Rule-following and basic normativity

7/30/2019 Rule-following and basic normativity

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Frlnv

$ngelk ~hrsgè pxbkgsdhf ge I%I% Lchr` lef _% Khèlrfg $hfs%'Nlchvs `n Cèchpvs+ _lf`~l+ gk

_`kgjrln`+ 2??>'

Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw n Cèchpvs

L Rh-rhlfgej n Argpahs Schpvgclk Lrjxmhev

Hkgslbhvvl Klkxmhrl

Xeg~hrsgv fhjkg svxfg fg B`k`jel


2/24

mhlegej ~legsdhs gev` vdge lgr8% Bxv Argpah lks` lf~lechs l nxrvdhr cèckxsgè% Dgs shcèf

vdhsgs gs vdlv e` nlcv e`vdgej vdlv z`xkf nlkk zgvdge l elvxrlkgsvgc fhscrgpvgè `n rhlkgvw cle

cèsvgvxvh l svleflrf `n c`rrhcvehss n`r vdh xsh `n z`rfs% Zdhvdhr Argpahs z`ra gs le

lccxrlvh gevhrprhvlvgè `n Zgvvjhesvhge `r e`v+ gv gs jhehrlkkw vlahe ls prhshevgej l svgmxklvgej

pdgk`s`pdgclk lrjxmhev% Ge plrvgcxklr+ gv gs jhehrlkkw vlahe ls prhshevgej l clsh ljlgesv

elvxrlkgsv lppr`lcdhs v` mhlegej lef mhevlk cèvhev>% Ls l rhsxkv+ vdh e rmlvg~gvw

rh|xgrhmhev vhefs v` bh fhnhefhf nr`m zgvdge levgelvxrlkgsv lppr`lcdhs:+ lef gje`rhf `r

fgsmgsshf bw Elvxrlkgsvs4%

Ge zdlv n`kk`zs G zgkk fhnhef l blsgc shesh `n e`rmlvg~gvw n`r cèchpvs% Mw ngrsv svhp zgkk bh

v` sd`z vdlv Argpahs vz` cklgms sd`xkf e`v bh lssxmhf `r rhnxvhf he bk`c% G zgkk clkk

Argpahs ngrsv cklgm Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw Rh|xgrhmhev+ lef vdh nxrvdhr ehjlvg~h vdhsgs Vdgca

E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs% G zgkk lrjxh vdlv vdh Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw Rh|xgrhmhev gs lkk zdlv n`kk`zs

nr`m Argpahs fglkhcvgc% @e vdh cèvrlrw+ Argpahs lrjxmhevs n`r vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw

Vdhsgs lrh e`v h|xlkkw c`mphkkgej vdhrh gs e` lprg`rg lrjxmhev n`r vdh cklgm vdlv e` elvxrlk

nlcv cle cèsvgvxvh l svleflrf `n c`rrhcvehss n`r z`rf `r cèchpv-lppkgclvgès%

Gn G lm rgjdv+ vdhe vdh e`rmlvg~gvw rh|xgrhmhev cxvs lcr`ss vdh nlmgkglr `pp`sgvgè bhvzhhe

elvxrlkgsv lef levgelvxrlkgsv vdh`rghs `n cèchpvs% Ls G fhnhef vdh Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw

Rh|xgrhmhev+ G sgfh zgvd vd`sh zd` mlgevlge vdlv Elvxrlkgsvs ls zhkk cle lcc`xev n`r vdh

e`rmlvg~gvw `n z`rf lef cèchpv-lppkgclvgè79 Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw gs ehxvrlk è vdh elvxrh `n

shmlevgc pr`phrvghs% Gv khl~hs `phe+ d`zh~hr+ vdh |xhsvgè `n zdlv mlw cèsvgvxvh l svleflrf

`n c`rrhcvehss n`r cèchpv-lppkgclvgè+ èch vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs dls bhhe fr`pphf%

Bxv gv gs vdgs klvvhr |xhsvgè+ lef e`v e`rmlvg~gvw phr sh+ zdlv shvvkhs vdh gssxh `n elvxrlkgsm

~hrsxs levgelvxrlkgsm%

Vdgs plphr gs `rjlegyhf ls n`kk`zs% Vdh ngrsv shcvgè gs fhfgclvhf v` le htp`sgvgè `n Argpahs

schpvgclk plrlf`t lb`xv mhlegej% Ge vdh shcèf shcvgè G sahvcd l vltè`mw `n vdh svrlvhjghs

`n s`kxvgè cxrrhevkw è `nnhr+ zdgcd sd`zs d`z vdh e`rmlvg~gvw rh|xgrhmhev c`mhs v` bhgfhevgnghf zgvd le levgelvxrlkgsv cklgm lb`xv mhlegej% G lrjxh ge shcvgè 3 vdlv sxcd le

gfhevgngclvgè mlw rhsv è l mgsxefhrsvlefgej `n Argpahs schpvgclk lrjxmhev+ prhcgshkw è vdh

cènklvgè `n gvs vz` mlge cklgms+ vdh Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw Rh|xgrhmhev lef vdh Vdgca

8 Argpah N`f`r fhngehs Elvxrlkgsm ls vdh vdhsgs vdlv h~hrwvdgej vdlv h~hr dlpphes+ geckxfgej `xr bhgej rlvgèlk+ gs vdh cèn`rmgvw `nelvxrh v` klz% Lef `xr scghech gs vdh bhsv lvvhsvhf sv`rw lb`xv vdh cèn`rmgvw `n elvxrh v` klz vdlv zh ae`z d`z v` vhkk%Lcc`rfgejkw+ vdh pdgk`s`pdgclk pr`bkhms lb`xv mgef lef z`rkf dl~h v` bh sgvxlvhf zgvdge vdh jhehrlk scghevgngc hevhrprgsh+ gnkgvhrlk vrxvd gs zdlv pdgk`s`pdhrs lgm n`r $N`f`r


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E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs% Shcvgès 6 v` 7 sd`z vdlv vdh clsh n`r vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw vdhsgs

ge~`k~hs sh~hrlk |xhsvg elbkh m`~hs% G cèckxfh vdlv zdlv Argpahs schpvgclk lrjxmhev

hsvlbkgsdhs gs vdh Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw Rh|xgrhmhev+ zdgcd gs ehxvrlk è vdh elvxrlkgsv-

levgelvxrlkgsv fhblvh%

2% Argpahs schpvgclk plrlf`t

Argpahs schpvgclk plrlf`t brgejs èh nr`m l sgmpkh lef xe`bihcvgèlbkh lssxmpvgè v` l

fh~lsvlvgej cèckxsgè% Vdh lssxmpvgè gs vdlv xp v` e`z G dl~h xshf hlcd `n vdh z`rfs `n mw

klejxljh l ngegvh lm`xev `n vgmhs% S` n`r lew z`rf+ vdhrh lrh vdgejs ge le gevxgvg~h shesh

zdgcd G eh~hr dlpphehf v` lppkw vdlv z`rf v`% Vdh cèckxsgè gs vdlv mw ehtv lppkgclvgè `n

vdh z`rf v` l ehz clsh gs l khlp ge vdh flra+ ls e`vdgej cèsvgvxvhs mw bhgej rgjdv `r zrèjzgvd lew z`rf n`r lew z`rf+ vdhrh lrh e` nlcvs lb`xv zdlv gv mhles%

Ge vdh schpvgcs ngrsv lef chevrlk htlmpkh vdh z`rf gs pkxs+ lef l ehz lppkgclvgè+ slw v` vdh

c`xpkh `n elvxrlk exmbhrs >4 lef 8:+ lssxmgej vdlv e` èh dls h~hr sxmmhf exmbhrs vdlv

bgj% Vdh Schpvgcs m`~h gs+ vdhe+ v` lsa9 d`z cle G bh s` sxrh vdlv gn pkxs gs lppkghf

c`rrhcvkw v` >4 lef 8:+ vdhgr sxm gs


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Zgvd l nxrvdhr m`~h+ vdh schpvgc vxres dgs cdlkkhejh lb`xv mw plsv gevhevgès lb`xv pkxs gev`

l cdlkkhejh lb`xv vdh prhshev mhlegej `n vdlv z`rf% Gn G c`xkf dl~h mhlev lewvdgej ge vdh

plsv+ vdhrh gs e` rhlsè v` slw vdlv vdhrh gs s`mhvdgej G mhle zgvd pkxs e`z zgvd rhsphcv v`

mw nxvxrh lppkgclvgès+ lef e` jr`xefs n`r mw ehtv cklgm vdlv >4 pkxs 8: gs


5/24

dlpphe v` c`gecgfh zgvd vdh c`xpkhs `n exmbhrs G dl~h hec`xevhrhf s` nlr+ gv n`kk`zs vdlv zgvd

pkxs G c`xkf mhle ixsv lewvdgej%

Vdh ngelk rhkh~lev svhp `n vdh schpvgcs fglkhcvgc gs vdlv b`vd vdh cdlkkhejh lef vdh plrlf`t lrh

e`v c`engehf v` vdh sphcgngc htlmpkh% Lkk vdh svhps vlahe s` nlr cle bh rhphlvhf zgvd `vdhr

z`rfs+ kgah vdh gee`chev-k``agej vlbkh9

Qc]le G leszhr l schpvgc zd` sxpp`shs vdlv bw vlbkh ge vdh plsv G mhlev vlblgr+ zdhrh l

vlblgr gs lewvdgej vdlv gs l vlbkh e`v n`xef lv vdh blsh `n vdh Hgnnhk V`zhr+ `r l cdlgr

n`xef vdhrh0


6/24

Vdh klvvhr svhp lm`xevs v` slwgej vdlv Qv]dhrh cle bh e` sxcd vdgej ls mhlegej lewvdgej bw

lew z`rf2?% Gn vdh schpvgc gs rgjdv+ zh vlka lef xefhrsvlef hlcd `vdhr+ bxv gv clev bh fhcgfhf

zdlv zh lrh vlkagej lb`xv% Ge Argpahs z`rfs ljlge+ Qg]v shhms vdlv vdh hevgrh gfhl `n mhlegej

~legsdhs gev` vdge lgr%

3% E` nlcvs vdhrhn`rh e`rms0

Ckhlrkw vdh schpvgc clev bh rgjdv% Vdh p`sgvgè dh khl~hs xs zgvd mlahs ckhlr jr`xef `n lkk `xr

gevxgvgès lef c`mmèshesh bhkghns lb`xv c`mmxegclvgè+ lef lb`xv vdh rhklvgè bhvzhhe

z`rfs lef vdgejs9 zh xsh z`rfs v` rhnhr v` vdgejs+ lef zh xefhrsvlef hlcd `vdhr zdhe zh f`+

zdhrhls vdh schpvgc slws gv clev bh s`% M`rh`~hr+ vdh schpvgcs cèckxsgè z`xkf lks` fhprg~h

dgs `ze lrjxmhev `n lew mhlegej zgvd vdh Zgvvjhesvhgegle gmljh+ gv z`xkf bh kgah agcagej`nn vdh klffhr nr`m xefhr èhs nhhv% Bxv zdhrh gs vdh schpvgcs nlxkv0

Vdh ~lrghvw `n p`sgvgès è vdgs mlvvhr mlw bh cklssgnghf gev` vz` br`lf clvhj`rghs% @e vdh èh

dlef+ Elvxrlkgsvs cklgm vdlv vdh schpvgc gs zrèj ge cèckxfgej vdlv vdhrh lrh e` nlcvs `n vdh

rhkh~lev s`rv% Vdhw `bihcv v` svhps : lef 4 lb`~h9 hgvdhr vdh schpvgcs ge~hev`rw `n nlcvs gs e`v

htdlxsvg~h+ `r vdh rhihcvgè `n èh agef `n clefgflvh nlcvs gs zrèj% Vdh ngrsv rhlcvgè gs

vwpgclkkw lss`cglvhf zgvd Cd`msaw2


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8/24

pgcvxrh zdhe nlcvs lrh khnv bhdgef% E`rmlvg~gvw+ zdgcd gs phcxkglr v` dxmle lcvg~gvghs sxcd ls

rhlsègej lef c`mmxegclvgej vdr`xjd klejxljh+ gs vd`xjdv v` bh prhcgshkw zdlv elvxrlkgsv

lppr`lcdhs clee`v lcc`xev n`r ge McF`zhkks nlm`xs pdrlsh+ vdh svrxcvxrh `n vdh splch `n

rhlsès svxbb`rekw rhsgsvs bhgej lppr`prglvhf zgvdge l elvxrlkgsm vdlv cèchg~hs elvxrh ls vdh

rhlkm `n klz27% Vdxs+ ge cèvhmp`rlrw fgscxssgès lb`xv mhevlk lef kgejxgsvgc cèvhev+

e`rmlvg~gvw `n cèvhev lef eè-elvxrlkgylbgkgvw `n cèvhev lrh vlahe v` bh èh lef vdh slmh

vdhsgs3?%

6% Vz` fgnnhrhev vdhshs

G vdgea vdh zgfhsprhlf ljrhhmhev ixsv mhevgèhf mlw rhsv è l mgsxefhrsvlefgej `n Argpahs

lrjxmhev

34+ 8:5+ 4+ 8:5+ 85 $ge vdhsh `rfhrhf c`xpkh vdh

ngrsv hkhmhev+ le `rfhrhf c`xpkh lv gvs vxre+ cèvlge vdh lrjxmhevs `n vdh nxecvgè lef vdh

shcèf hkhmhev gs gvs ~lkxh n`r vd`sh lrjxmhevs'% Lcc`rfgej v` Argpahs lrjxmhev+ d`zh~hr+

e` sxcd eè-mhevlk `bihcv cle cèsvgvxvh l svleflrf `n c`rrhcvehss+ bhclxsh vdhe vdh pr`bkhm

z`xkf lrgsh lb`xv zdlvnlcv lb`xv mh cèsvgvxvhs mw jrlsp `n gv36%

E`z+ èh mlw gmmhfglvhkw zèfhr zdw vdh lb`xv-mh rhsvrgcvgè j`hs xecdlkkhejhf% Vdh

pr`bkhm gs vdlv vdhrh lrh lrjxmhevs n`r vdh cèckxsgè vdlv vdh schpvgcs fhmlef ixsv clee`v

bh mhv ge sxcd vhrms% _rhsxmlbkw+ l nlcv lb`xv mh gs l mhevlk pr`phrvw vdlv G p`sshss% Vdgs

s`rv `n pr`phrvw z`xkf bh mhlegej-cèsvgvxvgej n`r l z`rf z gn vdgs cèfgvgè gs mhv9 vdlv e`

vz` ph`pkh cle p`sshss vdlv mhevlk pr`phrvw lef mhle fgnnhrhev vdgejs zgvd z% Vdgs+ d`zh~hr+

gs prhcgshkw zdlv Vzge-Hlrvd lrjxmhevs vlxjdv xs e`vv` htphcv9 gv gs p`ssgbkh vdlv vz` ph`pkh

p`sshss vdh slmh mhevlk pr`phrvw lef whv vdh mhlegejs `n vdhgr z`rfs bh fgnnhrhev% Vdh m`rlk

`n vdgs agef `n lrjxmhevs gs vdlv mhlegej pr`phrvghs `n z`rfs lrh e`v cèsvgvxvhf bw mhevlk

pr`phrvghs `n ph`pkh lkèh+ rlvdhr+ vdhw crxcglkkw fhphef è zdlv gs `xv vdhrh Argpahs

lrjxmhevs ge Elmgej lef Ehchssgvw p`gev v` vdh slmh cèckxsg e9 mhevlk cèvhevs

$sphcgngclkkw+ fhscrgpvgès' f` e`v gefg~gfxlvh vdh mhlegejs `n z`rfs38% S` gn vdh schpvgcs

lrjxmhev gs blshf è sxcd l agef `n lb`xv-mh rhsvrgcvgè è mhlegej-cèsvgvxvgej nlcvs+ e`

sxrprgsh gn vdh cèckxsgè gs vdlv vdhrh lrh e` nlcvs vdlv cèsvgvxvh mhlegejs%Lcc`rfgej v` vdgs kgeh `n rhlsègej+ vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs cle bh rhsgsvhf+ ls gv gs

blshf è le gevhrelkgsv prhmgsh+ zdgcd cle bh fgsmgsshf zgvd zhkk-ae`ze htvhrelkgsv

lrjxmhevs% Vdlv z`xkf bh vdh hef `n vdh schpvgcs sv`rw zh c`xkf rhnxsh v` lcchpv dgs

cdlkkhejh ls blshf è l mgskhlfgej pgcvxrh `n mhlegej% Dhrh+ d`zh~hr+ G zgkk `pv n`r l m`rh

swmplvdhvgc lvvgvxfh v`zlrfs vdh schpvgc% Lcc rfgejkw+ G zèv cèsgfhr vdh htvhrelkgsv

`bihcvgè ls l ae`ca-f`ze lrjxmhev% Lnvhr lkk+ vdh schpvgc e`zdhrh cklgms htpkgcgvkw vdlv33 Argpah


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12/24

S` nlr+ lef sgech vdh lb`xv-mh rhsvrgcvgè dls bhhe lkk`zhf+ vdgejs dl~h jèh |xgvh sm``vd

zgvd vdh schpvgcs lrjxmhev nr`m hkgmgelvgè% Vdh klsv eè-klmhevhf ~gcvgm `n vdh schpvgcs

hkgmgelvgè gs Crxfh Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm% Lcc`rfgej v` \xgehs fhngegvgè+ l fgsp`sgvgè gs l

pdwsgclk svlvh vdlv clxslkkw wghkfs l chrvlge rhspèsh xefhr l plrvgcxklr svgmxkxs62% Vdh jhehrlk

pr`bkhm zgvd fgsp`sgvgès gs vdlv l svgmxkxs cle bh gje`rhf+ mgsvlahe n`r s`mhvdgej hksh+ lef

`~hrc`mh bw le`vdhr svgmxkxs9 ls l rhsxkv+ vdh rhspèsh cle bh pr`fxchf zgvd`xv vdh svgmxkxs+

`r gv cle nlgk v` bh pr`fxchf h~he vd`xjd vdh svgmxkxs gs prhshev+ gn chrvlge cèfgvgès d`kf% Ls

l mlvvhr `n nlcv+ e` lcvxlk swsvhm `n pr`chssgej gen`rmlvgè gs gmmxeh nr`m vdh p`ssgbgkgvw `n

fhchpvg~h cèfgvgès+ bxv Crxfh Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm dls e` fh~gch n`r htckxfgej vdhm% Ls l

vdhsgs lb`xv mhlegej+ gv dls vdlv zdlvh~hr G lm fgsp`shf v` lppkw z v`+ vdlv gs vdh mhlegej `n

z9 Crxfh Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm mlahs e` r``m n`r l fgnnhrhech bhvzhhe c`rrhcvehss lef hrr`r63%

Vdgs sxnngchs n`r htckxfgej vdlv vdh mhevlk pr`phrvw vdlv fhvhrmgehs vdh mhlegej `n l chrvlge

z`rf gs sphcgnghf ge vhrms `n d`z G lm fgsp`shf v` lppkw vdlv z`rf+ zgvd e` nxrvdhr

|xlkgngclvgès66%

E`z+ vdh sd`rvc`mgejs `n Crxfh Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm ls l vdh`rw `n mhlegej n`r lcvxlk nlkkgbkh

swsvhms `r `rjlegsms dls eh~hr rhlkkw bhhe pxv gev` |xhsvgè% Vdh pr`bkhm lb`xv vdh schpvgcs

hkgmgelvgè `n Crxfh Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm nr`m clefgflvh mhlegej-cèsvgvxvgej nlcvs gs prhcgshkw

ge vdhsh vhrms9 vdh pr`bkhm gs vdlv gv lm`xevs v` vdh hkgmgelvgè `n lsvrlz mle% E` èh vdgeas

vdlv xecèsvrlgehf fgsp`sgvgèlk pr`phrvghs `n vdgeahrs `r sphlahrs lrh sxnngcghev v` gfhevgnw

mhlegejs% Vdh gfhl vdlv mlew pdgk`s`pdhrs fhnhef e`zlflws gs rlvdhr vdlv fgsp`sgvgèlk

pr`phrvghs `n vdgeahrs `r sphlahrs ge gfhlkcèfgvgès cèsvgvxvh mhlegejs9 z mhlesp bhclxsh

z gs clxshf bw+ xshf n`r+ `r fgrhcvhf lv ps ge cgrcxmsvlechs ge zdgcd mgsvlahs f` e`v `ccxr%

Clxslk vdh`rghs+ xsh vdh`rghs lef vhkh`k`jgclk vdh`rghs `n cèvhev lrh ~lrghvghs `n vdgs blsgc

gfhl68% Vdh schpvgcs `bihcvgès v` Crxfh Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm mgss vdh vlrjhv zdhe Gfhlk

Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm gs ge |xhsvgè% S` vdh schpvgc ehhfs fgnnhrhev lrjxmhevs ge `rfhr v` rxkh `xv

vdh gfhl vdlv ph`pkhs fgsp`sgvgès xefhr gfhlk cèfgvgès cèsvgvxvh mhlegejs%

v` f`js%

62 \xgeh ?%

63 Argpah


13/24

>% Vdh lrjxmhev nr`m hkgmgelvgè9 gfhlk fgsp`sgvgès

Argpahs fgscxssgè `n Gfhlk Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm gs vhe pljhs kèj6>% M`rh`~hr+ vdgs gs mlwbh vdh

m`sv fhblvhf |xhsvgè ge vdh shcèflrw kgvhrlvxrh lb`xv Argpahs Zgvvjhesvhge%

G vdgea vdhrh gs l xshnxk fgsvgecvgè v` frlz dhrh% @e vdh èh dlef+ vdhrh lrh lrjxmhevs vdlvsd`z vdlv s`mh plrvgcxklr fgsp`sgvgèlk vdh`rw nlgks v` pr`~gfh le lfh|xlvh lcc`xev `n

mhlegej pr`phrvghs% N`r htlmpkh+ mlew dl~h lrjxhf vdlv l sgmpkh clxslk vdh`rw `n cèchpvs gs

xelbkh v` c`ph zgvd vdh pr`bkhm `n hrr`r% @e vdh `vdhr dlef+ vdhrh lrh lrjxmhevs ljlgesv vdh

~hrw p`ssgbgkgvw `n dl~gej l fgsp`sgvgèlk lcc`xev `n mhlegej pr`phrvghs% Zdgkh lrjxmhevs `n

vdh ngrsv agef slw vdlv gfhlk fgsp`sgvgès fèvcèsvgvxvh mhlegejs n`r s`mh plrvgcxklr rhlsè+

lrjxmhevs `n vdh shcèf agef slw vdlv gvs lprg`rg vdlv gfhlk fgsp`sgvgè clev cèsvgvxvh

mhlegejs%Vdlv vdh vz` agefs `n lrjxmhev cle bh ahpv lplrv gs |xgvh gevxgvg~h% C`mplrh+ n`r htlmpkh9 le

lrjxmhev n`r vdh cèckxsgè vdlv mw clr zèv brgej mh v` Sh~gkkl ge khss vdle 6 d`xrs+ lef le

lrjxmhev n`r vdh cèckxsgè vdlv e` clr cle p`ssgbkw brgej mh v` Sh~gkkl ge khss vdle 6 d`xrs%

Vdh p`gev gs vdlv lrjxmhevs `n vdh ngrsv agef pr`~h mxcd khss vdle lrjxmhev `n vdh shcèf

agef% Gn gvs ixsv l pr`bkhm lb`xv mw clr vdlv gv clev brgej mh v` Sh~gkkl ls |xgcakw ls G ehhf v`

jhv vdhrh+ G cle svgkk d`ph n`r s`mhèh v` khef mh dhrs+ `r n`r l kgnv% Fgnnhrhevkw+ gn e` clr cle

p`ssgbkw phrn`rm vdh fhsgrhf vlsa+ vdhe Gf bhvvhr rhshr~h l shlv è l nlsv vrlge `r fhklw mw

lpp`gevmhev% Vdh slmh zgvd fgsp`sgvgès9 zgvd l lrjxmhev ljlgesv vdh p`ssgbgkgvw `n le

lfh|xlvh gfhlk fgsp`sgvgèlkgsv vdh`rw+ zhf bhvvhr n`rjhv fgsp`sgvgès ls mhlegej-cèsvgvxvgej

nlcvs% @e vdh cèvrlrw+ lrjxmhevs ljlgesv plrvgcxklr pr`bkhms `n plrvgcxklr fgsp`sgvgèlkgsv

vdh`rghs clev htckxfh vdlv s`mh m`rh rhngehf vdh`rw zgkk jg~h l slvgsnlcv`rw lcc`xev `n

mhlegej pr`phrvghs9 zgvd sxcd lrjxmhevs ge pklch+ gvs ixsv le `phe |xhsvgè zdhvdhr Gfhlk

Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm nlgks `r e`v+ lef gvs le `phe |xhsvgè zdhvdhr vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs

gs vrxh% Bxv ls N`f`r rhmlras+ le `phe-|xhsvgè rhsxkv gs e`v ~hrw p`zhrnxk ljlgesv vdh

nhlsgbgkgvw `n l pdgk`s`pdgclk pr`jrlmmh6:%

Zdlv agef `n lrjxmhevs f`hs Argpah pr`~gfh ge `rfhr v` hkgmgelvh gfhlk fgsp`sgvgès nr`m

clefgflvh mhlegej-cèsvgvxvgej nlcvs0 Dh rlgshs vdrhh gegvglk `bihcvgès v` Gfhlk

Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm% Ngrsv+ dh slws vdlv lew vdh`rw vdlv sphcgnghs gfhlk cèfgvgès ge vhrms `n

shmlevgc `r e`rmlvg~h e`vgès gs gelfh|xlvh bhclxsh plvhevkw cgrcxklr64% Shcèf+ dh rhmlras

vdlv lew vdh`rw vdlv f`hsev lcc`xev n`r swsvhmlvgc hrr`r nlgks67% Vdgrf+ dh cklgms vdlv vdh

v`vlkgvw `n èhs fgsp`sgvgès gs ngegvh+ lef zèfhrs d`z fgsp`sgvgès c`xkf bh gfhlkgyhf s` v`

6> Argpah


14/24

lkk`z n`r l ngegvh mgef v` dl~h fgsp`sgvgès v`zlrfs dxjh exmbhrs+ `r hpgsvhmgclkkw

gelcchssgbkh sgvxlvgès8?%

E`z+ vdh vdrhh `bihcvgès cèsgsv ge rlgsgej pr`bkhms n`r Gfhlk Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm9 D`z v`

sphcgnw gfhlk cèfgvgès ge elvxrlkgsvgc vhrms0 D`z v` fgsvgejxgsd swsvhmlvgc hrr`r nr`m

c`rrhcvehss0 D`z v` lcc`xev n`r fgsp`sgvgès vdlv rh|xgrh htvhefhf hpgsvhmgc clplcgvghs0

Eèh `n vdh lrjxmhevs+ d`zh~hr+ slws vdlv gvs ge prgecgpkh gmp`ssgbkh n`r Gfhlk

Fgsp`sgvgèlkgsm v` s`k~h sxcd pr`bkhms% Ge `vdhr vhrms+ gvs le `phe |xhsvgè zdhvdhr Gfhlk

Fgsp`sgvg elkgsm cle lcc`xev n`r gfhlk cèfgvg es+ swsvhmlvgc hrr`r+ lef hpgsvhmgc

fhngcghecghs% Gv mgjdv zhkk vxre `xv vdlv l vdh`rw gs lbkh v` ngef l prgecgpkhf zlw v` pgca `xv

mhlegej-fhvhrmgegej fgsp`sgvgès nr`m fgsp`sgvgès v` hrr`rs+ h~he zdhe vdhw lrh swsvhmlvgc1

lef vdlv vdh slmh vdh`rw dls vdh rhs`xrchs v` htvhef gvs sc`ph bhdgef hpgsvhmgclkkw p`ssgbkh

clshs+ `r v` htckxfh sxcd clshs ls grrhkh~lev8


15/24

svgkk gv zèv bh lfh|xlvh ls l vdh`rw `n mhlegej% Vdh rhlsè z`xkf bh vdlv vdhrh gs l eè-

d`m`jhehgvw+ l s`rv `n mhvlpdwsgclk jlp bhvzhhe mhlegej pr`phrvghs lef fgsp`sgvgèlk

pr`phrvghs9 vdh n`rmhr lrh e`rmlvg~h+ vdh klvvhr lrh e`v% Vdlv vdgs gs l ahw p`gev `n Argpahs

fglkhcvgc gs lkm`sv vlahe n`r jrlevhf86%

Dhrh+ vdhe+ gs vdh plssljh nr`m Argpah vdlv z`xkf cèvlge vdgs agef `n Jlp Lrjxmhev9

Sxpp`sh G mhle lffgvgè bw !% Zdlv gs vdh rhklvgè `n vdgs sxpp`sgvgè v` vdh |xhsvgè

d`z G zgkk rhspèf v` vdh pr`bkhm >4!8:0 Vdh fgsp`sgvgèlkgsv jg~hs l fhscrgpvg~h

lcc`xev `n vdgs rhklvgè9 gn ! mhlev lffgvgè+ vdhe G zgkk leszhr


16/24

`xjdv-e`v+ htprhsshs s`mh ehz rhklvgè `n lnngrmlvgè+ vgs ehchsslrw vdlv gv sd`xf bh

`bshr~f lef htpklgef1 lef lv vdh slmh vgmh vdlv l rhlsè sd`xkf bh jg~he+ n`r zdlv

shhms lkv`jhvdhr gecèchg~lbkh+ d`z vdgs ehz rhklvgè cle bh l fhfxcvgè nr`m `vdhrs+

zdgcd lrh hevgrhkw fgnnhrhev nr`m gv8>%

E`z+ vdh gs-`xjdv gssxh dls bhhe l zgfhkw fhblvhf èh sgech Dxmhs vgmh% Vz`

cèsgfhrlvgès+ d`zh~hr+ mgjdv bh pxv n`rzlrf ge nl~`xr `n vdh gfhl vdlv vdhrh gs svgkk r``m n`r

fgscxssgè% Ngrsv+ Dxmh svlrvs nr`m vdh h~gfhech vdlv v` fhrg~h e`rmlvg~h nr`m pxrhkw nlcvxlk

svlvhmhevs gs |xgvh c`mmè% Vdgs gs svgkk vrxh gn zh cèsgfhr h~lkxlvgès lef prhscrgpvgès ge

lffgvgè v` m`rlk e`rms% N`r htlmpkh+ zh slw vdlv nr`m vdh nlcv vdlv Ièhs agkkhf Smgvd+ gv

n`kk`zs vdlv Ièhs `xjdv v` bh pxegsdhf1 lef nr`m vdh nlcv vdlv Leels plphr dls sxcd lef

sxcd cdlrlcvhrgsvgcs lef Hmmls plphr dls sxcd lef sxcd fgnnhrhev cdlrlcvhrgsvgcs+ Leels

plphr gs bhvvhr vdle Hmmls% Ge b`vd clshs+ levhchfhevs lrh nlcvxlk+ zdgkh cèsh|xhechs lrh

e`rmlvg~h% Lnvhr lkk+ Dxmh dgmshkn mgjdv bh shhe ls rhsvgej è vdgs nlcv lb`xv `xr prlcvgch ge

`rfhr v` pr`p`sh l zlw `xv `n vdh gmplssh%

Shcèf+ nr`m vdh plssljh lb`~h gv shhms vdlv Dxmh blegsdhs xeixsvgnghf`rxehtpklgehf gs-

`xjdv fhrg~lvgès+ lef e`v gs-`xjdv fhrg~lvgès ls sxcd% Blsgclkkw htpk`gvgej vdhsh vz` p`gevs+

èh mgjdv vlah Dxmhs plssljh ls l cklgm+ lef e`v s` mxcd ls le lrjxmhevn`r vdh gkkgcgvehss

`n gs-`xjdv fhrg~lvgès%Vdgs gs D`rzgcds p`gev9 vdhrh gs e` lrjxmhev n`r vdh cklgm vdlv ge prgecgpkh lef ge vdh jhehrlk

clsh+ gs-`xjdv gmpkgclvgès lrh gkkgcgv% Sxcd le lrjxmhev c`xkfev bxv cèvlge l nlkklcw9 vdh

gfhl vdlv vdh levhchfhev lef vdh cèsh|xhev `n l ~lkgf gmpkgclvgè ehhf v` bh d`m`jheh`xs ls

v` zdgcd agef `n pr`phrvw vdhw rhnhr v`+ bxv vdgs gfhl ge vdh jhehrlk clsh gs nlksh8:% Dhrh+ l

zhlahr ~hrsgè `n Dxmhs p`gev gs lcchpvhf9 gs-`xjdv fhrg~lvgès ehhf v` bh jr`xefhf

s`mhd`z% Vdh svrèjhsv cklgm `n jhehrlk gmp`ssgbgkgvw gs e`v lcchpvhf+ lef vdh vd`xjdv gs vdlv

~lkgfgvw `n ged`m`jheh`xs fhrg~lvgès ehhf v` bh fgscxsshf è l clsh-bw-clsh blsgs%S`+ gn gv gs e`v vrxh ge jhehrlk vdlv nlcvs clev gmpkw e`rms+ cle gv bh vrxh ge plrvgcxklr vdlv

nlcvs clev gmpkw e`rms `n c`rrhcv xsh0 Ge `vdhr z`rfs+ gs vdhrh s`mhvdgej sphcgngclkkw lb`xv

vdh clsh `n mhlegej pr`phrvghs lef fgsp`sgvg elk pr`phrvghs+ zdgcd sxpp`rvs vdh Jlp

Lrjxmhev0 Gn vdh leszhr gs lnngrmlvg~h+ vdhe vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs zgkk ngelkkw bh

pr`~hf%

8> Dxmh 7%

8: D`rzgcd


17/24

4% Vdh ixsvgngclvgè lrjxmhev

Dhrhs l vhmpvgej kgeh `n rhlsègej vdlv z`xkf mlah vdh Jlp Lrjxmhev pklxsgbkh+ lef vdh

Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs vrxh% Ge nlcv+ gv gs sxjjhsvhf bw Argpah dgmshkn ixsv lnvhr vdh plssljh

|x`vhf lb`~h9

vdh nlcv vdlv vdh schpvgc cle mlgevlge vdh dwp`vdhsgs vdlv G mhlev |xxs sd`zs vdlv G dlf

e` ixsvgngclvgè n`r leszhrgej


18/24

vrlesplrhev v` mh% Ge rhkglbgkgsv vhrms+ G lm ixsvgnghf ge bhkgh~gej s`mhvdgej gn vdhrh gs l

rhkglbkh pr`chfxrh G cle n`kk`z ge `rfhr v` jhv v` vdlv bhkghn+ e` mlvvhr gn G lm lzlrh `n sxcd

pr`chfxrh>2% Vdgs gevhrprhvlvgè gs sxpp`rvhf bw vd`sh plssljhs ge zdgcd Argpah slws

vdlv nlcvs lb`xv mhlegej+ gn vdhrh lrh lew+ sd`xkf jxgfh èhs xsh `n z`rfs >3% Vwpgclkkw+

rhkglbkh bxv eè-vrlesplrhev pr`chfxrhs clee`v bh èhs jxgfh%

Zgvd sxcd cèsgfhrlvgès ge pklch+ vdhe+ prhmgsh < cle bh rhzrgvvhe ls n`kk`zs9


19/24

7% Le`vdhr hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgc0

Zdw Argpahs schpvgc clee`v bh le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgc >60 Zhkk+ ngrsv `n lkk n`r rhlsès `n

gevhrelk c`dhrhech `n Argpahs fglkhcvgc9 Argpah htpkgcgvkw fheghs vdlv vdh lffgvgè-|xlffgvgè

pr`bkhm gs le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk pr`bkhm lb`xv vdh p`ssgbgkgvw `n ae`zgej nlcvs lb`xvmhlegej>8% D`zh~hr+ gevhrelk c`dhrhech clee`v bh vdh hef `n vdh sv`rw+ ls èh c`xkf sxsphcv

vdlv Argpah dgmshkn mgjdv bh zrèj lb`xv vdh elvxrh `n dgs `ze lrjxmhev% Vdh rhlk pr`bkhm

gs vdlv gn zh lkk`z vdh vrlesn`rmlvgè `n vdh schpvgclk plrlf`t gev` le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk

schpvgcs plrlf`t+ vdhe gv bhc`mhs mxcd hlsghrv` rhnxsh%

N`r khvs sxpp`sh vdlv vdh schpvgclk plrlf`t gs le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk plrlf`t+ lef e`v l

mhvlpdwsgclk plrlf`t ls Argpah zlevhf gv v` bh% Vdhe gvs sgmpkgnghf svrxcvxrh gs ls n`kk`zs9

W`x fèv ae`z vdlv pkxs mhles lffgvgè xekhss w`x rxkh `xv vdh p`ssgbgkgvw vdlv pkxsmhles |xlffgvgè%

W`x fèv ae`z lew nlcv vdlv mlahs pkxs mhles lffgvgè vrxh $lef pkxs mhles

|xlffgvgè nlksh'%

W`x fèv ae`z vdlv pkxs mhles lffgvgè%

E`z+ vdgs agef `n lrjxmhev gs ~xkehrlbkh v` vdh vrlfgvgèlk `bihcvgès ljlgesv

hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgcgsm% N`r htlmpkh+ èh mlw `bihcv v` vdh ngrsv prhmgsh lef rhnxsh v`

vlah xp vdh schpvgcs cdlkkhejh9 zdw sd`xkf G ehhf v` rxkh `xv |xlffgvgè ge `rfhr v` ae`z vdlv

pkxs mhles lffgvgè0>> G clee`v bh c`mmgvvhf v` rxkgej `xv lewvdgejzdgcd gs gec`mplvgbkh

zgvd mw ae`zkhfjh-cklgms+ ls vdlv z`xkf rh|xgrh `megscghech è mw plrv>:% Lnvhr lkk+

|xlffgvgè gs e`vdgej m`rh vdle l k`jgclk p`ssgbgkgvw `n hrr`r+ lef vdlv gs sgmpkw e`v he`xjd%

Ls J`kfnlrb pxvs gv9

Qh]~he gn zh jrlev vdlv vdhrh lrh p`ssgbkh nxvxrh rhspèshs vdlv z`xkf xef` vdh cxrrhev

lscrgpvgè+ lkk Argpah `nnhrs gs l blrh p`ssgbgkgvwL shrg`xs sahpvgc mxsv lcchpv l bxrfhe

`n pr``n lef pr`~gfh s`mh jr`xef nr`m zdgcd vdh lvvlca pr`chhfs% Vdh sgvxlvgè dhrh gse` fgnnhrhev nr`m vdlv zgvd sahpvgcgsm `n m`rh nlmgkglr agefs9 l schpvgclk pr`bkhm clee`v

bh lssxmhf v` lrgsh ixsv nr`m vdh k`jgclk p`ssgbgkgvw `n hrr`r% V` vlah vdlv schpvgcgsm lb`xv

mhlegej cle s` lrgsh gs v` ljrhh v` l ihixeh jk`blk schpvgcgsm lb`xv lkk `xr ae`zkhfjh

$J`kfnlrb 8 Argpah FhR`sh :Frhvsah


20/24

Le lkvhrelvg~h svrlvhjw n`r sgkhecgej le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgc lb`xv mhlegej gs sxjjhsvhf bw

Argpah dgmshkn% Gn vdh pr`bkhm gs le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk pr`bkhm+ èh cle lrjxh vdlv `n lkk vdh

lkvhrelvg~h dwp`vdhshs cèchregej vdh mhlegej `n pkxs+ vdh dwp`vdhsgs vdlv G mhle lffgvgè

sd`xkf bh prhnhrrhf+ ls gv gs vdh sgmpkhsv dwp`vdhsgs% S` h~he vd`xjd G clee`v jhv v` ae`z

zdlv pkxs mhles+ ls vdh rhkh~lev h~gfhech kghs bhwèf mw hpgsvhmgc rhlcd+ G cle `pv n`r vdh

dwp`vdhsgs vdlv lffgvgè gs vdh gevhefhf mhlegej+ bhclxsh vdh dwp`vdhsgs `n lffgvgè htpklges

vdh slmh nlcvs ls lkk vdh `vdhrs zgvd`xv fhmlefgej v`` mxcd c`jegvg~h hnn`rv è mw plrv>4%

B`vd vdh `bihcvgè `n vdh grrhkh~lech `n schpvgclk lkvhrelvg~hs lef vdh `bihcvgè `n sgmpkgcgvw

sd`z vdlv ls s`è ls zh cdlejh vdh pkxs clsh gev` le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgcs lrjxmhev+ gv

chlshs v` bh cdlkkhejgej lef gevrgjxgej% N`r Argpahs schpvgc v` rhmlge slnh lef $lkm`sv'

ge~xkehrlbkh+ dh sd`xkf bhvvhr svlw lzlw nr`m hpgsvhm`k`jgclk cèchres%

@eh rhmlra bhn`rh khl~gej vdh Ixsvgngclvgè Lrjxmhev% E`vdgej slgf s` nlr fgsljrhhs zgvd

Zrgjdvs cèckxsg e vdlv Argpahs schpvgclk plrlf`t pr`~hs vdlv vdhrh gs e` geehr

hpgsvhm`k`jw `n rxkh-n kk`zgej>7+ lef zgvd dgs nxrvdhr rhmlra vdlv l svrlgjdv-s`kxvgè

lppr`lcd v` vdh pr`bkhm k`clvhs vdh clkkhf-n`r mhlegej-cèsvgvxvgej nlcvs èkw lv vdh c`sv `n

`bscxrgej sxbihcvs eè-genhrhevglk ae`zkhfjh `n vdhgr `ze mhlegejs% Vdh p`gev G dl~h bhhe

svrhssgej gs vdlv ls nlr ls vdh |xhsvgè Zdlv lrh mhlegej pr`phrvghs0 gs cèchrehf+

hpgsvhm`k`jgclk rhsvrgcvgè è vdh l~lgklbkh flvl+ lef hpgsvhm`k`jgclk z`rrghs+ sd`xkf bh

bhvvhr khnv lsgfh%


21/24

hkgmgelvgè9 Argpah htlmgehs clefgflvh nlcvs+ lef rhihcv vdhm ls eè-lfh|xlvh n`r vdh r`kh `n

mhlegej-cèsvgvxvgej nlcvs%

E`z+ zdlv dls bhhe jrlfxlkkw ckhlrhf xp ge vdhsh shcvgès zls vdlv vdh lrjxmhev nr`m

hkgmgelvgè cèvlges sh~hrlk |xhsvgèlbkh lssxmpvgès% Ngrsv+ vdhrhs vdh lb`xv-mh rhsvrgcvgè9

rhkh~lev nlcvs lb`xv mhlegej sd`xkf ge~`k~h mhevlk pr`phrvghs `n gefg~gfxlks% Vdgs gs nlr nr`m

`b~g xs+ ls zhkk-ae`ze htvhrelkgsv lrjxmhevs sd`z% M`rh`~hr+ vdh lrjxmhev nr`m

hkgmgelvgè dls le gmplssh zdhe nlcgej vdh clsh `n gfhlk fgsp`sgvg es% Argpah `nnhrs

lrjxmhevs n`r vdh cklgm vdlv gv gs fgnngcxkv v` vrw lef hklb`rlvh le gfhlk fgsp`sgvgè vdh`rw

zdgcd gs eè-cgrcxklr+ lef htvhesgèlkkw c`gecgfhev zgvd vdh gevhefhf mhlegejs `n z`rfs% Bxv

dh `nnhrs e` htpkgcgv lrjxmhev n`r vdh cèckxsgè vdlv gv gs ge prgecgpkh gmp`ssgbkh vdlv sxcd l

vdh`rw pr`~gfhs le lfh|xlvh htpklelvgè `n mhlegej pr`phrvghs%

Ge nlcv+ le lrjxmhev n`r vdlv cèckxsgè l Jlp Lrjxmhev gs sxjjhsvhf zdhrh Argpah slws

vdlv fgsp`sgvgès clev lcc`xev n`r mhlegej bhclxsh fgsp`sgvgès lrh nlcvxlk pr`phrvghs+ zdgkh

mhlegejs lrh e`rmlvg~h pr`phrvghs% G lrjxhf vdlv vdh èkw zlw v` fh~hk`p vdgs sxjjhsvgè

zgvd`xv lvvrgbxvgej l phvgvg` prgecgpgg v` Argpah gs v` lvvrgbxvh dgm l nxrvdhr rhsvrgcvgè è

clefgflvh mhlegej-cèsvgvxvg~h nlcvs9 sxcd nlcvs ehhf v` bh sxcd vdlv vdhw ixsvgnw l phrsès

xsh `n l z`rf zgvd l chrvlge mhlegej+ lef jxgfh dgm vdr`xjd z`rf-lppkgclvgè%

Vdgs ixsvgngclvgè rhsvrgcvgè phrmgvs vdh rhcèsvrxcvgè `n l Ixsvgngclvgè Lrjxmhev9 gfhlk

fgsp`sgvgès clev htpklge mhlegejs bhclxsh vdhw clev bh vlahe ls ixsvgngclvgès `n èhs xsh

`n l z`rf zgvd l chrvlge mhlegej% Ge vdh ngelk shcvgès G lrjxhf vdlv vdh Ixsvgngclvgè

Lrjxmhev rlgshs l fgkhmml n`r vdh schpvgc9 hgvdhr ixsvgngclvgè gs gevhefhf ge l rhkglbgkgsv

shesh+ bxv vdhe fgsp`sgvg es cle bh vlahe ls ixsvgngclvgès lef vdh lrjxmhev nlgks+ `r

ixsvgngclvgè rh|xgrhs vrlesplrhecw v` vdh phrsè ae`zkhfjh% Gn vdh schpvgc vlahs vdh klvvhr

d`re `n l fgkhmml+ dgs mhvlpdwsgclk pr`bkhm lb`xv mhlegej bhc`mhs gefgsvgejxgsdlbkh nr`m

le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk schpvgcs lrjxmhev% G sd`zhf vdlv ls s`è ls vdh schpvgcs plrlf`t gs

lssgmgklvhf v` le hpgsvhm`k`jgclk plrlf`t+ gv bhc`mhs ~xkehrlbkh v` mlew `bihcvgès%Vdh cèckxsgè gs vdlv vdh Ixsvgngclvgè Lrjxmhev gs e`v l j``f m`~h è vdh schpvgcs plrv+ bxv

zgvd e` Ixsvgngclvgè Lrjxmhev vdhrh gs e` pklxsgbkh Jlp Lrjxmhev9 e` rhlsè zdw nlcvs clev

gmpkw h~lkxlvgès ge vdh clsh `n mhlegej% Lef gn vdhrh gs e` pklxsgbkh Jlp Lrjxmhev+ vdh

schpvgc dls e` rhlsè v` htckxfh gfhlk fgsp`sgvgès nr`m p`ssgbkh mhlegej-cèsvgvxvgej nlcvs%

Zdgcd mhles vdlv vdh schpvgcs lrjxmhev nr`m hkgmgelvgè gs zrèj lv khlsv è vdgs p`gev% Gv

n`kk`zs+ h~hevxlkkw+ vdlv vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs dls e` sxpp`rv+ lef ge plrvgcxklr gv f`hs

e`v n`kk`z nr`m Blsgc E`rmlvg~gvw% Ge nlcv+ vdh Vdgca E`rmlvg~gvw Vdhsgs cle bh fr`pphf+ lefBlsgc E`rmlvg~gvw cle bh lf`pvhf ls l ehxvrlk cèfgvgè `n lfh|xlcw è vdh`rghs `n mhlegej%


22/24

Vdhrhn`rh+ ge spgvh `n l zgfhsprhlf ljrhhmhev è vdh cèvrlrw+ vdh e`rmlvg~gvw `n mhlegej gs

e`v l sphcglk lcdgh~hmhev `n levgelvxrlkgsv vdh`rghs+ bxv rlvdhr le `phe cdlkkhejh n`r b`vd

levgelvxrlkgsv lef elvxrlkgsv vdh`rghs `n vdh elvxrh `n cèchpvs:?%

:? Vdgs plphr fh~hk`phf nr`m vdh ngrsv cdlpvhr `n mw _dF vdhsgs+ fgscxsshf lv vdh Xeg~hrsgvw `n Hlsvhre _ghfmèv+ ^hrchkkg+ ge Mlw 2??3% Gvdlea _l`k` Khèlrfg n`r dhkpnxk sxphr~gsè `n vdh zd`kh z`ra+ lef Blrrw C% Smgvd zd` zls mw htvhrelk htlmgehr% Vdleas lks` v` LefrhlBglecdg lef Leelkgsl C`kg~l n`r c`mmhevs e vdh prhshev ~hrsgè%


23/24

Rhnhrhechs

Lksv`e+ Z%_%


24/24

Ylklblrf`+ I%

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