Embed Size (px)
Citation preview
RULED-BASED TOURISM RECOMMENDER
SYSTEM
MUHD AMIRUL ADIB BIN ABDUL SAMAD
BACHELOR OF COMPUTER SCIENCE
(SOFTWARE DEVELOPMENT)
UNIVERSITI SULTAN ZAINAL ABIDIN
2017
RULED-BASED TOURISM RECOMMENDER SYSTEM
MUHD AMIRUL ADIB BIN ABDUL SAMAD
Bachelor of Computer Science (Software Development)
Faculty of Informatics and Computing
Universiti Sultan Zainal Abidin, Terengganu, Malaysia
MAY 2017
i
ABSTRACT
The project is aimed to build a web application system to facilitate the tourists
who travel to the Terengganu. The current problem now is, the traveller that don’t
have any information about the place in Terengganu will need tour guides to travel.
More, there are no information of accommodation, restaurant that authentic. Hence,
the rule-based Tourism Recommender system is proposed to provide an alternative to
concept of tour guides where the system will recommend the place to traveller. The
system will recommend the place based on criteria that was entered by user. So the
traveller will save their time in doing research online for planning their trip. The ruled
based algorithm will implemented in this system to recommend the places to user.
Overall this system is fully developed using PHP and MySQL. By the time this
system was launched, it is expected to become a useful system to user where it can
enhance the travel experience and saving user time in planning their trip.
ii
ABSTRAK
Projek ini bertujuan untuk membina sebuah sistem aplikasi web bagi
memudahkan para pelancong yang berkunjung ke Negeri Terengganu. Permasalahan
yang ada kini ialah pelancong yang tidak mempunyai apa-apa maklumat tentang
tempat di Terengganu memerlukan pemandu pelancong untuk melancong. Tambahan,
mereka tiada maklumat tempat penginapan, restoran yang sahih. Oleh itu, ‘rule-
based Tourism Recommender Sistem’ dicadangkan untuk dijadikan alternatif kepada
konsep pemandu pelancong di mana sistem akan mencadangkan tempat untuk
pengembara. Sistem akan mencadangkan tempat berdasarkan kriteria yang telah
dimasukkan oleh pengguna. Jadi pengembara akan menjimatkan masa mereka dalam
melakukan penyelidikan di laman maya untuk merancang perjalanan mereka.
Algoritma ‘ruled-based’ akan digunakan dalam sistem ini untuk mencadangkan
tempat-tempat untuk pengguna. Keseluruhan sistem ini dibangunkan sepenuhnya
menggunakan PHP dan MySQL. Apabila sistem ini dilancarkan, ia dijangka menjadi
sistem berguna kepada pengguna di mana ia boleh meningkatkan tahap percutian dan
menjimatkan masa pengguna dalam merancang perjalanan mereka.
iii
CONTENTS
PAGE DECLARATION i CONFIRMATION ii DEDICATION iii ABSTRACT iv ABSTRAK v CONTENTS vi LIST OF TABLES vii LIST OF FIGURES xvi LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS xv
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Introduction 1
1.2 Problem statement 2
1.3 Objectives 2
1.4 Scopes 3
1.5 Expected Result 3
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Introduction 4
2.2 Research 4-6
2.3 Rule Base Expert System 7-8
2.3.1 Knowledge Base 7
2.3.2 Database 8
2.3.3 Inference Engine 8
2.3.4 Explanation Facilities 8
2.3.5 User Interface 8
2.4 Research and Analysis from Existing System 9
2.5 Summary
10
iv
CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction 11
3.2 Iterative and Incremental Model 11-13
3.2.1 Initial Planning Phases 12
3.2.2 Planning Phase 12
3.2.3 Requirement Phase 12
3.2.4 Analysis and Design Phase 13
3.2.5 Implementation and Testing Phase 13
3.2.6 Evaluation Phase 13
3.2.7 Deployment Phase 13
3.3 Software and Hardware Requirement 14-15
3.3.1 Software Requirement 14
3.3.2 Hardware Requirement 15
3.4 System Design and Modelling 16-
3.4.1 Framework Design 16
3.4.1 Architecture Design 17-20
3.4.1 Process Model 21-25
3.4.1 Data Model 26
3.4.1 Algorithm 28
3.5 Summary 28
REFERENCES
4.0 Reference 29
v
LIST OF TABLES
TABLE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Comparison between three thesis and articles 6 3.1 Software Requirement 14 3.2 Hardware Requirement 15 3.3 Table Admin 17 3.4 Table Restaurant 17 3.6 Table Tourist Spot 18
vi
LIST OF FIGURES
FIGURE TITLE PAGE 2.1 Basic Structure of rule based expert system 7 3.1 Iterative and incremental model 12 3.2 Framework 16 3.3 Interface for admin Log In 19 3.4 Interface for admin add restaurant 19 3.5 Interface for user search 20 3.6 Context diagram 21 3.7 Data flow diagram (DFD) Level 0 22 3.8 Manage admin process (DFD level 1) 23 3.9 Manage restaurant process (DFD Level 1) 23 3.10 Manage accommodation process (DFD Level 1) 24 3.12 Update password process (DFD level 2) 25 3.13 Entity relationship diagram 26 3.14 Forward chaining 28
vii
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS / TERMS / SYMBOLS
CD Context Diagram DFD Data Flow Diagram ERD Entity Relationship Diagram FYP Final year project GA Genetic algorithm HCI Human computer interface
viii
LIST OF APPENDICES
APPENDIX TITLE PAGE A Appendix 1 80 B Appendix 2 81 C Appendix 3 82 D Appendix 4 83
1
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
1.1 BACKGROUND
Tourism is one of numerous commercial enterprise that has profited massively
from utilizing of the site as a part of the web. [1] The growth rate in online tourism
was quickly increase. This because to give easier to traveller to travel to anywhere
with information with details about the places.
Traditionally, traveller rely on travel magazine, personal travel blogs, or a
combination on online resources and services such as travel guide, map services and
human intelligence to piece together an itinerary. This because the traveller don’t have
any prior knowledge and they may faces the problem of difficulty and time consuming
in travel planning especially first time traveller. It is because Terengganu is kind of
state that has less variety of public transport but has many point of interest of like
beaches, island, related cuisine that may have their own specialty.
So to provide those information, the web base recommender system for tourist is
proposed for the places of interest in Terengganu. It is based in a rule-based Tourism
Recommender System is developed. The main function of this system is to generate a
list hotel and restaurant according criteria set by user. The system also will
recommend the places based on the input from user
2
1.2 PROBLEM STATEMENT
Tourism recommender system is developed to overcome several problems which are:
• The traveller don’t know all places that have in Terengganu.
As we know, traveller is people that go travel to place that they don’t
know all places that have. So the traveller need to find some information to
about the places that they want to go.
• Information of accommodation, restaurant are not authentic.
The traveller will find the information in the internet, or ask a person
that know about the places. So the information of accommodation, restaurant
are not authentic because maybe the information is not up to date.
• Traveller cannot manage the time wisely during the vacation.
When traveller don’t know all the information or the information that
have is not authentic, traveller cannot manage their time wisely during the
vacation because if they go to the places based on the information, maybe the
places don’t have, then they need to change the plan.
• Traveller cannot plan a budget trip wisely.
When traveller don’t have enough information, so they cannot mage their budget for
the trip wisely. For example the price for the hotel and restaurant.
1.3 OBJECTIVES
Objective of a project is defined as the project outcome and how to achieve it. It is
also a supporting action to ensure the goals of the project are accomplished. The
objectives of this system are stated below:
1. To design a recommender system for places of interest in Terengganu with
accommodation and restaurant and budget estimation.
2. To implement rule based technique algorithm to recommend specific places
based on interest.
3. To test the developed and implemented system.
3
1.4 SCOPE
The scope is going to outline the users and function of this application system.
This application system is focus on tourist which is visit Terengganu where the tourist
included foreigner and local, and admin where it will act as an administrator for the
system and manage the system.
1. User (All people that use this system)
o Able to enter destination.
o Able to search hotel.
o Able to search restaurant.
o Able to search tourist spots.
2. Admin
o Able to log in as administrator
o Able to add and update hotels.
o Able to add and update restaurant
o Able to add and update tourist spot.
1.5 EXPECTED RESULT
o The system can recommend the place in Terengganu to traveler based
on criteria that was set up by user.
o The system will help the traveler manage their vacation wisely such as
budget.
o The system is work with full functionality and meets the requirement of
the specified user.
4
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 INTRODUCTION
The literature review is a process to read, analyse, evaluate, and summarize the
scientific material in respect of any topic [2]. To come up with all the elements in
Tourism Recommender System, a review of related literature was conducted by
gathering information from the research papers and journals. So this chapter will
continue with the discussion and idea from previous research.
2.2 RESEARCH
Traveller usually face the problem of difficult and time consuming for
planning a travel itinerary for the first time because it involve of substantial research
to identify point of interest worth visiting, the price of accommodation and so on.
Without any prior knowledge, one must either rely on travel magazines, personal
travel blog, or a combination of online resources and services such as travel guides.
From the literature, there are many system that similarly with the proposed
project. Firstly, the article [1] described the development of the system where a trip
planner application system is developed that will cover all places that have in
Malaysia. The system can generate a list of hotel, restaurant, tourism spot, event and
emergency agency. The system also implement an application that able to calculate
and execute a list of budget hotel, restaurant and tourist spot based on requirement set
by user especially budget. The system is android platform.
5
Secondly, there is E-Faraid System by using Rule-Based where the system will
calculate the amount of asset each heir will get based on the Faraid Law. One great
concern of every family is the question who will inherit the wealth of a deceased in
family member. In Islam, wealth or income is important and necessary. So to achieve
fairer distribution of income is Faraid. So Faraid has the selection that will give fair.
So the author in [3] is developed the E-Faraid System by using Rule-Based to
calculate and solve the problem.
Another paper describes the Personalized Itinerary Planning System for
Tourism [4]. An intelligent web-based system aiming at making recommendation that
help visitors and a resident of the region of Northern Greece to plan their leisure,
cultural and other activities during their stay in that area. The system makes activity
recommendations based on user-selected criteria, such as visit duration and timing,
geographical areas of interest and visit profiling. The user edits the proposed list and
the system creates a plan, taking into account temporal and geographical constraints
imposed by the selected activities, as well as by other events in the user’s calendar.
The system is coupled with a module to semi-automatically feed its database with new
activities in the area.
6
Table 2.1 Comparison between three thesis and article
No Author Title Objective/Technique Advantage
1 Kong Chiao Yee,2015 Trip Planning
Application
System
make a system that
can be a trip advisor
based on requirement
set by user.
-The system is build in
android platform and cost
effective when using
embedded GPS receiver in
smartphone
2 Siti Azmira Binti
Azmi,2015
E-Faraid System
by using Rule-
Based
-To estimate and state
the distribution
procedures for
inheritance of muslim
who have already
passed away.
Implement ruled
based technique in
algorithm of e-Faraid
system
-rules are closely related to
human reasoning
-can solve inheritance
distribution on shorter of
time
3 Ioannis Refanidis,
Christos
Emmanouilidis, Ilias
Sakellariou,
Anastasios Alexiadis,
Remous-Aris
Koutsiamanis,
Konstantinos
Agnantis,
Aimilia Tasidou,
Fotios Kokkoras, and
Pavlos,2014
MYVISITPLANN
ER: Personalized
Itinerary Planning
System for
Tourism
-To make
recommendation that
help visitors to plan
their leisure, cultural
and other activities.
-make activity
recommendation
based on user
selected criteria.
-Recommendation systems
are always up-to-date
-ability for a
recommendation system to
bubble up activity in real
time is a huge advantage
because the system is always
on.
7
2.3 RULE BASE EXPERT SYSTEM
One of the most practical and implemented application of artificial intelligence
in many domain is the development of expert system. An expert system or known as
knowledge base is a program that attempts to mimic human expertise by applying
inference method to a specific body of knowledge (domain) [5] , while rule based is a
set of rules which represent the knowledge about the domain [6]. So, the idea of rule
based expert system is to represent domain expert knowledge in a form called rules. In
a typical ruled-based expert system, a rule consist of several premise and a conclusion.
If all the premises are true, then the conclusion is considered true. The components of
a ruled based expert system include the knowledge base, inference engine, knowledge
acquisition component, and explanation system [5].
2.3.1 Knowledge Base
Knowledge base contains the domains of knowledge useful for problem
solving. In rule based expert system, the knowledge is represented as a set of rules [1].
Each rule specifies a relation, recommendation, directive, strategy or heuristic and has
the IF (condition) THEN (action) structure. When the condition part of the rule is
satisfied, the rule is said to fire and the action part is executed.
Figure 2.1 Basic Structure of rule based expert system
8
2.3.2 Database
Set of facts used to match and against the IF (condition) parts of rules stored in
the knowledge base. Knowledge base with facts contained in the database. If the rule
is match with fact, the knowledge base will fire the fact into database.
2.3.3 Inference Engine
The inference engine applies logical rules to the knowledge base and deduced
new knowledge. It carries out the reasoning whereby the expert system reaches a
solution. It links the rule given in the knowledge base with the facts provided in the
database. Inference engines work primarily in one of two modes either special rule or
fact which is forward chaining and backward chaining.
2.3.4 Explanation Facilities
Enable the user to ask the expert system how a particular conclusion is reached
and why a specific fact is needed. Providing such an explanation facility involves, at
least, recording what rules are used in drawing conclusions, and using these records to
compose explanations like the ones above
2.3.5 User Interface
Purpose of user interface is for communication between a user seeking a
solution to the problem and expert system. User will enter the keyword and will pass
to explanation facilities. All the query will send to inference engine and then will
check in knowledge base and database at the same time.
9
2.4 RESEARCH AND ANALYSIS FROM EXISTING SYSTEM
I. Beautifulterengganu.com
This website is an official Terengganu State Tourism Website where it have
what we need to do if we travel to Terengganu. This website where the URL [7] show
the history of Terengganu, the culture, what to do in Terengganu, where we can stay,
what to eat and so on. This system is easy to use, however, user interface of the
system is not attractive and user need to read everything. For example, if we want
know what activity have in Terengganu, we need to read all, because this system same
like blog. They was write all at there, and we need to read and make some revision.
This system also don’t have suggestion to user and user cannot input anything, just
read.
II. Booking.com
This website is to booking the accommodation all places that have. Basically
this website where the URL [8] is only focus to easier the traveller to book the
accommodation. The traveller just need to input the paces, check in, check out then
search. This system also show the expected price that will charge based on our input
such a how many person, type of room and another. This system also have filtration
based on what we want for the accommodation such as breakfast included, parking,
and so on. The user interface is very simple and easy to user for anyone. But this
system is only focus on accommodation, so the traveller cannot get the full detail
about the rest such as restaurant and interest places that have in Terengganu.
III. Tripadvisor.com
This website where the URL [9] that give advisor to traveller that want to travel to
Malaysia. Trip Advisor calculates an average price for each hotel, which is based on
the rates of available rooms obtained from our booking partners. For tours and
attractions, the price displayed is usually the lowest available per person adult price.
For any travel packages or deals listed, Trip Advisor does not guarantee any specific
rates or prices. In addition, average hotel prices are updated nightly and displayed in
your preferred currency using prevailing conversion rates.
10
2.5 CHAPTER SUMMARY
Based on the research I conclude that the rule based is very suitable for my
system and the inference engine will work by use forward chaining principal. Forward
chaining is technique that will executed that have nothing to do with establish goal. So
with the algorithm and the concept of principal, the system can be a one recommender
system for tourism.
11
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 INTRODUCTION
Methodology is the process, step or stages used to collect information and data
for the purpose of making decisions. The methodology is chosen from the software
development life cycle model. The system development life cycle SDLC that will be
used for this project is Iterative and Incremental Model. In this chapter, it will explain
more detail about every phase that involve on this project development.
3.2 ITERATIVE AND INCREMENTAL MODEL
Tourism recommender system is proposed by using Iterative and Incremental
Model approach. By using this approach, it allows me to develop the system phase by
phase and it is also possible return to the previous phase even though the deliverables
had been done. The main advantage of this model is that in case there is any changes
request or enhancements come in between any phase, changes can be implemented at
a very little cost because of the frequency of new increments that are produced. The
phase approach which are, initial planning, planning, requirements, analysis and
design, implementation, testing, evaluation and deployment phase. For each iterations,
any additional features can be designed, developed, implemented and tested until the
system is fully functional and ready to be deployed.
12
3.2.1 Initial Planning Phase
In this phase, all the activities are plan according to a given period to complete
the system. This phase begins with brainstorming session with the supervisor to come
up with the idea and the title for the project. From the brainstorming session with the
supervisor, the project where were listed and lastly title have been decided which is
Tourism Recommender System and the preferred technique is using rule-based.
During this phase, the problem of the system also we identified before proceed to next
phase.
3.2.2 Planning Phase
After deciding the title of the project and the approach to be used, the
discussions continue on defining the problem statements, decide an objectives and
define scope for the system. In order to get a better understanding, existing systems
are reviewed, observe and the constraint and limitation are gathered. The existing
system is reviewed to know the details about tourism such as criteria that needed for
the tourism system.
Figure 3.1 Iterative and incremental model
13
3.2.3 Requirements Phase
During this phase, existing systems are analysed and all the requirements that
are needed to develop the new system are identified. In this phase, the information
regarding Tourism Recommender System either in the form of journal, articles or
research papers are gathered and studied. All source that found was analysis and
observe the advantage and disadvantage. The information obtained about the tourism
system and rule-based method is crucial in producing the end product and achieve the
system objectives.
3.2.4 Analysis and Design Phase
In this phase, the design of the system is created and the development of the
prototype based on the functionalities that will be built such as add restaurant, update
restaurant, delete restaurant. The data or requirement obtained during the requirement
phase is transformed into a design. Examples of diagrams that will be builds are
Context Diagram (CD), Data Flow Diagram (DFD) level 0 and 1, Entity Relationship
Diagram (ERD). All of these diagrams are built as a guideline of the flow of the
system. These diagram help me to know more detail about the flow of the system.
Later I start to design the interface for the system. I have referred to several website to
gain the inspiration for the interface.
3.2.5 Implementation and Testing Phase
After designing the interfaces, the implementation phase is applied. In this
phase, we will make an overall improvement to the system modules. A discussion
with the supervisor is held to seek solution for any error or fixing bugs in the system.
Unit testing and integrated testing for the module is done to find errors and solutions
to overcome the problems. Then finally, the entire modules of the system will be
combined and tested before it is implemented.
3.2.6 Evaluation Phase
During this phase, the system is evaluated before deploying it to end user. The
system will evaluate based on the functionalities of the system and does the system
fulfil the entire system requirement. The system must fulfil the system requirement
before it is able to be deployed.
14
3.2.7 Deployment Phase
Once the evaluation is done, the system is deployed in the environment so that
the targeted user can use the system. The system will be released to end user to
implement whether the application correct functioning or not.
15
3.3 SOFTWARE AND HARDWARE REQUIREMENT
In the making of this project, software and hardware tools are very important
and essential. The system cannot be developed successfully without these software
and hardware requirements. In order to complete the project, the facilities from
hardware and software must be used. The consumption of these facilities depend on
what already provided or what they have been used before. These are details of the
requirement for rule-based tourism recommender system.
3.3.1 Software Requirement
Table 3.1 Software Requirement No. Software Purpose
1. Notepad++ Software used for developing the code for
function and interface.
2. Microsoft Office 2010
• Microsoft Word 2010
• Microsoft PowerPoint
2010
Tools that are used for documentation of the
project, creating report, presentation slide
and making diagram.
3. Adobe Reader Tool that are used to view documents,
journal and research papers.
4. XAMPP Web Server Local server to run and test the system and
the database connection.
5. Google Chrome Tool that are used as a platform to run the
system.
6. Dropbox This software is used to store backup copied
in cloud.
16
3.3.2 Hardware Requirement
Table 3.2 Hardware Requirement No. Hardware Description
1. Laptop Model: Aspire E-15
CPU: Intel Core i-5.
OS: Windows 8.1.
Function: To develop the system and make the
documentation.
2. Printer Model: Canon Pixma E400.
Function: To print all the needed document and report.
3. External Hard
Disk
Model: Western Digital 500GB.
Function: To store all the data and act as a backup for the
project.
17
3.4 SYSTEM DESIGN AND MODELLING
The framework and design for rule-based Tourism Recommendation System
such as framework, context diagram (CD), data flow diagram (DFD) level 0 and level
1 and entity relationship diagram (ERD) are explained in detailed. Data modelling is
required to facilitate the interaction between system designer, programmer and end-
user. Making an early modelling can help to identify the needs, problem and possible
solutions during the project.
3.4.1 Framework
Figure 3 above show the framework for the Rule Based Tourism
Recommender System. The framework also describe how the user and admin interact
with the system where the admin only can log in into system and manage the
information while the normal user only can view the interface based on criteria that
was filter. User will enter the keyword then the query will pass to inference engine
Figure 1.2 Framework
18
where the engine will check the knowledge base and the database fact. If the rule is
match with database, then it will fire to database.
19
3.4.2 Architecture Design
3.4.2.1 Data Dictionary
3.4.2.1.1 ADMIN
Table 2.3 Table admin
3.4.2.1.2 RESTAURANT
Table 3.4 Table Restaurant
Attribute Name Attribute description Data Type Size Remark
restaurantID Unique ID for each restaurant varchar 10 PK
restaurantName Name of restaurant varchar 50 NN
typeFood Type of food such as western, and so on varchar 50 NN
description Description about that restaurant varchar 200 NN
address Address for location of restaurant varchar 200 NN
minPrice Minimum price for the food varchar 10 NN
maxPrice Maximum price for the food varchar 10 NN
contact Contact the person that handle the
restaurant
varchar 15 NN
rating Rating of restaurant performance varchar 15 NN
photo Photo for the place blob
Attribute Name Attribute description Data Type Size Remark
adminID Admin userID for log in into system varchar 15 PK
password Password to verify the user varchar 10 NN
20
3.4.2.1.3 ACCOMMODATION
Table 4.5 Table Accommodation
Attribute Name Attribute description Data Type Size Remark
acommoID Unique number for each
accommodation.
varchar 10 PK
accommodationName Name for the accommodation places varchar 50 NN
accommodationType Type of accommodation such as
homestay,hotel
varchar 50 NN
description Description about that restaurant varchar 200 NN
address Address for location of
accommodation
varchar 200 NN
minPrice Minimum price for the
accommodation
varchar 10 NN
maxPrice Maximum price for the
accommodation
varchar 10 NN
contact Contact the person that handle the
restaurant
varchar 15 NN
rating Rating of restaurant performance varchar 15 NN
photo Photo for the place blob
21
3.4.2.2 Graphical User Interface
Figure 3.3 Interface for admin log in
Figure 3..4 Interface for admin add restaurant
22
Figure 3.5 Interface for User Search
23
3.4.3 Process Model
3.4.3.1 Context Diagram
Context diagram in figure 4 show the data flow for the ruled-base Tourism
Recommender System. There are two main actor which is admin and normal user. The
context diagram show the overall function of the system. Only admin can log in to the
system to manage the system.
Figure 3.6 : Context Diagram
24
3.4.3.2 Data Flow Diagram(DFD) Level 0
Data flow diagram (DFD) is a graphical representation of the flow of the data
in the system. The DFD show the data flow from an external source or internal source
to the data store or another process.
Through the DFD shown above, figure 5 show the whole system flow. There
are four process in this system which are Manage Admin, Manage Accommodation,
Manage Restaurant and search. Every Process of the system will interact with their
related table or data store in the database in order to complete the process. But at the
process 4.0, where the process search has different database involve which is database
rule. The table rule is used for save the database rule where the ruled based that used
for this project. User will enter the query to the system where the process search will
process the query and check the rule and table fact at the same time.
Figure 3.7 Data Flow Diagram(DFD) Level 0
25
3.4.3.3 Data Flow Diagram(DFD) Level 1
Figure 3.8 : Manage Admin Process (DFD Level 1)
Figure 6 above show the process of manage admin. Admin will log in into the
system and the user ID and password that admin key in will verify in the data store
admin. Admin also can update their password.
Figure 3.9 Manage Restaurant Process (DFD Level 1)
Figure 7 above show the manage restaurant process where only admin can
manage and use this process. This process only use one data store which is restaurant.
Admin can add new restaurant, update and delete. All action that admin do will
change in restaurant data store.
26
Figure 3.10 Manage Accommodation Process (DFD Level 1)
Figure 8 above show the manage accommodation process where only admin
can manage and use this process. This process only use one data store which is
accommodation. Admin can add new accommodation, update and delete. All action
that admin do will change in accommodation data store.
Figure 3.12 Update Password Process (DFD level 2)
Figure 10 above show the update password process where only admin
can update and use this process. This process only use one data store which is admin
data store. Admin will verify the old password then update the password then verify
again the new password.
27
3.4.4 Data Model
3.4.4.1 Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD)
Figure 3.12 Entity Relationship Diagram
Figure 14 above shows the Entity Relationship Diagram (ERD) for Ruled-
based Tourism Recommender System. An ERD is a data modelling technique that
creates a graphical representation of the entities, and the relationships between the
entities in a system. In other words, ERD is graphical representations that illustrate the
logical structure of databases. ERD have four different components which are entities,
relationships, attributes and cardinalities. The entity is a person, object, place or event
for which data is collected. Admin are examples of entities in the ERD shown above.
The relationship is the interaction between the entities. For the example, the admin
manage restaurant. The word ‘manage’ defines the relationship between that instance
of admin and restaurant. The attributes are the characteristics of an entity. For
example, admin entity has two attributes which are adminID and password.
28
3.4.1 Algorithm
Rule-based expert system, where the domain knowledge is represented by a set
of IF-THEN production rules and data is represented by a set of fact about the current
situation [10]. Inference engine will compare each rule that store in knowledge base
with fact contain in database. When the condition is match with fact, the rule is fired
and action part will executed.
Figure 3.14 Forward Chaining
Forward Chaining is technique for gather information and many rules is
executed and also executed the rule that have nothing to do with establish goal [10].
For example we want to determine the fact Z and we had five rule in the knowledge
base and four were fired. But rule 4:C→L, where it not related is also fired.
3.5 Chapter Summary
In this Chapter, we describe about the methodology that used by rule-based Tourism
Recommender System which is iterative and incremental model. It also explains the
hardware and software requirement that are used in this project that was guide to
successful of this project.
29
4.0 References
[1] K. C. Yee, “Trip Planning Application System,” p. 1, 2015.
[2] A. &. B. J. C. Fink, “Developing and Evaluating a Website to Guide Older Adults in Their Health Information Searches A Mixed-Methods Approach,” Journal of Applied Gerontology, pp. 633-651, 2015.
[3] S. A. B. Yusof, “Development of E-Faraid System by Using Rule-Based,” 2015.
[4] C. E. I. S. Ioannis Refanidis1, “MYVISITPLANNER: Personalized Itinerary Planning,” 2014.
[5] K. Darlingtron, The essence of Expert System, Prentice Hall, 2000.
[6] S. R. S. R. R. C. M. Sasi Kumar, A Practical to Introduction to ruled based Expert System, New Delhi: Narosa Publish House, (2007).
[7] “Beautiful TErengganu,” [Online]. Available: http://beautifulterengganu.com/. [Accessed 21 April 2017].
[8] “Booking,” [Online]. Available: https://www.booking.com/. [Accessed 21 April 2017].
[9] “Trip Advisor,” [Online]. Available: https://www.tripadvisor.com.my/. [Accessed 21 April 2017].
[10] M. Negnevitsky, Artificial Intellignece, England: Pearson Education Limited, 205.
