Rubber S e e d Oil - The Untapped Potential Source in Karnataka, India*

By K J a y a p p a , PK. S h a n b h a g , S. A m m i n a l l y andK.B. P a t i l * *

Rubber seeds constitute 25 to 30 per cent good fatty oil which is used as a

major raw material in the manufacture of soaps. Karnataka with 7000 hec-

tares ofrubberplantationareaandabout 13lakh trees issofaruntappedforits

seeds. It is expected to yield 660 tons of seeds during the current year and

1290 tons by 1984-85. The seeds collected from various rubber plantation

divisions were extracted for oil and the oils were analysed for their fatty acid

composition by gas liquid chromatography.

In t roduc t ion Minor seed oils in India

About eighty per cent of the oil supply in the country is met by major oil seeds like groundnut, rapeseed, mustard, sesame, castor and linseed. As there is no significant improve- ment in the production of these oilseeds, the Government's efforts are oriented towards development of non-traditional minor oilseeds. The minor oil seeds, which are of tree and forest origin can make a major contribution towards aug- menting the supply of edible and non-edible oils in the country. The production potential of minor oil seeds in India is about one million tonnes per annum, out of which only two lakh tonnes per annum is being exploited at present.

R u b b e r seed - a new source Rubbel; botonically known as Havea Brasdiensis, Mell,

Kautschuhaatol - Ein unerechloawnea Potential in KarnaUko, Indien

Kautschuksaat besteht zu 25-3Oo/o aus einem 01, welches als Hauptroh- material bei der Seifenherstellung venvendet wid. Kamatakas S a t ist noch unerschlossen; es gibt hier 7000 ha Kautschukplantagen und ca 1.3 Millie nenBaume.Man nimmt an,daB 660TonnenSaatimlaufendenJahreneugt werden konnen und 1290 Tonnen 1984-85. Die Saat , die aus verschiedenen Kautschukplantagenberrichen gesammelt wurde, wurde zur hgewinnung extrahiett, und die 61e wurden mittels Gaschromatographie auf ihre Fett- sauremsammensetzung untersucht.

Arg., belongs to a s m d genus of trees of Euphorbiaceae plant family, chiefly distributed in the Amazon region of South America. Being the source of para-rubber, it has been intro- duced into India and cultivated as a plantation crop. The by- product of the plantation, the rubber seed is a source of non- edible industrial oil in India. The rubber trees are grown mostly in the Southem States, with the largest area in Kerala'-3.

R u b b e r i n K a r n a t a k a There are six rubber plantation divisions in Dakshina

Kannada District of Kamataka State, viz, Sullia, Sampaje, Aivernad, Puttul; Subramanya and Kumaradhara. The total rubber plantation of these divisions is around 6000 hectares out of which 4500 hectares is maintained as effective area under tapping during the current year. In addition to this,

Table 1

Rubber see& in Kamataka: Potential estimate

Rubber plantation Varieties Total area No. of trees Trees Expected Total yield Yield Expected Divisions of Rubber of maintained under yield of of seeds of oil yield per

plantation tapping s-eeds per per year per year year by tree per year 1984-85

1. Sullia

2. Sampaje

3. Aivemad

4. Puttur

5. Subramanya

6. K u m a r a b

1. Tjirandji Indonesia (TJ1.R.)

2. Prang Baser Malaysia

3. Glenshiel Malaysia (G.L.)

4. Rubber Research Institute Malaysia (R.R.I.M.)

5. Rubber Research Institute India (R.R.I.I.) Not known

(PB.) 6000 12.91 lakhs

hectares Forest

Department

-t

1000 hectares private

holdings

6.62 750 g 662 lakhS to tons

1000 g

165 1291 tons tons ofseeds

i.e. 328 tons of oil

* Paperpresentedatthe72ndAnnualAOCS MeetingandExposi- tion held at New Orleans, USA, May, 1981.

Jayappa, I! K. shanbhag, s. AmmiMUy and Dr. K. B. P a a Research and Development Wing, Kamataka Soaps and Detergents Ltd., Post Bag No. 55 31, Bangalore-

around 1000 hectares of rubber plantation is under private holdings. So, the total rubber plantation area in the State is around 7ooo hectares.

Five varities of rubber trees are planted in these divisions,

' * Authors' address:

560055, India. viz,

FETTE . SEIFEN ANSTRICHMITTEL 472 85. Jahrgang Nr 12 1983

i) TJ.I.R. - Tjirandji Indonesia ii) PB. iii) GL. - Glenshiel Malaysia iv) R.R.I.M. - Rubber Research Institute Malaysia v) R.R.I.I. - Rubber Research Institute India

The total number of trees maintained in these plantations is 12.91 lakhs, out of which 6.62 lakh trees are under tapping. Under normal conditions, each tree is expected to yield 750g to 1 kg seeds during one season. The average weight of one seed is 3.10 g to 3.30 g and 300 to 320 seeds make one kilo- gram. The season for collection of seeds is between July and September. Very young and very old trees do not produce sufficient seeds to make collection economical. Optimum yields can be expected from the eighth year of plantation. Taking into account, 6.62 lakh trees tapped as on today, we can expect about 662 tons of seeds or 165 tons of oil. When all the 12.91 lakh trees come under tapping by 1984-85, the pro- ductionofseedswouldgoupto 1290tonsandtheoil320tons.

The rubber tree is prone for diseases such as Powdery mil- dew caused by 0idiumLamaefungus:Abnormal leaffall dis- ease caused by Phytophherepalmiera and pink disease caused by corhkiumsalmonicoh. During the year of this investigation work, the plantation suffered a severe attack by abnormal leaf fall disease, resulting in the early fall of seed fruits and their deterioration. The heavy rainfall during the season makes the fruits deteriorate further and also collection W- cult. The rainfall record forJuly 1980 was 1668.4 cm with all the 31 days being rainy days.

We collected seeds from these different plantation areas and subjected them to Laboratory analysis for oil content, physico-chemical characteristics and fatty acid composition.

- Prang Baser Malaysia

Exper imen ta l The seeds were dried in an oven at 80-900 C and the ker-

nels separated and Soxhlet extracted with n-hexane.The oils were analysed for acid value, iodine value, saponification value, titre, unsap. matter etc. by standard AOAC methods. Themethylestersin theoilwerepreparedbyrefluxingtheoil withmethanol-benzene(2: 1) andsulphuricacidandextract-

ing with water. The esters free from mineral acids were an- alysed for their fatty acid composition on Perkin Elmer Sigma 3-Gas Chromatograph attached with a flame ionisa- tion detector, recorder and minigrator. The G.L.C. parame- ters are as follows: 1. Column: Stainless steel column of 1/8"

diameter and 12' long, loaded with 6% Silar 5 CP on G-Chrom Qof 100-120 mesh

2. Sample size: 0.15 pl 3. Column Temperature: 2500 C 4. Temperature of detector

and injection port: 3000 C 5. Carrier gas flow rate (NJ: 30 ml/min.

7. Attenuation: 64 x 100 6. Chart speed: 1 d m i n .

R e s u l t s and Discussion The seeds collected from Kadamkal area of Sampaje Divi-

sion (I), Kavu area of Puttur Division (11) and Medinadka area of Sullia Division (111) were taken up for this work. The seeds collected from other areas of remaining divisions were not healthy. Possible reason being heavy rain fall, attack by abnormal leaf fall disease and late collection of seeds (collect- ed in the middle of September 1980). Seeds obtained from a commercial house of Kerala (IV) were also analysed along side for comparison.

Extraction data and physico-chemical characteristics are presented in Table 2. Average weight of one seed ranges from 2.85 to 3.9 g and the shell :kernel ratios are in the range of 1 : 1.0 to 1 : 1.69. It is observed that the shell :kernel ratio increases as the weight of the whole seed increases, in other words, the weight of the shell is nearly the same in all the seeds, whereas only the weight of kernel increases in heavier seeds. The oil content in kernels of Sampaje, Puttur and Sul- lia divisions are 44.20,40.64 and 28.17 per cent respectively and that of Keralavariety 40.18percent.Theliteratureyields are in the range of 50-55 per cent 4*5.

Fatty Acid composition as determined by glc reveals lino-

Table 2

Extraction data and physico-chemical characterirtics

Kerala (Commercial

House)

Medinadka, Sullia Divn.

1969 RP mixed TJIR and budded

Kadamkal, Sampaje Kavu, Puttur Division, 1968, Division RP TJIR Clonal 1970 RP

I 11 III Iv 1. Average weight of each seed in grams 3.9 2. Shell: kernel ratio 3. Oil content in kernel (Yo) 4. Refractive Index of oil at 25' C 5. Acid value of the oil 6. Iodine value (exptl.) *

7. Sap. value (exptl.) *

1 : 1.69

44.20 1.4758

2 1.48 140.85

Iodine value (theoretical) * * 142.99 185.8

Sap. value (theoretical) ** 194.45 8. Unsap. matter ("0) 0.98 9. Titre ("C) 27.9

* * Results based on fatty acid composition determined by GL.C. * Results based on fatty oil

FETTE . SEIFEN . ANSTRICHMITTEL W.Jahrgang Nr 12 1983

2.85 1 : l 40.64

1.4770 2 1.96

134.50 135.80 185.5 191.70

1.46 28.1

3.03 1 : 1.3 28.17

1.4724 10.1 1

140.68 141.25 186.0 192.83

1.153 27.9

3.512 1 : 1.3

40.18 1.4730

1093 135.28 136.19 186.0 193.66

0.63 28.0

473

leic acid as the chief constituent (37.55 to 41.57O/0), oleic (21.41 to27.5l0/n),linolenic(14.95 to20.10%),palmitic(9.4 to 11.36%) and stearic (5.75 to 9.26%) acids are the othermajor constituents. The reported literature values I-'' are also in th s range. In addition to the reported fatty acids in rubber seed oils, we could also find small amounts of caprylic and myristic acids. One sample (I) is unusual in containing two odd chain fatty acids, nonanoic and hendecanoic to the extent of 0.31 and 0.29"ho respectively. We also report for the first time small amounts (trace to0.5gn/o) ofdecenoic(C 10: 1) andtetradece- noic (C 14 : 1) acids in these oils. Arachidic acid reported pre-

viously is not found in the samples of present investigation.

L i t e r a t u r e I A . R. Patel, Business India, November 61 [ 19x01. ' The Wealth of India, C.S.I.R. New Delhi, V, 4.5 [ 19591. ,' RHaridrrran, Commerce, July 1980.

R . C. Badami, K . B . Patil and S. C. Shivamrthy, J. Oil Technolo- gists' Assoc. India Vm 37 [ 19761. ' G. Azeemoddin, G. Kristufla, S. D. K%wnala Raoand B . R . Redy , J. Oil Technologists' Assoc. India VII, 74 [ 1975).

'I I: I? Hilditch and I? N. William, The Chemical Constitution of Natural Fats, Chapman & Hall, London, IV, 246 [ 19641.

Acids

Table 3

%Fatty acid composition 4 GLC

Kadamkal, Sampaje Kavu, F'uttur Medinadka, Kerala Literature Division, I968 Division Sullia Divn. (Commercial Value" RP TJIR Clonal 1970 RP 1969 RP House)

mixed TJIR and budded

1. Caprylic (C,) 2. Nonanoic (C,,) 3. Hendecanoic (CIl) 4. Myristic (Cl,) 5. Palmitic (C,,,) 6. Stearic (CIS) 7. Arachidic (C2,,) 8. Decenoic (C,,, ,) 9. Tetradecenoic (C14

10. Oleic (18:l) 1 1. Linoleic ( 18 : 2) 12. Linolenic (18:3)

- 0.3 1 0.29 0.20

11.36 8.24

0.53

21.41 37.55 20.10

-

-

0.09

0.06 0.10 9.40 9.26

0.15

27.09 38.85 14.95

-

-

-

-

- -

0.10 10.02 5.75

0.0 1

27.51 4 1.57 15.04

-

-

-

- -

- 1 1.02 9.40

0.5Y 0.42

22.95 40.98 14.63

-

-

-

-

- 7.5- 1 1 .o Mi-12.0 0.3- 1.3

-

- 17 -30 30 -39 14 -26

A c k n o w l e d g m e n t

We acknowledge our thanks to M.J. Mascarenhas, Conservator of Forests, Mangalore, A . N. Yellafla R e d y , Silviculturist, Bangalore, and M . N. Jayakumar, Kdantha, B. Krishnuand I. B . Srinivastuva, the

Divisional Forest Officers of different rubber plantation divisions, for their help in undertaking this work.

Received 18Ih March 1982.

Verkderungen im Lipidmuster von Rotbarsch (Sebastes marinus L.) bei der Gefrierlagerung, 1. Mitteilung: Untersuchungen an homogenisiertem

Filet mittels Hochleistungsflussigchromatographie (HPLC)

VmH. F r i c k e undJ. O e h l e n s c h L a g e r * Am dem Institut fur Biochemie und Technologie der BundesforschuqyanstuLtfir Fkcherei, Hamburg

Rotbanch (Sebastes marinus L.) wurde unmittelbar nach dem Fang file- tiert, die Filets wurden enthautet und homogenisiert. Nach verschiedenen Lageneiten bei -12' C wurden die Lipide einzelner Proben extrahiert und mittels HPLCgetrennt. Es zeigtesich,daB fangfrischerRotbarscheinensehr kleinen Anteil an freien Fettsauren enthdt, der wahrend der Lagemng zunachst stark, dann weniger stark ansteigt. Der Gehalt an polaren Lipiden sinkt dagegen im Verlaufe der Lagemng ab. Die Neutrallipide (vorwiegend Triglyceride) bleiben bei -12' C nahezu unveendert.

E i n l e i t u n g Die VeI"dnderungen des Lipidmusters im Fischmuskel '

durch lipolytische Enzyme sind erst bei wenigen Fischarten untersucht worden '. Zumeist wurden bei diesen Untersu- chungen Analysentechniken wie Diinnschichtchromatogra-

* Anschrift der Verfasser: Dip].-Chem. H. Frickeund Dr. J. OehLn- schlrger, Institut fiir Biochemie und Technologie, Bundesfor- schungsanstalt flir Fischerei, Palrnaille 9,2000 Hamburg 50 .

Changes in Lipid Class Composition of Homogenized Redfish Fillet (Sebaates marinus L.) During Frozen Storage at -12' C as Monitored by HPLC

Redfish (SebastesmarinusL.) wascaught in the North Atlantic and the fish muscle was minced immediately after hauling. Samples ofmince were stored at - 1 2 O C and subjected to lipid extraction at different time intervals. HPLC analysis showedavery lowlevel offreefattyacidsinfreshfishandan increase during storageat -12' C.Polarlipidsdecreased on storage.theneutra1 lipids were almost unchanged.

phe und Saulenchromatographie angewendet, die sehr zeit- und arbeitsaufwendig sind. Die schnelle Erfassung von Ver- andemngen innerhdb der Lipidklassen kann aber fur eine Beurteilung der Fischqualitat wichtig sein, da der Anteil an freien Fettsauren am Gesamtlipid fur die Temperatur-Zeit- Vorgeschichte des gelagerten Fisches charakteristisch ist . Die Hochleistungsfliissigchromatographe (HPLC) bietet ein Instrument fur die schnelle qualitative und quantitative Analyse der Hauptlipidklassen sowie einiger ihrer Abbau- produkte.

FErTE . SElFEN A N S ' ~ R I C H M l ' 1 ' I E I . X.5. Jahrgmg NI. 12 I!)HJ 474