Ruqia Bibi Thesis Final

7/30/2019 Ruqia Bibi Thesis Final

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CHAPTER-1

Introduction

Unemployment is one of the most developmental issues that every developing economy

is facing in the recent century. International statistics reflects that industrial and service workers

living in developing areas faces account for about two-thirds of the unemployed. (Patterson et al,

2006).

Economically passive people are those who do not fulfill the definitions of employment

or unemployment. They are people who do not actively participate in the labour market because

they are unable to find a job. Inactivity rates can be very different for men and women for a wide

range of factors. These consists the economic climate, social and cultural norms, legislation and

education have just some point no farther more explanation (ILO, 2007).

Economists have long debates on causes and consequences of unemployment. On one

hand unemployment is a symbol of market letdown that causes some workers to be unwillingly

prevented from working. On the other hand, unemployment is a form of disguised rest a period

when labor is voluntarily moved to more efficient uses. Time use and subjective well-being data

provide a new gap on the lives of the unemployed. How much time do unemployed workers

spend searching for a job? How much time do they spend in leisure activities and home

production? How do they feel about their daily activities and their lives (Krueger and Mueller

2008).

Men and women are pillars of society, without their equal participation in all spheres of

life no society can progress properly. As far as the capabilities of women are concerned, they arenot less than men. From the stone age, women have been equally participating in socio-economic

life with men but women labour force participation (LFP) has not given the same consideration

as mens work have received. The status of women is as second-class citizen which is reinforced

by the less vocational opportunities available to them. Their contribution remains invisible as

most of them have to work in the unorganized and informal sector which includes all kinds of1


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work, such as casual frame work, labour in family enterprises and private crafts, private schools

or unskilled labour in houses (Sadaquat and Sheikh, 2011).

From the few past years, unemployment among rural women in developing countries is

very serious problem. The national policy makers of these countries give high attention to this

problem. Rural women play a key role in daily reproductive tasks, income generating activities

and agriculture etc. In developing countries, however, these women are less likely to realize their

status to make their lives better for themselves, for families and for communities because it is the

fact that they are given less value of their contributions. In this regard, participation of rural

women in productive tasks support is an appropriate mean for empowering them and reduction

their unemployment (Aazami et al. 2011).

The empowerment of women is very important for human development and international

community has been constantly stressing upon womens participation in different codes of life.

Prior to look into the impact of women empowerment, womens empowerment means the

provision of right to women to forward their say in important decisions and ensure bias-free

access to resources. International Conference on Population and Development (ICPD)1994 has

taken into consideration the womens empowerment from various angles and given five

situations where any one can lead to empowering a woman: (a) womens sense of self-growth (b)

their right to have and to determine choices (c) their right to have an access to opportunities and

resources (d) their right to have the power to control their lives both inside and outside the home

and (e) their ability to influence the direction of social change to create more social and

economic order (Muhammad et al. 2010).

There are huge differences in women unemployment with reference to gender. Cultural

attitudes towards gender play important role for employment in developed countries. Cultural

norms and cultural values restrict women for job that is why in South Africa young women had

lower employment and lower participation in labour force as compare to males. Their lower

employment and lower participation rate in labour force is the outcome of their limited access to

education as compare to male. However, institutional policies and structural characteristics are

also very important. Attitude towards women independence has a significant importance in

social life but it do not play important role in explaining the employment rate of the women. A

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disadvantage for girls is that they have limited access to education which limits their visions for

jobs. Many other factors like culture, socio-economic conditions and institutional structure as

well as reputation are main factor for women employment (Anonymous, 2005; Giavazziet

al.2009).

The rate of unemployment in Pakistan can be measured by the help of Labor Force

Survey conducted by the Federal Bureau of Statistics in 2000. According to the survey, the

unemployment has shown an increase from 5.9% in 1998 to 7.8% in 2000. This increase has

been observed for both males and females. Females are more unemployed (17.3 %) as compared

to males (6.1%) (Govt. of Pakistan, 2000).

Unemployment is enforced idleness of wage earner who is able and willing to work but

cannot find jobs. In societies like Pakistan where most people earn their living only by working

for others being unable to find a job is a serious problem. In Pakistan population pressure lower

the economic growth rate and resulting in poor or slow growth of country economy. According

to the survey report the rate of unemployment in 1998 was 5.50 percent which increased to 7.82

percent by the year 2003. Thus the rate of unemployment in rural areas was 5 percent which

increased to 69.4 percent, while the rate of unemployment in urban area was than 9 percent

which increased to 9.9 percent by 2003. In Pakistan 50 percent of our population is consisting of

women who are treated as out of the work force. Unemployment in Pakistan is increasing due toi.e. (i) rapid population growth (ii) education system in Pakistan (iii) pressure on one industry,

but if these things can be checked then unemployment rate can automatically come down

(Nayyab Blog, 2010).

The Federal Bureau of Statistics released the Pakistan Labour Force Survey 2011 on

Monday, which shows the unemployment rate rising to 6% in July 2011, compared to 5.6% a

year ago. The size of the total workforce was 57.3 million. The total number of unemployed rose

by 280,000 people during the past year to 3.4 million. Unemployment for women, for example,

declined from 9.5% last year to 8.9% this year. The corresponding figures for men rose from

4.4% to 5.1%. In absolute terms, the number of unemployed women decreased to 1.18 million

from 1.21 million. The number of jobless men increased to 2.22 million from 1.91 million. The

rise of employment opportunities is a welcome sign in a country that has historically had cultural

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differencesagainst female participation in the workforce. Unemployment in rural areas declined

from 4.8% to 4.7%, a reflection of strong growth in agricultural commodity prices and consistent

government support for several crops such as wheat. Urban areas, meanwhile, saw

unemployment rise to 8.8%, from 7.2% last year, as the energy crisis continues to cripple most

businesses in cities and towns with rising costs, forcing them to lay off people or slow their

hiring plans (Rana, 2011).

According to Gilani Research Foundation unemployment has increased in the last few

years in Pakistan. It is caused not only because of poor economic condition of the country but is

also a result of the present culture of nepotism (Sifarish) for employment inPakistan. Tradition of

late marriages and migration to other countryfor jobs are also affecting factors for unemployment

in Pakistani society (Haque, 2009).

In various countries the unemployment graph accounted for age specification reveals a U

shaped pattern high unemployment in the initial stages or among youth category, a moderate

trend for the middle age group people and again highly intensive among old. The recent

government programmes have contributed to a high degree in confiscating the child labour by

launching the educational campaigns rigorously and by increasing the enrolments at primary

levels especially in urban areas. This policy of promoting the education has limited the variance

of unemployment rate to reasonable extent on the part of males but on part of females theconventional and traditional norms are still strong enough to impede the way of females from

coming out of this hall. These distributional impacts for the economy of Pakistan which clearly

testifies that among the young age group unemployment rate has been higher as compare to old

women (Qayyum, 2007).

The status of women in Pakistan is not homogenous because of the interconnection of

gender with other forms of exclusion in the society. There is considerable diversity in the status

of women across classes, regions, and the rural/urban divide due to uneven socioeconomic

development and the impact of tribal, feudal and capitalist social formations on womens lives.

However, womens situation vis--vis men are one of systemic subordination, determined by the

forces of patriarchy across classes, regions, and the rural/urban divide. Gender is one of the

organizing principles of Pakistani community. Patriarchal values embedded in local traditions

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and cultures predetermine the social value of gender. An artificial divide between production and

reproduction, created by the ideology of sexual division of labor, has placed women in

reproductive roles as mothers and wives in the private arena of home and men in a productive

role as breadwinners in the public arena. This has led to a low level of resource investment in

women by the family and the State. Thus, low investment in womens human capital,

compounded by the ideology of purdah(literally veiled), negative social biases, and cultural

practices. The concept of honor linked with womens sexuality restrictions on womens mobility

and the internalization of patriarchy by women themselves becomes the basis for gender

discrimination and disparities in all fields of life (Govt. of Pakistan, 2001).

Women of Pakistan are structured by harsh religious, family and tribal customs.

Pakistanis have wrong interpretation of Islamic teaching about female regarding their rights and

duties and these wrong interpretation presents women as needing for protection which lead to

their ultimate physical, mental and emotional oppression. Women in Pakistan are facing many

forms of discrimination and unfairness in almost every phase of life. So, they live in an

atmosphere of fear and their lives are guaranteed in exchange for obedience to social norms,

values, customs and traditions. This fear is imposed by the traditional beliefs of male dominated

society, so women are also facing different types of problems in their life because of male

dominated thought (Babur, 2007).

Women in Pakistan participate fully in economic activities in the productive and

reproductive sphere. According to the 19901991 PIHS, more than three fourths of the

economically active women in urban areas are employed in the informal sector. The job

opportunities available to them only in the informal sector intensify womens exploitation, and

standard labor legislation or legal protective measures do not cover their vulnerability. Women

workers in the informal sector, especially home-based piece rate workers, work longer hours for

low wages under conditions of job insecurity. (Govt. of Pakistan, 2001).

Pakistani women face a number of challenges when seeking work in specific economic

sectors. They also face difficulties finding work that is not vulnerable employment and has

decent working conditions. Working women are especially overrepresented in the agriculture

sector with more than two thirds (67.6 per cent in 2008) of the female labour force working in

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the sector. This is 5.4 percentage points higher than in 2000. Women who manage to find

employment in non-agricultural sectors mainly work in the informal economy (71.7 per cent in

2008). Moreover, the majority of employed women is classified as at risk of lacking decent

work or in other words are vulnerable, since they are working as contributing family or own

account workers. Both status groups are likely to be characterized by insecure employment

arrangements, low earnings and low productivity (Govt. of Pakistan, 2009).

A major problem that Pakistan faces is the growing level of unemployment among

educated youth. For increasing number of graduates, it becomes more difficult to find adequate

employment and satisfactory ways of supporting themselves financially and meeting their job

exceptions. On unemployment, it says that despite a discernible fall in the interdental growth

rate, population pressures continue to impact negatively on the employment (Mahmood et al.

2011)

Women population in Pakistan is more than half and lives in patriarchal family system in

which husband or father as family head caused to female suppression. In developing societies,

like Pakistan where male is dominated, majority of women have no decision making rights and

on choices regarding their marriage. There are many cultural barriers and traditional restrictions

for women regarding employment in rural areas of Pakistan (Ali et al. 2010).

Gender disparities especially in rural areas interrupted each development strategy

throughout the globe. Women encompass half of worlds population yet they have been

struggling for decent living. The state of gender related issues in developing countries is over

deplorable. Lower ratio of women participation in workforce is a vital factor determining the

level of employment among women. The situation is even worse in certain remote and deprived

areas. The rural area of D. G. Khan has lack of basic social and industrial infrastructure that

restricts the economic activity. It is now globally admitted that without active participation of

women in economic developmental strategy, the dream of development could not be unleashed.

Therefore current study will inquire about causes and consequences of national women

unemployment.

Keeping in view all these points the main objectives of current study are fallowing:

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Objectives:

To investigate about the socio economic characteristics of respondents.

To identify the socio economic and cultural factors associated with women

unemployment and their consequences an rural women.

To suggest appropriate policy measures for improving the state of employment among

rural women in Tehsil D.G. Khan.

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CHAPTER-2

Review of Literature

Review of the previous literature and work done in the field provides a guideline in

designing the scientific studies through the identification of the weakness of the previous studies.

It highlights the findings of related studies and eliminates the possibility of unnecessary

duplication of efforts.

Evans (1998) stated that the fall in average unemployment in Britain between its peaks in

1984 and 1993 is totally accounted for by a decrease in female unemployment. This remarkable

betterment is linked with a fall in their inflow rate, is focused among women with young

children, and is equally spread across all skill groups. Having discounted temporary demand-side

explanations for these trends, he discussed that improvements in the provision of workplace

assistance to mothers returning to work after childbirth have decreased the labour market

frictions related with the presence of young children. That may be seen as a fall in the natural

rate of unemployment.

United Nations (1999) supported the practice of womens paid employment in

overthrowing the perception of women to be non-economic asset for families; rather their

employment stands contributory in furnishing opportunity for making investment, educating girls

and facilitating health. In Pakistan, the womens empowerment has taken a serious shape making

the population into two vivid camps the opposing and supporting.

Azid et al. (2001) have studied the factors influencing female participation in cottage

industry of Pakistan. The main objective of the study is to analyze the economic behavior of the

female workers involved in the business of embroidery. The study has concluded that number of

the children, age of the females, education, poverty status have a positive and significant impact

on female economic activities. Results shows that many factors i.e. number of children and loweducation were the main cause of unemployment in the sampled area.

Tansel (2001) reported that recently, several researchers hypothesized that female labor

force participation rate reflects during the process of economic development. The results confirm

female employment had the impact of economic development. Further, unemployment had a

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considerable discouraging effect on female labor force participation while the impact of

education was strongly positive. The hidden unemployment calculations show that urban female

unemployment rate is underestimated and the discouraged-worker effect for women is

substantial.

Zia et al. (2002) investigated the socio-economic characteristics of women workers. They

studied different economic activities of women workers, their characteristics regarding their level

of participation and problems faced by rural factory working women. Rural working women

compelled to seek job in factories due to low family income, low education and lack of other job

opportunities like teaching, nursing and health workers. Females were unaware to their rights so

they were unable to stand for their rights. Lack of information and knowledge induced those

towards unemployment.

Naqvi and Shahnaz (2002) have examined the effects of various demographic, socio-

economic and human capital-related factors on women participation in economic activities. They

have used cross-sectional data from Pakistan Integrated Household Survey (1998-1999) for the

age group of 15-49 years. The probit and multinomial legit model has been used to estimate the

parameters. The probit estimates shows that marital status, primary education, number of

children and female head of households are inversely related with womens participation in

economic activities.

Kongolo and Bamgose (2002) analyzed that lack of information, resources and

government assistance, lack of education, cultural values and discrimination against rural women

were the most important factors of unemployment in rural areas. Further inferences can be drawn

in relation to the age structure of respondents that it has impacted negatively on rural women

participation, mostly for those in the category of 65 years and above. This study also found that

each studied has its own distinct characteristics and especial problems, based on geographical

location, status of respondents, educational background, occupation and age structure. So this

effect important to understand that what could be applied as a solution to one settlement could

not be applied to another.

Micevska (2004) researched about unemployment and labor market rigidities in

Southeast Europe. He found that there were many reasons for unemployment especially for

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women and youth in South-east Europe and one of them is governmental policies. He found that

after significant liberalization efforts South-east countries had made flexiblelegislation about

permanent employment while still had relatively strict legislation on temporary jobs which is a

real cause of unemployment in South-east European countries. So women and youth were also

affected by those strict legislation policies of South-east European countries about temporary

employment.

Ludemann et al. (2005) estimated that during the past 25 year the unemployment rate in

West Germany was increased dramatically. They studied the unemployed persons aged 26 to 41

and found macro and micro different relationship of social economic variables with

unemployment duration. Government policy had affected the unemployment rate of Germany.

They found that educational degree had micro level effect on unemployment duration.

Unemployment duration affected both type of individual male and female and married females

suffered more as compare to unmarried females. Because married female faced much more

financial problems as compare to unmarried female. They also suggested that the problem of

unemployment can be solving if we study the history of unemployment.

Tasci and Tansel (2005) found that females in urban area had higher unemployment ratio

than urban men because they had lower chance for job and still remained the problem of

employment for unemployment. Unemployment ratio was higher among unmarried men andwomen as compare to married persons. They also found that there were more chances to attain a

job for young individuals who had miss the job as compare to older individuals. So older avoid

to loss the job.

Zachariah and Rajan (2005) stated that demographic characteristics are also effect the

employment rate of any country. They studied socio-demographic characteristics (age, sex,

marital status, education, religion and society) of unemployment of Kerala. For their study, they

used the data of year 1998 and 2003 and found that in both years, demographic characteristics

(age, sex, marital status, education, religion and society) had effect on the employment rate of

Kerala. They also suggested that to reduce unemployment rate, policy makers should develop

their policies according to demographic change of their country.

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Nasir (2005) found that there were several possible explanations for the fact that

educational attainment levels of inactive females are relatively high. Analyses of labour market

indicators such as status in employment and employment by sector point at persisting labour

market imbalances between men and women. He also found that the occupational distribution of

the employed disaggregated by sex. In other words, women who are qualified for a certain type

of jobs may face hurdles which prevent them from obtaining such. The empirical results show

that individuals with high educational achievements choose high-ranking jobs. It is also noted

that gender has a role in the labour market and males are sorted out in high-paying occupation.

Professional choice is affected more by the human capital variables than by the individual

characteristics. Among human capital variables, education has the strongest impact in the

selection of an occupation of choice.

Patricia (2006) investigated the causes and effects of unemployment and its impact on

development in South Africas village Tshiheni. She discussed the psychological, Socio-

economic and health associated that any factors unemployed person had to faced. Majority of the

unemployed were 21 to 30 years old and most of them were females. Main causes of

unemployment were non-availability of jobs, followed by retrenchments and lack of skill or

education. Unemployment has negative effect on social relationship. Majority of unemployed

were not self-employed but depend on families and child grants for support.

Van and Buchel (2006) stated that the regional structure effect on both females those are

willing or unwilling because they have no access to the labour markeet. Special permission was

granted to link regional data to individual respondents in the German Socio-Economic Panel

(GSOEP). Results of a bivariate probit model correcting for sample selection show that high

regional unemployment discourages women from entering the labour market. Those willing to

work find it easier to do so if they live in areas with low regional female unemployment rates, at

a short distance from the next accumulation, and for mothers with a high density of childcare

provision.

Babur (2007) found that lacks of education economic opportunities, potential of work are

important factors for women job. Social setting in Pakistan is divided into two spheres. The

internal household job is associated with women. Women do all type of household chores while

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men do all the work outside the house. This bounding is strictly observed in Pakistan. The

second main cause of high unemployment is purdah observation. That restricts women to do

public jobs. They are mostly bound to apply for specific jobs. Thats why employment rate

among female is very low.

Wasim et al. (2008) reported that due to low literacy rate in rural areas, women as

working populations are mostly involve in agriculture, forestry, hunting, fishing. The available

evidence shows that the womens participation in the total labor force (rural and urban) is very

low and a vast majority of them are engaged in agricultural operations and all these are unpaid

work. Women receive no material advantages and totally depend upon the male. Regularity of

employment is compulsory for better economic condition of women workers and increase

regularity of employment will provide them income stability.

Hussain (2008) stated that always Pakistani women have experienced disadvantages by

men of the same status. Historically socio-cultural factors have restricted the entrance of most

females in job market. The society of Karachi is comprised of different social classes and female

participation can be found in every work of life. Highly qualified females are involved in white-

collar management, administrative, creative and educational posts. Women, who are lower status

working, are fighting for survival. So the education is important factor for unemployment.

Akintoye (2008) stated that the unemployment among females as one of the largest

problems could be decrease through the informal sector participation. The informal sector in

itself may not be able to get much as we have presently due to inaccessibility to credit, but with

the on-going policy of the Federal Government through the Central Bank of Nigeria on micro-

financing the macroeconomic objective of reduced unemployment, if not full employment will

become a fact in Nigeria. The microfinance policy had empowered the many microfinance

institutions to provide credit to the informal sector. He therefore advised that the Nigerian

Government and all related stakeholders continue in their quest towards decreasing

unemployment while they give their undivided support, in making sure that the informal sector

continues to enjoy access to credit to finance its activities and complete its goal of

unemployment reduction. Nevertheless, there can be a number of reason why people do not

actively search for a job either because they feel that no work is available for them or because

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such persons have fractioned labour mobility, face discrimination or structural, social or cultural

barriers. These are the so-called discouraged workers, the majority of which are mostly women.

Govt. of Pakistan (2008) reported that inactivity rates for men are very low compared to

women and have not changed over time. This is, to a certain extent, positive in that it shows men

do not face the same difficulties as women in participating in the labour market. But, at the same

time, it reflects the lack of better alternatives for them. Low inactivity rates bring that men are

very likely to take any job they can get in order to maintain at least a subsistence level of support

for their families. Especially for young men, labour force participation is necessary to survive

and too often not a matter of choice.

Govt. of Pakistan (2009) mentioned that in 2008, women in Pakistan had a much higher

likelihood of being unemployed compared to men. The female unemployment rate stood at 8.7

percent, which was more than double as high as the male rate of 4.0 per cent. Nevertheless,

female unemployment could be halved during the last decade from 15.8 per cent to 8.7 per cent.

The difficulty of finding work is even more pronounced for young women between the age of 15

and 24, with 10.5 percent of them available on the job market but not employed, in 2008.

Chaudhry and Nosheen (2009) analyzed the determinants of women empowerment in

Southern Punjab of Pakistan. Considering multidimensional nature of women empowerment,

writers estimated the collective index for women using four indices, i.e. personal autonomy,

family decision making, domestic economic decisions, and political autonomy. The results

demonstrated that women empowerment is considerably influenced by education, access to

media, socio-cultural norms of the community, job of women and household participation rate.

The major stress of this study was on the women empowerment in terms of their participation in

household economic activities. So above discussed hurdles was the main cause of unemployment

among females.

Mwakaje (2010) stated that approximately 30% of the worlds households were headed

by women and it was widely agreed that women-headed households were more common in

urban than in rural areas. He found that on gender and socio-economic matter reveal high

imbalance. This study checked gender differences with regard to access to socio-economic

services in unplanned and un-serviced areas of the Dares Salaam City. Data were collected from

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1,182 sample households selected randomly. Results showed that un-necessary difference in

incomes and access to socio-economic services, although women headed households were

slightly less accessed than men respondents in accessing socio-economic services.

Addison and Ozturk (2010) concluded that during 1970-2008 the wages are minimized

regularly in 16 members, countries of Organizations for Economic Cooperation and Developed

(OECD). It has been examined that from a long time, organizations pay minimum wages to early

age females. It has been seen that there is a great variation between the government policies and

enforcement of these policies in institutions regarding of employee wages. Results indicate that

early age females have lower participation in organization due to lower wages.

Muhammad et al. (2010) examined the impact of urban womens empowerment on the

socio-economic conditions on family level. Two residential phases of Hayatabad in Peshawar

city such as Phase-I and Phase-V were selected as universe of the study. First, the empowered

women were identified in the sample areas and then from amongst them 80 were interviewed

under purposive sampling technique through questionnaire. The research study found that

empowered or working women played an important role in supporting their family budget; they

took part in all kinds of decision-making related to family affairs.They observed no gender

discrimination in health and education of their children; their children got better education and

developed better personality traits such as self-confidence, manners and permissiveness. Thestudy recommends for the educated status of the rural community to extend the practice of

empowering women for the sake of their improved standard of living. So it is clear that the

empower or working women had impact on family budget, decision making as compare to

unemployed women.

Bbaale and Mpuga (2011) suggested that to increase the numbers of women in the labor

force in general and wages in particular for them, we have to provide about secondary level

education to women because higher education increase the female participation in labor force

and enhance the wages rate. The government program to spread free education at the secondary

level is a good start but needs to be more struggles for better results. There should be the

involvement of all stakeholders especially donors with campaigns and resource allocations to

facilitate females to get beyond secondary level education.

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Kyei and Gyekye (2011) concluded that the employment is one of the main prosperity

indicators of any nation. Any prominent changes in employment will subsequently affect the

living standard of people especially female. South Africa passing through high unemployment

rates, with the official unemployment rate from 15% in 1995, 30.3 % in 2001 and currently 29

%. Most of the Limpopo population lives in rural areas and have no satisfactory condition for

rural dweller especially rural females in the South. Gender, age status, race or less schooling

influence the unemployment in South Africa.

Khodamoradi and Abedi (2011) stated that the women form great part of total workforce

that needed for agriculture part at universe, as one of the intangible factors at agriculture

economy. So, the statistics that was represented in relation to extent of womens activity was

very lower than actual extent. Because in this statistics, mostly, seasonal jobs, part time job, no

wage job and their housekeeping activities, were not noticed. Rural women have different roles

and duties such asmother, crops producer, participate at ranching activities, planting,

maintaining, harvesting, processing, marketing and preparing food. So females household

activities affected their economic activities. Rural women maybe venturing to culture cash

products, while cultivating subsistence products and if they have no farm land, they have to work

for others instead receiving wage. They can consider such women as agriculture producers

production expert and even in some case as policy maker. Other than activity at agriculture field,

womens participation at rural development was crucial and is considered in order to supply

suitable and needed food.

Mahmood et al. (2011) identified the primary causes of unemployment among the

educated segments in Peshawar Division of Pakistan. A sample of 442 individuals was checked

to reach at best possible results about the basic causes of unemployment in the educated

atmosphere ofPeshawar Division. Based on the analysis 63.8% educated people viewed that the

high growth rate of population increases unemployment among educated segments. The

Population growth in Pakistan is currently registered at an annual rate of 2.1% which is one of

the highest in the world. The serious situation of population growth suggests that rapid measures

should be adopted. In each home about 64% of the females are dependent and 36% of the males

are dependent. The proportion of females is comparatively higher than males because females

are less educated and to our social set up they are not allowed to do jobs. According to the

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research analysis, 68% males and 32% of females are employed showing that the percentage of

overall employment is comparatively lower than developed countries.

Sadaquat and Sheikh (2011) they found out men and women are most important for the

stability of society without them society cannot stable or progress properly. In Pakistan low

participation of females work due to their cultural, Traditional values, religious and

environmental system. In Pakistani society mostly women are suffering from market

discrimination. They face the problem of low paid, low status job. Mostly women are attached

with unorganized sectors these sectors cannot provide secure jobs. Mostly women are known for

low level of productivity less income stability and low security of employment due to their dual

role at home and workplace. So rate of unemployment is very high among women as compared

to male in both urban and rural area there are two main prominent factors that plays a vital role

in unemployment among women.(1) Females literacy rate is very low as compared to men. (2)

Sociocultural norms continue to strengthen the gender discrimination. Government, non-

governmental organizations and progressive political parties should concentrate on the education

of women if they want to increase the status of women in Pakistan by implementing special

schemes and programmes.

Past research reports and articles on the causes and consequences of female

unemployment showed some important factors of this research issue. The area of the determinantand consequences of unemployed women has wide potentiality for enquiries. Even though

limited sociological research work was undertaken in a systematic way in this field. There is

little study especially on female unemployment in Pakistan. Dera Ghazi Khan is a remote and far

flung area of Punjab province that is located on its boarder and has a heterogamous culture due

to attachment with other provinces. In the research study, an attempt was made to causes and

consequences of unemployment among rural women within socio-cultural aspect of this area.

This study was conducted within limited reviews in order to highlight the research gap and to

develop a conceptual frame and mood.

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CHAPTER 3

MethodologyThe main objective of methodology is to explain the tools and techniques employed for

data collection, analysis and interpretation of data relating to the present study. The method and

techniques of research along with statistical tests and operational definitions of the concepts

being used are briefly described in this chapter. Goldhaber and Nieto (2010) said Scientific

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In order to determine the research workability of the interview schedule, it was pre-tested

on sixteen conveniently selected respondents in Tehsil Dera Ghazi Khan. Based on the results of

pre-testing, some new questions were added and minor modifications were introduced in

questions. The pre-testing cases were not included in the analysis of data presented in the next

chapter.

Field Experience:

In majority of cases, a lot of time was spent in explaining the purpose of research to the

respondents, as they were suspicious of purpose of such data collection. The researcher herself

conducted the interview. Respondents were individually interviewed. Some difficulties were

faced during interviewing. Majority of them understood that the information being collected by a

government department and news reporter and because of this they did not cooperate. However,

the doubts mistakes were removed by explaining them that the information collected would be

used only for educational purposes.

Sampling:

Time and cost are usually limited factors in social research. It is therefore more emotional

and efficient to base studies on sample rather than to study the entire universe (Good and Hatt,

1952).

According to District administration there are 41 union councils in Tehsil Dera Ghazi

Khan. Seven union councils belong to urban area and 34 union councils belong to rural areas.

Out of these thirty four rural union councils four rural union councils (GadaiGarbi, Paigan Thana

Darahama and Chit Sarkani) were selected through simple random sampling technique and

from these union councils a sample of 120 respondents was selected through convenient

sampling technique.

Coding:

After editing the interviewing schedule, a coding sheet was prepared to convert

qualitative data into quantitative form.

Conceptualization:

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It is defined as certain scientific terminologies within research framework in order to

clearly communicate the meaning to the readers. Concepts are the abstracts used by the scientists

as building block for the development of propositions and theories, which explain and predict

phenomenon. In social sciences, conceptualization is much more difficult as compare to any

other discipline because the same concepts sometimes used with different meanings by different

researchers. Therefore, defining the concepts used in study operationalized as follow:

Socio-economic status:

Socio-economic status is a complex concept. It refers to the social standing of the

individual in the society to which he belongs. The socio-economic status has been defined as A

comparison of index of socio-economic status, as it is a complex of attitudes that are

interrelated, but do not from a single dimension, and thus should not be measured directly as atotality. Therefore, socio-economic status includes a number of factors and each factor further

has several indices; every society according to its norms and values determines socio-economic

status of a person. The socio-economic status of the parents influences the attitude, aspirations

and other attributes of personality of their children.

The indicators of socio-economic status are:

1. Age

2. Family type3. Respondents education level

4. Marital status

5. Occupation

Age:

Age is an important characteristic of human being and attitudes vary considerably with

the age. In the present study age was defined as total number of years completed by the

respondents since their birth to the time of interview. The information collected about the age of

respondents were categorized as under:

a) 16-20 years

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b) 21-25 years

c) 26-30 years

d) 31-35 years

e) 36-40 years

f) 41-45 f)

g) 41-45 years

h) 46 years and above 46

Family type:

Family is a group of intimate people emotionally involved and related weather by blood,

marriage or adoption, responsible for the production and rearing, living together.

There are three major types of family discussed in this study:

a) Nuclear

b) Joint

c) Extended

Education:

Education is one of the most important factors for variation in a knowledge, attitude and

prestige of an individual. Education is meant for the formal and informal year of schooling by

the respondents in educational institutes like school or any other religious institute. Education

categorized as under:

a) Illiterate

b) Primary

c) Middle

d) Matric

e) Intermediate

f) Above graduation

Occupation:

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Occupation may be defined as the activity with a market value which an individual

continually pursuer which an individual, continually pursuer for the purpose of obtaining a

steady flow of income.

a) Non occupation

b) Private job

c) Agriculture

d) Business

e) Labour (daily wages)

f) Govt job

g) Any other

Marital status:

A demographic parameter indicating a person's status with respect to marriage, divorce,

widowhood, singleness, etc.

a) Single

b) Married

c) Widow

d) Divorced

e) Separated

Rural Area:

Roldfield and Goss (1977) in their classical work on the Little Community

differentiated between what they called the urban and the rural area. They identified minimum

social characteristics of rural areas and concluded that all societies that exhibit social

characteristics that differ from such are urban areas. They therefore described the rural area as a

society that is small, isolated, less-literate and homogeneous with a strong sense of group

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solidarity. According to Fasoranti (2008), the ways of living are conventionalized into coherent

system, which is called culture; behavior is traditional, spontaneous, uncritical and personal.

Unemployment:

Unemployment is a state when a woman is able and willing to do work but cannot find

work at current wage level.

Analysis of Data:

The collected data was analyzed through statistical technique. The following statistical

techniques were used in the present study.

Percentage:

For the simple analysis of data, percentage test was applied as a statistical

technique. The formula for calculating the percentage is as under:

P=F/N*100

Where

F = Frequency of desired class

N= Total no of frequencies

P= Percentage

Chi-Square Test:

To test the significance of association between independent and dependent variables, chi-

square test was used. The formula for chi-square is as under:

(O-E) 2

X2 = --------------------------

E

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Where

O = Observed frequency

E = Expected frequency

= Some of observations

Gamma statistics:

Gamma statistics was applied to ascertain the relation between certain independents and

dependent variables. The Gamma was calculated with the following formula.

NS-ND

Gamma = _____________NS+ND

Where

NS = same order pairs ND = Different order

CHAPTER-IV

Results and Discussion

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The purpose of this chapter is to present analysis and interpretation of data relating to the

research problems under investigation. This chapter has been divided into two parts, Part A and

Part B.

Part-A (Uni-variate analysis) deals with the analysis of the respondents socio-economiccharacteristics of the opinion about the causes and consequences of unemployment.

Part-B deals with bivariate analysis showing relationship among various socio-economic

characteristics and their opinion about the causes and consequences of unemployment.

Age

Age is an important factor in determining the behavior of the being. It indicates the ability to do

work and attitude of person towards various social and economic aspect of life. Age refers to the

number of years completed by an individual since his birth. Age factor is very important to

influence ones behavior+ it widens the vision of an individual through experience. The

respondents were asked their age and data in this regard are presented in (Table 01).

Table 1 shows that a major proportion i.e., 36.7 percent of the respondents had 16-20

years of age, while 18.3 percent of them had 21-25 years of age, 14.2 percent of them had 26-30

years of age and 13.3 percent of them had 31-35 years of age. Whereas 7.5 percent of the

respondents had 36-40 years of age, 5.8 percent of them had 41-45 years and remaining 4.2

percent of them had 46 and above years of age. So majority of the respondents (about 70%)

belonged to young age groups.

Similar findings were found by Patricia (2006). Majority of the unemployed were 21 to

30 years old and most of them were females. Main causes of unemployment were non-

availability of jobs, followed by retrenchments and lack of skill or education. Unemployment has

negative effect on social relationship. Majority of unemployed were not self-employed but

depend on families and child grants for support.

Similar findings were found by Govt. of Pakistan (2011). It was found that the impact of

changing age compositions has already occurred because of the gradual fertility decline that has

been underway in Pakistan since the late 1980s and early 1990s.

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A way of looking at the changes in age structure is to examine dependency ratios,

i.e., the ratio of persons under 15 and over 64 to persons between 15 and 64. This ratio

is an indication of how much of the young population is increasing and that of old is decreasing.

Table1: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their age.

Age of the respondents Frequency Percentage

16-20 44 36.7

21-25 22 18.3

26-30 17 14.2

31-35 16 13.3

35-40 9 7.5

41-45 7 5.8

46 & Above 5 4.2

Total 120 100.0

Education

Education can be defined as the process of developing knowledge, wisdom and other desirable

qualities of mind, character and general competency, epically by the source of formal instruction.

It is generally admitted that without education it is pretty difficult to produce good results in

every sphere of life. Literacy in Pakistan rose from 42 to 52 percent between 2002 and 2006, net

primary enrollment rates increased from 42 to 52 percent. After data analysis it is found that the

literacy level is also high in the selected areas. Almost 31 percent were bachelor and 28.3 percent

of them had education at master level. So, it was concluded people had more perception about

the impact of power outages in D. G. Khan city.

Table2: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their education.

Education of the

respondents

Frequency Percentage

Illiterate 51 42.5

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Primary 24 20.0

Middle 22 18.3

Matric 11 9.2

Inter 8 6.7

Graduation & Above 4 3.3

Total 120 100.0

Table 2 presents the educational status of the respondents. It indicates that a major

proportion i.e., 42.5 percent of the respondents illiterate, while about one-fifth i.e., 20.0 percentof them were primary and 18.3 percent of them middle passed. About 9.2 percent of the

respondents were matriculated, 6.3 percent of them intermediate and only 3.3 percent of the

respondents had graduation and above level. So literacy rate was low in the selected area.

According to the Govt. of Pakistan (2011) stated that the latest Pakistan Social and

Living Standards Measurement (PSLM) Survey 2008-09, the overall literacy rate (age 10 years

and above) is 57% (69% for male and 45% for female) compared to 56% (69% for male

and 45% for female) compared to 56% (69% for male and 44% for female) for 2007-

08. So above results varied to Govt. of Pakistan (2011).

Table3: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their marital status.

Marital status of the

respondents


Single 33 27.5

Married 81 67.5

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Widow 4 3.3

Separated 2 1.7

Total 120 100.0

Table 3 depicts that 27.5 percent of the respondents single, while a majority i.e., 67.5

percent of them married, 3.3 percent of them widowed and only 1.7 percent of the respondents

separated.

Table 4 shows that only 9.2 percent of the respondents had no child, while 12.5 percent

of them had 1-2 children, 17.5 percent of them had 3-4 children and 23.3 percent of them had 5-6

children. About 10.0 percent of the respondents had 7 and above children and 27.5 percent of the

respondents were unmarried.

According to Ludemann et al. (2005), they found that educational degree had micro level

effect on unemployment duration. Unemployment duration affected both type of individual male

and female and married females suffered more as compare to unmarried females. Because

married female faced much more financial problems as compare to unmarried female. They also

suggested that the problem of unemployment can be solving if we study the history of

unemployment.

Similar results were presented by Govt. of Pakistan (2011), the fertility decline started

around 1988 with a reduction of approximately 2 children per woman in each decade

through 2000 and later years, the subsequent decade 20002009

has seen a slowing of the fertility transition with a fall from 4.8 to about 4.0.

Table4: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their total number of

children.

Number of children Frequency Percentage

No child 11 9.2

1-2 15 12.5

3-4 21 17.5

5-6 28 23.3

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7 & Above 12 10.0

NA (Unmarried) 33 27.5

Total 120 100.0

Table5: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their husbands

occupation.

Husbands occupation Frequency Percentage

No occupation 6 5.0

Private job 13 10.8

Agriculture 12 10.0

Business 8 6.7

Labour 35 29.2

Govt job 7 5.8

NA (Unmarried, Widowedor separated)

39 32.5

Total 120 100.0

Table 5 shows that only 5.0 percent of the respondents husbands were not doing any

type of work, while 10.8 percent of them were doing private job, 10.0 percent of them were

agriculturist and 6.7 percent of the respondents husbands had their own business. About 29.2

percent of the respondents husbands were laborer, 5.8 percent of them were doing private job.

Whereas 32.5 percent of the respondents were not applicable because they were unmarried,

widowed or separated.

According to the Govt. of Pakistan (2011), almost 61 percent population of Pakistan

directly or indirectly dependents on agriculture.

Table6: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their type of family.

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Type of family Frequency Percentage

Nuclear 63 52.5

Joint 51 42.5

Extended 6 5.0

Total 120 100.0

Table 6 indicates that little more than a half i.e., 52.5 percent of the respondents were living in

nuclear family system, 42.5 percent of them were living in joint family system and remaining 5.0

percent of them were living in extended family system.

Above results were not similar to those which found by Mansoor (2008). He found that in

Pakistan, the joint family system is quite usually found. This family system comprises father,

mother, children, grand father and mother, and they live together with their people in the same

family unit

Table7: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their male family

members.

Male family members Frequency Percentage

Up to 2 34 28.3

3-4 53 44.2

5 and above 33 27.5

Total 120 100.0

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Table 7 reveals that 28.3 percent of the respondents had up to 2 male family members,

while most of the respondents i.e., 44.2 percent of them had 3-4 male family members and 27.5

percent of them had 5 and above male family members.

According to Poudel (2006), male members are the economic pillar for a family.

Table8: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their female family

members.

Female family members Frequency Percentage

Up to 2 23 19.2

3-4 49 40.8

5 and above 48 40.0

Total 120 100.0

Table 8 reveals that 19.2 percent of the respondents had up to 2 female family members,

while 40.8 percent of them had 3-4 female family members and 40.0 percent of them had 5 and

above female family members.

Table9: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their total family

members.

Total family members Frequency Percentage

Up to 5 29 24.2

6-10 73 60.8

Above 10 18 15.0

Total 120 100.0

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Table 9 indicates that about one-fourth i.e., 24.2 percent of the respondents had up to 5

family members, while a majority i.e., 60.8 percent of them had 6-10 family members and only

15.0 percent of them had above 10 family members. Data indicates that more than 75%

respondents had more than 6 family members that indicates large family size and joint family

system in the society.

Table10: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their house type.

House type Frequency Percentage

Kacha 28 23.3

Pacca 53 44.2

Semi Pacca 39 32.5

Total 120 100.0

Table 10 reveals that 23.3 percent of the respondents had kacha type house, while a major

proportion i.e., 44.2 percent had pacca type house and about one-third i.e., 32.5 percent of them

had semi pacca type house.

Table11: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their opinion about

prevalence of female unemployment prevailing in D.G.Khan.

Female unemploymentprevailing in D.G.Khan


Strongly agree 16 13.4

Agree 100 83.3

Neutral 4 3.3

Total 120 100.0

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Table 11 indicates that 13.4 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a large

majority i.e., 83.3 percent of them agreed with the statement that female unemployment is

prevailing in D. G. Khan and 3.3 percent of them neutral with this opinion.

While according to Babur (2007), women of Pakistan are structured by harsh religious,

family and tribal customs. Pakistanis have wrong interpretation of Islamic teaching about female

regarding their rights and duties and these wrong interpretations presents women as needing for

protection which lead to their ultimate physical, mental and emotional oppression.

Table 12 indicates that 12.5 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a huge

majority i.e., 82.5 percent of them agreed with the statement that lack of job opportunities for

rural women is the mother cause of enhancing rate of unemployment in D.G. Khan , 2.5 percent

of them were neutral while 2.5 percent were disagreed with this statement.

In a study Qayyum (2007) said that in total unemployment, the rate of females

unemployment rate is high and this is due to lack of education and lack of job opportunities.


lack of job opportunities for rural women is the mother cause of enhancing

rate of unemployment in D.G .Khan

Lack of job opportunities

for rural women is themother cause of enhancing

rate of unemployment in

D.G .Khan



Agree 99 82.5

Neutral 3 2.5

Disagree 3 2.5

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Total 120 100.0

Table 13 shows that 11.7 percent of the respondents strongly opinioned that female

should do job to support her family economically, while a vast majority i.e., 85.0 percent of them

agreed with the opinion that women should do job for economic support to their family, only one

respondent was neutral and remaining 2.5 percent of them disagreed with this statement.


women should do job for economic support to their family

Respondents opinion about

women should do job foreconomic support to their

family



Agree 102 85.0

Neutral 1 .8

Disagree 3 2.5

Total 120 100.0


women have lack of job opportunities as compare to male in rural areas.

Women have lack of job

opportunities as compare to

male in rural areas



Agree 100 83.3

Neutral 1 .8

Disagree 2 1.7

Total 120 100.0

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Table 14 depicts that 14.2 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a significant

majority i.e., 83.3 percent of them agreed with the opinion that women have lack of job

opportunities as compare to male in rural areas, only one respondent was neutral and remaining1.7 percent of them disagreed with this statement.

Similar results were found by Ali et al. (2010). They also found that male had dominated

position in the society and women had less decision making power regarding their employment.

Table 15 presents the reasons of lack of job opportunities for females as compare to

males in rural areas. In response to physical weakness as a reason of lack of job opportunities

for females only 4.2 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, about a half i.e., 50.8 percent of

them agreed with the reason physical weakness is a cause of lack of job opportunities for

females as compare to male in rural areas, while 5.8 percent were neutral, 39.2 percent of

respondents disagreed with this reason.

In response to more emotional as a reason of lack of job opportunities for females, only

1.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed, about a half i.e., 49.2 percent of them

agreed with the reason more emotional is a cause of lack of job opportunities for females as

compare to male in rural areas, while 1.7 percent of respondents were neutral and 47.5 percent

disagreed with this reason.

In response to need more security as a reason of lack of job opportunities for females,

about 15.0 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a majority i.e., 75.8 percent of

respondents agreed with the reason need more security for female is a cause of lack of job

opportunities for them as compare to male in rural areas, whereas 0.8 percent neutral and 8.3

percent disagreed with this reason.

In response to disturb the environment as a reason of lack of job opportunities for

females only one respondent strongly agreed, 38.3 percent of them agreed with the reason

disturb the environment is a cause of lack of job opportunities for females as compare to male

in rural areas, while 6.7 percent of respondents were neutral and a majority i.e., 54.2 percent

disagreed with this reason.

In response to cultural environment as a reason of lack of job opportunities for females,

just 5.8 percent of the respondents strongly agreed and a majority i.e., 60.0 percent of

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respondents agreed with the reason cultural environment is a cause of lack of job opportunities

for females as compare to male in rural areas, while 9.2 percent of respondents were neutral and

about one-fourth i.e., 25.0 percent of them disagreed with this reason.

Similar findings were presented by Babur (2007). He found that the women of Pakistan

are structured by harsh religious, family and tribal customs. Pakistanis have wrong interpretation

of Islamic teaching about female regarding their rights and duties and this wrong interpretation

presents women as needing for protection which lead to their ultimate physical, mental and

emotional oppression.

Table 16 depicts that about one-third i.e., 34.2 percent of the respondents strongly agreed,

while a majority i.e., 60.0 percent of them agreed with the statement that the curse of favoritism/

nepotism promotes the rate of unemployment among women, only 2.5 percent of respondents

were neutral and 3.3 percent disagreed with this statement.

Krueger and Mueller (2008) stated that unemployment is a symbol of market letdown

that causes some workers to be unwillingly prevented from working.

Table15: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their response

regarding the reasons of lack of job opportunities for female as compare to

male in rural areas.

N = 120

Reasons Strongly

agree

Agree Neutral Disagree Strongly

disagree Total

f % f % F % f % f % f %

Physicalweakness

5 4.2 61 50.8 7 5.8 47 39.2 0 0.0 120 100

Moreemotional

2 1.7 59 49.2 2 1.7 57 47.5 0 0.0 120 100

Need more

security

18 15.

0

91 75.8 1 0.8 10 8.3 0 0.0 120 100

Disturb the

environment

1 0.8 46 38.3 8 6.7 65 54.2 0 0.0 120 100

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Cultural

environment

7 5.8 72 60.0 11 9.2 30 25.0 0 0.0 120 100

Table16: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their opinion that

the curse of favoritism/ nepotism promotes the rate of unemployment among

women.

The curse of favoritism/nepotism promotes the rate

of unemployment among

women



Agree 72 60.0

Neutral 3 2.5

Disagree 4 3.3

Total 120 100.0


the ever increasing population enhances the rate of unemployment amongwomen.

Ever increasing population

enhances the rate of

unemployment amongwomen.



Agree 103 85.8

Neutral 3 2.5

Disagree 8 6.7

Total 120 100.0

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Table 17 indicates that only 5.0 percent of the respondents strongly agree, while a huge

majority i.e., 85.8 percent agreed with the opinion that the ever increasing population enhances

the rate of unemployment among women, only 2.5 percent of them were neutral and 6.7 percent

disagreed with this statement.

In a study Vroman (2005) discussed the sickness, child birth etc as cause of female

unemployment. He said that the earning of many families decreases due to long term interruption

in earning, like work force reduction, illness, child birth, work injury and other natural diseases

may cause the unemployment. Earners are the important source of income and most of the

families face decrease in earnings due to unemployment.

Table 18 reveals that a majority i.e., 57.5 percent of the respondents agreed to a great

extent with the statement that the ever increasing population enhances the rate of

unemployment among women, 35.8 percent of them agree to some extent with this statement

and 6.7 percent not agree with this statement.

Above results supported to Mahmood et al. (2011). They also found that ever increasing

population enhances the rate of unemployment rate.

Table18: Percentage distribution of the respondents regarding the extent of increasing

unemployment rate among women due to over population

Extent of increase ofunemployment rate among

women due to over

population


To great extent 43 35.8

To some extent 69 57.5

Not at all 8 6.7

Total 120 100.0

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Table19: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their response that

different kinds of education in rural women is a real cause of spreading

unemployment.

N = 120

Reasons Strongly

agree


disagree Total

f % f % F % f % f % f %

Informal

education

3 2.5 101 84.2 3 2.5 13 10.8 0 0.0 120 100

Skilleducation

1 0.8 106 88.3 1 0.8 12 10.0 0 0.0 120 100

Technicaleducation

1 0.8 102 85.0 5 4.2 12 10.0 0 0.0 120 100

Information

technology

0 0.0 87 72.5 14 11.7 19 15.8 0 0.0 120 100

Professional

education

4 3.3 99 82.5 6 5.0 11 9.2 0 0.0 120 100

Religiouseducation

12 10.0

75 62.5 7 5.8 26 21.7 0 0.0 120 100

Table 19 shows that only 2.5 percent of the respondents strongly agreed and a huge

majority i.e., 84.2 percent of them agreed with their opinion that informal education is a real

cause of spreading unemployment, whereas 2.5 percent of them were neutral and 10.8 percent of

them disagreed with this cause.

Just one respondent was strongly agreed and a vast majority i.e., 88.3 percent of them w

agreed with their opinion that skill education is a real cause of spreading unemployment in

rural areas, whereas 0.8 percent of them were neutral and 10.0 percent of them disagreed withthis cause.

Just one respondent was strongly agreed and a large majority i.e., 85.0 percent of them

were agree with their opinion that technical education is a real cause of spreading

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unemployment in rural areas, where as 4.2 percent of them were neutral and 10.0 percent of them

disagreed with this cause.

A significant majority i.e., 72.5 percent of them were agree with their opinion that

information technology is a real cause of spreading unemployment in rural areas, where as 11.7

percent of them were neutral and 15.8 percent of them disagreed with this cause.

Only 3.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agree and a large majority i.e., 82.5

percent of them were agree with their opinion that professional education is a real cause of

spreading unemployment in rural areas, where as 5.0 percent of them were neutral and 9.2

percent of them disagreed with this cause.

About 10.0 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed and a majority i.e., 62.5percent of them agreed with their opinion that religious education is a real cause of spreading

unemployment in rural areas, whereas 5.8 percent of them were neutral and 21.7 percent of them

disagreed with this cause.

According to Patricia (2006), main causes of unemployment were non-availability of

jobs, followed by retrenchments and lack of skill or education. Unemployment has negative

effect on social relationship. Majority of unemployed were not self-employed but depend on

families and child grants for support.


the lack of job opportunities for women is real cause of brain drain

Lack of job opportunities

for women is real cause of

brain drain



Agree 78 65.0

Neutral 25 20.8

Disagree 14 11.7

Total 120 100.0

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Table 20 indicates that only 2.5 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a

majority i.e., 65.0 percent of them agreed with the statement that the lack of job opportunities for

women is real cause of brain drain, about one-fifth i.e., 20.8 percent of them were neutral and

11.7 percent of them disagreed with this opinion.

According to Zia et al. (2002), rural working women compelled to seek job in factories

due to low family income, low education and lack of other job opportunities like teaching,

nursing and health workers.


the unemployment harmfully hit the self-respect of women.

Respondents opinion about

unemployment harmfully

hit the self-respect ofwomen



Agree 102 85.0

Neutral 2 1.7

Disagree 2 1.7

Total 120 100.1

Table 21 indicates that 11.6 percent of the respondents were strongly agreed, while a

huge majority i.e., 85.0 percent of them were agreed with the statement that unemployment

harmfully hit the self-respect of women, only 1.7 percent of respondents were neutral and

another 1.7 percent of them were disagreed with this statement.

Wasim et al. (2008) also reported unemployed womenreceive no material advantages and

totally depend upon the male.

Table 22 reveals that 11.6 percent of the respondents were strongly agree, while a vast

majority i.e., 81.7 percent of them were agree with the statement that the family of unemployed

women treats her harshly, only 2.5 percent of respondents were neutral and 4.2 percents were

disagree with this statement.


the family of unemployed women treats her harshly.

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Family of unemployed

women treats her harshly



Agree 98 81.7

Neutral 3 2.5

Disagree 5 4.2

Total 120 100.0


extent of harsh treatment by the family.

Extent of treats her harshly

by the familytounemployment


Often 63 52.5

Sometime 52 43.3

Never 5 4.2

Total 120 100.0

Table 23 shows that little more than a half i.e., 52.5 percent of the respondents reported

that oftenly they treated harshly by the family and 43.3 percent of them told that they sometimes

they treated harshly by the family due to their employment and 4.2 percent of the respondents

said that their family never treated them harshly.

According to Govt. of Pakistan (2008), inactivity rates for men are very low compared to

women and have not changed over time. This is, to a certain extent, positive in that it shows men

do not face the same difficulties as women in participating in the labour market. So women were

facing harsh behaviour in labour market.


the unemployment in women increase the rate of poverty.

Unemployment in women Frequency Percentage

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increase the rate of poverty


Agree 74 61.7

Neutral 2 1.6

Disagree 6 5.0

Total 120 100.1

Table 24 indicates that 31.7 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a majority

i.e., 61.7 percent of them agreed with the statement that unemployment in women increase the

rate of poverty, only 1.6 percent of them were neutral and 5.0 percent were disagree with this

statement.

Similarly Azidet al. (2001), they found that unemployment is a cause of poverty.


the unemployment among rural women leads to suicidal activities.

Unemployment among rural

women leads to suicidal

activities



Agree 96 80.0

Neutral 6 5.0

Disagree 15 12.5

Total 120 100.0

Table 25 indicates that only 2.5 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a

significant majority i.e., 80.0 percent of them agreed with the statement that unemployment

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among rural women leads to suicidal activities, only 5.0 percent of them were neutral and ``12.5

percent disagreed with this statement.

Similar findings were presented by Mahmood et al. (2011). They found that

unemployment had negative impact on unemployed.


the unemployment among rural women dangerously affects the health of

unemployed person.

Unemployment among ruralwomen dangerously affects

the health of unemployed

person



Agree 72 60.0

Neutral 0 0.0

Disagree 8 6.7

Strongly Disagree 0 0.0

Total 120 100.0

Table 26 indicates that about one-third i.e., 33.3 percent of the respondents were strongly

agree, while a majority i.e., 60.0 percent of them were agree with the opinion that unemploymentamong rural women dangerously affects the health of unemployed person, only 6.7 percent of

them disagreed with this statement.

Above results were supported by Mahmood et al. (2011). They concluded that

unemployment had negative impact on unemployed persons.


the unemployment among rural women leads to the domestic violence among

family members.


women leads to thedomestic violence among

family members


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Agree 68 56.7

Neutral 2 1.7

Disagree 5 4.2

Total 120 100.0

Table 27 indicates that 37.5 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a major

proportion i.e., 56.7 percent of them agreed with the statement that unemployment among rural

women leads to the domestic violence among family members, only 1.7 percent of them were

neutral and 4.2 percent opinioned negatively and disagree with the statement.

According to Mwakaje (2010) gender and socioeconomic issues reveal high inequalities.

It means women faced domestic violence, while the men had superior status.

Table 28 shows that only 4.2 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a huge

majority i.e., 85.8 percent of them agreed with the statement that unemployment among rural

women is the mother cause of disappointment of future, where as 6.7 percent of them were

neutral and remaining 3.3 percent of them disagreed with this statement and opinion negatively.

Similarly Kyei and Gyekye (2011) concluded that the employment is one of the main

prosperity indicators of any nation.


the unemployment among rural women is the mother cause of

disappointment of future.


women is the mother cause

of disappointment of future



Agree 103 85.8

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Neutral 8 6.7

Disagree 4 3.3

Strongly Disagree 0 0.0

Total 120 100.0

Table 29 shows that 9.2 percent of the respondents strongly agreed, while a vast majority

i.e., 85.0 percent of them agreed with the statement that unemployed women cannot properly

attend the community ceremonial activities, whereas only one respondent were neutral and

remaining 5.0 percent disagreed with this statement.

According to Giavazzi et al. (2009), attitude towards women independence has a

significant importance in social life but it do not play important role in explaining the

employment rate of the women.


the unemployed women cannot properly attend the community ceremonial

activities.

Unemployed women cannot

properly attend the

community ceremonial

activities



Agree 102 85.0

Neutral 1 .8

Disagree 6 5.0

Total 120 100.0

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Table 30 present the respondents opinion that the unemployment affects the social life of

rural women. Table shows that 23.3 percent of the respondents strongly agreed and a large

majority i.e., 74.2 percent of them opinioned that friends avoid to meet due to their

unemployment and 2.5 percent of them disagreed with this opinion.

About one-fifth i.e., 19.2 percent of the respondents were strongly agree and a significant

majority i.e., 78.3 percent of respondents opinioned that they last their of social relations due to

their unemployment and 2.5 percent of them were disagree with this statement.

Slightly less than one-fifth i.e., 18.3 percent of the respondents were strongly agree and a

vast majority i.e., 80.8 percent of respondents opinioned that unemployment badly affected their

personality and only one respondent were neutral.

Only 6.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agree and a huge majority i.e., 83.3

percent of them were agree with the statement that they socially excluded from decision making

and social gathering due to unemployment, 6.7 percent of them were neutral and 3.3 percent of

the respondents were disagree with this statement.

According to Kyei and Gyekye (2011), the employment is one of the main prosperity

indicators of any nation. Any prominent changes in employment will subsequently affect the

living standard of people especially female.


the unemployment affects the social life of rural women.

N = 120

Statements Strongly

agree


disagree

Total

Freq %age

Freq %age

Freq %age

Freq %age

Freq %age

Freq %age

friends avoid

to meet

28 23.3 89 74.2 0 0.0 3 2.5 0 0.0 120 100

Loss of social

relations

23 19.2 94 78.3 0 0.0 3 2.5 0 0.0 120 100

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Unemployment

badly affects

personality

22 18.3 97 80.8 1 0.8 0 0.0 0 0.0 120 100

Sociallyexcluded

from decision

making and

social

gathering

8 6.7 100 83.3 8 6.7 4 3.3 0 0.0 120 100

Table 31 indicates that only 6.7 percent of the respondents felt no change in their

behavior due to unemployment, while 21.7 percent of them were harsh/aggressive and a major

proportion i.e., 40.8 percent felt sensitivity due to their unemployment, where as 30.8 percent of

the respondents depressed due to their unemployment.

Similarly Giavazzi et al(2009), there are huge differences in women unemployment with

reference to gender. Cultural attitudes towards gender play important role for employment in

developed countries. Cultural norms and cultural values restrict women for job.

Table31: Percentage distribution of the respondents according to their opinion thatchanges occurs in the behavior of unemployed women.

Respondents views

changes occurs in the

behavior of unemployed

women


No change 8 6.7

Harsh/ aggressive 26 21.7

Sensitivity 49 40.8

Depressed 37 30.8

Total 120 100.0

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the statement that unemployed youth of rural women involved in the

negative activities

N = 120

Statements Strongly

agree


disagree

Total

Freq %ag

e

Freq %ag

e

Freq %ag

e

Freq %ag

e

Freq %ag

e

Freq %age

They

createsocial

crime

10 8.3 69 57.5 11 9.2 30 25.0 0 0.0 120 100

Theyinvolved

inrobbery

/fraud

14 11.7 78 65.0 4 3.3 24 20.0 0 0.0 120 100

Table 32 present the respondents opinion that unemployed youth of rural women

involved in the negative activities. Table shows that 8.3 percent of the respondents were strongly

agree and a majority i.e., 57.5 percent of them were agree with the statement that unemployed

youth create social crime, where as 9.2 percent of them were neutral and about one-fourth i.e.,

25.0 percent of them were disagree with this statement.

About 11.7 percent of the respondents were strongly agree and a majority i.e., 65.0

percent of them were agree with the statement that unemployed youth involved in robbery/fraud,

where as 3.3 percent of them were neutral and about one-fifth i.e., 20.0 percent of them were

disagree with this statement.

Similar findings were presented by Govt. of Pakistan; 2001.Study found that

unemployment is a cause of negative activities.

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50/74

Table 33 reveals that 1.7 percent of the respondents strongly agreed and 40.8 percent of

them agreed that they spent their leisure time with sleeping, while 2.5 percent of them were

neutral, 55.8 percent of them disagreed that they spent their leisure time with sleeping.

About 43.3 percent of the respondents strongly agreed and a majority i.e., 53.3 percent of

them agreed that they spent their leisure time with help of family in household work, while 3.3

percent of them disagreed with this leisure time activity.

About 10.0 percent of the respondents strongly agreed and a major proportion i.e., 48.3

percent of them agreed that they spent their leisure time with the use of mobile, while 12.5

percent of them were neutral and 29.2 percent of them disagreed with this leisure time activity.

About 8.3 percent of the respondents strongly agreed and a majority i.e., 75.8 percent of

them agreed that they spent their leisure time with faction, while 5.8 percent of them were

neutral and 10.0 percent of them disagreed with this leisure time activity.

About one-fourth i.e., 25.0 percent of the respondents strongly agreed and a majority i.e.,

70.0 percent of them agreed that they just talking in their leisure time, while 0.8 percent of them

were neutral and 4.2 percent of them disagreed with this leisure time activity.

About one-third i.e., 33.3 percent of the respondents strongly agreed a

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Ruqia Bibi Thesis Final