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RtI2:
Response to Instruction AND Intervention
Douglas Fisher & Nancy Frey
San Diego State University
www.fisherandfrey.com
LEARNING
Traditional View of Learning
When time and instruction are held constant…
… learning outcomesvary.
Adapted from Buffum, Mattos, & Weber, 2009
LEARNING
A New View of Learning
When time and instruction are variable…
… learning is held constant.
Adapted from Buffum, Mattos, & Weber, 2009
Response to Instruction and Intervention (RtI2)
Tier 1: Quality core instruction Tier 2: Supplemental intervention Tier 3: Intensive intervention
Tier 1: 70+%
Tier 2:
20-30%Tier 3:
5-15%
Manipulate variables…
What Variables Can You Control?
Frequency (time) Duration (time) Assessment (instruction) Group size (instruction) Access to expertise (instruction) Staff collaboration (instruction) Student Monitoring Team (instruction) Others?
Tier 1: Quality Core Instruction
Based on a Gradual Release of Responsibility
Formative assessments (feed forward, not just feedback)
Push-in supports and incidental benefits
TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY
Focus LessonGuided Instruction
“I do it”
“We do it”
“You do it together”
Collaborative
Independent “You do it alone”
A Structure for Instruction that Works
In some classrooms …TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY
Focus Lesson
“I do it”
Independent
“You do it alone”
In some classrooms …TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY
Independent
“You do it alone”
And in some classrooms …TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY
Focus LessonGuided Instruction
“I do it”
“We do it”
Independent“You do it alone”
TEACHER RESPONSIBILITY
STUDENT RESPONSIBILITY
Focus LessonGuided Instruction
“I do it”
“We do it”
“You do it together”
Collaborative
Independent “You do it alone”
A Structure for Instruction that Works
Knowing what to look for: Productive group work in action
How do you know productive group work when you see it?
Knowing what to listen for: Productive group work in action
How do you know productive group work when you hear it?
Tier 2: Supplemental
Increase guided instruction within the school day and beyond the school day
Small groups (no more than 5) Recruit additional staff members to provide
supplemental instruction Increase progress monitoring and
assessment
Examples of Tier 2 Supplemental Instruction and Intervention
Additional guided instruction Lower group size (2-5 students) Lunch Bunch book discussions Afterschool tutorials Increased expertise (teacher, S/LP, reading
specialist, etc.) Curriculum Based Measures (CBM) for progress
monitoring Family involvement Student Monitoring Team feeds forward to improve
instruction
Roots of Guided Instruction
Vygotsky’s Zone of Proximal Development “the distance between the actual developmental
level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers” (Vygotsky, 1978, p. 86).
Wood, Bruner, and Ross’s Scaffolding requires the adult’s “controlling those elements of
the task that are initially beyond the learner’s capability, thus permitting him to concentrate upon and complete only those elements that are within his range of competence” (Wood, Bruner, & Ross, 1976, p. 90).
Scaffolds in Classroom Instruction
Robust questions to check for understanding
Prompts that focus on cognitive and metacognitive processes
Cues to shift attention to sources Direct explanation and modeling to re-
teach
Teacher Poses a Question
Student responds
Is the answer appropriate?
Yes No
Prompt to activate background, focus on cognitive and
metacognitive processes
Probe to elicit more information
Is the answer appropriate?
Is the answer appropriate?
Yes Yes
No No
Pose new question
Cue to shift attention to information source
Is the answer appropriate?
No Yes
Pose new question
Offer direct explanation and modeling
Pose original question again
Pose new question
START
Types of Robust Questions
•Elicitation questions draw on information that has already been taught (5 W’s)•Divergent questions require the learner to use both previously taught and new information (“Why does water in a lake look blue but is clear in a glass?”)•Elaboration questions ask the student to provide their reasoning (“Why do you think so?”)•Clarification questions require extending thinking through furnishing an example (“Can you show me where you found that information?”)•Heuristic questions engage them in informal problem-solving (“How do you know when you have run out of ways to answer this question?”)
Prompts
Focus on cognitive and metacognitive processes
Can be declarative or interrogatory What does the student need to complete the
task?
Questioning is about assessment; Prompting is about doing
Types of Prompts
CognitiveTriggers academic knowledge Background Knowledge and Process or
Procedure Prompts
MetacognitiveSense-making and self-assessment Heuristic and Reflective Prompts
Using Background Knowledge Prompts
Context: Students are creating a Jeopardy®-style game. The teacher is building the background knowledge of a group of students. He draws their attention to a sentence in the text: “When you eat foods—such as bread, meat, and vegetables—they are not in a form that the body can use as nourishment.” He asks Mauricio to retell it is his own words...
Mauricio: So, I think it says that your body can’t use meat like it is meat. It has to be changed.
Jessica: But that’s what we eat to live. That’s good eating.Russell: I don’t eat any vegetables. I only like the meat
and bread from this, like a hamburger.Mr. Jackson: How does that meat change so that your body can
use it? Russell?Russell: It doesn’t change. It’s meat.Mr. Jackson: So let’s think about what we know about
nourishment and our food. There’s a process that it goes through, right? [they nod in agreement] What’s the first step? You know this because you do it several times a day.
Sarah: The first thing to eat? Is that what you mean?Mr. Jackson: Yeah, the first thing.Sarah: You take a bite.Mr. Jackson: Exactly, right on. So you’ve changed the food,
right? Russell: Yeah, but it’s still meat.Mr. Jackson: It sure is. But it’s changed a bit, and will
change more. Remember we talked about different kinds of changes. Physical … Chemical
Jessica: So the first thing, when you bite it, it’s a physical change, right?
Mr. Jackson: You know it! And then what happens?
Defining Cues
Shift attention to sources of information Can highlight an error More direct and specific than prompts Often follow a prompt that did not elicit a
correct response Attention grows with competency
Types of Cues
Visual Physical Gestural Positional Verbal Environmental
Pair cues for greater impact
When a Learner Gets Stuck…
… and prompting and cueing don’t work:
Direct explanationModelingThinking aloud
Defining Direct Explanation
Explicitly state what is being taught Tell when and how it will be used Think aloud to demonstrate
reasoning Monitor application Check for understanding
Take care not to re-assume responsibility too quickly
Tier 3: Intensive
Individual 30 minutes at least three times per week Increase assessment and monitoring
frequency Increase expertise A whole school focus
Examples of Tier 3 Intensive Instruction and Intervention
One-to-one instruction Increased duration and frequency Frequent CBM for progress monitoring Experts provide instruction--every certificated adult
on campus has students Specialized assessments Increased family involvement Student Monitoring Team feeds forward to improve
programmatic effortsTeacher remains central figure in these efforts
The Takeaway
Instruction and Intervention are linked Manipulate variables (time, assessment,
expertise, instruction) to intensify intervention Build in a feed forward method so that RtI2
results inform classroom instruction and programmatic improvements
Keep the teacher and family at the center of communication