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TECHNICAL HANDBOOK PIPING SYSTEMSNon-Metallic Expansion Joints
7.1EDITION
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NON-METALLIC EXPANSION JOINT DIVISIONFLUID SEALING ASSOCIATIONTe lephone : (215 ) 569 -3650
994 Old Eagle School Road, Suite 1019, Wayne, PA 19087Facs im i le : (215) 569-1410
Copyright 1970, 1995, 2008 by FLUID SEALING ASSOCIATION. Printed In United States of America. All rights reserved. this handbook or parts
thereof may not be reproduced in any form without permission of the copyright owner.
Edition 7.1 2010
For current Members and AssociateMembers, please go to the Piping Division
section of the Fluid Sealing Association website:
www.fluidsealing.com
AcknowledgementsThe FSA is pleased to recognize the cooperation of Member Companies of the Non-Metallic Piping Expansion Joint Division in the preparation of this document. Withouttheir support, this document would not have been possible. Technical Committeemembers who have made a particularly significant contribution to this publication include:
Jim Richter The Metraflex Company
Bruce Stratton Garlock Sealing TechnologiesHans Vemb Hansen KE-BurgmannEd Marchese Proco ProductsRick DiGiovanni General Rubber Corp.Ted White Unaflex
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Table of Contents
Members of the Division
Regular Members..............................................................1Associate Members...........................................................1
Foreword.................................................................................3Chapter I - Product Description of Rubber
Expansion Joints
A.Definitions.................................................................4B.Functions............... ................ ................ ................. ....4C.Advantages................................................................4D.ConstructionDetails...................................................5
Chapter II - Types of Rubber Expansion Joints
and ConnectorsA. ArchType................................................................6B. ReducerType:Taper..............................................7C. CustomType.............................................................7D. SleeveType..............................................................7E. SpecialFlangeType..................................................7F. DesignsforReductionofTurbulence
AndAbrasion.............................................................8G.RectangularwithArchType.............. ................ ........8
H. UType....................................................................8I. BeltDogboneType.................................................9J. SphericalMoldedType..............................................9K. RubberFlangedPipe,Fittings,PipeElbows.............10L. Unions.......................................................................10M. FanConnectors.........................................................10N. RetainingRingsandControlUnits............................10O. ExpansionJointProtective
ShieldsandCovers...................................................10
Chapter III - Definition of Performance
Characteristics
A. ExpansionJointMotions...........................................11B. SoundLimitingCharacteristics..................................11C. PressureCharacteristics...........................................11D. ResistancetoFluids..................................................11E. ForcePoundsandSpringRates...............................12
F. HydrostaticTesting....................................................12G. SeismicTesting.........................................................12H. CycleLife...................................................................12
Chapter IV - Installation and Maintenance
A. AnchoringandGuidingthePipingSystem................15B. ControlUnits..............................................................15C. OtherInstallations.....................................................16D. InstallationInstructionsforNon-Metallic
ExpansionJoints.......................................................17E.InspectionProcedureforExpansion
JointsinService........................................................18Chapter V - Flexible Rubber Pipe Connectors
Foreword...................................................................19A. Definition...................................................................19B. PerformanceCharacteristic.......................................19
C. ConstructionDetails..................................................19D. TypesofPipeConnectors.........................................19E. AnchoringandControlUnits.....................................19F. InstallationandMaintenance.....................................20
Chapter VI - All Fluoroplastic Couplings, Expansion
Joints, Bellows
Foreword................ ................. ................ ................ ..21A. ConstructionDetails..................................................21B. PerformanceCharacteristics....................................21C. ConstructionDetail...................................................21D. Dimensions...............................................................21E. TypesofConnectors.................................................21F. Anchoring..................................................................22G. InstallationandMaintenance....................................22
Tables
I. MaximumTemperatureRatings...............................4II. ListofElastomersUsedinExpansion
JointsandRubberPipes................ ................ ...........5III. ComparisonofAcousticalImpedances....................11IV.PressureCharacteristicsofRubber
ExpansionJoints.............. ................ ................ .........11V. TypicalNarrowArchExpansionJointMovement/
SpringRateCapabilities...........................................13VI.TypicalWideArchMovement/Spring
RateCapabilities................ ................. ................ ......14VII.RubberPipeConnectors..........................................20VIII.Coupling,2Convolution...........................................22IX.ExpansionJoint,3Convolution................................22X.Bellows,5Convolution.............................................22
Figures
1. CrossSectionViewofStandardExpansionJoint........................................................3
2. 2Ato2T,TypesofExpansionJoints........................6-103. 3Ato3F,TypesofMovements.................................114. ThrustFormula.........................................................145. 5Ato5F,PipingLayoutwithUseof
ExpansionJoints.............. ................. ................ ........14-166. AssemblyofControlRods........................................157. 7Ato7C,TypesofRubberPipe
Connectors...............................................................188. CrossSectionViewofRubber
PipeConnectors.......................................................19
9. 9Ato9C,TypesofFluoroplasticConnectors...............................................................2010. FluoroplasticExpansionJointFlange.......................21
Appendixes
A. DimensionInspectionProcedure..............................20B. CommonFlangeDimensions/DrillingChart..............23C. ControlUnitDimensionsandRatings.......................24D. MatingFlangeThickness..........................................24E. GlossaryofTerms....................................................25F. NoiseandVibrationTransmittedThrough
theHydraulicMediaReducedwiththeInstallationofExpansionJoints................................28
G. MechanicalVibrationinaSteelPipingSystemReducedwiththeInstallationofPipeConnectorsorExpansionJoints...................29
H. PressureTerminology...............................................30
I. ListofSpecifications.................................................30J. BibliographyofRubberExpansionJoint
Articles......................................................................30K. WouldaRubberorMetalExpansionJoint
BetterSuitemyApplication................ ................. ......31
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FOREWORD:
Rubberexpansionjointshavebeenspecifiedandusedformanyyearsbyconsultingengineers,mechanicalcontractors,pressure
vesseldesigners, plantengineersandturn-keyconstruction firms. Theyare installed to accommodatemovement in pipingruns,
protectpipingfromexpansionandcontractionandinsureefficientandeconomicalon-streamoperations.
Rubberexpansionjointsprovidetime-testedwaystoaccommodatepressureloads,relievemovementstresses,reducenoise,isolate
vibration, compensate formisalignment after plants goon streamand prolongthelifeofmotiveequipment.Rubberexpansion
joints,designedbyengineersandfabricatedbyskilledcraftsmen,areused inallsystemsconveying fluidsunderpressureand/or
vacuumatvarioustemperatures:
Air Conditioning, heating and ventilating systems*incommercialandinstitutionalbuildings,schools,
apartments,stores,hospitals,motels,hotelsandaboardships
Central and ancillary power-generating stationsincommunities,factories,buildingsandaboard
ships.
Sewage disposal and water-treatment plants.
Process piping inpaperandpulp,chemical,primarymetalandpetroleumrefiningplants.
Thishandbookisacompilationofstandardsofconstructionandaguide
for specifying and purchasing non-metallic expansion joints. The
information set forth is based upon the substantial experience in
research, design and application of rubber expansion joints by
engineeringpersonnelassociatedwiththemembercompaniesoftheNon-
MetallicExpansionJointDivisionoftheFluidSealingAssociation.
Thepurposeofthispublicationistoprovideahandyreferencesourceof
pertinent information and factualdata for the thousands of engineers
whose daily concern is designing piping systems and overseeing
installations.Noportionofthishandbookattemptstoestablishdictates
inmodernpipingdesign.Thishandbookisnowwidelyusedincustomer
inquiriesasareferencefordesignandperformancestandards.
3
*ASHRAE Handbook and Product Directory, 1984 Systems, Chapter 32.
Rubberinthiscatalogreferstoalltypesofelastomers,syntheticaswellasnaturalrubber.
Neither the Association nor any of its members makes any warranty concerning the information or any statement set forth in this handbook,
and both expressly disclaim any liability for incidental and consequential damages rising out of damage to equipment, injury to persons or
products, or any harmful consequences resulting from the use of the information or reliance on any statement set forth in the
handbook.
Careful selectionof theexpansion jointdesignandmaterialfor a givenapplication,as wellas properlyengineered installation areimportantfactorsindeterminingperformance.Thesefactorsshouldbefullyevaluatedbyeverypersonselectingandapplyingexpansion
jointsforanyapplication.
Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
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Note: Temperatureslistedabovearethetypicalmaximumdegreeratingsforcontinuoususe.All Fabrics loose a percentage of their strength in relation to exposure temperature andduration. That being said, higher operating temperatures may be achieved if operationpressures are reduced and sound engineering practices are usedduring the design andmanufacturerofaproduct.
CHAPTER I - Product Description of Rubber Expansion Joints.
A. DEFINITION:
Anon-metallicexpansionjointisaflexibleconnectorfabricatedofnaturalorsynthetic elastomers, f luoroplastics and fabrics and, i fnecessary,metallicreinforcementstoprovidestressreliefinpiping systems due to thermal and mechanical vibration and/ormovements.
Noteworthy performance features include f lexibi li ty and
concurrentmovementsineithersingleormultiplearchtypeconstruction,
isolation of vibration and noise, resistance to abrasion and chemical
erosion.
B. FUNCTIONS:
Engineers can solve anticipated problems of vibration, noise,
shock, corrosion, abrasion, stresses and space by
incorporatingrubberexpansionjointsintodesignedpipingsystems.
B.1. Reduce Vibration. Rubberexpansionjointsisolateorreduce
vibration caused by equipment. Some equipment requires
more vibration control than others. Reciprocating pumps and
compressors,for example,generate greater unbalanced forces
than centr ifugal equipment . However, rubber pipe and
expansion joints dampen undesirable disturbances including
harmonic overtonesandvibrationscausedbycentrifugalpumpand fan
bladefrequency.Thisisbasedonactualtestsconductedbyanationally
recognizedindependent testing laboratory. Rubber expansion joints
reducetransmissionofvibrationand protec t equipment from
the adverse effects of vibration. See Appendixes F, G and
Chapter III, Section B.
B.2. Dampen Sound Transmission. Subsequent to going on
stream,normalwear, corrosion, abrasionanderosioneventually bring
about imbalance in motive equipment, generating undesirable
noises transmitted to occupied areas. Rubber expansion
joints tend to dampen transmission of sound because of the
steel-rubber interface of joints andmatingflanges. Thick-wall
rubber expansion joints, compared with their metallic
counterparts, reduce considerably the transmission of sound.
See Appendixes F, G and Chapter III, Section B.
B.3. Compensate Lateral, Torsional and Angular Movements. Pumps,
compressors,fans,pipingandrelatedequipmentmoveoutofalignment
due to wear, load stresses, relaxat ion and set tl ing of
supportingfoundations.Rubberexpansionjointscompensate
for lateral, torsional and angular movements - preventing
damageandunduedowntimeof plant operations.See Table VI
and Chapter III, Section. A.
B.4. Compensate Axial Movements. Expansionandcontraction
movementsduetothermalchangesorhydraulicsurgeeffects
arecompensatedforwithstrategicallylocatedrubberexpansion
joints. They act as he lix sp rings, compensating for ax ial
movements.See Table V and Chapter III, Section A.
C. ADVANTAGES:
The industry has all ied itself with designers, architects,contractors and erectors in designing and fabricating rubberexpansion joints under rigid standards to meet present-dayoperating conditions. The industry has kept abreast of thetechnological advances in rubbercompoundingandsyntheticfabricstoproviderubberexpansionjointshavingadvantagesnotavailableinothermaterials.
C.1. Minimal Face-to-Face Dimensions. Minimal face-to-face
dimensions in r ubber expansion join ts offe r untold
economies comparedwithcostlyexpansionbendsorloops.Therelative
cost of the pipe itself may be less or no more than a rubber
expansion joint; however , tot al costs a re h igher when
consider ing plant space, installationlabor,supportsandpressuredrops.
See Table V.
C.2. Lightweight Rubber Expansion joints are relatively light in
weight,requiringnospecialhandlingequipmenttoposition,contributingtolowerinstallationlaborcosts.
C.3. Low Movement Forces Required. The inherent flexibility of
rubber expansion joints permits almost unlimited flexing to recover from
imposedmovements,requiringrelativelylessforcetomove,thus
preventingdamagetomotiveequipment.See Table V.
C.4. Reduced Fatigue Factor. Compared to steel the inherent
characteris ticsofnaturalandsyntheticelastomersarenotsubjecttofatigue
breakdown or embrittlement and prevent any electrolytic action
because of the steel-rubber interfaceofjoints andmating flanges.See
Table II.
C.5. Reduced Heat Loss. Rubberexpansion joints reduceheat loss,
givinglongmaintenance-freeservice.Theaddedpipingrequiredforloopscontributetohigheroperatingcostsaftergoingonstreamduetoincrease
inheatlosses.
C.6. Corrosion, Erosion Resistant. Awidevarietyofnatural,synthetic
and special purpose elastomers and fabrics are available to the
industry.Materialsaretreatedandcombinedtomeetawiderangeofpractical
pressure/temperature operating conditions, corrosive attack,
abrasion and erosion. Standard and special sizes of rubber
expansion joints are available with PTFE/TFE/FEP l iners,
fabricated to the configurationsof thejointbody,as added insurance
against corrosive attack. Fluoroplastics possesses unusual and
unique characteristics of thermal stability, non-sticking surface,
extremelylowco-efficientoffrictionand resistanceto practicallyall
corrosivefluidsandformsofchemicalattack.See Table II.
C.7. No Gaskets. Elastomeric expansion jointsare suppliedwith
flangesofvulcanizedrubberandfabricintegratedwiththetube,makingtheuse
ofgasketsunnecessary.Thesealingsurfacesoftheexpansionjointequalize
unevensurfacesofthepipeflangetoprovideafluidandgas-tight seal. A
ring gasket may be required for raised face flanges. Consult
manufactureraboutspecificapplications.
4
Table I: Maximum Temperature Ratings
Tube or Cover Elastomer
Reinforcing
Fabric
Pure Gum
Rubber Neoprene Butyl Nitrile Hypalon EPDM FKM
Nylon
180F/82C
225F/107C
250F/121C
210F/99C
250F/121C
250F/121C
250F/121C
Polyester
180F/82C
225F/107C
250F/121C
210F/99C
250F/121C
250F/121C
250F/121C
Aramid
180F/82C
225F/107C
300F/149C
210F/99C
250F/121C
300F/149C
400F/204C
Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
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C.8. Acoustical Impedance. Elastomeric expansion joints
significantly reduce noise transmission in piping systems
because the elastomeric composition of the joint acts as a
dampenerthatabsorbsthegreatestpercentageofnoiseand
vibration.See Appendix F.
C.9. Greater Shock Resistance. Theelastomerictypeexpansionjoints
providegoodresistanceagainstshockstressfromexcessivehydraulic
surge,waterhammerorpumpcavitation.
D. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:
D.1. Tube. A protective, leakproof lining made of synthetic ornaturalrubberastheservicedictates.Thisisaseamlesstube
that extends through the bore to the outside edges of the
flanges.Itspurposeistoeliminatethepossibilityofthematerials
being handled penetrating the carcass and weakening the fabric.
Thesetubescanbe designed to cover service conditions for
chemicalpetroleum,sewage,gaseousandabrasivematerials.
See Tables I and II ,and Figure 1.
D.2. Cover.Theexteriorsurfaceofthejointisformedfromnaturalorsyntheticrubber,dependingonservicerequirements.
The prime function of the cover is to protect the carcass fromoutside
damageorabuse.Specialpolymerscanbesuppliedtoresist
chemicals,oils,sunlight,acidfumesandozone.Also,aprotective
coatingmaybeappliedtotheexteriorofthejointforadditional
protection.SeeTables I and II,and Figure 1.
D.3. Carcass. Thecarcassorbodyoftheexpansionjointconsistsoffabric
and,whennecessary,metalreinforcement.
D.3.A. Fabric Reinforcement.Thecarcassfabricreinforcementisthe
flexibleandsupportingmemberbetweenthetubeandcover.
Standardconstructionsnormallyutilizehighqualitysynthetic
fabric. Naturalfabrics can also be used at somepressures
and temperatures. All fabric plies are impregnated with rubber or
syntheticcompoundstopermitflexibilitybetweenthefabricplies.
See Figure 1-3A. and Table 1.
D.3.B. Metal Reinforcement.Wireorsolidsteelringsimbeddedinthe
carcassarefrequentlyusedasstrengtheningmembersofthejoint.The
useofmetalsometimesraisestheratedworkingpressureand
cansupply rigidityto thejoint forvacuumservice.See Table IV
and Figure 1-3B.
5
7-Outstanding3-Fairtogood6-Excellent2-Fair5-VeryGood1-PoortoFair4-Good0-PoorX-ContactMfg.
MATERIAL
DESIGNATION:
SI
NBR
SBR
CSM
FKM
EPR
AFMU
NR
IR
IIR
CIIR
CR
GE
BEBKCH
AA
CE
HK
BACADA
AA
AA
AA
AABA
BCBE
BUNA-N/NITRILE
NITRIL-BUTADIENE
EPDM
ETHYLENE-PROPYLENE-DIENE-TERPOLYMER
GUM RUBBER
POLYISOPRENE,SYNTHETIC
5550
4350
53X2
5644
5660
5656
7777
53XX
5 3 X X
5654
5654
4340
66664036256600262X02 22676020
40220554554146444520 30344544
20204544065500334004 30534425
67675222454323464431 34444244
77775562655366654610 26274555
6 7 6 77 5 4 60 7 6 60 0 4 66 0 3 6 4 0 5 66 5 4 5
7777XXXX737X77777777 XXX7XXX4
4020664606550033X004 50526627
4020664606550033X004 50526226
65565430045500464034 40455264
65565430045500464034 40455264
55655424454323464401 44445245
RATING SCALE CODE:
ELASTOMER PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL PROPERTIES COMPARISON
ALKALI,C
ON
C.
ANIMALVE
G.OIL
CHEMICAL
WATER
ACIDDIL
UTE
ACID
,CON
C.
ALPHATICHYDR
O
AR
OMATICHYDR
O
HEAT
COLD
FLAME
TEAR
OZONE
WEATHER
SUNLIGHT
OXIDATION
OXYGENATEDHYDRO.
LACQUERS
OIL&GASOLINE
ALKALI,DILUTE
BUTYL
ISOBUTENE-ISOPRENE
NATURAL RUBBERPOLYISOPRENE,SYNTHETIC
CHLOROBUTYL
CHLORO-ISOBUTENE-ISOPRENE
HYPALON*
CHLORO-SULFONYL-POLYETHYLENE
SBR/GRS/BUNA-S
STYRENE-BUTADIENE
FLUOROCARBONELASTOMER
PTFE/TFE/FEP
FLUORO-ETHYLENE-POLYYMERS
SILICONE
A
A
M
D
7
COMMON NAME
CHEMICALGROUPNAME
NEOPRENE
CHLOROPRENE
A
M
D
2
D
7
REB
OUND-C
OLD
COMP.SET
TEN
SILESTREN
GTH
DIELE
CTRICSTR.
ELE.INSULATION
WATERABSORP
RADIATION
SWELLINGINOIL
ABRASION
IMPERMEABILITY
DYNAMIC
REBOUND-HOT
TABLE II: List of Elastomers Used in Expansion Joints and Rubber Pipes
Note: Thislistingisonlyageneralguide.Specificelastomercompoundsproducedbymembermanufacturersmayhavedifferentproperties.
Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
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Figure 2B: Multiple Arch Type Expansion Joint
6
CHAPTER II - Types of Rubber Expansion Joints and Connectors
A. ARCH TYPE:
Afullface integralflangedesignisavailableinbothSingleArchand
Multiple Arch Types. These basic types can bemanufactured to
meet the requirements ofASTMF1123-87(Note: The U.S. Navy
previously used MIL-E-15330D, Class A-Type I as its standard
specification,buthasadoptedtheASTMSpecification.)Thesetypes
are available in several construction design series, based on the
applicationpressurerequirements.See Table IV.
A.1. Single Narrow Arch Type. Constructionisoffabricandrubber,
reinforcedwithmetalringsorwire.Thefullfaceflangesareintegral
withthebodyofthejointanddrilledtoconformtotheboltpatternof
thecompanionmetalflangesofthepipeline.Thistypeofrubberface
flangeisofsufficientthicknesstoformatightsealagainstthemetal
flanges without the use of gaskets. The shortest face-to-face
dimensionsareavailablewiththistypeofconstruction.See Table V
and Figure 2A.
Figure 2A: Single Narrow Arch Type Expansion Joint
A.3. Lightweight Type. BoththeSingleArchandMultipleArchTypes
are available in a lightweight series from most manufacturers.
Dimensionallythesameasthestandardproduct,exceptforreduced
body thickness, this series is a designed for lower pressure and
vacuum applications. For a No-Arch design see Section H.3, this
chapter. Contact the manufacturer for specific information.
A.2. Multiple Arch Type. Joints with two ormore arches may be
manufactured to accommodate movements greater than those of
whicha SingleArch Type jointis capable. Multiple Arch joints of
mostmanufacturersarecompositesofstandardsizedarchesandare
capableofmovementsof asinglearchmultipliedby thenumberof
arches. See Figure 2B. The minimum length of the joint is
dependentuponthenumberof arches. Inordertomaintainlateral
stabilityandpreventsaggingwhenthejointisinstalledinahorizontal
position, a maximumnumber of four (4) arches is recommended.
See Table V, Note 3.
A.4. PTFE Lined. Spool Arch Type joints are available in many
standard pipe sizes with Fluoroplastic liners of TFE and/or FEP.
Theselinesarefabricatedasanintegralpartoftheexpansionjoint
during manufactureand coverall wetted surfaces inthe tube and
flangeareas.Fluoroplasticprovidesexceptionalresistancetoalmost
all chemicals within the temperature range of the expansion joint
bodyconstruction.Filledarchesarenotavailable.
A.5.B. Metallic Reinforced Design. Amoldedversion of theSpool
ArchTypeutilizingsolidsteelringsinacarcass,atthebaseofthe
arch. The reducedbodythickness requiresspecial retainingrings
availablefromthemanufacturer.See Figure 2D.
Figure 2D: Molded Wide Arch Metallic
Reinforced Type Expansion Joint
A.5. WIDE ARCH TYPE:
Thistype,similartotheNarrowArchType,isavailableinametallic
reinforcedandanon-metallicreinforceddesign.Generally,theWide
Arch Type features greater movements than the Standard Spool
ArchType.See Table VI.
A.5.A. Non-metallic Reinforced Design. Constructedsimilar tothe
SpoolArchTypeexceptthecarcassdoesnotcontainwireormetal
ringreinforcement.Pressureresistanceisaccomplishedthroughthe
use of a special external flanged retaining ring furnished with the
joint.AvailablealsoinaFilledArchdesign.See Figure 2C.
Figure 2C: Molded Wide Arch Non-Metallic
Reinforced Type Expansion Joint
Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
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7
D.2. Lightweight Type. Dimensionallythesameasthesleeve
"Spool Type", except for reduced body thickness. This
ser ies is designed for very low pressure and vacuum
applications. Joints are available insingleandmultiplearchtypes.
Consultthemanufacturerfor the types of clamps available for
sealing.Thistypegenerallyoffersgreaterflexibilitythanthespool
type.
D.3. Enlarged End Type. Thisjointcanbemanufacturedinthe
samedesignasthespooltypeandlightweighttype.Thesleeveends
onthisdesignarethesamedimensionastheO.D.ofthepipe,whilethe
restofthejointisthesamedimensionastheI.D.ofthepipe.
E. SPECIAL FLANGE TYPE:
Most ofthe expansion jointtypesdepictedin this chapter
are available with modif icat ions to the f langes. These
modifications include enlarged flanges, different drill patterns
andweld-endstubs.
E.2. Enlarged Flange Type. Expansionjointsutilizingafullfaceintegralflangedesigncanbefurnishedwithanenlargedflange
on oneend. (Forexample,an 8" (203mm) expansion joint
can befabricated with aflange to matetoan 8" (203 mm)
pipe flange on one end; and a 12" (305mm) flange on the
otherendtomatetoa12"(304mm)pipeflange.)Additionally,
dri ll ing of dif ferent specificat ions may be furnished. For
example, an expansion joint can be furnished with one end
drilled toANSIB16.5,Class150,and the otherenddrilledto
MIL-F-20042C.See Figure 2I.Note:Specialcontrolrodswillbe
requiredwhenneeded.
C. CUSTOM TYPE:
Offsetjointsarecustombuilttospecificationstocompensatefor
initialmisalignmentandnonparallelismoftheaxisofthepipingtobe
connected. Offset joints are sometimes used in close quarters where
availablespacemakesitimpracticaltocorrectmisalignmentwith
conventional piping. Generally, theindustry follows thepractice of
drillingflangesaccordingtopipesizeofflangeswhennotspecified
otherwise. I t is recommended that complete drawings and
specificationsaccompanyinquiriesorordersforoffsetjoints.See
Figure 2G.
D. SLEEVE TYPE:
A sleeve design is available in both single and multiple arch
types. Bothtypesareavailable inseveralconstructiondesignseries,
basedonthe applicationpressure and flexibilityrequirements.
Contactthemanufacturerformovementandpressurelimitations;
andtypeofsleeveendsrequired.
Figure 2G: Custom Type Expansion Joint
B. REDUCER TYPE: TAPER:
Reducingexpansion jointsareusedto commentpipingof unequal
diameters.Theymaybemanufacturedasaconcentricreducerwith
theaxisofeachendconcentricwitheachotherorasaneccentric
reducerhavingtheaxisofeachendoffsetfromeachother.Tapers
in excess of 20 degrees are not desirable. Recommendations
concerning thedegree of taper andworking pressuresshouldbe
obtainedfromthemanufacturerofyourchoice.Normally,pressures
arebasedonthelargerofthetwoinsidedimensions.Availablewith
orwithoutarches.See Figures 2E and 2F. Figure 2F shows aneccentric reducer of a No-Arch U Type Connector. See Section
H.3, this Chapter.
D.1. Sleeved Arch Type. This joint issimilarto the "Arch" Type (See
Figures 2A and 2B) exceptthatthecappedsleeveendshave
anI.D.dimensionequaltotheO.D.ofthepipe.Thesejoints
are designedtoslipoverthestraightendsoftheopenpipeandbe
held securelyin placewithclamps.Thistypeofjointisrecommended
onlyforlowtomediumpressureandvacuumservicebecause
of the difficulty of obtaining adequate clamp sealing. See
Figure 2H.
Figure 2E: Concentric Reducer Type Expansion Joint
Figure 2F: Eccentric Reducer Type Expansion Joint
Figure 2H: Sleeve Type Expansion Joint
Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
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F. DESIGNS FOR REDUCTION OF
TURBULENCE AND ABRASION:
Theopen-archdesignoftheStandardSpoolTypeExpansionJoint
maybemodifiedtoreducepossibleturbulenceandtoprevent
thecollectionofsolidmaterialsthatmaysettlefromthesolution
handledandremaininthearchway.
F.1. Filled Arch Type. Arch-type expansion joints may be
supplied with abonded-in-placesoftrubber filler toprovidea
smoothinterior bore. Filled archjoints alsohave a seamless
tube so the arch filler cannot be dislodged during service. Filled
arches,builtasanintegralpartofthecarcass,decreasetheflexibil ity
ofthejointandshouldbeusedonlywhennecessary.Movements
of expansion joints with filledarches are limited to 50% of the
normalmovements ofcomparable size expansion joints with
unfilled(open)arches.See Table VI and Figure 2J.
F.2. Top Hat Liner. This product consists of a sleeve
extending through theboreoftheexpansion jointwitha full face
flange on oneend. Constructedof hardrubber, metal or
Fluoroplastic; it reducesfrictionalwearof theexpansionjoint
and provides smooth flow,reducingturbulence.Thistypesleeve
shouldnotbeusedwherehighviscosityfluids,suchastars,arebeing
transmitted.Thesefluidsmaycause"packing-uporcaking"ofthe
arch area,which reducesmovements andin turnmay cause
premature expansion joint failure. Bafflesarerarely requiredon
rubberexpansionjoints.See Figure 2K.
8
E.3. Weld-End Type.Severalmanufacturersofferanexpansionjointwith
weld-endnippleswhichallowtheunittobedirectlyweldedintoplace
on the job or welded to associated equipment before final
installation. The design is basically theSleeve Type expansion
jointbondedtomatchingsteelweld-endnipples.Normally,thereare
steelbandclampsaroundtheperipheryoftherubbersleeve
endtoreinforcetherubber-metalbond.
Figure 2I: Enlarged Type Expansion Joint
Figure 2J: Single Arch Type Expansion
Joint With Filled Arch
Figure 2K: Top Hat Liner
G. RECTANGULAR WITH ARCH TYPE:
Acustommadeflexibleconnector forusewithrectangular flangeson
low pressure service. The arch design accommodates greater
movement than the U type joint. (See Figure 2L and Section H,
below.)
H. U TYPE:
"U"typejointsareavailableforlowpressureapplicationsinexternalandinterna
flangedesignandforhigherpressureserviceinano-archmodificationofthe
singleArchType.
H.1. External Full Face Integral Flange Joint. Thislightweightcustom
-madeflexiblejointisgenerallyusedbetweenaturbineandcondenser
It is constructedof pliesof rubberand fabricusually withoutmeta
reinforcement. The joint is recommended for full vacuum service or a
maximum pressure of 25PSIG (172 kPa). Flange drillingmay be
staggered to facilitate installation and tightening of bolts. The
joint is securely bolted in placewith conventional retaining rings fo
vacuumserviceorspecialsupportringsforpressureservice.Thejointmaybe
rectangular,roundorovalinshape.See Figure 2M. For greater movement
see Chapter II, Section G
.
Figure 2L: Rectangular With Arch Type Expansion Joint
Figure 2M: Lightweight External Flange U Type Connector
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H.2. Internal Full Face Integral Flange Joint Thisjointissimilarto
the external flange joint except that conventional retaining
ringsareused forpressure serviceand special support
ringsareusedfor vacuumservice.Thejointmayberectangular,
round or oval in shape. See Figure 2N which depicts a
rectangularversionwith special support rings. Based
oninstallation,fieldsplicingmaybenecessary.
I. BELT DOGBONE TYPE:
A molded construction of plies of rubber impregnated fabric,
rubbercoveredandsplicedendless,to a specifiedperipheral
dimension. Usedas a flexible connection incentralpower
stations on condensers. Designed for compression and lateral
movements forfull vacuumserviceandamaximumpressure of25
PSIG (172 kPa). Must be used with special clamping devices
normally supplied by the condenser equipmentmanufacturers.
See Figure 2S
.
H.3. No Arch U Type. Theconstructionofthisjointissimilarto
theSingleArchType,exceptmodifiedtoeliminatethearch.
Reduced movement, this connector will absorb vibration and
sound.AreducerversionisshowninFigure 2D. See Table Il for
pressures and Figure 2O. For alternate designs, see Chapter V.
J. SPHERICAL MOLDED TYPE:
A molded spherical design is manufactured in two types. One
typeutilizessolidfloatingmetallicflanges.Theothertypehasbuilt-
in full face integral flanges. The design incorporates a long
radius arch, providing addit ional movement capabil i ties
when compared to other types. The arch is self-cleaning,
eliminating the need of Filled Arch Type construction. These
types arerecommended forbasically thesameapplications as
theSpool"Arch"Type.
J.1. Floating Flange Spherical Type. The molded sphere design
utilizessimilarconstructiondetailsasthoseinChapter1,Section
D, except the carcass does not contain metallic reinforcement.
Utilizing special weave fabric for reinforcement, the spherical
shapeoffersa highburst pressure.Movementsand pressure
ratings should be obtained from the manufacturer.Furnished
complete with sol id floatingflanges,thisdesignisgenerallyavailable
forpipesizesunder30inches(762mm)indiameterandinsingleordouble
archdesigns.SeeFigure 2Q.
9
Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
Figure 2P: Molded Double Spherical Type
Expansion Joint With Solid Floating
Flanges
Figure 2Q: Molded Spherical Type Expansion
Joint
Figure 2R: Molded Spherical Type Expansion
Joint With Integral Flanges
Figure 2S: Belt Type Expansion Joint
Wire Spring Steel
VanStoneO.D.
Flanges
JointI.D.
RetainingFlangeO.D.
NominalPipeSize
F
G
Section AA
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K. RUBBER FLANGED PIPE, FITTINGS, PIPE
ELBOWS:
Elastomeric elbows and fittings are frequently used in place ofmetal
fittingswherehighabrasionandchemicalresistanceisrequired
and/orwherevibrationandstressreliefisdesirable.45 ,900short
radiusand90longradiuselbowsaswellasY's,T's,lateralsand
crossescanbefurnishedtoANSIB-16.1dimensions.
L. UNIONS:
Unionsaresmalldoublearchrubberconnectorswithfemale
threaded (usuallyANSINPT)ends.Theseconnectorsare foruse
withsmalldiameterpipeandwhereclearancespaceforflangesis
notavailable.Usuallyavailableforstandardpipesizesfrom3/4inch(19
mm)to3inch(76mm)diameterandawidevarietyofelastomers.Normally,
unionsare found in Heating, Ventilating and Air-Conditioning
(HVAC)applications.
M. FAN CONNECTORS:
Industrial fans and their related ducting frequently require a
flexibleconnectortoabsorbvibrationreducenoiseandprovide
an easyaccess tofanswhen overhaul orcleaningis required.
Elastomeric fan connectors have a lighter body and flanges
designedtomatchthespecificfandesign.Usuallytheirpressure
and vacuum ratingsare approximately 2 PSIG(14 kPa)to
match the service. Face-to-face dimensionasshortas2-1/2"(63
mm) face-to-face are available. Slip over fan connectors are also
frequentlyspecified.
N. RETAINING RINGS AND CONTROL UNITS:
N.1. Split Metal Retaining Rings. Retainingringsmustbeusedto
distributetheboltingloadandassureapressuretightseal.Theyarecoated
for corrosion resistance and dri lled as speci fied. (See
Appendix B-Common Flange Drilling). The rings are installed
directlyagainstthebackoftheflangesofthejointandboltedthroughto the
matingflangeofthepipe.Steelwashersarerecommendedunder
the bolt headsagainst the retaining rings; at a minimum at the
splits.Ringsarenormally3/8(9mm)thick,butcanvarydueto
conditions. TheringI.D.edgeinstallednextto therubberflange
should be broken or beveled to prevent cutting of the rubber.
SpecialretainingringsmayberequiredformanyoftheexpansionjointtypesdepictedintheChapter.See Figure 2T.
N.2. Control Unit Assemblies. See Chapter IV for information
regardingthedefinition,purposeandrecommendationsconcerning
theuseofcontrolrodassemblies.Manymanufacturerspresently
brand their expansion joint products with the following label
identification:WARNING Control units Must Be Used To Protect
This Part From Excessive Movement If Piping is Not Properly
Anchored. See Appendixes C, D and Figure 6.
Whenanelastomericexpansionjointwithacontrolunitassemblyistobe
installeddirectlytoapumpflange,specialcaremustbetaken.Makesure
thatthereissufficientclearancebehindthepumpflangenotonlyfor the
plates,butalsoforthenuts,boltsandwashers.Incaseswhere
thereisnotsufficientclearance,thecontrolrodplatesonthepump
end can be mounted behind the expansion joint flange if the
expansion joint flange has a metal flange. If the elastomer
expansionjoint hasan integral flange withsplit retaining rings,
thismethodisnotusuallyrecommendedasthesplitretainingrings
maynothaveenoughstrengthtowithstandthetotalforceencountered.
O. EXPANSION JOINT PROTECTIVE SHIELDS
AND COVERS:
Unusual applications of rubber expansion joints may require the
specificationof:A.ProtectiveShield;B.ProtectiveCover;C.Fire
Cover. Thesethreetypesofcovers,whenmanufacturedofmetal,
have one end which is bolted to or clamped to the mating pipe
flange.Theotherendisfree,designedtohandlethemovementsof
theexpansionjoint.AProtectiveCoverofmetalisrequiredwhen
an expansion joint is installed underground. Protective Shieldsshould be used on expansion joints in lines that carry high
temperatureorcorrosivemedia. Thisshieldwillprotectpersonnel
or adjacent equipment in the event of leakage or splash. Wrap
around Protective Shields of Fluoroplastic impregnated fiberglass
are themost common. Protective coversof expandedmetal are
usedtopreventexteriordamagetotheexpansionjoint.Firecovers,
designedoversize,areinsulatedontheI.D.toprotecttheexpansion
jointfromruptureduringa flashfire.Theyarenormallyinstalledon
firewaterlines.Contactthemanufacturerforspecificdesigndetails.
Whenpossible,itisnotrecommendedtoinsulateoverelastomeric
expansionjoints.CAUTION: Protection / Spray shield have some
insulating properties. Thecontainmentofsystemtemperaturescan
accelerate theaging of the product andmakes requiredexternal
inspectionsdifficult.
10
the Floating Flange Spherical Type (See Section J.1. above),
except full face flanges are integral with the body of the joint.
Pressure-resistinghoopstrengthisafunctionofthespecialweave
fabricanditsplyplacementinthebody,aswellasthedesignofthe
retaining rings. Special retaining rings are sometimes required.
Contactthemanufacturerforpressureandmovementrating. See
Figure 2R.
J.2. Integral Flange Spherical Type. Basicallythesamedesignas
MAX1/8(3 mm)
igure 2T: Retaining Rings For Standard
Arch Type Expansion Joints
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A. EXPANSION JOINT MOTIONS
A.1. Axial Compression. Thedimensionalreductionorshorteningin the face-
to-face parallel lengthof the jointmeasured along the longitudinal
axis.See Figure 3A and Table V.
A.2. Axial Elongation. Thedimensionalincreaseorlengtheningofface-to-face
parallellengthofthe jointmeasuredalong thelongitudinalaxis.See
Figure 3B and Table V.
A.3. Lateral or Transverse Movement The movement or relating
displacement of the two ends of the joint perpendicular to i ts
longitudinalaxis.See Figure 3C and Table V.
A.4. Vibration. The abil ity of a flexible connec tor to absorb
mechanical oscillations in the system, usually high frequency. See
Figure 3D and Appendixes F and G.
A.5. Angular Movement. The angular displacement of the
longitudinalaxis ofthe expansionjointfromits initial straight line
position, measured in degrees. This is a combination of axial
elongationandaxialcompression.See Figure 3E and Table V.
A.6. Torsional Movement. Thetwistingofone endof anexpansion jointwith respect to the other end about its longitudinal axis. Such
movementismeasuredindegrees.See Figure 3F and Table V.
A.7. Concurrent Movement. Thecombinationoftwoormoreoftheabove
expansion jointmovements. This value is expressedas theResultant
Movement. To calculate concurrent movement use the following
formula:
Theconcurrentmovement formulais thesum of theindividualmovements except forAngular (becauseangularmovement iscovered by compression and elongation when looking atconcurrent movements). Therefore the sum of the following:Compression,Elongation,Lateral,andTorsionalstillneedtobeless thanoneor thejointisoperatingoutsidethedesignintent
andneedstobeevaluated.
Formula:1C+E+L+TRCRERLRT
SampleCalculation:12+0+.75+0 4215
1.5+.75+0
11.25Jointisoperatingoutsideitsdesignmovementsandneedstobeevaluated.
C=Changeincompression RC=RatedCompressionE=ChangeinElongation RE=RatedElongationL=ChangeinLateral RL=RatedLateralT=ChangeinTorsional RT=RatedTorsional
CHAPTER III - Definition of Performance Characteristics
11
NOTES:
1. Pressurelimitationslistedaregenerallyacceptedbymostmanufacturersfortemperaturesupto180yieldinga3:1safetyfactor.Forhighertermperatures,consultthemanufacturerforalternatedesignsand/ormaterials.
2. Forhigherpressurethaninducated,contactmanufacturerforguidance.3. Alwaysadvisemanufacturerifproductwillbesubjectedtofullvacuum4. Forterminalogyonpressure.See Appnedix H.5. Partslistedat26(660mm)Hgvacuumhaveadesignratingof30(762mm)Hg
(fullvacuum).
D. RESISTANCE TO FLUIDS:
Thesuperiorcorrosionresistance characteristic of natural rubber
andsyntheticelastomerspermitsthesafehandlingofawidevariety
of materials within the pressure limits and temperature
characteristics noted above. Contact the manufacturer for a
specificelastomerrecommendation.See Table II.
The pressure ratings decrease with size and/or temperature
increases from 200 PSIG (1379kPa)to 30 PSIG (207 kPa)
operating pressure, dependent upon construction design. If
requirementsexceed these ratings,specialconstructionscan be
designedtomeettherequiredconditions.Thenumberofcontrol
rods are specified onthe basis of the design pressure of the
system,nottheratedoperatingpressureoftheexpansionjoint.
See Table IV and Appendixes C, D, and H.
Table IV: Typical Pressure Characteristics of Spool Type
Rubber Expansion Joints.
B. Sound Limiting Characteristic:
The abil ity of a rubber expansion joint to limit or interrupt thetransmissionofasoundfromoperatingequipmenttothepipingsystem.See Appendixes F and G and Table III.
NOMINAL PIPE SIZE I.D.
OF EXP. JOINT
DESIGN OF EXPANSION JOINT
CONSTRUCTION
Pressure/VacuumDesign
HighPressureDesign
in.
Positive Negative Positive Negative
PSIG kPa in. of Hg. mm of Hg. PSIG kPa in. of Hg. mm of
1/4to45to1214
6to102127to305
356
16514085
1138965586
262626
660660660
200190130
13791310896
262626
660660660
16to2022to2426to40
406to508559to610660to1,016
656555
448448379
262626
660660660
11010090
758689621
262626
660660660
42to6668to9698to108110to155
1067to16761727to24382489to27432794to3937
55454030
379310276207
26262626
660660660660
80706050
552483414374
26262626
660660660660
mm
Material
Sound
Velocity
In/sec.
Density
lbs./In.
3
Acoustical
Impedance
lbs./In.
2
sec
Relative
Impedance
SteelCopperCastIronLeadGlass
206,500140,400148,80049,800216,000
0.2830.3200.2600.4110.094
58,40045,00038,70020,40020,300
500.0425.0365.0190.0190.0
ConcreteWaterPineCorkRubber
198,00056,400132,00019,2002,400
0.0720.0360.01450.00860.0442
14,2002,0301,910165106
134.019.018.01.61.0
TABLE III: Comparison of Acoustical Impedances
Acousticalimpedanceisdefinedastheproductofmaterialdensitytimesvelocityofsoundinthematerial.Inacousticalsystems,lowimpedancecorrespondstolowsoundtransmission.RelativeimpedanceisbasedonRubber=1.0
C. PRESSURE CHARACTERISTICS
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E.2.A. Filled Arch. The spring rate for a Fil led Arch Type
expansionjointisapproximately4timesthatofaStandardSingle
ArchType.Thisratewillvarywithmanufacturersandisdependentupon
thematerialusedinthefilledarchsectionoftheexpansionjoint.
E.2.B. Multi-Arch. ThespringrateforaMufti-ArchTypeexpansionjoint
isequalto thespringrateforaSingleArchTypeproductdividedby the
numberofarches.
F. HYDROSTATIC TESTING:
If required, joints can be hydrostatic tested up to1.5 times theMaximum
Allowable Working Pressure of the product , for a minimum of 10
minuteswithoutleaks.See Appendix C - Terminology and Table II.
G. SEISMIC TESTING:
Association Position. It is the position of the Non-Metallic Expansion Joint
D iv is ion that, a lthough seismic tes ting may apply to r ig id
componentsofapipingsystem,itdoesnotapplytoanindividualnon-
metallicexpansionjointduetoitsinherentflexibility.Theproblemis
furthercomplicatedbytheabsenceofanydefinitivespecification.
Theindustryisunabletoquoteonseismictestingunlessspecific
informationontestproceduresandresultsrequiredbecomesavailable.
H. CYCLE LIFE:
Onefullmovementcycleisdefinedasthesumofthetotalmovementsincurred
whenan expansion jointfully compressesfrom theneutral position
thenmovestothepositionofmaximumallowedelongationandfinallyreturnsto
neutral.Cyclelifedependsnot only onthe amountofmovement,but
also onthe frequency ofcyclesor cyclerate. Cyclelife can also be
affectedbyinstallationpractices,temperatureandtypeofmediabeing
handled.
Testingcaninvolvefullmovementcyclingofanexpansionjointattherateof10
cyclesperminuteatratedmaximumtemperaturesandpressures to variousduration,withoutfailure.Much longercyclelife occurswithreduced
movement.
12
E. FORCE POUNDS AND SPRING RATES:
E.1. Force Pounds. Theforcetodeflectanexpansionjointisdefined
as, the total load required todeflect the expansion joint a distance
equal to the maximum ratedmovement of the product. This force
figureisexpressedinpoundsforcompression,elongationandlateral
movements.Theforcefigureisexpressedinfoot-poundsforangular
deflection.
E.2. Spring Rate. Thespringrateis definedas theforcein poundsrequired to deflect an expansion joint one inch in compressionand
elongationorin alateraldirection.Forangularmovementthespring
rateistheforceneededinfoot-poundstodeflecttheexpansionjoint
onedegree.See Table V & VI.
Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
NOMINAL
PIPE SIZES
ID X ID
Minimum
Concentric
Minimum
Eccentric
Inches Length Length
1.5 X 1. 6 6
2. X 1.
2. X 1.252. X 1.5
6
66
6
69
2.5 X 1.2.5 X 1.252.5 X 1.52.5 X 2.
6666
8666
3. X 1.3. X 1.253. X 2.3. X 2.5
8866
9866
3.5 X 1.53.5 X 2.3.5 X 2.53.5 X 3.
8666
9866
4. X 1.54. X 2.4. X 2.54. X 3.4. X 3.5
86666
129866
5. X 2.55. X 3.5. X 3.55. X 4.5. X 4.5
86666
119866
6. X 3.6. X 3.56. X 4.6. X 5.
8866
121196
8. X 4.8. X 5.8. X 6.
1086
15129
10. X 6.10. X 8.
106
159
12. X 8.12. X 10.
108
159
14. X 10.
14. X 12.
10
8
15
9
16. X 10.16. X 12.16. X 14.
1088
21159
18. X 12.18. X 14.18. X 16.
12108
221610
20. X 14.20. X 16.20. X 18.
12108
221610
24. X 16.24. X 18.24. X 20.
161410
282216
30. X 20.30. X 24.
1814
3422
36. X 24.36. X 30.
2414
4022
42. X 30.42. X 36.
2413
4022
48. X 42. 14 22
54. X 42.54. X 48.
2213
4022
60. X 48.60. X 54.
2213
4022
NMEJ DIVISION STANDARDS
RECOMMENDATIONS
NOTES:
1. TheNMEJDivisionstandardrecommendationsarecalculatedusingthefollowingformulas:a.ConcentricExpansionJoints:Maximumangleof20plus3.b.EccentricExpansionJoints:Maximumangleof20 plus 4.
2. Forsizesotherthanshown,consultthemanufacturer.
Reducer Type (Taper):
Minimum Recommended Face-to-Face Lengths.
8/10/2019 Rubber FSA
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13
in mm in mm in mm in mm in mm lbs/in N/mm lbs/in N/mm lbs/in N/mmft-lbs/
deg
Nm/deg
1*1-1/4*1-1/2*2
2-1/23
253240506575
666666
150150150150150150
7/167/167/167/167/167/16
111111111111
1/41/41/41/41/41/4
666666
1/21/21/21/21/21/2
131313131313
27.522.518.514.511.510.0
333333
3-1/24568
88100125150200
66666
150150150150150
7/167/167/167/1611/16
1111111118
1/41/41/41/43/8
666610
1/21/21/21/21/2
1313131313
8.37.56.05.05.5
33333
1012141618
250300350400450
88888
200200200200200
11/1611/1611/1611/1611/16
1818181818
3/83/83/83/83/8
1010101010
1/21/21/21/21/2
1313131313
4.53.753.252.752.5
33221
2022242628
500550600650700
810101010
200250250250250
13/1613/1613/1615/1615/16
2121212424
7/167/167/161/21/2
1111111313
1/21/21/21/21/2
1313131313
2.52.252.02.32.0
11111
3032343638
750800850900950
1010101010
250250250250250
15/1615/1615/1615/1615/16
2424242424
1/21/21/21/21/2
1313131313
1/21/21/21/21/2
1313131313
2.01.81.751.51.5
11111
4042444648
10001050110011501200
1012121212
250300300300300
15/161-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/16
2427272727
1/29/169/169/169/16
1314141414
1/21/21/21/21/2
1313131313
1.51.51.51.31.25
11111
505254
5658
125013001350
14001450
121212
1212
300300300
300300
1-1/161-1/161-1/16
1-1/161-1/16
272727
2727
9/169/169/16
9/169/16
141414
1414
1/21/21/2
1/21/2
131313
1313
1.251.251.25
1.251.0
111
11
6066727884
15001650180019502100
1212121212
300300300300300
1-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/16
2727272727
9/169/169/169/169/16
1414141414
1/21/21/21/21/2
1313131313
1.01.00.90.90.8
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
96102108120132144
240025502700300033003600
121212121212
300300300300300300
1-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/161-1/16
272727272727
9/169/169/169/169/169/16
141414141414
1/21/21/21/21/21/2
131313131313
0.700.660.620.560.510.47
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
.5
235294353423530635
4151627493111
304383459552689828
53678097121145
350438524700762824
617792123133144
.04
.10
.15
.30
.50
.80
.05
.13
.20
.41
.681.10
742848105812711412
130148185223247
9651104137616521837
169193241289322
888952109212341506
155167191216264
1.31.93.76.412.7
1.82.65.08.717.2
17662118185321182382
309371325371417
22962755241127553101
402482422482543
16181896223425722840
283332391450497
24.242.119.276106
32.857.180.3103144
26492913317830603296
464510557536577
34403785413039804286
602663723697751
31763296341236583904
556577597641684
152205274292382
206278371396518
35323769400242384475
619660701742784
45944899560255125818
8048589819651019
41504876560263286502
72785498111081139
437555645844943
59275287411441278
47084452466448705087
824780817853891
61245783605763396608
10721013106111101157
66766846714274367732
11691199125113021354
10421163127016801825
14131577172222782474
530055125724
59366148
9289651002
10391076
688471667435
77177992
120612551302
13511400
802483148606
88969184
140514561507
15581608
196821382308
24643310
266828993129
33414488
63606996763282688904
11141225133714481559
8268909599221074811575
14481593173818822027
947210216109541190212850
16591789191820842250
35374288568170228641
479558137702952011715
101761081211448127201399215264
178218932005222824502673
132281405614883165371819019843
231724622606289631853475
147501570016652185502028822026
253827492916324935532857
134411696721855298713354742902
182232300329630404984548158164
TABLE V: TYPICAL NARROW ARCH EXPANSION JOINT MOVEMENT/SPRING RATE CAPABILITIES
NOTES:A. MOVEMENT CAPABILITY
1.FilledArchconstructionreducesabovemovementby50%.2.ThedegreeofAngularMovementisbasedonthemaximumextensionshown.3.Ifgreatermovementsaredesired,expansionjointscanbesuppliedwithtwo,threeorfourarches.Relativelylonger"Face-to-Face"lengthdimensionsareincorporatedintodesignsofMultipleArchTypeexpansionjoints.
4.TocalculateapproximatemovementofMultipleArchexpansionjoints,takethemovementshownintheabovetableandmultiplybythenumberofarches.5.Movementsshownabovearebasedonproperinstallationpractice.(SeeChapterIV,SectionD).
B. SPRING RATE
1.Forcesrequiredtomoveexpansionjointsarebasedonzeropressureconditionsandroomtemperatureinthepipeline.2.Theseforcesshouldbeconsideredonlyasapproximateswhichmayvarywiththeelastomersandfabricsusedinfabricationandthespecificconstructiondesignofanindividualmanufacturer.3.SeeChapterIII,SectionFfordefinitionofvaluesshown.4.TocalculatetheapproximateSpringRateforMultipleArchJoints,dividethesinglearchvaluesbythenumberofarches.5.ForPressureThrustForcesseeChapterIV,SectionA.2.
C. FORCE POUNDS
1.Istheforcerequiredtomoveanexpansionjointitsratedmovement.
2.Tocalculatetheforcepoundsrequiredtomoveanexpansionjointitsratedmovement:Multiplytheratedmovementbythecorrespondingspringrate.
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*ItemsarenormallyfurnishedwithFilledArchconstruction.
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NOTES:A. MOVEMENT CAPABILITY
1.ThedegreeofAngularMovementisbasedonthemaximumextensionshown.2.Ifgreatermovementsaredesired,expansionjointscanbesuppliedwithtwo,threeorfourarches.Relativelylonger"Face-to-Face"lengthdimensionsareincorporatedintodesignsofMultipleArchTypeexpansionjoints.
3.TocalculateapproximatemovementofMultipleArchexpansionjoints,takethemovementshownintheabovetableandmultiplybythenumberofarches.4.Movementsshownabovearebasedonproperinstallationpractice.(SeeChapterIV,SectionD).
B. SPRING RATE
1.Forcesrequiredtomoveexpansionjointsarebasedonzeropressureconditionsandroomtemperatureinthepipeline.2.Theseforcesshouldbeconsideredonlyasapproximateswhichmayvarywiththeelastomersandfabricsusedinfabricationandthespecificconstructiondesignofanindividualmanufacturer.3.SeeChapterIII,SectionFfordefinitionofvaluesshown.4.TocalculatetheapproximateSpringRateforMultipleArchJoints,dividethesinglearchvaluesbythenumberofarches.5.ForPressureThrustForcesseeChapterIV,SectionA.2.
C. FORCE POUNDS
1.Istheforcerequiredtomoveanexpansionjointitsratedmovement.
2.Tocalculatetheforcepoundsrequiredtomoveanexpansionjointitsratedmovement:Multiplytheratedmovementbythecorrespondingspringrate.
N
m
n
F
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Table VI: Typical Wide Arch Movement/Spring Rate Capabilities
14
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Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
A
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15
A.3. Branch Connection Anchors. Figure5Bisanotherillustrationof
the proper anchoring that should beprovided ina linewith a
branch connection. The anchor shown at the tee and elbow
connectionsmustbedesignedtowithstandboththethrustandanyother
forcesimposedonthesystematthesepoints.Againemphasisisplacedon
therelativelocationofthejoints,theiranchoringpointsandthepipeguides.
INTRODUCTION:
It can be stated generally that the proper location of rubber
expansion jointsisclosetoamainanchoringpoint.Followingthejointinthe
line,apipeguideorguidesshouldbeinstalledtokeepthepipein
line and preventunduedisplacement ofthis line.This isthe simplest
applicationofajoint,namely,toabsorbtheexpansionandcontractionofa
pipelinebetweenfixedanchorpoints.
A.1. Anchors Are Required. Figure5Aillustratesasimplepiping
system. You will notice that in all cases, solid anchoring is
providedwhereverthepipelinechangesdirectionandthattheexpansion
jointsinthat linearelocatedascloseaspossibleto thoseanchor
points.Inaddition,followingtheexpansionjoints,andagainas
close as is practical, pipe guides are employed to prevent
displacement of the pipeline.Itshouldbepointedoutthattheelbows
adjacenttothepumpare securelysupportedby thepumpbaseso
that no piping forces are transmittedtotheflangesofthepumpitself.
Anchorsshownatthe900andthe450bendinthepipelinemustbe
solid anchors designed to withstandthethrustdevelopedintheline
togetherwithanyotherforcesimposedonthesystematthispoint.
A.2. Calculation of Thrust. Whenexpansion jointsareinstalled inthe
pipeline,thestaticportionofthethrustiscalculatedasaproductofthearea
oftheI.D.ofthearchoftheexpansionjointtimesthemaximumpressurethat
willoccurwiththeline.Theresultisaforceexpressedinpounds.Refer
to Figure 4.
A. ANCHORING AND GUIDING THE
PIPING SYSTEM:
B. CONTROL UNITS:
B.1. Definition and Purpose.Acontrolunitassemblyisasystemoftwo
ormorecontrolrods(tierods)placedacrossanexpansionjoint
from f lange to flange to minimize possible damage to the
expansion joint caused by excessive motion of the pipeline.
This excessive motioncouldbecausedby the failureofananchoror
someotherpieceofequipmentinthepipeline.Figure6showstheproper
assemblyofanexpansion jointwith controlunit details. Thecontrolrod
assembliesaresetatthemaximumallowableexpansionand/orcontraction
ofthejointandwillabsorbthestaticpressurethrustdevelopedatthe
expansionjoint.Whenusedinthismanner,theyareanadditional
safetyfactor,minimizingpossiblefailureoftheexpansionjointandpossible
damagetotheequipment.Controlunitswilladequatelyprotectthejoints,but
theusershouldbesurethatpipeflangestrengthissufficienttowithstand
totalforcethatwillbeencountered.The term Control Unit Is
synonymous with the term Tie Rod as defined by the standards of the
Expansion Joint Manufacturer's Association (EJMA).
CHAPTER IVInstallation and Maintenance
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C. OTHER INSTALLATIONS:
C.1. Vibration Mounts Under Foundation. Figure 5D shows a very
common pump installation. Instead of being mounted on a solid
foundation, thepump is supported off the floor on vibration mounts
Thereisnothingwrongwiththistypeofinstallation.Thesupplierofthe
vibrationmountsshouldbemadeawareof thefactthatthesemounts
mustbedesigned,notonlytosupporttheweightofthepump,itsmoto
andbase,butmustalsoabsorbtheverticalthrustthatwilloccurinbot
thesuctionanddischargelines.TocalculatethrustseeChapterIV,
B.2.A. Extension. Controlunitsmustbeusedwhenitisnotfeasible
in a given structure to provide adequate anchors in the proper
location.Insuchcases,thestaticpressurethrustofthesystemwill
causetheexpansionjointtoextendtothelimitsetbythecontrol
rodswhichwill thenprecludethepossibilityoffurthermotion that
would over-elongate the joint. Despite the limiting action that
control rods have on the joint, theymust beused when proper
anchoring cannot be provided. It cannot be emphasized too
stronglythatrubberexpansionjoints,byvirtueoftheirfunction,are
notdesignedtotakeendthrustsand,inallcaseswheresuchare
likelytooccur,properanchoringisessential.Ifthisfactisignored,
prematurefailureoftheexpansionjointisaforegoneconclusion.
B.2.B. Compression. Pipe sleevesor insidenutscanbe installed
on the control rods. The purpose of the sleeve is to prevent
excessive compressionin theexpansion joint. The length of this
pipe sleeve should be such that the expansion joint cannot be
compressed beyond themaximumallowable compression figure
statedbythemanufacturer.See Table V and Figure 6.
B.3. Specifications. For control unit dimensional specifications see
Appendix C. These specifications are recommended for standard
constructiontypeexpansionjoints.Theexactnumberofcontrolrods
shouldbeselectedon thebasisof theactualdesign/testpressureof
thesystem.Alwaysspecifythematingflangethicknesswhenordering
controlunitassemblies.See Appendix D.
B.4. Illustration of the Use of Control Rods. Figure5Cdemonstratesthe type of piping connections thatmust beused in the event itisimpossible toemploy anchoring. The anchor pointat the upper90elbowinthedischargelinehasbeeneliminated.(ItisshowninFigure5A.) In this situation, it is necessary to employ properly designedcontrolunitswiththe jointslocatedin thisnon-anchoredline.Withoutheuseofthesecontrolunits,thepipelinebetweenthepumpandtheanchor,atthe45bend,wouldbeseverelydisplacedduetoelongationintheflexiblerubberexpansionjoint. Thiselongationwouldproceeduntilthejointsrupture.Theuseofcontrolunitsinthiscasepermitsexpansionofthe pipelinein both theverticalandhorizontal directionbetweenthepumpandtheanchor,atthe45bend.However,itdoesprecludethepossibilityof contractionin theserespectivelinesasthe
furtherextensionoftheexpansionjointis impossiblebecauseof thecontrolunits.
16
Forsignificantlateralmovementsphericalwashersarerecommended.
B.2. Use in Restraining the Piping System. Control units may be
requiredtolimitbothextensionandcompressionmovements.
Figure 5D: Typical Pump Installation With Expansion Joints Utilizing
Vibration Mounts
Spherical washer equal axial and lateral load distribution
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17
C.2. Vibration Mounts or Springs Under Base and Anchor.
AvariationofthedesignasshowninFigure5DisillustratedinFigure5E.
Animprovedinstallationisshownhere.Thevibration mounts
underthepumpbaseneedonlysupportthepump,itsmotor
and base.Thevibrationmountsundertheelbowsupportscan
thenbedesigned towithstandthe thrustdevelopedin the
suctionanddischargelines,respectively.
C.3. Secondary Base. See Figure 5F. In this installation, a
completesecondarybaseisprovidedforthepumpbaseandthe
two elbow supports. This secondary base is equipped with
vibrationmountstoisolateitfromthefloor.Onceagain,thesemounts
mustbe designedto take into account all of the loads and
forces acting upon the secondarybase.Theseobviouslyare
theweightoftheequipmentplusthethrustsdevelopedinthesuction
anddischargelines.
D. INSTALLATION INSTRUCTIONS FOR NON
-METALLIC EXPANSION JOINTS:
D.1. Service Conditions. Make sure theexpansionjointrating
fortemperature,pressure,vacuumandmovementsmatchthe
systemrequirements.Contact themanufacturerfor adviceif
the system requirements exceed those of theexpansion joint
selected. Check to make sure the elastomer selected is
chemicallycompatiblewiththeprocessfluidorgas.
D.2. Alignment. Expansionjointsarenormallynotdesignedto
compensateforpipingmisalignmenterrors.Pipingshouldbe linedup
within1/8".Misalignmentreducestheratedmovementsofthe expansionjointandcan induceseverestressandreduceservice
life.Pipeguidesshouldbeinstalledto keepthepipealigned
andtopreventunduedisplacement.See Chapter IV, Section A and
Table IV.
D.3. Anchoring. Solid anchoring is required wherever the
pipeline changesdirection,andexpansionjointsshouldbelocatedas
closeaspossibletoanchorpoints.Ifanchorsarenotused,
the pressure thrust may cause excessive movements and
damagetheexpansionjoints.SeeChapter IV, Section A &B for
Anchoring, Guiding and Control Rods.
D.4. Pipe Support. Pipingmustbe supportedsoexpansionjointsdonot
carryanypipeweight.
D.5. Mating Flanges. Installthe expansionjoint against thematingpipe
flangesandinstallboltssothattheboltheadandwasherareagainst
theretainingrings.Ifwashersarenotused,flangeleakagecanresult-
particularlyatthesplit intheretainingrings.Flange-to-flangedimensions
oftheexpansionjointmustmatchthebreech typeopening.Makesure the
mating flanges are clean and are flat-face- type or nomore than 1/16"
raised-face-type.Neverinstall expansion joints thatutilizesplit retaining
rings next towafertype check or butterflyvalves. Seriousdamage can
resulttoarubberjointofthistypeunlessinstalledagainstfullfaceflanges.
D.6. Tightening Bolts. Tightenbolts in stages by alternatingaround the
flange.Ifthejointhasintegralfabricandrubberflanges,theboltsshould
betightenoughtomaketherubberflangeO.D.bulgebetweenthe retaining
ringsandthematingflange.Torqueboltssufficientlytoassureleak-free
operationathydrostatictestpressure.Bolttorquingvaluesareavailable
frommostmanufacturers.Ifthejointhasmetalflanges,tightenboltsonly
enoughtoachieveasealandnevertightentothepointthatthereismetal-
to-metalcontactbetweenthejointflangeandthematingflange.
D.7. Storage. Idealstorageisawarehousewitharelativelydry,coollocation.Storeflangefacedown ona pallet orwoodenplatform.Donot store
otherheavyitemsontopofanexpansionjoint.Tenyearshelf-lifecanbe
expectedwithidealconditions. Ifstoragemust beoutdoorsjointsshould
beplacedonwoodenplatformsandshouldnotbeincontactwiththeground.
Coverwithatarpaulin.
D.8. Large Joint Handling. Donotliftwithropesorbarsthroughthebolt
holes. I f l if ting through the bore, use padding or a saddle to
distributetheweight.Makesurecablesorforklifttinesdonotcontacttherubber.
Donotletexpansionjointssitverticallyontheedgesoftheflanges for any
periodoftime.
D.9. Additional Tips.
D.9.A. Forelevatedtemperatures,donotinsulateoveranon-metallic
expansionjoint.Seealsopage10.
D.9.B. Itisacceptable(butnotnecessary)tolubricatetheexpansion
jointflangeswithathinfilmofgraphitedispersedinglycerinorwater
toeasedisassemblyatalatertime.
D.9.C. Donotweldinthenearvicinityofanon-metallicjoint.
D.9.D. Ifexpansionjointsaretobeinstalledunderground,orwillbe
submerged in water, contact manufacturer for specific
recommendations.
Section A.2. It should also be noted that the thrust in the
respectivepipelineswillexertaforceontheinletandoutletflanges
ofthepump,andthepumpmanufacturershouldbecontactedto
determine whether or not the pump casing is strong enough to
withstandthisforce.Ifthisisnotdone,itisverypossiblethatthis
forcecanbelargeenoughtocracktheconnectingflanges.
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D.9.E. Iftheexpansionjointwillbeinstalledoutdoors,makesure
thecovermaterialwillwithstandozone,sunlight,etc.Materials
such as EPDM and Hypalon are recommended. Materials
paintedwithweatherresistantpaintwillgiveadditionalozoneand
sunlightprotection.
D.9.F. Checkthetightnessofleak-freeflangestwoorthreeweeksafter
installationandre-tightenifnecessary.
WARNING
: Expansion joints may operate in pipelines or
equipment carrying fluids and/or gases at elevated
temperatures and pressures and may transport hazardous
materials.Precautionsshouldbetakentoprotectpersonnelin
the event of leakage or splash. SeeChapter 11, Section P.
Rubber joints should not be installed in inaccessible areas
where inspection is impossible. Make sure proper drainage is
availableintheeventofleakagewhenoperatingpersonnelare
notavailable.
D.11. Location. Theexpansionjointshouldalwaysbe installed inan
accessiblelocationtoallowforfutureinspectionorreplacement.
D.10. Control Rod Installation. Also see Chapter II, 0.2. Control Unit
Assemblies.
E. INSPECTION PROCEDURE FOR
EXPANSION JOINTS IN SERVICE:
Thefollowingguideis intendedtoassist indeterminingi f an expansion
jointshouldbereplacedorrepairedafterextendedservice.
E.1. Replacement Criteria. Ifanexpansionjointisinacriticalservice
conditionand is five ormoreyearsold,consideration shouldbe
given tomaintainingaspareorreplacingtheunitatascheduledoutage.If
theservice is notof a critical nature, observethe expansion
jointon aregularbasisandplantoreplaceafter10yearsservice.
Applicationsvaryandlifecanbeaslongas30yearsinsomecases.
E.2. Procedures.
E.2.A. Cracking. (SunChecking) Cracking, or crazingmay
notbe seriousif onlythe outercoveris involvedandthe
fabric is not exposed.Ifnecessary, repaironsitewith rubber
cementwhere cracks areminor. Crackingwherethe fabric is
exposed and torn, indicatestheexpansionjointshouldbereplaced.
Such cracking is usually the result of excess extension,
angular or lateral movements.Suchcrackingisidentifiedby:
(1)aflatteningofthearch,(2)cracksatthebaseofthearch,
and/or(3)cracksatthebaseof theflange.To avoidfuture
problems, replacement expansion joints should be orderedwith
controlrodunits.
E.2.B. Blisters-Deformation-Ply Separation. Some blisters or
deformations, when on the external portions of an expansion
joint,maynot affect theproper performanceof theexpansion
joint. Theseblistersordeformationsarecosmeticinnatureand
do not require repair. If major blisters, deformations and/or plyseparationsexistinthetube,theexpansionjointshouldbereplacedas
soon as possible. Ply separation at the flange O.D. can
somet imes be observedand isnotacausefor replacementofthe
expansionjoint.
E.2.C. Metal Reinforcement. Ifthemetalreinforcement ofan
expansionjointisvisiblethroughthecover,theexpansionjoint
shouldbereplacedassoonaspossible.
E.2.D. Dimensions. Any inspections should veri fy that the
installation is correct; that there is no excessive
misalignment between the flanges;and, that theinstalled face-to-
face dimension is correct. Check for over-elongation, over-
compression, lateral or angular misalignment. If incorrect
instal lat ionhascaused theexpansionjointtofail,adjustthepiping
andorderanewexpansionjointtofittheexistinginstallation.
E.2.E. Rubber Deterioration. Ifthejointfeelssoftorgummy,planto
replacetheexpansionjointassoonaspossible.
E.2.F. Leakage. Ifleakageorweepingisoccurringfromany
surfaceoftheexpansionjoint,exceptwhereflangesmeet,replacethe
joint immediately.If leakageoccurs betweenthe matingflange
andexpansionjointflange,tightenallbolts.Ifthisisnotsuccessful,turn
off the system pressure, loosen all flange bolts and then
retightenboltsinstagesbyalternatingaroundtheflange.Make
suretherearewashersundertheboltheads,particularlyatthe
split in the retaining rings. Remove the expansion joint andinspectbothrubberflangesandpipematingflangefacesfor
damage and surface condi tion. Repair or replace as
required. Also,makesure theexpansionjointisnotoverelongated
as this cantendto pull thejoint flange away from the mating
flange resulting inleakage.If leakage persists, consult the
manufacturerforadditionalrecommendations.
18
D.10.A. Assemble expansion joint between pipe flanges to
the manufactured face-to-face length of the expansion joint.
Includetheretainingringsfurnishedwiththeexpansionjoint.
D.10.B. Assemblecontrolrodplatesbehindpipe flangesasshownin
Figure6.Flangeboltsthrough the controlrodplate mustbe
longertoaccommodatetheplate.Controlrodplatesshould
beequallyspacedaroundtheflange.Dependinguponthesize
and pressure ratingofthesystem,2,3ormorecontrolrodsmaybe
required.Contactmanufacturerforoptionalinstallations.
D.10.C. Insertcontrolrodsthroughtopplateholes.Steelwashersareto
be positioned at the outer plate surface. An optional rubber
washer ispositioned between the steelwasher and the outerplate
surface.(See Figure 6.)
D.10.D. Ifasinglenutperunitisfurnished,positionthisnutsothatthere
isa gap betweenthenutandthesteelwasher.This gap isequal to the joint's maximum extension (commencing with
the nominal face-to- face length). Do not consider the
thicknessoftherubberwasher.Tolockthisnutinposition,
either"stake"thethreadintwoplacesortackweldthenutto
therod.Iftwojamnuts arefurnishedforeachunit,tighten
the two nuts together,soastoachievea"jamming"effecttoprevent
loosening. Note: Consult the manufacturer if there is any
question as to the rated compression and elongation. These two
dimensions are critical in setting the nuts and sizing the compression pipe
sleeves.
D.10.E. I f there is a requirement for compression pipe
sleeves,ordinarypipemaybeusedandsizedinlengthtoallow
thejointtobecompressedtoitsnormallimit. (See Figure 6.)
D.10.F. Forreducerinstallations,itisrecommendedthatallcontrolrod
installationsbeparalleltothepiping.
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CHAPTER V - Flexible Rubber Pipe Connectors
E. ANCHORING AND CONTROL UNITS:
Flexiblerubberconnectorsshouldalways be installed in
piping systems that are properly anchored so that the
connectors are not required to absorb compression or
elongationpipingmovements.Ifaxial forces can act in
the system to compress orelongatetheconnector,control
unitswillberequiredtopreventaxialmovement.Ingeneral,control
units are always recommended as an additional safety factor,
preventingdamage totheconnectorandassociatedequipment.
See Chapter IV, Section B, and Appendixes C and D.
D.3. Floating Flange Type. Similar to the flanged type.
Instead of havinga full-facerubberflange,thisdesignhasasolid
floatingmetallicflangeorasplitinterlockingflange.TheVan
Stoneflangeprincipleisusedwiththebeadsoftherubber
partspecificallydesignedtofitthematingpipeflange.
D.2. Coupled Type. Insmallerdiameters,rubberpipeisavailablewith
factoryattachedcouplings.Normallyfurnishedwithmale/male
couplings,thistypeisalsoavailablewithmale/femalefittings.
See Figure 7B.
FOREWORD:
Thefour previous chaptershave deal t pr imar i ly wi th
rubberexpansionjointsmanufacturedinsingleormultiplearch
type designs.Thisdesignprovidessubstantialflexibilitytoallowthe
expansion jointto absorbpipemovements,whetherinduced by
thermalchangesorothermechanicalmeans.Incertainapplications,
the featuresprovidedby arch--type constructionmaynotbe of
paramountimportance,anditispossibletomanufactureno-arch-
typeexpansionjoints.It ismorecommon, however, to specify
flangedpipeconnectorshavingasubstantiallylongerlengththanan
expansionjointofthesamepipesize,andthischapterwillconsider
theconstruction,usageanddimensionsofthesepipeconnectors.
A. DEFINITION:
A flexible rubberpipeconnector is a reinforced straight rubber
pipe, fabricated of natural or synthetic elastomersand fabrics,
primarilydesignedtoabsorbnoiseandvibrationinapipingsystem.
B. PERFORMANCE CHARACTERISTICS:
B.1. Sound Limiting Characteristics. Rubber pipeconnectors are
used inair-conditioningandheatinginstallationsbecauseof their
ability to limit or interrupt the transmission of sound fromoperatingequipment to thepipingsystem.See Appendixes F and
G.
B.2. Pressure/Temperature Limits. Flexible rubber pipe can be
furnished in either 150 PSIG or 250 PSIG working pressure
designs at different temperature ratings.See Tables I and II for
standardmaterialtypesandtemperaturelimits.
B.3. Resistance to Fluids. Rubber pipe corrosion resistance is the
sameasforelastomericexpansionjoints. See Chapter III,Section E
and Table II.
C. CONSTRUCTION DETAILS:
C.1. Tube, Cover and Carcass. Detailsconcerningthetube ,cover
andcarcassfabricreinforcementarethesameasforexpansion
joints.See Chapter I,Section D and Figure 7A.
C.2. Metal Reinforcement. Helical-wound, steel reinforcement
wire is imbedded in the carcass to provide strength for high
pressureoperations and toprevent collapseundervacuum.See
Figure 7A.
D. TYPES OF PIPE CONNECTORS:
D.1. Flanged Type. Themostcommontypeofrubberpipeincorporates
afullfaceflangeintegralwiththebodyofthepipe.Theflangeisdrilledto
conformtotheboltpatternofthe-companionmetalflangesof the
pipeline. (See Appendix B.) This typeofa rubber-faced flange,backedwitharetainingring,isofsufficientthicknesstoforma
tightsealagainstthecompanionflangewithouttheuseofagasket.
19
Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
8/10/2019 Rubber FSA
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F. INSTALLATION AND MAINTENANCE:
TheinformationinchapterIV,SectionDappliestoflexiblepipe
connectorsaswellasexpansionjoints.See Chapter IV, Section D.
2
TYPICAL FLANGE THICKNESS
Nominal Flange
Thickness
# Measurements
in. mm in. mm
9/16 14 4 1/16 2
5/8-7/8 16-22 4 3/16 5
1 25 4 1/4 6
1-1/8-1-1/4 29-32 5 5/16 8
1-1-3/8 25-35 6 3/8 10
Tolerance
NOTE: Measurementstakenatthebolthole.
TABLE VII: Rubber pipe connectors. Available Sizes
and Suggested Length-to-Face Lengths.
Thisinformationisprovidedtohelpguideyourselection.EachFSAmembersproductmayvaryfromthisinformation.Consultandconfirmyourmanufacturersperformancedata.
Nominal Pipe Size C