Kick off Meeting on

Rural Development and Natural Resource Management

policies in SEE

Towards the European Integration

FORESTRY, WATER RESOURCES MANAGEMENT AND

NATURAL HAZARDS

19th – 20th May, 2016

Goč, Serbia

prof. dr Ratko Ristić, full professor

University of Belgrade, Faculty of Forestry

Forest resources

Serbiaforest and forest land area

2.252.400 ha 29.1%

state forests

53,0 %

private forests

47,0 %

Forests by species

Tree species Area (ha) %

Oak forests 720,800 32.0

Beech forests 660,400 29.3

Other

broadleaves 580,000 25.8

Conifers 243,200 10.8

Poplar

plantations 48,000 2.1

TOTAL 2.252.400 100.0

Stand origin

Stand origin ha %

Natural high

stands 621,200 27.6

Coppice stands 1,456,400 64.7

Artificially

established stands 174,800 7.8

TOTAL 2.252.400 100.0

Forest ownership

Ownership ha %

State 1.194.000 53.0

Private 1,058,400 47.0

TOTAL 2.252.400 100.0

The total volume of state-owned

forests is 221,417,935.90 m3

(61.1%), and of private forests

141,069,481.70 m3 (38.9%), i.e. the

total volume in the whole territory of

Serbia is 362,487,417.60 m3.

• Density - 939 trees per ha,

• Average volume - 161 m3/ha,

• Average annual increment - 4,0 m3/ha

o Annual increment

• State owned forests - 4,5 m3/ha,

• Private forests – 3,5 m3/ha.

productive functions - 77.8%

protective - 14.6%

special usage - 7.6%

Protected areas in Serbia

1.040 (547.176 ha) protected areas

• Forest ecosystems are the most complex land

ecosystems

• Their functions are public goods:

- protection against natural hazards

(soil erosion and desertification, mud flows,

torrential floods, landslides, avalanches)

- biological diversity

- water supply

- recreation

- carbon-dioxide fixation

- education

• In the same time they are row material basis

• Protective, productive and social functions offorest ecosystems have to be harmonized throughthe concept of Sustainable Utilization

• Sustainable Utilization means:

“…to meet the needs of the present withoutcompromising the ability of future generations tomeet their own needs by practicing a landstewardship ethic which integrates thereforestation, managing, growing, nurturing andharvesting of trees for useful products with theconservation of soil, air and water quality, wildlifeand fish habitat, and aesthetics”

• Forest ecosystems and Water Supply

- Serbia has evident lack of quality drinking water (region ofKolubara, eastern and southeastern Serbia)

- Strategy of Water Supply is based on concept of surfacereservoirs in the upper parts of the watersheds

- Watershed areas of formed and planned water supplyreservoirs take 12752 km2 and has to be protected byfulfillment caused by erosion

• Forest Ecosystems are endangered by:

- Climate changes (increment of mean annual temperature ofair; redistribution of precipitation with more precipitation inperiod spring – summer, during short intensive events;decrement of annual precipitation and soil moisture)

- Air pollution

- Forest fragmentation

Change in mean annual temperature by the end of this

century

control period:

1961-1990 and

2071-2100;

IPCC SRES

scenario A2.

(HadCM3

global

circulation

model;

HIRHAM

regional climate

model in 12km

resolution)

Change in mean annual precipitation by the end of this

century

control period:

1961-1990 and

2071-2100;

IPCC SRES

scenario A2.

(HadCM3

global

circulation

model;

HIRHAM

regional climate

model in 12km

resolution),

Temperature and precipitation annual change for period

2001-2030 according to A1B scenario.

Regional climatic model Djurdjevic (SEEVECCC), University of Belgrade

Temperature and precipitation annual change for

period 2071-2100 according to A1B scenario.

Regional climatic model Djurdjevic (SEEVECCC), University of Belgrade

Areas in the territory

of Serbia vulnerable

to landslides

(Source: Lazić M.,

Božović D., 2010)

Regional distribution

of drought in Serbia

(Source: Rakićević

T., 2011)

Forest ecosystems and Erosion Control

- 76355 km2 (86.4% of total area) is endangered by erosion processes

- annual yield of erosive material amounts to 37.25.106 m3 (487.8 m3.km-2)

NOVI SAD

BEOGRAD

NI[

REPUBLIC OF SERBIA

WATER MASTER PLAN

EROSION MAP

0 50 100 k m

21°30 '

Ins titute for D evelopment of Water Res our ce "Jaroslav Cerni"19°30 '

43°00 '

42°30 '

42°00 '

21°00 '20°30 '20°00 '

45°00 '

44°30 '

44°00 '

43°30 '

19°30 '19°00 '

46°00 '

45°30 '

21°00 '20°30 '20°00 '

43°00 '

42°30 '

42°00 '

23°00 '22°30 '22°00 '21°30 '

44°00 '

43°30 '

44°30 '

45°00 '

46°00 '

23°00 '22°30 '22°00 '

SPECIFIC PRODUCTI ON Wsp> 3300 m / km / year

SPECI FI C PRO DUCTIO N Wsp= 80 m / km / year

SPEC IFI C PRODUCTIO N Wsp= 400 m / km / year

SPEC IFI C PRODUCTIO N Wsp= 950 m / km / year

SPECIFIC PRODUCTI ON Wsp= 1800 m / km / year

M INIMUM ERO SION Z=0.10

SMALL ERO SION Z=0.30

MED IUM ERO SION Z=0.55

STRONG ERO SION Z=0.85

EKSC ESI VE ERO SION Z=1.25

V

IV

I II

II

I

EROSIO N CATEGORY

LEGEND

23

23

23

3

3

2

2

Soil erosion map of Serbia (WRMP, 2010)

• 2021 wildfires with a total area of 32.136 ha (Forests habitats)

Wildfires in Serbia

•Ove dve fotke su ti bolje rezolucije

•Odaberi jednu

• Coniferous forest 365 fires (4 375 ha)

• Deciduous forest 1656 fires (27 761 ha)

• Shrubby areas 3247 fires (15 732 ha)

• Grasslands 6 989 fires (23 880 ha)

Wildfires in open space

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

Olf + Oh 0-5 5.0-10 10.0-20 20-40 40-60

Pb (FG1)

Pb (CV1)

Pb (CV2)

Pb (Iv)

Pb (G2)

[mg.kg

-1]

[cm]

Content of Pb in forest soil

Spatial disposition of the most destructive torrential floods in Serbia from 1950 to 2014

● - material damage

and

loss of human lives;

● - material damage

Torrential floods have

caused death of more than

130 people in the last 64

years and material damage

estimated at more than 10

billion euros.

Integral vulnerability map

of the natural hazards in

the territory of Serbia

Catchment

area

M

km2

L

km

P

km

D

km.km-2

T

masl

C

masl

St

%

Sa

%

MI 0.076 0.400 1.075 6.25 925 835 27.1 22.50

MII 0.0635 0.325 0.875 8.35 922 862 14.9 18.46

MIII 0.0843 0.625 1.300 6.76 982 780 33.0 32.32

Vaona IV 0.0986 0.500 1.100 6.78 910 810 33.4 20.00

Main hydrographic characteristics of

experimental watresheds

Watershed Forest cover Parent rock Soil conditions

MI Artificial plantings of Pinus nigra,

Pinus silvestris, Picea abies

and Quercus petraea, 34 years

old, 3500 plants per hectare,

canopy is 53-95%.

Serpentine

and

peridotite

Five types of soil, from

genetically weakly

developed (skeletal

silicate soil), up to

developed brown soils

(with layer of litter up

to 12 cm deep).

MII Autochtonous meadow-pasture

association Helleboro serbicae,

with dominant species

Danthonietum calycinae.

Serpentine Browned humuse-silicate

soil

MIII Artificial plantings of Pinus nigra,

17 years old, 3000 plants per

hectare, canopy 40.3-71.9%.

Serpentine From initial phase of soil on

serpentine up to

skeletal brown soil in

depressions.

Forest cover, geology and soil conditions on

experimental watersheds

0

50

100

150

200

250

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

MI

MII

MIII

T [days]

Year

Duration of runoff on micro-watersheds

0

5

10

15

20

25

1978 1980 1982 1984 1986 1988 1990 1992 1994 1996 1998

MI

MII

MIII

Vaona IV

l.s

-1.km

-2

year

Specific runoff on micro-watersheds

0

0.02

0.04

0.06

0.08

0.1

0.12

0.14

0.16

0 10 20 30 40 50 60

MI

MII

MIII

Q [m3.

s-1

]

T [h]

Qmax(MI)= 0.047 m3.s

-1

Qmax(MIII)= 0.102 m3.s

-1

Qmax(MII)= 0.138 m3.s

-1

Hydrographs of maximal discharges on experimental

watersheds (MI, MII, MIII)

0

20

40

60

80

100

120

140

160

V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Ic1

Ic2

Ic3

Ic [mm]

Measuring points: 1, 2, 3

species: Abies alba

Monthly values of interception at measuring points 1, 2, 3

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

Ic [mm]

Pb [mm]

Ic=0.646 Pb0.932

R=0.939

Measuring points: 1, 2 i 3

species: Abies alba

Relation between interception and total precipitation

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X V VI VII VIII IX X

1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997

Ic4

Ic5

Ic [mm]

Measuring points: 4, 5

species: Fagus moesiaca

Monthly values of interception at measuring points 4, 5

1

10

100

1000

1 10 100 1000

Ic=0.498 Pb0.788

R=0.827

Ic [mm]

Pb [mm]

Measuring points: 4, 5

species: Fagus moesiaca

Relation between interception and total precipitation

DOMINANT NATURAL HAZARDS IN

SERBIA

Torrential floods

Destructive erosion processes

Landslides

Forest fires

• Serbia doesn’t have practice standards like BMPs

• Public Enterprises “‘Serbian Forests” and“Vojvodina Forests” don’t have experts for erosioncontrol works in official scheme of workingpositions.

Serbian Experiences in Conflicts between Forestry and

Erosion Control

• In the period from 2006 to 2013 a historically low

level of funding of erosion control works was

recorded, with annual funding ranging from 0,101-

0,822 euros, although annual needs amount to about

30 million euros (Ministry of Agriculture and

Environment Protection, Department for Water).

• in the same time Department for Forestry didn’t

support any kind of erosion control works

CONCLUSIONS

Generally, forest vegetation intensifies processes of

transpiration and interception, but decreases loss of water

by evaporation. Also, influences on development of soil

layer and especially on its infiltration capacity.

Duration of runoff is longer on stands with developed

forest cover. Values of specific runoff decrease on stands

with quality forest cover and soil, because of high

retention, same as maximal discharges. Interception

depends on total precipitation, kind of trees, shape and

density of the crown, position in the stand and age.

Type of forest management, and especially silvicultural

measures strongly influences on sediment production and

discharge.

• Integrated management in torrential watersheds

encompasses technical works in a hydrographic network

and soil bioengineering works on the slopes, protective

forest measure on slopes, within a precisely defined social,

administrative and spatial framework

• The main goals of forest management from the aspect of

prevention of natural hazards are: to achieve maximum

security for people and their property; to be complementary

with other demands such as environmental protection,

sustainable soil usage, drinking water supply, local

economic development, biodiversity sustaining and

mitigation of climate changes effects, etc.

CONCLUSIONS

Thank you for your attention!