RJCES Vol 5 [4] August 2017 45 | P a g e © 2017 AELS, INDIA

OORRIIGGIINNAALL AARRTTIICCLLEE

Comparative study on growth and Reproductive Performance of Black Bengal Goats under different Rearing systems at Nadia

district, West Bengal

Nirmal Kumar Tudu1, Sidharth Prasad Mishra2, Sanjoy Datta3*, Manoranjan Roy4, Uttam Sarkar5, Chittapriya Ghosh6 and Shyam Sundar Kesh7

1Assistant Professor, Department of Vety. Anatomy & Histology, WBUAFS 2Ph.D. Scholar, Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, WBUAFS

3,4,5Assistant Professor, Department of Animal Genetics & Breeding, WBUAFS 6Assistant Professor, Department of ILFC, WBUAFS

7Assistant Professor, Department of TVCC, WBUAFS *Corresponding Author Email: drsanjoydatta@gmail.com

ABSTRACT

In India, where more than 50% of farmers are small, marginal or landless, Goat rearing plays a very important role in their lives for generating source of income and employment. The Black Bengal Goats were treated by 3 different treatments with different concentration of feeding components. The treatment 3 was composed of green leaves of trees, common grasses, bushes and legume (berseem) as roughages along with maize (40%), wheat bran (45%), groundnut (12.5%), salt (1.5%) and mineral mixture (1.5%) as concentrate. By this treatment, the overall growth and reproductive performance of the Black Bengal Goats were found to be higher as compared to the feeding plans in which only roughages or only concentrates were fed as in case of treatment 1 and treatment 2. Based on growth and reproductive performance, production per unit was determined for each of the treatment 1, 2 and 3 i.e. 1.429, 1.714 and 2.429 respectively. It was confirmed that the net profit in terms of rupees was higher in treatment 3 i.e. Rs. 886.59 as compared to the treatment 2 and treatment 1, whose net profits were Rs. 625.61 and Rs. 521.59 respectively. Based on these findings the cost benefit ratio (BC Ratio) was 2.24. KEY WORDS: Cost Benefit ratio, Black Bengal Goat, Production, Reproductive performance. Received 23.04.2017 Accepted 18.07.2017 © 2017 AELS, INDIA

INTRODUCTION Goats are among the first animals domesticated for meat and have been raised by human for food and livelihood for a time being. Small, marginal and landless farmers contribute 75.8% and medium and large farmers contribute 24.2% of Goat farming in the rural areas [8]. So, Goat plays a dominant role in small ruminant production systems and as a means of livelihood in the rural landless farmers. Goats are also considered to be "The Poor Man’s Cow" as it is being small in size; they do not require any large management skills and can easily be handled and managed by women and children [1]. They are traditionally raised by “poverty-stricken” village people in a secondary system of grazing on harvested fallow land, along the road and canal sides without any supplementation [3]. But with the tremendous increase with the human population along with the demand for red pretentious meat, farmers are now trying to adapt and rear Goat under intensive management system. It was also reported that farmers were bound to depend on the community based buck breeding system with unknown pedigree. As a result, unplanned and haphazard breeding has been performed in our country [2]. In some cases, it is a matter of great concern that crossbreeding is being performed which not only decreases the purity but also increases the heterozygosity of this breed day by day. On the other hand, due to unavailability of Black Bengal breeding bucks, the same buck has been used generation after generation. As a consequence, inbreeding depression may be increased which is ultimately responsible for the gradual decline of overall productivity of Goat [12]. The successful Goat husbandry largely depends on the environment where the Goats are reared with their management system. Adult body weight is an important and economic factor which influences on the growth and production pattern of Goat enterprise and has more influence mainly

Research Journal of Chemical and Environmental Sciences Res J. Chem. Environ. Sci. Vol 5 [4] August 2017: 45-50 Online ISSN 2321-1040 CODEN: RJCEA2 [USA] ©Academy for Environment and Life Sciences, INDIA Website: www.aelsindia.com/rjces.htm

RRRJJJCCCEEESSS

RJCES Vol 5 [4] August 2017 46 | P a g e © 2017 AELS, INDIA

on the growth behavior of kids [14]. Goat meat is becoming popular because of the consumer market that increasingly demands healthy food, since it has a low fat content compared to other red meats [11]. The quality characteristics of Goat meat might be influenced by factors such as slaughter age, breed, castration, nutrition and butchering methods [6]. Among these, nutrition is predominant, because changes in animal diets may improve both the quantity and quality of the final product [7]. To achieve the goal, the productivity of Goat may be increased through nutritional manipulation either by concentrate feeding [18] or supplying good quality forages [16]. Energy and protein concentrations of the diet play a significant role on growth of Goats [17]. Lima and co-workers in 1990 [13] reported that growth rate of kids increased with increasing protein content of the diet. However, reproductive efficiency of Goat is considered as one of vital factors that ensures better productivity in certain environmental conditions. Although genetic quality of a Goat herd is important, reproductive traits in Goats consider low heritability, and improvement of reproductive efficiency of Goat herd by genetic selection is slow and sometimes difficult [10]. For these, among other factors (e.g. genetic and environmental), housing can be considered as crucial. Of several breeds, Black Bengal is a promising dwarf Goat known to be famous for their excellent adaptability, fertility, prolificacy, delicious meat and high quality skin [15]. It is worth mentioning that Goat production system in tropical countries includes extensive, semi-intensive, tethering, intensive and integration into crop. Semi-intensive rearing represents in between extensive and intensive rearing system and largely depends on the availability of land (4). The most convenient aspect of this method is controlling Goat herd with minimum damage to the environment as well as cheap labor for maintenance (19). Besides, systemic stall feeding for Goat is infrequently practiced during adverse climatic conditions when farmers keep their Goats install and feed with tree leaves, natural grasses and kitchen wastes (8). Therefore, the present research was carried out to investigate the effects of different types of feeding plan on growth and reproductive performance of Black Bengal Goats under intensive and extensive system of rearing at Nadia district, West Bengal. MATERIAL AND METHODS The research was conducted through door to door visit of farmers’ houses at two Gram Panchayats of the Nadia district of West Bengal during the year 2016-17. Nadia district lies between 2252`30” and 2405`40” parallels of North latitudes and 2208`10” and 8848`15” meridians of East Longitudes. Five villages of each of the Gram Panchayats were considered. These were Basantapur, Dogachhia, Ghoragachha, Katabelia and Teligachha villages of Saguna Gram Panchayat and Mollabelia, Panpur, Kurumbelia, Nischintapur and Madhpur villages of Mollabelia Gram Panchayat. From each of the selected villages, 20 respondents were selected randomly. In this way 200 respondents selected from 10 villages of the two Gram Panchayats have been constituted the sample of the present study. A total of 210 Black Bengal Goats comprising of 100 Goats reared under semi-intensive and 110 Goats reared under extensive condition were experimented depending on their age, growth and reproductive parameter of the Goats. The growth character that taken under consideration were body weight (kg), body length (cm) and chest girth (cm) whereas different reproductive character taken into account were number of kids per kidding, age at first kidding (month) and weight of kids (kg). All the Goats were ear tagged; feces were examined for parasitic infestation and dewormed with anthelmintic drugs with recommended dose schedule. In case of semi-intensive condition, among the 100 Goats, 40 were at pre-pubertal stage, aging approximately 10 months and weighing 12 kg each, and the remaining 60 Goats were at first and second parity, aging approximately 16 months and 22 months, respectively. For extensive study, 45 Goats were at pre-pubertal stage aging approximately 10 months with 12 kg body weight each, and the remaining 55 were in first and second parity with age approximately 16 months and 23 months, respectively. For feeding purpose three specific feeding plans were adopted i.e. treatment 1, treatment 2 and treatment 3. Treatment 1 was experimented on extensive condition whereas treatment 2 and treatment 3 were experimented on semi-intensive condition. Under extensive condition, the Goats were given roughages with treatment 1 that was consisted of green leafy components like common grass, tree leaves and bushes as mentioned in Table 1. The percentage of roughages they consume is determined based on the time they consume it. In the extensive system, we found that the Goats were grazed as unsuited over large area of marginal lands. In this system, little management was needed though the Goats were allowed to roam feeding at day time. The Goats were kept on the bamboo made tin slatted shed. The house was well-ventilated and the kids were housed with their mother and other Goats in the platform. Floor space was about 23.5 m2 /100 Goats. The Goats were kept free during day and night. Fresh drinking water was made available for the Goats in buckets. The flocks of semi-intensive condition were subjected to treatment 2 and treatment 3 experimental design for feeding purpose. The treatment 2 was consisted of leguminous berseem as the only roughage along with 40 % maize, 45 % wheat barn, 12.5 % ground nut, 1.5 % salt and 1.5 % mineral mixture as the concentrate. While the flock that provided the treatment 3 was given

Tudu et al

RJCES Vol 5 [4] August 2017 47 | P a g e © 2017 AELS, INDIA

common grass, tree leaves and bushes as green leafy component and leguminous berseem both as roughages along with the concentrate as 40 % maize, 45 % wheat barn, 12.5 % ground nut, 1.5 % salt and 1.5 % mineral mixture. In most cases, flock sizes ranged from 1 to 4, and were housed along with residential housing; the houses were mostly of ‘kachcha’ type (dried mud type) with straw roof. Floor space was about 1.85 m2 /doe and 2.5 m2 / 10 kids. Almost all the farmers used to graze their Goats for feeding. Experimental animals were examined routinely to identify any health problems. Feeder and waterer were cleaned every morning before supplying the feeds. The feed chart is presented in Table 1.

Table 1: Roughage and Concentrate feeding amount (in percentage) for three designed experimental

treatment

Experimental Design

(Treatments)

Ingredient Amount (in percentage)

Roughage (in percentage) (Provided 2/3th of the total diet)

Concentrate (in percentage) (Provided 1/3th of the total diet)

Common Grass

Tree Leaves

Bushes Berseem Maize

Wheat Bran

Ground Nut

Salt Mineral Mixture

Treatment 1 60 20 20 - - - - - - Treatment 2 - - - 100 40 45 12.5 1.5 1.5 Treatment 3 20 10 10 60 40 45 12.5 1.5 1.5

For collection of data, selected houses in the study areas were visited door to door. Direct interview method was used for collection of information. Information given by the Goat owners were recorded on pre-structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was prepared considering to the objectives of the study, and was designed in such a way that the farmers can understand easily. The questionnaire included questions to collect body weight (kg), body length (cm), chest girth (cm), number of kids per kidding, age at first kidding (month) and body weight (kg) of kids. The collected data was analyzed by using IBM SPSS Statistics 22.0 software. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION With respect to the treatment of three feeding plans the overall female reproductive traits of Black Bengal Goats are summarized in Table 2. It was confirmed that average Body weight of individual (in kg), body length (in cm) and chest girth (in cm) of Black Bengal Goat at 12 months of age 17.64 ± 0.19, 48.54 ± 0.31 and 61.40 ± 0.42 when fed with treatment 1; 18.86 ± 0.43, 49.50 ± 0.77 and 61.71 ± 0.68 when fed with treatment 2 and 19.75 ± 0.34, 50.64 ± 0.35 and 62.64 ± 0.26 when subjected to treatment 3. The results revealed that the growth parameters of the Black Bengal Goat increases when treated with berseem as roughage with maize, wheat barn, ground nut, mineral mixture and salt as concentrate than that with only green leafy component as roughage. It was also observed that when the flock was treated with both green leafy component and legume as roughage along with the concentrate the growth was best as compared to first two treatments. Also, reproductive traits showed best result in treatment 3 as compared to the treatment 1 and treatment 2. It was found that the litter size, age at first kidding (in months) and birth weight of kids (in kg) were found to be 1.65 ± 0.13, 13.71 ± 0.17 and 1.107 ± 0.07 when treated with treatment 1; 1.75 ± 0.14, 13.30 ± 0.22 and 1.571 ± 0.13 when treated with treatment 2 and 2.01 ± 0.09, 12.29 ± 0.31 and 1.821 ± 0.11 when treated with treatment 3. The variations might be due to several causes like presence of buck in the herd, availability of forage, differences in feed intake and temperature. Might be due to more stressful condition and lower heat detection, the reproductive traits were found to be less effective in treatment 1 and treatment 2 as compared to treatment 3.

Table 2: Effect of different feeding practices on growth and reproductive parameters of Black Bengal

Goats

Treatments

Growth and Reproductive Parameters Body weight of

individual (in kg) Body length

(in cm) Chest girth

(in cm) Litter size

Age at first kidding (in months)

Birth weight of kids (in kg)

Treatment 1 17.64 ± 0.19 48.54 ± 0.31 61.40 ± 0.42 1.65 ± 0.13 13.71 ± 0.17 1.107 ± 0.07 Treatment 2 18.86 ± 0.43 49.50 ± 0.77 61.71 ± 0.68 1.75 ± 0.14 13.30 ± 0.22 1.571 ± 0.13 Treatment 3 19.75 ± 0.34 50.64 ± 0.35 62.64 ± 0.26 2.01 ± 0.09 12.29 ± 0.31 1.821 ± 0.11 C.D. (P=0.05) 0.5003 0.4908 0.5016 0.5083 0.6562 0.1512

p < 0.05 In our study, it is established that the average age at first kidding as 13.71 ± 0.17 and 13.30 ± 0.22 when treated with treatment 1 and 2 under semi-intensive condition and 12.29 ± 0.31 when treated with the treatment 3 in case of extensive condition. Our results are slightly differed from report of Chowdhury and co-workers in 2002 who observed the average age at first kidding of Black Bengal Goat under semi-

Tudu et al

RJCES Vol 5 [4] August 2017

intensive system was 405 days. Hassan and coin this species as 360.5 ± 10 days. The variation in the age at first kidding could be due to difference in photoperiod, kidding season, and nutritiokidding was lower which might be due to more concentrate feeding and good management system that had been adopted as compared to extensive condition.

Table 3: Litter size of Black Bengal Goats at first, second and third parityParity

First Parity Second Parity Third Parity

Total

Litter size in different parity is represented in with treatment 2 and treatment 3 litter sizes in the first, second and third parity under semi intensive condition were, 1.32 ± 0.14; 1.77 ± 0.12; respectively; whereas it was 1.24 ± 0.12, 1.73 ± 0.09 and 1.98 ± 0.18 when treated with treatment 1 in the cases of extensive condition, respectively. So, on an under extensive condition, 1.75 ± 0.14 and 2.01 ± 0.09 in treatment 2 and treatment 3 under semiintensive condition. The average number of kid born per kidding increased significantly (first parity up to third parity under both semi

Figure 1: Type of birth (in percentage) in first, second and third parity of Black Bengal Goats These results are in agreement with the results of Chowdhury parity, number of kids increased linearly (r = 0.91, level, body weight, parity, age and genetic factors. Single born kids had higher birth weight than of twins and triplets. The birth weights of kids at first parity was heavier, this might be due to more single type of kid born than twin or triplet under both systems of Goat housing subjected to three type of treatments speculated in this study. Birth types at firststudy, 80% single, 20% twin kids were born and there was no triplet when treated with treatment 1 under extensive condition in first parity. In case of semi

0%

Single

Twin

Triplet

Single

Twin

Triplet

Single

Twin

Triplet

Tre

atm

ent

2 (i

n %

)T

reat

men

t 3

(i

n %

)T

reat

men

t 1

(i

n %

)

Bir

th t

ype

wit

h r

esp

onse

to

Tre

atm

ents

48 | P a g e

Hassan and co-workers in 2007 [9] found the average age at first kidding in this species as 360.5 ± 10 days. The variation in the age at first kidding could be due to difference in

season, and nutritional status [8]. Under semi-intensive condition, age of first r which might be due to more concentrate feeding and good management system that

had been adopted as compared to extensive condition. Table 3: Litter size of Black Bengal Goats at first, second and third parity

Litter size (in number)Treatment 1 Treatment 2 1.24 ± 0.12 1.32 ± 0.14 1.73 ± 0.09 1.77 ± 0.12 1.98 ± 0.18 2.16 ± 0.16 1.65 ± 0.13 1.75 ± 0.14

Litter size in different parity is represented in Table 3. It was observed that when the flocks were treated with treatment 2 and treatment 3 litter sizes in the first, second and third parity under semi intensive condition were, 1.32 ± 0.14; 1.77 ± 0.12; and 2.16 ± 0.16 and 1.63 ± 0.08; 1.99 ± 0.07; and 2.41 ± 0.11 respectively; whereas it was 1.24 ± 0.12, 1.73 ± 0.09 and 1.98 ± 0.18 when treated with treatment 1 in the cases of extensive condition, respectively. So, on an average the litter size was 1.65 under extensive condition, 1.75 ± 0.14 and 2.01 ± 0.09 in treatment 2 and treatment 3 under semiintensive condition. The average number of kid born per kidding increased significantly (

er both semi- intensive and extensive conditions.

Figure 1: Type of birth (in percentage) in first, second and third parity of Black Bengal Goats

These results are in agreement with the results of Chowdhury et al. (5) who reported that up to third parity, number of kids increased linearly (r = 0.91, p < 0.01). Litter size might be affected by nutritional level, body weight, parity, age and genetic factors. Single born kids had higher birth weight than of twins

triplets. The birth weights of kids at first parity was heavier, this might be due to more single type of kid born than twin or triplet under both systems of Goat housing subjected to three type of treatments speculated in this study. Birth types at first, second and third parity are shown in Figure 1study, 80% single, 20% twin kids were born and there was no triplet when treated with treatment 1 under extensive condition in first parity. In case of semi-intensive condition, 90% single and

0%20%

40%60%

80%100%

Percentage of birth type

Tudu et al

© 2017 AELS, INDIA

average age at first kidding in this species as 360.5 ± 10 days. The variation in the age at first kidding could be due to difference in

intensive condition, age of first r which might be due to more concentrate feeding and good management system that

Table 3: Litter size of Black Bengal Goats at first, second and third parity Litter size (in number)

Treatment 3 1.63 ± 0.08 1.99 ± 0.07 2.41 ± 0.11 2.01 ± 0.09

. It was observed that when the flocks were treated with treatment 2 and treatment 3 litter sizes in the first, second and third parity under semi intensive

and 2.16 ± 0.16 and 1.63 ± 0.08; 1.99 ± 0.07; and 2.41 ± 0.11 respectively; whereas it was 1.24 ± 0.12, 1.73 ± 0.09 and 1.98 ± 0.18 when treated with treatment 1 in the

litter size was 1.65 ± 0.13 in treatment 1 under extensive condition, 1.75 ± 0.14 and 2.01 ± 0.09 in treatment 2 and treatment 3 under semi-intensive condition. The average number of kid born per kidding increased significantly (p<0.05) from

Figure 1: Type of birth (in percentage) in first, second and third parity of Black Bengal Goats

. (5) who reported that up to third < 0.01). Litter size might be affected by nutritional

level, body weight, parity, age and genetic factors. Single born kids had higher birth weight than of twins triplets. The birth weights of kids at first parity was heavier, this might be due to more single type of

kid born than twin or triplet under both systems of Goat housing subjected to three type of treatments Figure 1. In the present

study, 80% single, 20% twin kids were born and there was no triplet when treated with treatment 1 intensive condition, 90% single and 10% twin

First Parity

Second Parity

Third Parity

RJCES Vol 5 [4] August 2017 49 | P a g e © 2017 AELS, INDIA

kids were born, and similar to extensive system, there was no triplets in treatment 3 and 95% single and 5% twin kids were born and no triplets when subjected to treatment 2. On the other hand, 75% twins and 15% single were born in second parity, along with 10% triplet kid under extensive condition in treatment 1 and 10% single, 85% twin and 5% triplets kids were born under semi-intensive condition subjected to treatment 3 while the flock treated with treatment 2 under semi-intensive condition, 5% single and 95% twins were born with no triplet. However, in third parity the flock fed with treatment 1, treatment 3 and treatment 2 showed the percentage of birth type were 5% single in each, 80%, 80% and 90% twins and 15%, 5% and 5% triplet respectively (Figure 1). In this study, we found that number of kid born was increased with parity. This might be due to more body weight of does and the enlargement of uterine size after parturition of first parity kids. Also, the research discovered that the Black Bengal Goats fed with green leafy grasses or leaves as roughages developed twin and triplet type of birth much earlier in their life as compared to Goats that fed with concentrates with berseem as roughages. So, we can say that Goats treated with roughages had maximum chance to produce twins or triplet with lower birth weight offspring. Based on the growth and reproductive performance production per unit was determined for each of the treatment i.e. 1.429, 1.714 and 2.429 for treatment 1, treatment 2 and treatment 3 respectively (Table 4). Accordingly, net return or profit in rupees at the rate of Rs. 365/Unit was calculated for all the three treatments. It was found that the net profit in terms of rupees was higher in treatment 3 i.e. Rs. 886.59 as compared to the treatment 2 and treatment 1 whose net profit were Rs. 625.61 and Rs. 521.59 respectively (Table 4). Based on these findings it was observed that the cost benefit ratio (BC Ratio) was 2.24.

Table 4: Net Profit obtained by three types of experimental design

Treatment Production per unit Net return or profit in Rupees at the rate of Rs. 365/Unit BC Ratio

(Cost Benefit ratio) Treatment 1 1.429 521.59

2.24 Treatment 2 1.714 625.61 Treatment 3 2.429 886.59

CONCLUSION This study has revealed that the importance of some non-genetic factors including parity, litter size, birth weight of kids, growth performance, body weight could be accounted for genetic evaluation in economic point of view. The result emphasized on the selection objectives of Black Bengal Goats by considering different environmental factors especially on feeding habitat. In fact, the evaluation of productive traits is generally aimed at increasing meat, milk and progeny in Black Bengal Goats, so that the farmers can achieve maximum profit with less investment and energy loss. It was observed that semi-intensive rearing condition with improved feeding and better management practices could help in better growth and reproductive performances of Black Bengal Goats which would be beneficial for small, marginal and landless farmers to establish their own livelihood at rural areas of West Bengal. When Black Bengal Goats were treated with the green leaves of trees, common grasses, bushes and legume (berseem) as roughages along with maize (40%), wheat bran (45%), groundnut (12.5%), salt (2.5%) and mineral mixture (2.5%) as concentrate then overall growth and reproductive performance of the Black Bengal Goats were high as compared to the feeding plans in which only roughages or only concentrates were fed. So, the study will be beneficial for those who were interested to develop Goattary farm in the rural areas of West Bengal to create new job opportunities for women and uneducated youth to eliminate poverty. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS The authors are highly thankful to Nadia Krishi Vigyan Kendra under the control of Bidhan Chandra Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Nadia, West Bengal for providing necessary help and support. REFERENCES 1. Acharya RM (1992). Goat Genetic Resources and their Management. Research in Goats, Indian Experience.

Central Institute for Research on Goats, Makhdoom, Mathura. pp 1-21. 2. Acharya RM (1987). Breeds of Goats and research programme for their improvement in India. Proc. IV

International Conference on Goats, Brazil. pp 772-805. 3. Amin MR, Husain SS, Islam ABMM (2001). Reproductive peculiarities and litter weight in different genetic

groups of Black Bengal does. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Sciences. 14: 297-301. 4. Choudhury MP, Sarkar A, Islam SCF, Ali A, Bhuiyan AKFH, Ibrahim MNM, Okeyo AM (2012). Morphometry and

performance of Black Bengal Goats at the rural community level in Bangladesh. Bangladesh Journal of Animal Science. 41: 83-89.

Tudu et al

RJCES Vol 5 [4] August 2017 50 | P a g e © 2017 AELS, INDIA

5. Chowdhury SA, Bhuiyan MSA, Faruque S (2002). Rearing Black Bengal Goat under semi intensive management for Physiological and reproductive performances. Asian-Australian Journal of Animal Science. 15: 477-484.

6. Costa RG, Cartaxo FQ, Santos NM, Queiroga RE (2008). Goat and sheep meat: fatty acids composition and sensorial characteristics. Rev Bras Saúde Prod An. 9: 497-506.

7. Geay Y, Bauchart D, Hocquette JF, Culioli J (2001). Effect of nutritional factors on biochemical, structural and metabolic characteristics of muscles in ruminants: Consequences on dietetic value and sensorial qualities of meat. Reprod Nutr Dev. 41: 1-26.

8. Haque MN, Husain SS, Khandoker MAMY, Mia MM, Apu AS (2013). Selection of Black Bengal buck based on some reproductive performance of their progeny at semi-intensive rearing system. Journal of Agricultural Science. 5: 142-152.

9. Hassan MM, Mahmud SMN, Islam SKMA, Miazi OF (2007). A comparative study on reproductive performance and productivity of the Black Bengal and cross bred Goats at Atrai. Bangladesh, University Journal of Zoology, Rajshahi University. 26: 55-57.

10. Hossain SMJ, Sultana N, Alam MR, Hasnath MR (2004). Reproductive and productive performance of Black Bengal Goat under intensive and semi intensive management. Journal of Biological Science. 4: 537-541.

11. Kannan G, Kouakou B, Gelaye S (2001). Color changes reflecting myoglobin and lipid oxidation in chevon cuts during refrigerated display. Small Rumin Res. 42: 67-75.

12. Khandoker MAMY, Apu AS, Husain SS, Notter DR (2011). A baseline survey on the availability of Black Bengal breeding bucks in different districts of Bangladesh. Journal of Bangladesh Agricultural Unversity. 9(1): 91–96.

13. Lima Fe-de-AM, Simplicio-AA, Fiqueiredeo-EAP, Leon-FAP-de, Melo-Lima-F-de-A, Ponce-de-leon-FA (1990). Traditional system of Goat management and Reproductive performance of SRD (Non-descript) does and kid mortality. Pesquisa Abstracts. 58(5): 411-416.

14. MacHugh DE and Bradley DG (2001). Livestock genetic origins: Goats buck the trend. Proceedings of the National Academy Sciences. 98: 5382-5384.

15. Moniruzzaman M, Hashem MA, Akhter S, Hossain MM (2002). Effect of feeding systems on feed intake, eating behavior, growth, reproductive performance and parasitic infestation of Black Bengal Goat. Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences. 15: 1453-1457.

16. Muri J, Jordao C (1991). Preliminary data on growth of Goats raised in an improved pasture system in Mozambique. Proceeding of the third international symposium on the nutrition of herbivores. The Malaysian Society of Animal Production. pp 65-71.

17. NRC (1981). Nutrient requirements of domestic animals, Nutrient Requirements of Goats: Angora, dairy and meat Goats in temperate and tropical countries. National Academy Press, Washington DC.

18. Pathasarathy M (1986). Effect of feeding varying level of Khejri (Prosopis cinerari) leaves and concentrates on the performance of weaner kids. Ind J Anim Nutr. 3: 249- 253.

19. Roy N, Ishwar AK, Singh SK (2007). Reproductive performance of Black Bengal Goats - A note. Indian Journal of Small Ruminants. 13: 84-85.

CITE THIS ARTICLE N K Tudu, S P Mishra, S Datta, M Roy, U Sarkar, C Ghosh and S Sundar Kesh. Comparative study on growth and Reproductive Performance of Black Bengal Goats under different Rearing systems at Nadia district, West Bengal. Res. J. Chem. Env. Sci. Vol 5 [4] August 2017. 45-50

Tudu et al