABC.
In an update in February, News International claimed it had 119,255 digital subscribers for The Times and an average of 59,882 copies were downloaded daily on the iPad, a 35% increase since September 2011.
The push for digital subscriptions comes against background of a 9.4% year-on-year decline for the overall daily newspaper market, to 9.08
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G{]n 2012
pages. There is little research as to why this is, but without increased intensity, it is hard to see how either access or advertising revenues are going to grow.”
In the UK only 18% of the total population read a local daily newspaper compared with 53% in Germany, 21% in France and nearly 70% in Norway and Switzerland.
“Of course people are increasingly turning to digital media, and this together with newspapers’ ability to target highly focused pockets of communication through leafleting, means that newspapers remain a highly influential medium for society, advertisers and so many other stakeholders, in reach if not in frequency – a continuing theme.
“Our challenge is not readership, but reading frequency and intensity, and digital consumption is an exaggerated version of what has happened in print. As I’ve written widely, and been widely ridiculed for saying, newspapers are not losing circulation because of the Internet; sales were declining long before the Internet came along.”
On digital, Chisholm claims: “While the UK can boast the world’s highest proportion of advertising expenditure now spent in digital media (31.2%), newspapers continue to attract only around 6% to 8% of total revenues from these new sources.
He adds a note of optimism: “Digital media options are improving, with the advent of smartphones and tablets. Initial feedback regarding newspaper readership on tablets is that news consumers on tablets are every bit as intense and regular as those in print.” Chisholm claims: “As digital consumption shifts from fixed Internet to mobile and tablet – and this rate is only going to accelerate, so the opportunity for charging, and importantly increasing consumption intensity will increase. “It will either be owned by a new entrant or by a partnership of all major UK regional publishers.”
media today
Daily Paper Going the Way of the MilkmanAlan D. Mutter; www.editorandpublisher.com
Daily newspaper delivery will go the way of the milkman in a growing number of communities in 2012 and beyond.
Barring a miraculous turnaround in the economy, a sea change in the thinking of media buyers, or a late-breaking proclivity for print in the sub-geezer population, publishers in ever more communities are likely to reduce the number of days they provide home delivery — or print a newspaper altogether.
Nowhere else is the demise of daily delivery more dramatic than in Michigan, where more than two-
thirds of households will be unable get seven-day service after the end of January.
The rationing began with a bang in 2009, when the two Detroit dailies, the Free Press and the News, stunned the industry by cutting home delivery to just Thursday, Friday, and Sunday. Although the Motown metros continue to print every day of the week, anyone wanting a paper on non-delivery days has to fetch one at a retail location.
Unsurprisingly, the Monday-through- Friday circulation of both Detroit papers plunged between March 2008 and March 2011, according to the Audit Bureau of Circulations. The daily circulation of the Free Press in the period fell 54.7 percent to 168,985, and daily sales
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G{]n 2012
of the News tumbled 51.7 percent to 90,914. Even though Sunday home delivery continued without interruption, the circulation of the Freep (the only title publishing on that day) is down 21.6 percent at 475,543. The Freep, which is owned by Gannett, and the News, which is owned by MediaNews Group, are partners in a joint operating agreement.
The daily drought is scheduled to widen to other Michigan communities in February, when the Grand Rapids Press, Kalamazoo Gazette, Muskegon Chronicle, and Jackson Citizen Patriot reduce home delivery to Tuesday, Thursday, and Sunday from their current seven-day schedules. Just as in Detroit, single copies of each newspaper — all of which are owned by Advance Newspapers — will be available to consumers who take the trouble to track them down. In cutting back home delivery, Advance emphasized the intention to attract more traffic to its statewide digital portal, MLive.com.
While determined readers for the time being can still buy a daily paper in Detroit and Grand Rapids, there has been no such option since mid-2009 in Ann Arbor. That’s where Advance replaced its seven-day Ann Arbor News with an “online digital media company” called AnnArbor.com, which puts out print editions just Thursday and Sunday. Since the change, daily circulation for the print product has slid by 30.8 percent to 30,422, according to ABC.
There is no doubt, however, why publishers are throttling their once-prized print products:
A relentless decline in newspaper advertising sales has halved industry revenues since a record $49.4 billion was collected in 2005. Although final ad figures remain to be calculated for 2011, projections based on year-to-date performance suggest that sales last year probably didn’t top $24 billion. This has been catastrophic for publishers historically accustomed to hefty, double-digital bottom lines.
In five-plus years of ever more vigorous retrenchment to salvage
some degree of profitability, publishers have trimmed staff, crimped newsholes, and outsourced everything from call centers and accounting to production and delivery. With scant behind-the-scenes economies left, publishers now are being forced to make the most conspicuous cut of all: reducing the number of days they publish or deliver papers.
The good news, given the increasing shift of consumers to digital media consumption, is that de-emphasizing print necessarily forces publishers to focus on their Web, mobile, and social efforts. The bad news is that most of them to date have not made impressive strides.
On average, the industry reaps less than 14 percent of its ad revenues from digital media, according to the NAA. That’s not nearly enough to keep publishing companies healthy if print revenues continue shrinking, as they seem likely to do in the immediate future.
Publishers cutting daily delivery realize the strategy works only if they can build their digital divisions faster than their print businesses shrink. While publishers know this is risky business, the smart ones know there is no Plan B.
Adobe: Social media impact undervalued by nearly 100 percentRachel King; www.zdnet.com
Adobe finds that most digital marketers are quick to add social media into the mix, but they don’t understand the value just yet.
Marketers are underestimating the value and impact that social media can have for a website by up to 94 percent, according to Adobe’s latest Digital Index report.
That finding is based on the hypothesis that most marketers rely on using last-click attribution as the primary model for measuring the value of social media.
However, Adobe researchers
posited that first-click attribution models better capture the benefits of social media in engaging customers earlier in the buying process.
The biggest problem with using a last-click model, according to Adobe, is that by ignoring the value of earlier interactions, last-click attribution gives disproportionate credit to the marketing channels that customers use late in the purchase process. That would undervalue the role of other channels in building awareness and relationships between customers and brands.
Aseem Chandra, vice president of product and industry marketing within Adobe’s Digital Marketing Business unit, argued in the report that “as an industry, digital marketers have been quick to add social media to the marketing mix, but have perhaps not considered new and better ways to measure this complex channel.”
Instead, as pointed out in the study, marketers tend to default to traditional direct measurement models. Chandra advised that a “better measurement of social marketing will lead to better ROI.”
For reference, Adobe analyzed more than 1.7 billion visits to more than 225 U.S. companies’ websites in the retail, travel and media industries for this study. The Digital Index report examined how marketers measure the impact of website traffic from major social media sites, including Facebook, Twitter, Pinterest, Tumblr, YouTube and Yelp.
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G{]n 2012
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G{]n 2012
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Sn.hn. Iymad hn`mK¯nð
"Cehpac¯nsâ EXpt`Z§fntebv¡v'
Fó Xes¡t«msS Cehpacs¯
km£nbm¡n EXpt`Z§sf Nn{XoIcn¨
at\mca \yqkv Iymadmam³ \µIpamdpw
kzmXnXncp\mÄ þ kpKÔhñn {]Wb
¯nsâ ]p\cmhnjvImcw tamln\nbm«
¯nsâ emky`mh§fneqsS BhnjvIcn¨
Gjyms\äv \yqkv Iymadmam³ sI.BÀ.
A`nemjpw PqdnbpsS {]tXyI ]cmaÀi
¯n\v AÀlcmbn.
hoUntbm FUnän§v hn`mK¯nð
C´ymhnj³ 2011 G{]nð 5\v kwt{]
jWw sNbvX "AXncm{Xw' Fó \yqkv
tÌmdnbpsS FUnän§v \nÀhln¨ jnPp
taml\mWv AhmÀUv. ]mªmfnse
AXncm{Xw kw_Ôn¨ {]tXyI
dnt¸mÀ«nsâ FUnän§nð jnPp {]ZÀin
¸n¨ anIhmWv At±ls¯
]pckvImc¯n\v AÀl\m¡nbXv.
hoUntbm FUnän§v hn`mK¯nð
ssIcfn ]o¸nÄ Sn.hn. bnð 2011
s^{_phcn 13\v kwt{]£Ww sNbvX
]£nkÀtÆ Fó ]cn]mSn
FUnän§neqsS anI¨Xm¡n amänb
BÀ.sI.Pb{]Imiv PqdnbpsS {]tXyI
]cmaÀi¯n\v AÀl\mbn.
25000 cq]bpw {]ikvXn]{Xhpw
^eIhpw AS§nbXmWv AhmÀUv.
Fkv. Pbi¦À, A\nðIpamÀ
hShmXqÀ, tUm. ]n._n. eðImÀ (P\dð
dnt¸mÀ«n§v); tP¡_v sI. Cu¸³,
Sn. iintaml³, Sn.]n. Ipªn¡®³
(sUh. dnt¸mÀ«n§v); F³.BÀ.Fkv.
_m_p, sI.Fkv.tPmk^v, A_p ss^jn
(\yqkv t^mt«m{K^n); ]n.hn.IrjvW³,
sI.sI._ecma³, sI.F._o\ (ImÀ«q¬);
tP¡_v tPmÀÖv, kn_n Im«m¼nÅn,
k®n¡p«n F{_lmw (Sn.hn. hmÀ¯,
Iymad, FUnän§v) Fónhcmbncpóp
AhmÀUv \nÀ®bkanXn AwK§Ä.
kwØm\ am[ya AhmÀUpIÄ {]Jym]n¨p
kwØm\ am[ya AhmÀUn\Àlamb ImÀ«q¬
(48)
G{]n 2012
A¡mZan hmÀ¯IÄ
Nme-¡pSn: hmÀ¯-I-fpsS kX-y-k-Ô-X-
sImïv P\-hn-Im-cs¯ sX«pWÀ¯m³
Ign-bp-ó-hcmWv bYmÀ° ]{X-{]-hÀ¯-
Isc-óv tI{µ `£-y -s]mXphn-X-cW D]-
t`m-àrImcy kla{´n s{]m^.sI.-hn.
Xmakv A`n-{]m-b-s¸-«p. tIcf {]kv A¡m-
Zan Nme-¡pSn {]kv ¢ºp-ambn kl-I-cn¨p
\S-¯nb tUm.-aqÀ¡-óqÀ \mcm-b-W-³
AhmÀUv kaÀ¸-Whpw kvarXn kwKahpw
DZvLm-S-\w- sNbvXp kwkm-cn-¡p-Ibm-bn-cp-
óp a{´n. kmaq-ly {]Xn-_-²-X-bp-Å-h-cm-
bn-cn-¡Ww ]{X{]hÀ¯-IÀ. tI-c-f-¯nse
]{X{]hÀ¯-IÀ Gähpw IqSp-Xð kzm-X-
{´yw A\p`hn-¡p--ó-Xmbpw a{´n ]d-ªp.
tUm.- aqÀ¡-óqÀ \mcm-b-W-³ AhmÀUv
tZim-`n-am\n Xr-iqÀ _yqtdmNo^v hn.Fw.
cm[m-I-r-jvW³ a{´nbnð \nóv Gäp-hm-
§n. Nme-¡pSn aÀ¨âkv Pq_nen lmfnð
\Só NS-§nð A¡m-Zan sNbÀam³
F³.-]n.-cm-tP-{µ³ A[-y-£X hln-¨p.
A\p-kva-cW {]`m-jWw {]kv¢_v {]kn-
Uâv sF.-sF.-A-_vZpð aPoZv \nÀh-ln-¨p.
F.hn.tat\m³,- ]n.-BÀ.-Zm-tam-Z-c-
ta-t\m³,- Sn.-F³.-\m-cm-bW³ Fón-h-cpsS
kvac-W-¡mbn {]kv ¢_v GÀs¸-Sp-¯nb
AhmÀUp-I-fpsS hnX-cWw sI.-]n.-[-\-]m-
e³ Fw.-]n. \nÀh-ln-¨p. -I-Wn-¨mbn
tXmakv tPmkv Nmcn-ä-_nÄ {SÌv AhmÀUv
_n.-Un.-tZ-hkn Fw.-Fð.F. \ðIn.
Fw.apl-½-Zmen aue-hn,- Sn.-H.-sk-_m-Ì-y³,-
F.-Sn.BâWn XpS-§n-b-h-cpsS t]cn-epÅ
NnInðkm klmbw \Kck` sNbÀam³
hn.-H.ss]e-¸³ \ðIn. _vtfm¡v
]ôm-b¯v {]kn-Uâv ^n³tkm X¦-¨³,
-Iu¬kn-eÀ -]n.-Fw-.{io-[-c³, Pb-cmPv
hmc-yÀ Fón-hÀ {]kw-Kn-¨p. {]kv ¢_v
sk{I-«dn kn.-sI.-kp-\nð IpamÀ kzm-K-X
hpw A¡m-Zan Akn.-sk-{I-«dn kn.-A-¿-¸³
\µnbpw ]d-ªp.
hmÀ¯-I-fpsS kX-y-k-Ô-X-sImïv P\-hn-Imcs¯ DWÀ¯Ww: a{´n s{]m^.sI.-hn. tXmakv
tImgnt¡mSv: hnhcmhImi \nba{]Imcw
B[nImcnIambn e`n¡pó hnhc§Ä
kaql¯n\v tZmjIcañm¯ hn[¯nð
D]tbmKn¡m³ am[ya {]hÀ¯IÀ kzbw
e£vaW tcJ hc¡Wsaóv tI{µ
DuÀÖ kla{´n sI.kn thWptKm]mð
A`n{]mbs¸«p. tIcf {]kv A¡mZan
tImgnt¡mSv sF.Fw.F lmfnð
kwLSn¸n¨ hnhcmhImi \nbas¯Ipdn
¨pÅ am[ya inev]ime DZvLmS\w
hnhcmhImi \nbaw: am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ kzbw e vaW tcJ hc¡Ww: a{ n sI.kn. thWptKm]mð
sN¿pIbmbncpóp At±lw.
am[ya§sf \nbawaqew \nb{´n¡p
óXv P\m[n]Xys¯ ZpÀ_es¸Sp¯pw.
]mI¸ngIÄ NqïnIm«póXneqsS
kpXmcyamb `cW¯n\v am[ya§Ä
klmbn¡pIbmWv sN¿póXv. AgnaXn-
bpsS Nqïp]eIbmbpw hnhcmhImi
\nbaw amdpópïv. kzmX{´ym\´cw
C´ybnepïmb hn¹hIcamb \nba
§fnð apónð \nð¡póXmWv Cu
\nbasaópw a{´n ]dªp.
Cu \nbaw ^e{]Zambn D]tbmKn¡p
t¼mÄ DtZymØÀ `cW\nÀhlW¯nð
DZmko\amIpóXv KpcpXcamb sXämWv.
\ñ `cW\nÀhlW¯n\pff anI¨ Bbp
[amWv Cu \nbaw. kpXmcyhpw Imcy
£ahpamb `cW¯n\pw kÀ¡mcnð
s]mXpP\]¦mfn¯w Dd¸phcp¯pó
Xn\pw CXv klmbn¡pópïv. hnhcw
hnip²amWv.
inð¸imebnð tIcf {]kv A¡mZan
sNbÀam³ F³.]n cmtP{µ³ A[y£\m
bncpóp. Imen¡äv {]kv¢_v {]knUâv
Fw. kp[o{µIpamÀ, {]kv A¡mZan
FIvknIyq«ohv AwKw F³.cmtPjv,
A¡mZan AknÌâv sk{I«dn kn.A¿¸³
FónhÀ kwkmcn¨p.
hnhn[ hnjb§fnð AUz. acnb,
I®qÀ Un.sF.Pn. Fkv.{ioPn¯v, AUz.
Un.BÀ. _n\p, jd^p²n³ FónhÀ
¢mskSp¯p. tImgnt¡mSv þ hb\mSv
PnñIfnse am[ya{]hÀ¯Icpw am[ya
hnZymÀ°nIfpw ]s¦Sp¯p.
(49)
G{]n 2012
Im¡\mSv: bYmÀ° am[ya kzmX{´yw
Xncn¨dnªv AXp kwc£n¡m³
]pXp Xeapdbnse ]{X{]hÀ¯IÀ
]cn{ian¡Wsaóp PÌnkv BÀ. _k´v
]dªp.
tIcf {]kv A¡mZanbnð ]n.Pn.
Unt¹ma kÀ«n^n¡äpIÄ hnXcWw
sN¿pIbmbncpóp At±lw. ]{X§fpsS
Xes¡«v \nb{´n¡m\pw \nÝbn¡m\pw
tImÀ]tdäv, cm{ãob ta[mhnIÄ¡v
Ahkcw \ðIcpXv.
kaql¯nsâ [mÀanI A[nImcnI
fmWp am[ya{]hÀ¯IÀ. PpUojydnbpw
A§s\Xsó. P\m[n]Xyw \ne\nð
¡pópshóXmWv kzX{´ C´ybpsS
Gähpw henb t\«w. am[ya§fpsS
CSs]SemWp P\m[n]Xys¯
iàns¸Sp¯pósXópw PÌnkv _k´v
]dªp.
{]kv A¡mZan sNbÀam³ F³.]n.
cmtP{µ³ A[y£X hln¨p. sshkv
sNbÀam³ sI.kn. cmPtKm]mð,
Xr¡m¡c: P\m[n]Xy¯nsâ
aqey¯IÀ¨bv¡pImcWw ]mÀesatâdn-
bòmcpsS {]hÀ¯\ ssienbmsWóv
ap³ kv]o¡À hn.Fw.kp[oc³ A`n{]m
bs¸«p. \nba \nÀamWhpw aäpw kw_
Ôn¨ NÀ¨IÄ \S¯póXv ]mÀesaânð
Bbncn¡Ww. Fómð ]mÀesaâv
kvXw`n¸n¡pIbpw NÀ¨ am[ya§fnð
P\m[n]Xyaqey XIÀ¨bv¡v ImcWw ]mÀesat nbòmcpsS {]hÀ¯\ ssien hn. w.kp c
\S¯pIbpw sN¿póXv P\m[n]Xy
¯ns\XncmsWópw At±lw ]dªp.
tIcf {]kv A¡mZanbnð F³. F³.
kXy{hX³ kvamcI ]pckvImcw amXr`qan
dnt¸mÀ«À cPn. BÀ. \mbÀ¡v k½m\n¨v
kwkmcn¡pIbmbncpóp hn.Fw.kp[oc³.
am[ya§fpsS {]hÀ¯\¯nð A]m
IapÅXmbn Bt£]apbÀómð AXv
\ne\nev¡póXmtWm Fóv ]cntim[n¡p
óXn\pÅ kzX{´ kwhn[m\w thW
saópw At±lw \nÀt±in¨p. tIcf tÌäv
{]kv I½oj³ cq]hXvIcn¡póXns\
¡pdn¨v NÀ¨ sN¿Ww. ]{X{]hÀ¯Icp
sSbpw ]{Xamt\PvsaâpIfpsSbpw s]mXp
{]hÀ¯IcpsSbpw {]Xn\n[nIÄ
DÄs¸«Xmbncn¡Ww {]kv I½ojs\ópw
kp[oc³ Iq«ntNÀ¯p.
{]kv A¡mZan sNbÀam³ F³.]n.
cmtP{µ³ A[y£X hln¨p. amXr`qan
tImgvkv UbdÎÀ F³. _meIrjvW³
F³. F³. kXy{hXs\ A\pkvacn¨p.
sI.sI.Pb³, cPn.BÀ.\mbÀ, {]kv
A¡mZan sk{I«dn hn.Pn.tcWpI,
AknÌâv sk{I«dn kn.A¿¸³ FónhÀ
kwkmcn¨p.
{]ikvX ]{X{]hÀ¯I\pw
{]kv A¡mZan C³Ìnäyq«v Hm^v
I½yqWnt¡j³ ap³ UbdÎdpambncpó
F³. F³. kXy{hXsâ kvacWbv¡mbn
At±l¯nsâ IpSpw_mwK§Ä GÀs¸Sp
¯nbXmWv anI¨ lyqa³ CâdÌv tÌmdn
¡pÅ AhmÀUv. AhbhZm\hpambn
_Ôs¸«v "Acp¬ C\nbpw Nncn¡pw,
aqóp t]À¡v Pohsâ Zbhmbn' Fó
Xes¡«nð amXr`qanbnð {]kn²oIcn¨
hmÀ¯bmWv cPn. BÀ. \mbsc
AhmÀUn\v AÀlbm¡nbXv.
bYmÀ° am[ya kzmX{´yw Xncn¨dnªv kwc£n¡Ww: PÌnkv BÀ. _k´v
C³Ìnäyq«v Hm^v I½yqWnt¡j³
UbdÎÀ Fw. cmaN{µ³, sk{I«dn
hn.Pn. tcWpI, eIvNdÀ sI. tlaeX,
Akn. sk{I«dn kn. A¿¸³ FónhÀ
{]kwKn¨p. anI¨ hnPbw ssIhcn¨
hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡pÅ hnhn[ AhmÀUpIÄ
Znð\ a[p, Fw._n. hoW, sFizcy
kpan{X³, Sn.hn. {ioteJ, hn.sI. hn]n³,
AZne knanZ sI. aqk FónhÀ
Gäphm§n.
(50)
G{]n 2012
BÀ. sP. amävk¬Atacn¡bpsS bp²s¡mXnsb hnaÀin¡pó temI{]ikvX kaImeo\
ImÀ«qWpIfnð Hómb Cu ImÀ«q¬ cNn¨ncn¡póXv BÀ. sP. amävk¬
BWv. skâv eqbnkv t]mÌv þ Unkv]m¨v, \yqtbmÀ¡v H_vskÀhÀ, tdmÄ
ImÄ Fóo ]{X§fpsS FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWnÌmWv Ct±lw.
1963 ð Nn¡mtKmbnð P\n¨ amävk¬ {_Êðkv, s_ðPnbw, ans\
t]mfnkv, ans\tkm« Fón§s\ hnhn[ cmPy§fnembmWv hfÀóXv.
1985ð sImfw_nb bqWnthgvknänbnð \nópw _ncpZw t\Sn. A¡me¯v
sImfw_nb sUbven kvs]tÎädnð Ct±lw hc¨ ImÀ«qWpIÄ¡v
\mjWð kvtImfnÌnIv {]kv Atkmkntbj³ AhmÀUv e`n¨n«pïv.
XpSÀóv hmjnwKvSWnse tÌävkv \yqkv kÀÆoknð dnt¸mÀ«dmbn
tNÀóp. tdmÄ Imfnse Ìm^v Cñt{ÌäÀ Bbpw tamïvtKmsadn Iuïn
skâns\ensâ FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWnÌv Bbpw Zn hmjn§vS¬
a´venbpsS BÀ«v UbdÎdmbpw Ct±lw {]hÀ¯n¨n«pïv.
Ct¸mÄ IpSpw_ktaXw skâv eqbnknð ØncXmakam¡nbn«pÅ
amävk¬ cïp XhW FUntämdnbð ImÀ«qWn\pÅ ankudn {]kv
Atkmskmtbj³ AhmÀUn\pw 2007 se ssSw s_Ìv ImÀ«q¬
AhmÀUn\pw AÀl\mbn«pïv.
temIw Iï hc
A´Àt±iob am²yacwKs¯ {]ikvXamb ImÀ«qWpIsf
]cnNbs¸Sp¯pIbmWv Cu ]wànbnð.
amXr`qan ImÀ«qWnÌv Bb tKm]oIrjvW\mWv
Ch XncsªSp¯v AhXcn¸n¡póXv.
A JOURNAL OF THE PRESS INSTITUTE OF INDIA
JULY - SEPTEMBER 2011
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 3 RS. 50
In a world buoyed by TRP ratings and trivia,
QUALITY JOURNALISM IS THE CASUALTY
Responsible journalism in the
age of the Internet
UN Women: Promises to keep
Assam: Where justice has eluded
journalists so far
The complex dynamics of rural
communication
Your last line of defence
Measuring readability
Book reviews
A JOURNAL OF THE PRESS INSTITUTE OF INDIAJULY - SEPTEMBER 2011
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 3 RS. 50
In a world buoyed by TRP ratings and trivia,
QUALITY JOURNALISM IS THE CASUALTY
Responsible journalism in the age of the Internet UN Women: Promises to keep
Assam: Where justice has eluded journalistsThe complex dynamics of rural
communicationYour last line of defence
Measuring readabilityBook reviews
Indian TV news must develop a sense of
scepticism
Bringing humour to features
October - December 2011
Volume 3 Issue 4 Rs. 50
With great power comes great responsibility
Development journalism in the age of the big spender
The Anna Hazare show - manipulating an event to earn TRPs?
It’s a jungle out there - where might is often right
Content is king: WAN-IFRA president
Reporting on mental health must be more goal-drivenThe decline of documentaries
How Indian women weigh in on the scales of justice
What really makes a newspaper sell?
Longer the sentence, greater the strain
The human interest story never fails to touch the reader
Subscribetoday
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A JOURNAL OF THE PRESS INSTITUTE OF INDIAJULY - SEPTEMBER 2011
VOLUME 3 ISSUE 3 RS. 50
In a world buoyed by TRP ratings and trivia, QUALITY JOURNALISM IS THE CASUALTY
Responsible journalism in the age of the Internet UN Women: Promises to keep
Assam: Where justice has eluded journalists
The complex dynamics of rural communication
Your last line of defence
Measuring readability
Book reviews
Indian TV news must develop a sense of scepticism
Bringing humour to features
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tIcf {]kv A¡mZan {]kn²oIcW§Ä
kztZim`nam\n: cmPt{Zmlnbmb cmPykvt\lnSn. thWptKm]me³
kztZim`nam\n
cmaIrjvW]nÅbpsS
]{X{]hÀ¯\t¯bpw
kmlnXy kmwkvImcnI
aÞe§fnse tkh\t¯bpw
Ipdn¨v cNn¨ ka{K
]T\{KÙw.
]{X{]hÀ¯\þkmlnXyþ
Ncn{X hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡v
A\nhmcyamb d^d³kv
{KÙamWnXv. kztZim`nam\n
IrXnIfnð \nópw kpe`amb
D²cWnIfpw Cu
]pkvXI¯nepïv.
t]Pv 854 hne 260 cq]
aebmf ]{X{]hÀ¯\¯nsâ A¼XphÀjw 1947þ1997
kzmX{´ym\´c
aebmf
]{X{]hÀ¯\
s¯Ipdn¨v
A¡mZan
kwLSn¸n¨
skan\mdnse
CuSpä
{]_Ô§fpsS
kamIe\w.
t]Pv 178
hne 90 cq]
F.sI.]nÅ: BZÀi§fpsS càkm£nF. cm[mIrjvW³
]{X{]hÀ¯Im
Nmcy\pw tIcfNcn{X
¯nse hnhmZ
]pcpj\pambncpó
kzcmSv ]{Xm[n]À
F. sI. ]nÅbpsS
PohNcn{Xw.
apJ{]kwK§fpw
teJ\§fpw
DÄs¡mÅpó
Ncn{XtcJ.
t]Pv 370 hne 135 cq]
\¼ymÀ ]nsóbpw apónð \nð¡póp]n. {io[c³
aebmf ]{X
{]hÀ¯\þkmlnXyþ
kmwkvImcnI
aÞe¯nð
\ndªp\nó
{]Xn`mimenbpw
tIcfw Iï F®s¸«
{]mkwKnIcnð
Hcmfpambncpó
hn. IcpWmIc³
\¼ymcpsS
PohNcn{Xw.
t]Pv 106 hne 60 cq]
hr¯m´ ]{X{]hÀ¯\wkztZim`nam\n cmaIrjvW]nÅ
F«p ]Xnämïp
IÄ¡pw Gsd ap¼v
]{X{]hÀ¯\s¯
Ipdn¨v FgpXnb
]pkvXI¯nsâ
\memw ]Xn¸v. Cu
hnjb¯nð
aebmf¯nð
B[nImcnIambpw
amÀKZÀiIambpw
Nqïn¡mWn¡mhpó
Hcp ]pkvXIamWnXv.
t]Pv 314 hne 40 cq]
hmÀ¯bpsS inev]imeF³. F³. kXy{hX³
dnt¸mÀ«n§ns\¡pdn¨v
tPWenkw
hnZymÀ°nIÄ¡v
]mT]pkvXIambn
D]tbmKn¡mhpó Cu
{KÙw km[mcW
hmb\¡mÀ¡pw ckIcamb
A\p`hamIpw.
kzm\p`h§fpsS
shfn¨¯nð kcf
ssienbnð
cNn¨n«pÅXmWnXv.
t]Pv 246 hne 150 cq]
s\tòenbpsS I¼nsI. sI. taml\³ ]{X`mj
{]apJ kzmX{´y kac
tk\m\nbpw BZyIme
]{X{]hÀ¯I\pw
IayqWnÌv
t\Xmhpambncpó
Pn.Fw. s\tòenbpsS
]{X{]hÀ¯\m\p`h
§fpw PohnXhpw
]cnNbs¸Sp¯pó
{KÙw. s\tòenbpsS
aIsâ cN\.
t]Pv 377 hne 75 cq]
]{X`mjbpsS ip²n,
emfnXyw, sFIcq]yw,
A£chn\ymkw, ssien
Fónh kw_Ôn¨
teJ\§fpsS kamlmcw.
C. Fw. Fkv.
\¼qXncn¸mSv, F³. hn.
IrjvWhmcnbÀ, F. ]n.
DZb`m\p XpS§nbhcmWv
teJIÀ.
]{X{]hÀ¯IÀ¡pw
]{XØm]\§Ä¡pw
Gsd klmbIamWv Cu
]pkvXIw.
t]Pv 169 hne 20 cq]
]{X{]hÀ¯\w: `nóapJ§Ä
]{X{]hÀ¯\cwK
s¯ Bib]chpw
kmt¦XnIhpamb
{]iv\§Ä NÀ¨
sN¿pó
{]_Ô§fmWv
CXnð. s{]m^. Fkv.
Kp]vX³ \mbÀ,
kn. ANypXtat\m³,
tUm. sI. Fw.
XcI³
XpS§nbhcmWv
teJIÀ.
t]Pv 151 hne 25 cq]
\m«phntijwSn. thWptKm]mð, tXmakv tP¡ºv
{]ikvX
]{X{]hÀ¯Icmb
Sn.thWptKm]mepw
tXmakv tP¡ºpw
tNÀóp {]mtZinI
]{XteJIòmÀ¡p
thïn FgpXnb Cu
]pkvXIw apXnÀó
]{X{]hÀ¯IÀ¡pw Hcp
ssI¸pkvXIambn
D]tbmKn¡m³
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t]Pv 96 hne 7.50 cq]
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Media Monthly | April 2012 | Rs. 10/- | RNI Reg No. KERBIL/2000/1676
Printed and Published by V. G. Renuka, Secretary, On behalf of the Kerala Press Academy, Published from Kerala Press Academy, Kakkanad, Kochi – 682 030; Printed at K.B.P.S., Kakkanad, Kochi – 30 Editor: N. P. Rajendran.
