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8/2/2019 Rupal Gupta Dissertation
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JL_ZOZ LKB JCKZO\_OKJOZ CA RDO LM^L^GLK J^GZGZ GK GKBGL8
L JLZO ZR_BW CA DL^WLKL
L bgzzo~rlrgck zunegrrob gk pl~rglf aufagfeokr ca rdo ~o|ug~oeokrz ac~ rdo Pczr%M~lbulro
Bgpfcel lr rdo Lzglk Jcffomo ca Hcu~klfgze
>0
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>
Rlnfo ca Jckrokrz
Jdlpro~ Plmo Kc+
+ Gkr~cbujrgck 2
Nljim~cukb lkb Jckrotr 2
Cqo~qgo} ca rdo Bgzzo~rlrgck 1
:+ Rdo J~gzgz 4
2+ L Jlzo Zrubw ca Lm~gjufru~o gk Dl~wlkl ?
1+ Ngnfgcm~lpdw >=
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:
LJIKC]FOBMOEOKRZ
G }cufb fgio rc rdlki P~ca+ Q+ I+ ^lmduklrdlk ukbo~ }dczo lpp~cqlf lkb mugblkjo rdgz
bgzzo~rlrgck rcci zdlpo+ Lfzc& P~ca+ Klml~lh }dczo gkzgmdrz lkb zummozrgckz dofpob eo mlgk
geeokzo ikc}fobmo+
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2
GKR^CB_JRGCK
Nljim~cukb lkb Jckrotr
Rdo pcpufl~ ukbo~zrlkbgkm ca rdo ro~e Lm~l~glk J~gzgz gkql~glnfw jckhu~oz gelmoz ca Gkbglk
al~eo~z jceegrrgkm zugjgboz& gk cu~ egkbz+ Dc}oqo~& rdo j~gzgz gz kcr fgegrob rc zugjgboz
lfcko+ Gr dlz gepfgjlrgckz lncur accb zoju~grw ca rdo jcukr~w ac~ moko~lrgckz rc jceo+ Rdo
j~gzgz rdlr }lz nl~ofw ~ojcmkgxob nw rdo mcqo~keokr gk rdo 70z m~o} rc jcfczzlf p~cpc~rgckz
}grdgk l bojlbo+ Rdo zrlroz dgr dl~bozr nw rdo j~gzgz l~o% Eldl~lzdr~l& Il~klrlil& Lkbd~l
P~lbozd& Jddlrrgzml~d lkb Elbdwl P~lbozd+
P+ Zlgklrdz >00< ~opc~r ca zugjgbo agmu~oz punfgzdob gk rdo Dgkbu $Kcqoeno~ >00=' gkbgjlroz
rdlr rdo jcukr~w ~ojc~bob kol~fw =4&=00 al~e zugjgboz a~ce rdo wol~ 0000> rc >00? rdo kueno~ }lz =0&?0=+ Rdlr gz l ~gzo ca kol~fw 00< }grd rdo lm~l~glk
j~gzgz ngrgkm boopo~+
Gkgrglffw rdo mcqo~keokr ~oauzob rc ~ojcmkgxo l zor plrro~k gk rdozo zugjgboz lkb ro~eob gr lk
gelmgklrgck ca hcu~klfgzrz lkb ljrgqgzrz+ ]dgfo ag~zr jlzoz ca zugjgbo }o~o ~opc~rob a~ce rdo
Qgbl~ndl ~omgck ca Eldl~lzdr~l& rdo j~gzgz elkgaozrz grzofa bgaao~okrfw gk lff zrlroz+ Rdo
~olzckz ac~ rdozo bolrdz l~o l jcepfot egt ca zcjglf& jufru~lf& ojckcegj lkb pcfgrgjlf
aljrc~z+
L kueno~ ca zrubgoz ~oqolf gkbonrobkozz lz rdo elhc~ jluzo ca zugjgbo gk Gkbgl+ Rdo cpokgkm
ca Gkbglk ojckcew rc }c~fb el~iorz lkb gkj~olzob ~cfo ca eufrgklrgcklf lm~gnuzgkozz mglkrz
gk p~cbujrgck ca lm~gjufru~lf gkpurz dlqo ~lgzob jczrz lkb ~obujob p~cagrz+ Rdgz dlz j~olrob
m~olr agklkjglf lkb oecrgcklf bgzr~ozz leckm rdo al~egkm jceeukgrw+
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?
Rdo ~ozufrz ca rdo M~ook ^oqcfurgck ca rdo =0z }o~o zrlmklrob nw rdo 70z lkb rdo~o }lz l
qgzgnfo zr~ozz gk rdo lm~l~glk zojrc~+ Rdo gkrokzgqo uzo ca rojdkcfcmw rdlr }lz lbqcjlrob nw
rdo ~oqcfurgck dlb zrl~rob zdc}gkm zgmkz ca boro~gc~lrgck+
Rdok rdo ]c~fb Nlki lkb rdo Gkro~klrgcklf Eckorl~w Aukb okjcu~lmob Gkbgl rc lbcpr ko}
ojckcegj pcfgjgoz nlzob ck r~lbo fgno~lfgxlrgck& zr~ujru~lf lbhuzreokr& lkb p~gqlrgxlrgck+
Rdozo pcfgjgoz lgeob lr p~cecrgkm ~lpgb ojckcegj boqofcpeokr+
Lz l ~ozufr& Gkbglk al~eo~z }o~o rd~uzr gkrc gkro~klrgcklf jceporgrgck& eligkm rdoe otr~oeofw
qufko~lnfo rc p~gjo qcflrgfgrw+ Ko} ojckcegj pcfgjgoz boqlfuob Gkbglk ~upoo lkb gkj~olzob
rdo boelkb ac~ Gkbglk j~cpz+ Rc jlpgrlfgxo ck rdgz zcu~jo ca ~oqokuo& rdo Gkbglk mcqo~keokr
u~mob al~eo~z rc z}grjd rc jlzd j~cp jufrgqlrgck& lkb Gkbgl boqofcpob lk otpc~r c~gokrob
lm~gjufru~lf zojrc~+ Jlzd j~cpz fgio jcrrck& rol& jcaaoo lkb qlkgffl folb rc zdc~r ro~e ~oqokuo
mlgk nur }o~o ufrgelrofw zunhojr rc dgmd foqofz ca p~gjo qcflrgfgrw+ Gkbglz zubbok z}grjd rc jlzd
j~cp jufrgqlrgck ~ozufrob gk lk cqo~zlru~lrgck ca rdo mfcnlf el~ior }grd otpc~rz ca rdozo
jceecbgrgoz& lkb gk ru~k& l bop~ozzgck ca p~gjoz ac~ rdo al~eo~z+
Rc |ucro lk otlepfo ca jcrrck& grz Egkgeue Zuppc~r P~gjo }lz rcc fc} lz jcepl~ob rc rdo
~gzgkm jczr ca gkpurz+ Gk c~bo~ rc jceporo ck rdo mfcnlf el~ior Gkbglk jcrrck al~eo~z
bozpo~lrofw ru~kob rc dgmd p~gjob gkpurz& }dgjd gkjc~pc~lrob otpokzgqo ngcrojdkcfcmw& nur
p~cegzob dgmdo~ wgofbz lkb m~olro~ ~ozgzrlkjo lmlgkzr pozrz+ Rdozo gkpurz eolkr uzgkm fl~mo
lecukrz ca ao~rgfgxo~z& pozrgjgboz lkb zuaagjgokr }lro~+ Rdo~oac~o& rdow pfljob r~oeokbcuz
p~ozzu~o ck flkb ~ozufrgkm gk bom~lblrgck+ Rdozo gkpurz b~cqo al~eo~z gkrc au~rdo~ bonr lz
rdow algfob rc p~cbujo okcumd j~cpz rc elio up ac~ ~gzgkm gkpur jczrz+ Rdo gkpurz zcfb nw
ac~ogmk eufrgklrgcklf jc~pc~lrgckz& nojleo lqlgflnfo ckfw laro~ Gkbglk el~iorz }o~o cpokob
ukbo~ ojckcegj ~oac~ez+
Al~eo~z ru~kob rc eckowfokbo~z ac~ j~obgr rc pu~jdlzo otpokzgqo gkpurz+ Dc}oqo~& kc c~
uknlflkjob ~oru~kz ~ozufrob gk boalufrz+ Rdo uzu~gcuz eckowfokbo~z c~ rdo fclkzdl~iz lz
rdow l~o jlffob kc} nw rdo eobgl& uzob jco~jgqo eolkz rc cnrlgk rdog~ eckow+ Lff rdozo
aljrc~z jfunnob rcmordo~ bgzr~ozzob rdo al~eo~z lkb b~cqo rdoe rc zugjgbo+
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Rdo M~ook ^oqcfurgck }lz zceordgkm rdlr Gkbgl ~o|ug~ob bozpo~lrofw lr cko zrlmo& nojluzo
ca grz dgmd accb gepc~rz lkb alegko+ Rdo rojdkcfcmw ~ozjuob rdo jcukr~w a~ce rdczo& nur rdo
wgofbz nomlk rc pflrolu }grdgk l bojlbo& lkb lfzc rdo komlrgqo gepljrz ca rdo M~ook
^oqcfurgck nomlk rc no zook+ Rdo blelmo bcko nw rcc eujd ao~rgfgxo~& pozrgjgboz& rdo
puepgkm%cur ca }lro~ nojleo qgzgnfo+ Rdo zjgokrgagj jceeukgrw ~oauzob rc ljjopr rdozo
jdlffokmoz lkb jceo up }grd jc~~ojrgqo eolzu~oz rdlr jcufb ~ozrc~o zuzrlgklngfgrw+ Rdow
jckrgkucuzfw lbqcjlrob uzgkm ec~o ao~rgfgxo~& ec~o pozrgjgboz& lkb ec~o puepgkm%cur ca
}lro~+ Rdo ~ozufr gz rdlr rdo M~ook ^oqcfurgck l~ol% }dgjd gz :0 po~jokr ca rdo jcukr~wz rcrlf
lm~gjufru~lf flkb gz nojcegkm l algfu~o+ Rdo~o l~o l~gb flkbz rcc rdlr lnzcfurofw koob
g~~gmlrgck+ Dc}oqo~& zceo ca rdozo xckoz dlqo jufrgqlrob dgmd gkpur j~cpz ck }dgjd pfljo
geeokzo agklkjglf nu~bok ck rdo al~eo~+ Ao~rgfgxo~z lkb pozrgjgboz }c~i ckfw gk lk l~ol rdlr
dlz lzzu~ob g~~gmlrgck+
Eczr l~olz ca rdo Gkbc%Mlkmorgj pflkoz l~o zuaao~gkm a~ce zojckb moko~lrgck okqg~ckeokrlf
gepljrz+ Rdo oaaojrz l~o qgzgnfo& nur rdo zjgokrgzrz algf rc ~ojrgaw rdo egzrlioz rdlr p~cbujob
rdoe+ Kc} al~eo~z l~o uzgkm r}gjo rdo |ulkrgrw ca ao~rgfgxo~ rdow }o~o uzgkm wol~z nlji rc
p~cbujo rdo zleo |ulkrgrw ca j~cpz+ Ga rdow bckr uzo ao~rgfgxo~z rdo~o gz kc wgofb lr lff+ ]o
dlqo ru~kob lm~gjufru~o lmlgkzr lff kc~ez ca zuzrlgklngfgrw+ Kol~fw ac~rw wol~z flro~ }o ~olfgxo
rdo M~ook ^oqcfurgck dlz foar l a~gmdrokgkm zjokl~gc }dgjd lrrljiz cu~ accb zoju~grw+
Cqo~qgo} ca rdo zrubw
Rdgz zrubw jcepl~oz rdo lm~l~glk zgrulrgck ca rdo Gkbglk ojckcew cqo~ l bojlbo+ Rdo ag~zr
jdlpro~ bolfz }grd rdo kueno~z }dgjd zdc} l zfc}bc}k gk lm~gjufru~lf gkjceo lkb flro~
bofqoz gkrc rdo jluzoz ac~ rdo zleo+
Rdo p~cnfoe ca gkjceo boagjgr gk lm~gjufru~o dlz l~gzok a~ce rdo lbqo~zo ro~ez ca r~lbo ac~
al~eo~z gk Gkbgl& }dc zooe rc plw ec~o gk ~olf otjdlkmo ro~ez ac~ rdo mccbz lkb zo~qgjoz
rdow nuw rdlk }dlr rdow mor ac~ rdczo rdlr rdow zoff+ Rdo otjozzgqo bopokbokjo ck gkpurz
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=
zujd lz flncu~& ao~rgfgzo~z& pozrgjgboz dlz zdcr up jcepl~ob rc rdlr ca rdo agklf zlfo qlfuo ca
rdo j~cp curpur+ Rdgz jczr gz gkj~olzob nw alufrw mcqo~keokr pcfgjgoz rcc+
Laro~ lklfwzgkm rdozoz jluzoz rdo zrubw otpfc~oz rdo ~olzck ca bojfgko gk lm~gjufru~lf curpur
gk rdo zrlro ca Dl~wlkl+ Dl~wlkl dlz elgkrlgkob rdo zrlruz ca l afcu~gzdgkm lm~gjufru~lf zrlro
cqo~ rdo wol~z+ Dc}oqo~& rdo ~ozol~jd n~gkmz cur rdo okqg~ckeokrlf bom~lblrgck ca zcgf&
qomorlrgck lkb }lro~ ~ozcu~joz+ C~mlkgj elrro~ foqofz gk rdo zcgf dlqo bojfgkob }grd gkrokzo
uzo ca jdoegjlf gkpurz+ Ko}fw gkr~cbujob j~cp ql~gorgoz dlqo ~ozpckbob rc gkpurz nur rdgz
dlz lfzc elkblrob rdo uzo ca fl~mo |ulkrgrgoz ca ao~rgfgzo~z lkb g~~gmlrgck ~ozufrgkm gk }lro~
jckrlegklrgck nw kgr~lro lkb pdczpdlro lkb jdlkmoz gk rdo m~cukb }lro~ rlnfo+ ]grd 40/ ca
rdo flkb lf~olbw ukbo~ jufrgqlrgck& p~cbujrgqgrw jlk no gkj~olzob ckfw }grd rdo dofp ca oko~mw
gkrokzgqo gkpurz+ Rdo pdwzgjlf lkb jdoegjlf bom~lblrgck ca zcgf lkb gkoaagjgokr }lro~ uzo
dlqo fgegrob j~cp p~cbujrgqgrw ca rdo zrlro+
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RDO J^GZGZ
Rdo~o dlz nook l zr~ujru~lf r~lkzac~elrgck gk rdo Gkbglk ojckcew bu~gkm rdo plzr ao}
bojlboz+ Rdo jcepczgrgck ca M~czz Bceozrgj P~cbujr $MBP' ~oqolfz rdlr rdo zdl~o ca
lm~gjufru~o gkjfubgkm ac~ozr~w lkb agzdgkm dlz bojfgkob lz m~c}rd gk gkbuzr~glf lkb zo~qgjoz
zojrc~z dlz nook eujd dgmdo~ rdlk lm~gjufru~lf zojrc~+ Lm~gjufru~o lkb grz lffgob ljrgqgrgoz
ljjcukrob ac~ ckfw 007%0
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Agmu~o 004%07 lkb >0%0=' }do~o rdo rcrlf ojckcew }lz m~c}gkm lr
=+== po~ jokr& rdo lm~gjufru~o lkb lffgob zojrc~ }lz }grkozzgkm l m~c}rd ca >+2= po~ jokr ckfw+
Rdo m~c}rd ~lro ca lm~gjufru~o }lz ~oflrgqofw dgmd bu~gkm rdo ogmdrgoz lkb ol~fw kgkorgoz g+o+
:+?> lkb :+11 po~ jokr ~ozpojrgqofw+ Dc}oqo~& bu~gkm rdo Kgkrd Pflk& rdo m~c}rd ~lro ca
lm~gjufru~o b~gppob bc}k rc >+?0 lkb au~rdo~ rc >+2= bu~gkm rdo Rokrd Pflk Po~gcb+
Puflp~o Nlfli~gzdklk& ^leozd Mcflgr lkb Plkilh Iuel~ $>004' zrubgob Lm~gjufru~lf M~c}rd
gk Gkbgl zgkjo
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21+?
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$ >247?+= :+<
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&2?0 j~c~o gk
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+ Zcu~jo8 Zrlro Ojckcegj Zu~qowz ca >000%0< lkb >00 egffgck dojrl~oz ca rcrlf mocm~lpdgjlf l~ol ca Dl~wlkl zrlro& 40/ gz ukbo~
jufrgqlrgck+ Rdo g~~gmlrob l~ol jckzrgruroz 42/ ca rdo jufrgqlrob l~ol gk rdo zrlro+ Rdo
j~cppgkm gkrokzgrw ca rdo zrlro gz
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>0
Laro~ rdo m~ook ~oqcfurgck& rdo~o dlz nook lk gkrokzgagjlrgck ca kor zc}k l~ol gk Dl~wlkl+
]grd rdgz jdlkmo& rdo l~ol ca flkb ukbo~ g~~gmlrgck dlz lfzc gkj~olzob+ Rdgz jcufb dlppok
elgkfw buo rc gep~cqoeokr gk g~~gmlrgck lkb lm~gjufru~lf rojdkcfcmw+ Gk flzr ao} bojlboz& ~gjo%
}dolr j~cppgkm zwzroe dlz oeo~mob lz l elhc~ p~cbujrgck zwzroe gk Dl~wlkl+ ^gjo&
zuml~jlko& }dolr lkb jcrrck j~cpz l~o crdo~ elhc~ jckzueo~z ca g~~gmlrgck }lro~ zuppfgoz gk
rdo Zrlro+
Rdo r}c bcegklkr j~cpz& ~gjo lkb }dolr dlqo nook aljgkm acffc}gkm jckzr~lgkrz lkb
jdlffokmoz ac~ zuzrlgklnfo p~cbujrgqgrw+
J~cp ^gjo ]dolr
Jckzr~lgkrz Gklbo|ulro g~~gmlrgck buo rc bojfgko gk }lro~
rlnfo lkb pcc~ bgzjdl~mo ca runo}offz+ Jlklf
}lro~ zuppfw gz lfzc gkzuaagjgokr+ Gk zceo
pl~rz rdo |ulfgrw ca m~cukb }lro~ gz kcr mccb+
Gkj~olzgkm p~cnfoez ca zlfgkgrw lkb lfilfgkgrw+
Bojfgko gk zcgf ao~rgfgrw buo rc bopforgck ca
elhc~ lkb egj~ckur~gokrz $Kgr~cmok&
Pdczpdc~uz lkb Xgkj' buo rc jckrgkucuz ~gjo
}dolr j~cppgkm zwzroe+
Boro~gc~lrgck ca pdwzgjlf jdoegjlf zcgf
jckbgrgckz nojluzo ca dolqw rgfflmo lkb
pubbfgkm+
Bgzp~cpc~rgcklro uzo ca ao~rgfgxo~z+
Boflwob lkb p~cfckmob r~lkzpflkrgkm ca ~gjo+
Flro pflkrgkm ca }dolr+
]oobz l~o zo~gcuz p~cnfoe+
^obujob zcgf ao~rgfgrw& ncrd
elhc~ lkb elj~c kur~gokrz lkb
zcgf c~mlkgj elrro~+
Gkj~olzo gk zcgf lfilfgkgrw#
zlfgkgrw gk }ozro~k bgzr~gjrz+
Gkj~olzgkm gkjgbokjoz ga
bgzolzo gk pcpufl~ ql~gorw+
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>>
pc}o~ dlz ckfw dofpob rdoe uzo lkb }lzro ec~o }lro~ rdlk ~o|ug~ob+ Otpo~rz zummozr rdlr
rdo mcqo~keokr zdcufb bokw rdo flkb%c}ko~z rdo c}ko~zdgp ~gmdrz ca m~cukb}lro~ c~ zrl~r
foqwgkm l jozz ck grz otr~ljrgck+
Rdo p~cnfoe gz fgiofw rc no au~rdo~ gkj~olzob nw rdo jfgelro jdlkmo+ Jfgelro otr~oeoz lkb
pcc~ }lro~ lqlgflngfgrw }gff kojozzgrlro m~c}gkm ec~o accb }grd fozz lkb fozz }lro~ gk jcegkm
wol~z+ Lk lqo~lmo < bom~oo Jofzguz ~gzo gk roepo~lru~o }gff gkj~olzo rdo boelkb ac~
g~~gmlrgck }lro~ nw >% : po~ jokr rc zuzrlgk p~cbujrgck lr rdo ju~~okr foqof+
:+ Zcgf Bom~lblrgck
Rdo uzo ca lm~c%jdoegjlfz gk Dl~wlkl gz rdo dgmdozr gk Gkbgl+ Rdo~o gz lk genlflkjo gk
kgr~cmok& pdczpdc~uz lkb pcrlzzgue jckzueprgck ~lrgc gk rdo }dolr%~gjo j~cppgkm l~olz+
Rdo uzo ca pcrlzzgue gz fc} gk rdgz ~omgck lkb dgmdfw rctgj foqofz ca kgr~lroz l~o acukb
ljjueuflrob gk rdo m~cukb }lro~+ Eczr j~cpz ~o|ug~o fl~mo lecukr ca kgr~cmok rc zuzrlgk
wgofbz+ Dc}oqo~& buo rc dgmd ecngfgrw gr olzgfw foljdoz bc}k rc m~cukb }lro~+ Dgmd foqofz ca
kgr~lroz gk }lro~ jlk jluzo eordoecmfcngkoegl c~ rdo nfuo nlnw zwkb~ceo+
Rdo lfilfg zcgfz ca Dl~wlkl dlqo l dgmd pD qlfuo ca lqo~lmo 7+2& }grd l dgmdo~ p~cpc~rgck ca
zcbgue ngjl~ncklro a~ce rdo rcp zu~aljo flwo~ rgff < eor~o boprd lkb komfgmgnfo gkagfr~lrgck
~lroz+ Rdgz zcbgue ngjl~ncklro ~oljdoz rdo zcgf qgl g~~gmlrgck }lro~ }dgjd dlz dgmd
p~cpc~rgckz ca rdo zleo jcepcukb+ Gkagfr~lrgck ~lro gz rdo zpoob lr }dgjd }lro~ okro~z gkrc
rdo zcgf+ Fc} gkagfr~lrgck jlpljgrw lffc}z rdo ~lgk }lro~ rc zrlmklro ck rdo zcgf olzgfw+ Lfzc& gr
elioz g~~gmlrgck gepczzgnfo gk rdo b~w zolzck+
Ck lk lqo~lmo boprd ca
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ljjueuflroz+ Rdo rlzi ca bozlfgkgzlrgck $~oecqlf ca zlfr' gk zujd zcgf gz |ugro bgaagjufr+ Rdo fc}
po~jcflrgck lfzc folbz rc ~lpgb }lro~ fcmmgkm+
B~+ Zgkmd dlz lfzc otpfc~oz pczzgnfo zcfurgckz ac~ rdo lm~gjufru~lf p~cnfoez gk Dl~wlkl+ Do
zummozrz bgqo~zgagjlrgck ca j~cpz rc ~ozrc~o rdo ao~rgfgrw ca zcgf+ Rdgz jlk no ljdgoqob nw
m~c}gkm bgaao~okr j~cpz rcmordo~& egtgkm c~ ~crlrgkm rdoe }grd fomueoz lkb nw pflkrgkm r~ooz
lkb zd~unz }dczo ~ccrz jlk ~ofcjlro kur~gokrz lkb }lro~ gk rdo zcgf+ Ojckcegj ~oru~kz jlk
no gkj~olzob rd~cumd agzdo~w lkb blg~w okro~p~gzoz rcc+ C~mlkgj jdoegjlfz lkb ngc%
rojdkg|uoz jlk no uzob rc boqofcp pflkrz }grd ~ozgzrlkjo lkb pozrgjgbo jckzueprgck jlk no
~obujob+ Lk lrroepr zdcufb no elbo kcr ckfw rc gkj~olzo p~cbujrgck& nur lfzc rc zuzrlgk rdo
gkj~olzob p~cbujrgck ac~ }dolr lkb ~gjo }grdcur au~rdo~ bom~lbgkm klru~lf ~ozcu~joz+ ]lro~
jlk no jckzo~qob rd~cumd gk zgru ecgzru~o jckzo~qlrgck+ M~cukb }lro~ ~ozo~qcg~z gk l~olz
}grd bojfgkgkm }lro~ rlnfo zdcufb no ~ojdl~mob+ Rdgz jlk no bcko rd~cumd rdo otgzrgkm
b~lgklmo jdlkkofz nw eligkm oenlkieokrz lr lpp~cp~glro pfljoz& gkzrlfflrgck ca boop
runo}offz lfckm }grd ~gqo~z rc okdlkjo rdo g~~gmlrgck zuppfw& ~oqgzgkm rdo }lro~ lffc}lkjo&
okjcu~lmgkm fc} }lro~ jckzueprgck j~cpz gk fgmdr rotru~ob zcgfz& gkzrolb ca plbbw+
Gk Dl~wlkl eujd p~cm~ozz }lz elbo gk lm~gjufru~lf p~cbujrgqgrw& nur lr rdo jczr ca flkb lkb
}lro~ bom~lblrgck+ Flkb lkb }lro~ jckzo~qlrgck l~o l jluzo ca jckjo~k ac~ kcr ckfw rdo
al~eo~z ca Dl~wlkl& nur ac~ rdo lm~gjufru~o zojrc~ ca rdo }dcfo jcukr~w+ ]grd zc eujd l~ol
ukbo~ jufrgqlrgck& lm~gjufru~o }lz ckjo l elgkzrlw ca rdo zrlro ojckcew+ Kc}& rdo rcrlf l~ol
ca rdo zrlro ukbo~ jufrgqlrgck dlz ~oljdob l zlru~lrgck foqof lkb rduz rdo~o gz dl~bfw lkw
zjcpo rc n~gkm ec~o l~ol ukbo~ jufrgqlrgck+ Rdo lm~gjufru~o p~cbujrgck jlk no gkj~olzob ckfw
rd~cumd gkj~olzob j~cppgkm gkrokzgrw& jdlkmo gk j~cppgkm plrro~k& gep~cqoeokr gk |ulfgrw ca
zoobz lkb boqofcpeokr ca pczr dl~qozr rojdkcfcmw orj+
]dgfo lm~gjufru~o gk Dl~wlkl rcblw zrlkbz lr j~czz~clbz& rdo al~eo~z do~o zooe rc }lgr ac~ l
zojckb moko~lrgck ca M~ook ^oqcfurgck+ Dc}oqo~& rdo zcfurgckz fgo gk fccigkm gk}l~bz lkb
jdlkmgkm rdo otgzrgkm flkb uzo p~ljrgjoz+
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>2
RDO ]LW AC^]L^B
Rdo jckzo|uokjoz ca Lm~gjufru~lf J~gzgz gk Gkbgl l~o qlzr lkb fgiofw rc dgr crdo~ zojrc~z ca rdo
ojckcew+ Ag~zrfw& gr laaojrz rdo bceozrgj accb p~cbujrgck zgmkgagjlkrfw+ Rdgz jlk folb rc gepc~r
ca accb m~lgkz ac~ rdo jcukr~w+ Gr dlz lk geeobglro oaaojr ck rdo p~gjoz ca lm~gjufru~lf
jceecbgrgoz& ~lgzgkm rdo jczr ca fgqgkm+ ]dok rdo nlzgj ~o|ug~oeokrz ca accb nojceo jczrfgo~&
rdczo nofckmgkm rc fc}o~ zojrgckz zuaao~ rdo eczr+
Rdo j~gzgz dlz lf~olbw bgzpfljob fl~mo kueno~ ca flncu~o~z lkb al~eo~z a~ce lm~gjufru~lf
oepfcweokr+ Rdgz bgzpfljob flncu~ ac~jo dlz fgegrob cppc~rukgrgoz ca oepfcweokr lkb okbz
up gk jgrgoz lz u~nlk pcc~+
]grd lncur =0 po~jokr pcpuflrgck fgqgkm gk ~u~lf l~olz lkb lncur ?4 po~jokr ca grz }c~iac~jo
okmlmob gk lm~gjufru~o& Gkbgl koobz pczgrgqo jdlkmo gk lm~gjufru~lf zojrc~+ Rdo~oac~o& gk rdo
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>?
:+ Lbbgrgcklf ~ozcu~joz rc gep~cqo g~~gmlrgck
gkjfubgkm jcepckokr ac~ ecbo~kgxlrgck lkb
jlklf jceelkb l~ol
2+ Mgqgkm zjgokrgagj gkpur l ko} bg~ojrgck&
lbbgrgcklf aukbgkm }gff no p~cqgbob rc zuppc~r
~omgcklffw acjuzob ~ozol~jd p~chojrz gk Zrlro
Lm~gjufru~lf _kgqo~zgrgoz
?+ Gkzrolb ca wol~ }gzo aukbgkm nw Klrgcklf
Nlki ac~ Lm~gjufru~o lkb u~lf Boqofcpeokr
$KLNL^B'& rdo mcqo~keokr }gff lbcpr zrlro%
}gzo aukbgkm ioopgkm gk egkb rdo zrlroz }grd
fc} j~obgr bopczgr ~lrgcz
1+ Ao~rgfgxo~ zunzgbw }gff no ~ozr~ujru~ob ac~
olzw bofgqo~w rc rdo al~eo~z+ Zunzgbw ac~
nlflkjob pflkr kur~grgck }cufb no p~cqgbob
=+ Rdo mcqo~keokr }gff rlio zropz rc gep~cqo
zigffz ca pocpfo oepfcwob gk al~e lkb kck%
al~e zojrc~ gk ~u~lf l~olz
}grd gep~cqoeokr gk }lro~ elklmoeokr
2+ Lqlgflngfgrw ca norro~ |ulfgrw zoobz rc
al~eo~z }gff dlqo rc p~gc~grgxo rc ~obujo wgofbz
mlpz+ Gk rdgz Zrlro Lm~gjufru~lf _kgqo~zgrgoz
}gff pflw lk gepc~rlkr ~cfo
?+ oqlep zrlro lm~gjufru~lf otrokzgck
zwzroe rdlr gkjfuboz ukgqo~zgrgoz lkb i~gzdg
mwlk# qgmwlk iokb~lz
1+ Gepfoeokrlrgck ca Qlgbwlklrdlk
Jceegrroo ~ojceeokblrgckz ck ~u~lf
jccpo~lrgqo j~obgr lkb bolbfgkoz rc eoor rdo
jceeokrz
=+ Kcrgaw leokbeokrz gk Lm~gjufru~lf
P~cbujo El~ior Jceegrroo Ljr rc lffc}
ql~gorw ca el~ior rccfz gkjfubgkm jckr~ljr lkb
jccpo~lrgqo al~egkm
Zcu~jo8 Dgkbuzrlk Rgeoz& Elw :0& >00=
Rdo ojckcegj ~oac~ez pczr fgno~lfgxlrgck bgb kcr gkjfubo lkw pljilmo zpojgagjlffw bozgmkob
ac~ lm~gjufru~o+ Rdo mcqo~keokr p~ozueob rdlr a~oogkm lm~gjufru~lf el~iorz lkb fgno~lfgzgkm
otro~klf r~lbo gk lm~gjufru~lf jceecbgrgoz }cufb p~cqgbo p~gjo gkjokrgqoz folbgkm rc
okdlkjob gkqozreokr lkb curpur gk rdlr zojrc~+ Dc}oqo~& rdo jdlkmoz gk plrro~kz ca
mcqo~keokr zpokbgkm lkb agklkjglf eolzu~oz laaojrob rdo jckbgrgckz ca jufrgqlrgck+ Gk
pl~rgjufl~& agzjlf pcfgjgoz ca ~obujgkm otpokbgru~o ck l~olz fgio ~u~lf zpokbgkm+ Al~eo~z dlqo
nook ac~job rc nc~~c} a~ce p~gqlro eckowfokbo~z nojluzo ca flji ca j~obgr aljgfgrgoz+
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>1
Lm~gjufru~lf ~oac~ez gk Gkbgl koob rc rljifo ~ccr jluzo ca rdo p~cnfoe ~lrdo~ rdlk zweprcez+
Ag~zrfw& rdo al~egkm ljrgqgrgoz dlqo rc no elbo lrr~ljrgqo rc rdo al~eo~z ac~ }dce jufrgqlrgck
dlz nojceo lfeczr ukp~cagrlnfo+ Elrdo} Lo~rdlwgf zummozrz |ulkrgrlrgqo ~ozr~gjrgckz ck
gepc~r ca lm~gjufru~lf p~cbujrz+
Al~eo~z zdcufb dlqo olzw ljjozz rc j~obgr }grd fc} ~lroz ca gkro~ozr& ukfgio rdo p~ozokr >1 rc
:0 po~jokr po~ lkkue+ Mcqo~keokr euzr jckrgkulffw lzzozz rdo Egkgeue Zuppc~r P~gjoz rc
p~crojr rdo al~eo~ a~ce qcflrgfgrw gk el~iorz+ Lfzc& gkqozreokr zdcufb no bg~ojrob gk ~ozrc~gkm
lm~gjufru~lf gka~lzr~ujru~o gk ro~ez ca g~~gmlrgck& jceeukgjlrgck& r~lkzpc~r& l}l~okozz lkb
~ozol~jd+
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>=
NGNFGCM^LPDW
Rdo Gkr~cbujrgck jckrlgkz zkgpporz ca gkac~elrgck a~ce8
P+ Zlgklrdz l~rgjfoz lncur rdo Lm~l~glk J~gzgz& punfgzdob gk Rdo Dgkbu zgkjo >00004
Zugjgboz& Duelk ^gmdrz lkb rdo Lm~l~glk J~gzgz gk Gkbgl& Jokr~o ca Duelk ^gmdrz
lkb Mfcnlf Huzrgjo& Ko} Wc~i _kgqo~zgrw Zjdccf ca Fl}& >0
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Gkbglz Lm~l~glk J~gzgz lkb Zelffdcfbo~ P~cbujo~z Pl~rgjgplrgck gk Ko} Al~e Zuppfw
Jdlgk Gkgrglrgqoz8 L Jlzo Zrubw ca Jckr~ljr Al~egkm& L zrubw nw Qghlw Pluf Zdl~el&
$>00='
Hlwlrg Mdczd& Fojru~oz ck A~oobce a~ce Dukmo~ zo~goz& Rdo Pcfgrgjlf Ojckcew ca
Al~eo~z Zugjgboz gk Gkbgl& >00?
^obbw lkb Egzd~l $obz'&Lm~l~glk J~gzgz gk Gkbgl& >007
L Jlzo Zrubw ca Lm~gjufru~o gk Dl~wlkl
Okqg~ckeokrlf jckzo|uokjoz ca lm~gjufru~lf boqofcpeokr8 l jlzo zrubw a~ce rdo
M~ook ^oqcfurgck zrlro ca Dl~wlkl& Gkbgl& B~+ ^+N+ Zgkmd& >000
Dl~wlkl Zrlro Ojckcegj Zu~qow& >0