Rule 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted

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Rule 19 -- Conduct of vessels inrestricted visibility

(a) This Rule applies to vessels not in sight of one another when navigating

in or near an area of restricted visibility.

(b) Every vessel shall proceed at a safe speed adapted to the prevailing

circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility. A power-driven

vessel shall have her engines ready for immediate manoeuvre.

(c) Every vessel shall have due regard to the prevailing circumstances and

conditions of restricted visibility when complying with the Rules of

section I of this part.

(d) A vessel which detects by radar alone the presence of another vessel

shall determine if a close-quarters situation is developing and/or risk of

collision exists. If so, she shall take avoiding action in ample time,

provided that when such action consists of an alteration of course, so

far as possible the following shall be avoided:

Section III

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Rule 19 - Conduct of vessels inrestricted visibility

(i) an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of the beam,

other than for a vessel being overtaken;

(ii) an alteration of course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the

beam

(e) Except where it has been determined that a risk of collision does notexist, every vessel which hears apparently forward of her beam

the fog signal of another vessel, or which cannot avoid a close-

quarters situation with another vessel forward of her beam, shall

reduce her speed to the minimum at which she can be kept on

her course. She shall if necessary take all her way off and in any

event navigate with extreme caution until danger of collision is

over.

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3




!

Rule 19 applies:

! To all vessels! Power-driven vessels

! Sailing vessels

! Etc.

! Not in sight of one another

! In or near an area of restricted visibility

Application Rule 19 (a)

4



Vessels are deemed not to be in sight of oneanother only when one cannot be observed

visually from the other (See Rule 3 (k))

Observing a vessel on radar or hearing oneanother through sound signals is excluded

Rule 19 - Conduct of vessels in

restricted visibilityNot in sight of one another Rule 19 (a)

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IN an area of restricted visibility

Wether in or near an area of restricted visibility, these

vessels must give the sound signals of Rule 35


restricted visibilityIn or near an area of restricted visibility Rule 19 (a)

Rule 19 applies to vessels:

OR NEAR an area of restricted visibility

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NEAR an area of restricted visibility

Rule 19 applies to vessels:

-

approaching an area of restricted visibility or

-

having such an area on one side

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When two vessels navigating in or near an area of restricted visibility come

in sight of one another, they must comply with the Rules of Section II

The manoeuvring and warning signals of Rule 34 are only given when

vessels are in sight of one another

In sight of one another

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In sight of one another



9



Area of tropical rain squall

Near an area of restricted visibilityall precautions must be taken when approaching

an area of restricted visibility:

Good seamanship requires to have a moderate speed, so

as to approach that place under proper control.



10





All vessels must observe the same safety measures

near, as well as within an area of restricted visibility

Good seamanship requires to have a moderate speed,

so as to approach such an area with proper control 11



When is visibility restricted

!

Take vessel’s sidelights as a criterion (min.three miles) taking into account :

! State of the sea

! Traffic density

! Vessel’s manoeuvring characteristics

! Efficiency of radar equipment

! Other electronic aids (AIS, …)



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!

Means to assess visibility

! Observe on the radar objects

! That are just coming in sight! That are just going out of sight

! Observe objects around the vessel

! Consider transparency of the atmosphere

!

At night, observe if lights show an aura



The visibility can be assessed only in the direction of

the object and it may quickly deteriorate or improve 13



Rule 19 - Conduct of vesselsin restricted visibility

Safe speed Rule 19 (b)

A safe speed is a speed adapted to the prevailing

circumstances and conditions of restricted visibility

Rule 6 also deals with ‘‘safe speed’’ and applies to everyvessel in any condition of visibility

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! Factors which determine maintaining a safespeed

! Open sea with little or no traffic! In narrow waters with high traffic density

! At termination of a traffic separation scheme or not

! Pilot vessel in vicinity

! In area with fishing vessels, pleasure craft, ice, etc.! Vessels at anchor

! Manoeuvring characteristics of own vessel

! Type of radar used


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!

Precautionary measurers by sailing vessels

! Navigate at a safe speed

!

If necessary, lower sails

! Keep crew stand-by to handle sails



The term ‘‘Safe speed’’ also applies to sailing vessels

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Safe speed versus Moderate speed

In the 1960 Regulations, the term ‘‘moderate speed’’ was used instead

of ‘‘safe speed’’

The expression ‘’moderate speed’’ meant a speed which would enablea vessel to be stopped within half the range of visibility

Why ‘‘half the range’’ ?

Because the other object is most

probably also a moving vessel

This definition may sometimes

still be used by the courts

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R l 19 C d t f l





A reduction of speed is not always necessary when approaching a

sudden rainy squall or similar weather change

If the weather change is not expected to last long a vessel may

sometimes maintain her speed

The radar usually shows the extent and movement of a squall and should

detect large vessels within and beyond the squall area

However, small craft may not be detected and the speed must be

reduced if the squall lasts for more than a few minutes. Do not forget to

give the prescribed fog signals

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‘‘OPEN SEA’’ versus ‘‘CONGESTED WATERS’’



In the open sea:with little traffic, a relatively high speed may be maintained

provided:a) proper radar watch is being kept, and

b)

the engines are ready for an immediate manoeuvre

In congested waters with dense fog:a vessel is never justified in proceeding at high speed,

particularly if small craft and/or ice are likely to be

encountered

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R l 19 C d t f l



Some masters are reluctant to reduce speed in restrictedvisibility because of the pressure to maintain schedules

The attitude of some owners and marine superintendentsis often irresponsible and should, by all means, be

disapproved



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Lord Justice Sellers:

A primary concern of a shipowner must be safety of life at sea: this

also requires safe navigation.Excessive speed in fog is a grave breach of duty. In so far as high

speed is encouraged by radar, the installation of radar requires

particular vigilance of owners.

Shipowners must ensure that shipmasters use their radar in a

proper manner

The attitude of some owners



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R l 19 C d t f l



Engines stand-by

In restricted visibility, a power-

driven vessel is required to have

her engines ready for immediatemanœuvre

This applies even in the open

ocean

For many vessels, the stand-by

position corresponds to ‘’full

manoeuvring speed’’ and involves

some reduction of speed



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Engines stand-by

It may take several minutesto prepare the engines for

immediate manœuvre:

The engines should be given

as much notice as possiblewhen it seems likely that the

visibility will become restricted



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R l 19 C d t f l



!

Relevant Rules of Section I

! Maintain a proper look-out (Rule 5)!

Proceed at a safe speed (Rule 6)

!

Use all available means to determine if risk of collisionexists (Rule 7)

!

Take proper avoiding action (Rule 8)

! Use radar correctly (Rule 7(b))

!

Use manoeuvring capabilities of vessel efficiently

!

Navigate with caution in narrow channels and fairways andtraffic separation schemes (Rules 9 and 10)


Compliance with the Rules of Section I Rule 19 (c)

Section I deals with the conduct of vessels in anyconditions of visibility

For details see the relevant Rules of Section I of this Presentation 24

Rule 19 Conduct of vessels



Rule 5: Look-out

In order to keep a good look-out in restricted visibility it is

necessary:

• to have a man posted on look-out duty by day as well as

at night

•

to keep a continuous radar watch by a competent person



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Keep a continuous radar watch by a competent person



Rule 5: Look-out

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Rule 6: Safe speed

The use of radar is essential to determinethe existence of a risk of collision with a

vessel detected but not in sight



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Rule 7: Risk of Collision

More substantial alterations of course are necessary to

avoid collision with a vessel not in sight

The manœuvres must be large enough to be readilyapparent on the other vessel’s radar screen, (see Rule

8(b))

If the other vessel is not in visual sight the effectiveness ofavoiding action must be carefully and continuously

checked by radar observations



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Rule 19(d) states that a

vessel which detects by

radar alone the presence

of another vessel shall

determine if a close-quarters situation is

developing and/or risk of

collision exists


Detection by radar alone Rule 19 (d)

Detection by radar alone,

means:

a)

not seeing her visually

b)

not hearing her fog

signals 29




When in sight: Rules of Section II apply

When a fog signal is heard + risk of collision: Rule 19(e) applies



When detection by radar alone, without:

a) seeing the vessel visually

b)

hearing her fog signals

Section III, Rule 19 applies

HENCE

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Rule 19 - Conduct of vessels





Important remark

1.

Because sound signals are normally heard up to 2 miles for large

vessels and only 0,5 miles for very small vessels (see Annex III,

Technical details of sound signal appliances), when hearing a fog signal:the vessel will be maximum 2 miles away and if forward of the beam,

she will most probably be in a close-quarters situation and if risk of

collision exists, Rule 19 (e) will apply.

The vessel will, of course, also be seen on the radar

2.

On the other hand, if a vessel is not heard and only detected on the

radar she will most probably be further than 2 miles and not be in a close

quarters situation or represent a risk of collision (yet). Rule 19(d) applies.

Experience has shown that masters or OOW are often reluctant to give

sound signals when they should do so

Rule 19 is composed of two important parts

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Close-quarters situation

The distance of a close quarters situation is difficult to measure in miles.

It depends upon a number of factors:

-

Size and manoeuvring characteristics of the vessels

-

The speed of the vessels

-

The traffic density

-

Experience and judgement of the Master and/of the OOW

-

Etc.



Distances of 2 to 3 miles are usually suggested, being the range of

visibility of the sidelights or the range of audibility of large vessels.

According the local circumstances distances of less than 2 miles may

be sufficient (slow speed, overtaking, passing clearly astern, etc. 32




Determine if risk of collision exists

Proper use of radar is required to obtain early warningof risk of collision

Radar plotting or equivalent systematic observation (ARPA)must be carried out

Assumptions must not be based on scanty informations

Rule 19 Conduct of vesselsin restricted visibility


33




When using a 12 mile radar range, radar information must beassessed and substantial action must be taken before the target

reaches the 4 miles range

Do not make assumptions based on scanty informations



34




! Avoiding actions

! A substantial alteration of course and/or speed inample time

! Avoid altering course to port, so far as possible, for a

vessel forward of the beam (except for a vessel beingovertaken)

! Altering course towards a vessel abeam or abaft the

beam, so far as possible

! Keep in mind the “dual action” situation with analteration of course to starboard for both vessels



35




All vessels must comply with Rule 19(d)

Examples

! There is no stand-on vessel in a crossing situation

between two power-driven vessels!

Both vessels are give-way vessels

! A vessel being overtaken may not keep her course

! and speed

!

Rule 18 (Responsabilities between vessels) does notapply between vessels not in sight of one another

! No distinction is made between power-driven vessels

and sailing vessels

!

Etc.



36




When visibility is restricted, avoiding action must be taken

earlier, but,

!

always after full assessment of the situation and,

!

not based on scanty radar information



37




In restricted visibility, alterations of course and/or speedshall be substantial in order to be readily apparent to a

vessel observing by radar (see also Rule 8 (b)). They

must be taken in ample time



38






In restricted visibility, an alteration of course should be:

at least 30°

preferably 60° to 90°

to be readily apparent to another ship observing by radar

39




(i)

Avoid an alteration of course to port for a vessel forward of thebeam, other than for a vessel being overtaken;

It is thus mandatory to alter course to starboard in meeting or

crossing situations between vessels not in sight of one

another

(ii) Avoid an alteration of course toward a vessel abeam or

abaft the beam.



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An alteration of course in either direction is permitted when a

vessel approaches from astern

In this particular overtaking situation both ships may alter course

in both directions

In restricted visibility, Rule 13 ’‘Overtaking’’ does not apply. If risk

of collision exists, both vessels (not in sight of one another) must

take avoiding action according to Rule 19 41




The avoiding action can also consist in a change of speed:

- as an alternative to a course alteration

- or in association with a course alteration



In a meeting situation:

a) it has little effect on the CPA

b)

It gives more time for assessment

A change of speed is generally more effective for avessel approaching from near the beam

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43




Even if the vessel has detected the other one on her radar, the

fact that a fog signal is heard and that a risk of collision still existsmeans:

a) that the distance between the two vessels is under the

close-quarters limit in restricted visibility (between two to three

miles),b) that the vessel (and/or your own vessel) has not taken

avoiding action in due time.

The vessels are then required by Rule 19 (e) to reduce their

speed to the bare steerage way


Fog signal apparently forward of the beam Rule 19 (e)

When a fog signal is heard forward of the beam and riskof collision exists, Rule 19 (e) applies to every vessel

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Never wait too long to take avoiding action. Do not wait untilthe other ship is so close that you can hear her fog signal

Always keep in mind that some ships may not give theprescribed fog signals, especially when they only rely on

their radar

It is deceiving and very dangerous to notice that some OOW

are reluctant to give sound signals in restricted as well as inclear visibilit 45






In restricted visibility always post a look-out man:

• On the forecastle head of the ship or, if this appears too

dangerous like in very thick fog,• Outside on the bridge

Usually, when the look-out hears the fog signal of anothervessel, there is risk of collision

46




-

When crossing astern of a vessel being overtaken

- When vessels meet in opposite directions on their

correct sides of a narrow channel



The sound signal of another ship may be heard while norisk of collision exists with that ship:

47




When a fog signal is heard fine on the bow, it is nearlyimpossible to determine whether it comes from the

starboard or the portside

When a fog signal is heard forward of the beam, theengines should be immediately stopped or speed reduced,

unless it has been determined that there is no risk of

collision.



The direction and distance of sound signals cannot berelied upon, especially in foggy conditions. Hence, the

direction of fog signals can be misleading

48




A lookout posted forward,especially on larger

vessels, may be able to

hear a fog signal before itcan be heard from the

bridge



49




Radar ranges and

bearings and/or agood plotting system

(ARPA) are the best,

if not the only way, to

determine if risk of

collision exists



50




!

Action to be taken:

! Reduce speed to the minimum or,

!

Take all way off

! Navigate with extreme caution until danger ofcollision is over

u o du oin restricted visibility


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Advantages of taking all way off

!

Better assessment of situation

!

Less noise with engines stopped!

Engines are more rapidly reversed

!

Reduced damage in case of collision

!

In case of collision the effect is less serious if the

impact is taken forward of the vessel

!

The effect is greater when struck at a broadangle near the mid lenght

in restricted visibilityFog signal apparently forward of the beam Rule 19 (e)

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In restricted visibility, the proper useof the radar is maybe the only way

to justify proceeding at a speed

greater than bare steerage-way


Sadly enough, too many Masters,are reluctant, under the Owner’s

pressure, to slow down in fog andcontinue to sail at full speed relying

blindly on their radar(s)

Under any pretext this attitude must be condemned and be

considered as bad seamanship 53




Taking all way off is necessary:

! When hearing apparently forward of the beam a fogsignal close by

! When there is doubt as to which side the approaching

vessel may pass by! When ! • • is heard forward of the beam

! When fog signals are heard nearer and nearer to thebow

! When the fog signal is heard of a vessel at anchor or avessel aground

! When hearing the fog signal of a vessel of less than 12metres

! For a head-on vessel seen at close proximity on radarplotting


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Rule 19 -- Conduct of vessels inrestricted visibility

!

Navigate with extreme caution means:

! Sound prescribed sound signals frequently

! Try to establish whether the intensity of fogsignals is decreasing or increasing

! Try to keep vessel on course and try toestablish whether or not the direction of thesignals is altering

! Assess the situation and its development onthe radar

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in restricted visibilityClose-quarters situation apparently forward of thebeam Rule 19 (e)

When a close-quarters situation forward of the

beam cannot be avoided:

!

Reduce speed to bare steerage way or! Stop the engines or,

! Take all way off by putting engines astern

The greater the speed, the sooner the

speed should be reduced

Fog signals are easier to hear and to

follow when the engines are stopped

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‘‘Every vessel’’ includes anchored vessels

If the fog signal of a vessel at anchor is heard apparently

forward of the beam, and the vessel has not been detected by

radar, the engines must be stopped at once and the waytaken off if necessary


57




!

Risk of collision is assumed to be past:

! When the intensity of the fog signal grows

weaker

! When it moves abaft the beam


Documents

Rule 19 - Conduct of Vessels in Restricted