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CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
1.1 Identification
Malaysia is currently one of the largest producer and exporter of palm oil in the world. In
2003, Malaysia contributed to 13.4 million tons or 49% of world production and 12.2 million
tons or 58% of total world exports. However, this important economic activity generates an
enormous amount of effluent which could pollute the environment if not properly treated. It is
estimated that for every ton of crude palm oil produced, about 2.5-3.5 ton of palm oil mill
effluent (POME) is generated. In palm oil mills, liquid effluent is mainly generated from
sterilization and clarification processes in which large amounts of steam and/or hot water are
used. The mixed effluent is commonly known as POME (Ooi BoonSeiw et al 2006).
The palm oil industry should now look beyond their obligation to comply with the
requirements of Environmental Quality Act 1974 in the management of POME. The future
growth of the industry sector will require further enhancement in their environmental
management practices and in advancing their social and sustainability development
responsibility. Appropriate technologies are rapidly evolving in the local scene to meet the
demands of the industry (Nurul Bahiyah et al. 2007).
In Malaysia, the Department of Environment (DOE) has enforced the regulation for the
discharge of effluent from the crude palm oil industry. The regulations are based on the
Environmental Quality (Prescribed Premises) (Crude Palm Oil) Order and Regulations 1977
(Nurul Bahiyah et al 2007).
1.2 Problems Statement
Nowadays, Malaysia is currently the largest producer and exporter of palm
oil. The implication of this scenario, Malaysia has to play important role in fulfill the
needs of palm oil industry. In the processing of palm oil fruit, large quantities of
wastewater are generated from the sterilization and oil clarification sections. Raw
palm oil mill effluent comprises of water-soluble components of the palm fruits as
well as some suspended materials like palm fibre and oil. These components are non-toxic in
nature. However, palm oil mill effluent cannot be discharged into the watercourse directly. The
effluent must be treated to acceptable quality before it can be discharged into the watercourse for
land application. ( Nurul Bahiyah et al. 2007)
Water pollution become worse day by day. Industrial wastewater contributed to pollute
the environment. Because of that, industrial waste should be treated first before discharge to the
river. It is important to decrease the spread of harmful organism. Raw material wastewater
usually receives some level of pretreatment before discharge to a wetland treatment system.
In this study, wetland treatment system was used a salvinia molesta and oval leaves
pondweed as a treatment for palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). This system involved
the application of selected microorganisms to improve the quality of the effluent. In conclusion,
the heavy metal ions from industrial wastewater (POMSE) bring a lot of disadvantages, thus
must be treat before discharge into the river.
The combination of treatment environment with artificial wetlands can provide water
quality that suitable to discharge to river or lake. Artificial wetlands have their own advantages
compare to other wastewater treatment. They have advantages of low investment, low energy
consumption and easy maintenance.
Figure 1.1: A tank which is produces Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent
(POMSE) Unitata Plantation Berhad.
1.3 Objective
i. To built treatment model of wastewater Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent
(POMSE) by using artificial wetland.
ii. To study the efficiency of artificial wetland model as industrial wastewater Palm
Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) treatment.
1.4 Scope of Study
The study is focusing on wastewater palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) from
Unitata Plantations Sdn Bhd in Jandarata Estet, Teluk Intan Perak. Unitata activities focus on
processing palm oil, and manufacturing, packing or distributing of end products in the form of
cooking oils, edible oils, specialty fats and soap products. The waste palm oil mill secondary
(POMSE) will be treat by Salvinia Molesta and Oval-leaved pondweed by using artificial model
wetland. This study comprised of experimental work at laboratory.
The treatment wastewater followed by Environment Quality Acts 1977. To obtain the
data for analysis parameter is a Suspended solid (SS), Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD) and
power of hydrogen (pH)
Figure 1.2 : Unitata Plantation Sdn. Bhd
CHAPTER 2
LITERATURE VIEW
2.1 Introduction to Palm Oil
The history of palm oil can be traced back to the days of the Egyptian pharaohs 5000
years B.C. It was introduced to Malaysia at the start of the 20th century and commercially
produced in 1917. When all this has been commercialized, the demand of oil palm is increasing,
so, they need a lot of water to extracts the oil palm. Hence, this will produce palm oil mill
effluent (POME). The range palm oil mill effluent (POME) for BOD, pH, and SS is high and
was treated, then, it produce palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE). The range of BOD,
pH, and SS palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) is less than the range of palm oil mill
effluent. (Ooi Boon Siew,UTM 2009)
Palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) needs to be properly treated or recycled
because it will give bad effect to environment such as water pollution and has been identified as
one of the major sources of aquatic pollution in Malaysia. Palm oil mill secondary effluent
(POMSE) consists of water soluble components of palm fruits as well as suspended materials
like palm fibre and oil. Beside the main product, the crude palm oil (CPO), the mills also
generate many by products and liquid wastes, which may have a significant impact on the
environment. Palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) is outcome of the palm oil mill effluent
that has been treated with biological process. Although it has been treated it still contains high
organic matter and colour (Fahmi 2007).
The typical characteristics of POME have been given. The raw or partially treated POME
has an extremely high content of degradable organic matter, which is due in part to the presence
of unrecovered palm oil. This highly polluting wastewater can therefore cause severe pollution of
waterways due to oxygen depletion and other related effects (Ahmad et.al, 2003). The oil
droplets of POME can be found in two phases. They either suspend in the supernatant or float on
the upper layer of the suspension. The residue oil droplets in POME were solvent extractable.
(Ahmad et.al, 2005). As mentioned earlier, POME is characterized by high temperature (80-
90oC), acidic (pH 3.8 to 4.5) and contains high organic content with BOD from 20, 000 mg/L to
30, 000 mg/L.
Parameter Standard discharge limit
BOD5 100 mg/L
pH 5.0 – 6.0
SS 400 mg/L
Table 1: Standard Discharge Limit by the Department Of Environment Malaysia (DOE)
2.2 Introduction to Wetland
Wetlands are defined as “land inundated with temporary or permanent water that is
usually slow moving or stationary, shallow, either fresh, brackish or saline, where the inundation
determines the type and productivity of soils and the plant and animal communities” (Putrajaya,
1999). Wetland area with a water reservoir capable of supporting aquatic life in it. United States
Army Corps of Engineer has defined wetland is a ‘’place that can support aquatic life in it. Place
is mean wetland, valley or others.’’ ( Federal Interagency Committee for Wetland Delination,
1989 ). Wetlands are among the most important natural resources. They provide an array of
ecological and environmental functions. These functions are the biological, physical, and
chemical processes that take place between water, vegetation, soil, microbial and wildlife
communities within a wetland.
Wetland functions result in environment and economic values. The utilization of the
wetlands for wastewater treatment is a good example of the association between wetland
functions and values. By using the natural biogeochemical processes in wetlands, wastewater
wetlands produce a desired output: low energy, high quality wastewater treatment that results in
environmental enhancement, not degradation. This output translates into economic benefits for
the facility and environmental benefits (Keunzler, 1989).
There are two categories of wetland systems, which are natural wetlands and constructed
wetland system. Constructed free surface flow wetland (FWS) wetlands, and constructed
subsurface (SSF) wetlands (De Busk, 2003). In addition, wetlands can be considered as the
kidneys of the planet since they have the ability to filter out pollutants, transform nutrients and
serve as sinks for many compound (Jordan et al, 1999). Generally, there are two types of
wetland, which are natural wetland and constructed wetland.
2.3 The Function of Wetland
2.3.1 Water supply
Water is the important thing in wetland. River, pond, and lake is a source to all living
thing. So, without water there is no wetland and no addiction of water surface that can fixed the
level of the underground water.
2.3.2 Arrangement of flow and flood controlling
Wetlands make the movement of storm water slower so there is less run off, and these
same wetlands can provide storage areas for floods. Flood damage can affect the view, animals,
living creatures, fish, humans, food, and water. Wetlands hold back flooding by holding water
much like a sponge. Wetlands keep river water levels normal, filter pollutants and purify the
surface water. Creeks are a part of wetlands, and they also help the rivers not to flood. The
creeks are like a straining area. Floods cause erosion. Erosion is the movement of soil because
of wind or the movement of water. A flood makes the water mostly sand and mud.
We all drink water, wash in water, swim in water, and some things live in water. Two
thirds of our earth is water, and it helps us a lot. Part of water's power comes from its weight and
ability to travel fast. Water is heavy. The heavier it is, the faster it is. A flood can flow up to 20
miles per hour. The deadliest flood ever was the China Yellow River. It killed many people.
2.3.3 Prevent salty water
Salty water can be poisoned if it can go far to land, and can cause damage at agricultural
sector and people around will lose their source. Wetland can prevent this thing from happened
with fixed the fresh water and act as a wedge between salty water, so, it can prevent the salty
water.
2.3.4 Prevent from corrosive and wind.
Wetland is a good thing. It can help to protect land near the sea and can control corrosive
from happened. The physical characteristics of wetland plant is can stabilize and tied the soil,
therefore, it can trap the sediment through the structure of roots. Wetland plant also act as a wind
barrier to the structure and agricultural sector during wind storm.
Erosion of soils is decreased because wetlands hold water during and after a storm, and
the water is released slowly to prevent fast moving water which causes erosion. Wetland plant
life provides important protection to soil near water bodies by filtering and holding sediments
that would otherwise enter lakes and streams and slowly fill them. Erosion wears away rock
materials by moving them from the earth's surface. Wetlands benefit us by slowing down water
which prevents us from losing valuable soil. (Portal Rasmi Perbadanan Putrajaya 2011).
2.3.5 Sediment barrier
Wetland and plant can act as a filtration for sediment, exsiting the good drainage.
Removing the sediment through the wetland can help to increase the water quality and this can
give benefit to all the community around the area. (Martin Gauss April 2009).
2.3.6 Nutrition barrier
When a lot of nutrient in water, it will cause a problem such as algae bloom. Algae bloom
can cause bad effects to coral and fish. Wetland areas such as heath and swamp is very effective
removing nutrients from the water through it. The plant will use or change this nutrition into
another way that harmless.
2.4 The advantages of wetland
Wetland is a natural source and give protection to biodiversity.
2.4.1 Natural material source
Mangroves is used for house construction and as well as boat. Leave, fruits, and seed of
the some species of wetland plant is use for human. For example, leave of Rhizophora can be eat
as vegetables. Dear, bird and other than is protein source meanwhile bamboo is using for hand
craft.
2.4.2 The Production of Energy
Wetland can also use as a place to supply energy in many way. Hydroelectric power is
design through dam at river and mangroves is using for fire wood. The peat of soils is using for
fuel home and most of the peat of soils area all around the world was act as a mine. At the same
time, sources of wetland is non renewable and need safely handle is needed.
2.5 Importance of Conservation and Preservation
Wetland conservation is aimed at protecting and preserving areas where water exists at or
near the Earth's surface, such as swamps, marshes and bogs. Wetlands cover at least six per cent
of the Earth and have become a focal issue for conservation due to the 'ecosystem services' they
provide. More than three billion people, around half the world’s population, obtain their basic
water needs from inland freshwater wetlands. The same number of people rely on rice as their
staple food, a crop grown largely in natural and artificial wetlands. In some parts of the world,
such as the Kilombero wetland in Tanzania, almost the entire local population relies on wetland
cultivation for their livelihoods.
Fisheries are also an extremely important source of protein and income in many wetlands.
According to the United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization, the total catch from inland
waters (rivers and wetlands) was 8.7 million metric tonnes in 2002. In addition to food, wetlands
supply fibre, fuel and medicinal plants. They also provide valuable ecosystems for birds and
other aquatic creatures, help reduce the damaging impact of floods, control pollution and
regulate the climate. From economic importance, to aesthetics, the reasons for conserving
wetlands have become numerous over the past few decades.
2.5.1 Filtration
Wetlands aid in water filtration by removing excess nutrients, slowing the water allowing
particulates to settle out of the water which can then be absorbed into plant roots. Studies have
shown that up to 92% of phosphorus and 95% of nitrogen can be removed from passing water
through a wetland. Wetlands also let pollutants settle and stick to soil particles, up to 70% of
sediments in runoff. Some wetland plants have even been found with accumulations of heavy
metals more than 100,000 times that of the surrounding waters' concentration.
Without these functions, the waterways would continually increase their nutrient and
pollutant load, leading to an isolated deposit of high concentrations further down the line.
Wetlands can even filter out and absorb harmful bacteria from the water. Their complex food
chain hosts various microbes and bacteria, which invertebrates feed on. These invertebrates can
filter up to 90% of bacteria out of the water this way.
2.5.2 Storage
Wetlands can store approximately 1-1.5 million gallons of floodwater per acre. When you
combine that with the approximate total acres of wetlands in the United States (107.7 million
acres), you get an approximate total of 107.7 - 161.6 million gallons of floodwater US wetlands
can store. By storing and slowing water, wetlands allow groundwater to be recharged. "A
550,000 acre swamp in Florida has been valued at $25 million per year for its role in storing
water and recharging the aquifer. And combining the ability of wetlands to store and slow down
water with their ability to filter out sediments, wetlands serve as strong erosion buffers.
2.5.3 Biological Productivity
Through wetlands ability to absorb nutrients, they are able to be highly biologically
productive (able to produce biomass quickly). Freshwater wetlands are even comparable to
tropical rainforests in plant productivity. Their ability to efficiently create biomass may become
important to the development of alternative energy sources.
While wetlands only cover around 5% of the Conterminous United States land surface,
they support 31% of the plant species. They also support, through feeding and nesting, up to ½ of
the native North American bird species.
Bird populations, while playing a major role in food webs, are also the focus of several,
well-funded recreation sports. (Waterfowl hunting and bird watching to name a pair)
2.5.4 Wildlife Habitat
Wildlife habitat is important not only for the conservation of species but also for a
number of recreational opportunities. As a conservation purpose, wildlife habitat is managed for
maintaining and using the resources in sustainable manner. Ninety-five percent of all
commercially harvested fish and shellfish in the United States are wetland dependent.
Muscatatuck National Wildlife Refuge is an example of recreational destination for hunting,
fishing, wildlife observation and photography that has a good wildlife management. Some parts
of the area are wetlands managed for providing habitat of migratory birds, such as waterfowl and
songbirds. The 14 million United States hunters generate in excess of $50 billion annually in
economic activity. This does not include the 60 million people that watch migratory birds as a
hobby. The Florida Keys wetland area generates more than $800 million in annual tourism
income alone.
2.6 Natural and artificial wetland
Wetlands is one among the ecosystems that can be created to resemble the natural
equivalent. Natural wetlands are biologically productive areas in the world. Although artificial
wetlands capable of performing the same function, a natural wetland ecosystem complex and the
complex is not easy to duplicate. But artificial wetlands provide important functions such as
pollution control, flood retention and habitat for wildlife.
2.6.1 Natural wetland
Natural wetlands are complex ecosystems where the relationship between hydrology,
soils, plants, animals and nutrients has grown almost over thousands of years. It is a biologically
productive areas in the world. Wetlands are a natural library that contains the genetic information
is priceless. Natural wetland plants such as rice and sago have natural origins in wetlands.
Although artificial wetlands capable of performing such functions as natural wetlands, but
wetlands ecosystem is complicated and complex nature are not easily duplicated by artificial
wetlands.
2.6.2 Constructed wetland
Artificial wetlands are man-made or created wetlands is not genuine. Wetlands are
among the one between ecosystems that can be created to resemble natural equivalent compared
to other ecosystems such as tropical rain forests or forest land distribution. Man-made wetlands
created for specific functions wetlands can be performed. Previously, two types of wetlands
identified common project, to build mire water birds and wildlife, and the formation of mire, or
along rivers. But today, wetlands constructed for various purposes, used as a pollution control
(sediment traps, removal of toxic metals, waste water treatment or sewage), reservoir flooding
and storm water detention areas, create value wetlands, create fish habitat, function as food
chain, serve as receiving and issuing of surface water, or creating a legacy. The difference
between artificial and natural wetlands can be seen through the use of concrete structures such as
weirs engineering, pen Locks, Traps sediment and sluice gates. Putrajaya wetlands is said to be
the largest artificial wetland in the tropical zone and Malaysians can be proud of this great
achievement.
2.7 The types of constructed wetland
There are two types of artificial wetlands that artificial wetlands and the flow of sub-
surface flows - surface. Surface flow wetlands are artificially mimic the natural marsh. Surface
water flows will be welling up along the ground against the flow of sub - surface water in the soil
saturated.
2.7.1 Surface flow, SF
Surface flow wetlands is more like a sand filter with a plant - a plant, for which there is a
layer of sand above the gravel. Waste water to flood the marsh surface and will flow down
through the layers of media. Just like the flow of sub - surface, roots and soil is an effective filter
and the microbiological treatment often form around the roots of plants.
2.7.2 Sub – surface flow, SSF
Sub flow artificial wetland – have surface with pore and filled with sand and rock. Root
of the plant and sand or rock have filtration process and can filter heavy metal. This type of
wetland is efficient in the anaerobic process second level for nitrogen removal because the flow
of the wastewater is under the surface. Plant involved in this process is floating plant and it will
place in the media (USEPA, 1998). Contrast to SF, SSF involved small area and can avoided bad
smell and mosquito.
Although this case already study and the efficiency was approved, but the further study
should be do. This is due to the different of climate.
2.8 Introduction to Giant Salvinia (Salvinia Molesta)
Salvinia molesta is a floating aquatic fern that thrives in slow-moving, nutrient rich,
warm, freshwater. Salvinia molesta is cultivated by aquarium or pond owners and it is sometimes
released by flooding, or by intentional dumping. Salvinia molesta may form dense vegetation
mats that reduce water-flow. The root zone also growth faster and continuously compare to
others plant and proved that the contaminant is successfully absorbed by the root in order to
stabilize the industrial wastewater. (Norzatijl akma Binti Mohd Kodori,UMP, 2010)
The mature plant produces egg-shaped spore sacs containing infertile spores. It lacks true
roots but its submerged fronds function as roots. Its fronds are in whorls of three (two floating
and one submerged). The floating fronds are positioned in an opposite orientation to each other
and are round to oblong in shape. On their upper surface they have rows of cylindrical papillae.
Each papilla has four hairs at its distal end (each consisting of a single row of cells) that are
joined together at their tips to form what looks like an inverted egg-beater. The cage-like
structure of the end hairs is an effective air trap giving the plant buoyancy in the water.
Figure 2.1: Salvinia Molesta
2.9 Introduction of Oval Leaves Pondweed (Monochoria vaginalis)
Common name Oval Leaves Pondweed
Scirntific name Monochoria Vaginalis
Family, Liliopsisa,Liliidae, Haemodorales, Pontederiaceae
Emergent or floating
Total height between 20 – 30 cm
Grows in sweet water swamps, along dishes, in shallow pools.
The shiny green leaves are up to about 12 centimeters long and 10 wide and are borne on
rigid, hollow petioles.
The inflorescence bears 3 to 25 flowers which open underwater and all around the same
time.
Each has six purple-blue tepals just over a centimeter long. The fruit is a capsule about a
centimeter long which contains many tiny winged seeds
Figure 2.2: Oval Leaves Pondweed
CHAPTER 3
METHODOLOGY
3.1 Introduction
Methodology is a method use to accomplish the objective. It is important to determine the
of reading parameter, Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD), Suspended Solid (SS) and Power
Of Hydrogen (pH) of aquatic plant Oval-leaved pondweed (Monochoria vaginalis) and Giant
Salvina (Salvinia Molesta) in water treatment, Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE).
In preparing a report on the study to be made, the methodology of the study is important
to refer to the course of study at an early stage to the final stage of the study.
In this study, a natural water treatment system using plants (Monochoria vaginalis) and
Giant Salvina (Salvinia Molesta) provided laboratory scale to study the physical and chemical
aspects of the potential use of plants in the system. The sample taken from palm oil mill
secondary effluent (POMSE) at United Plantation Bhd,Jandarata,Teluk Intan Perak.
The desired results and a survey conducted smoothly and successfully, careful planning
must be done first. Systematic implementation is highly influence the results of this study.
Therefore, in this chapter will emphasize and explain how the research field observations, water
sampling is done, the design model using a natural water treatment plants and laboratory
experiments to be conducted.
3.2 Specification of location
Specification of location become a main important thing to ensure the effectiveness of
study. Location fixed is United Plantations Bhd, Jandarata Plantation. Selection of location based
on the production of palm oil effluent. The effluent contains heavy material such as Nickel and
Chromium.
Industrial wastewater, Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) is one of the major
concerns of the environment problems. As the wastewater is found to be highly contaminated, it
could not be discharged directly into the environment. Therefore, wastewater treatment is
essential to minimize the effect of the contaminants to nature. Based on previous studies,
constructed wetland system (CWS) was proved to have high efficiency in treating industrial
wastewater with low operating and maintenance cost. The industrial wastewater studied was
Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) which was taken from United Plantations Bhd,
Jandarata Plantation.
Wastewaters Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) from industrial places is very
complex and lead to water pollution if discharged untreated.
Palm oil mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE) contain Biochemical Oxygen Demand
(BOD), Suspended Solid (SS) and Power Of Hydrogen (pH). Therefore, wastewater treatment
such as constructed wetland is needed to decrease the effect of contamination. Artificial wetland
is a wetland that specifically constructed to control pollution from wastewater. In this study, lab
scale of constructed wetland had been constructed by using Salvinia Molesta and Monochoria
vaginalis (oval leaves pondweed) as wetland plant and gravel as filter.
3.3 Project Executants
These project executants will show all of our procedure on working to finish this project.
Figure 3.1 Methodology for project Development
3.4 Materials And Methods
3.4.1 Plant and material
The plant Giant Salvinia (Salvinia Molesta) was collected from the University Putra Malaysia
(UPM) lake’s and Monochoria vaginalis (Oval Leaves Pondweed) from Sg Lang area.
Meanwhile, the gravel also collected from area Sg Lang.
Introduction
Component:
Salvinia Molesta Oval-Leaved
Pondweed Tupperware
Laboratory Test:
Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Ph Suspended Solid
(SS)
Theory
Data Collection
Project Development
Data Analysis
Result
Discution and Conclusion
3.4.2 Methods
1. Prepare 3 container.
2. 1 container for Salvinia Molesta, second container for oval-leaved pondweed and third
container for both aquatic plant (Salvinia molesta and oval-leaved pondweed). Every
container were put gravel together.
3. The detention period is five days.
Figure 3.4.1: Oval- leaved pondweed
Figure 3.4.2: Salvinia Molesta
Figure 3.4.3: Salvinia Molesta and Oval- Leaved Pondweed
3.5. Water sampling
3.5.1. Objectives
- Learn the technique or the proper way to take a water sample
3.5.2. Equipment
I Mask
II Gloves
III. Bottle experiment
3.6. Laboratory Analytical Methods
Initially the samples were measured to determined the Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD),
Suspended Solid (SS) and Power Of Hydrogen (pH).
3.6.1. Power of Hydrogen (pH)
The hydrogen ion concentration is an important quality parameter of both natural waters
and wastewater. The usual means of expressing the hydrogen-ions concentration is as pH, which
is defined as the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration (Metcalf et.al, 2003).
pH is a unit of concentration or explain or describe the degree of alkalinity or acidity of the
rate of a liquid solution. It also is one of several methods to measure the quality water. pH means
(p for strength and H is the symbol for hydrogen), which refers to strength of the hydrogen ion
concentration in water .
pH value usually ranges between 0 (meaning very acidic with a positive hydrogen ion
concentration is high) to 14 (very alkaline or neutral to the concentration of hydroxide ions, OH ˉ
the high .however, the pH value can change negative or more than 14 in the most extreme or
extreme. pH 7.0 indicates neutrality of water at point 46 ° F (8 ° C), where atomic H + and ions
OH ˉ be at equilibrium. pH is reported in units of the logarithm, equal to the unit scale ritcher
used to measure the shaking. water at pH 4 is ten times more acidic than water at pH 5. pH
measured using a variety of ways, including by using pH paper, pens, pH, and pH meters. by
using a microprocessor pH meter, we can see how the pH and water temperature in a short time.
the test is important to ensure that the water is all around us clean and safe.
3.6.2. Suspended Solid (SS)
A will mixed sample is filtered through a weighed standard glass-fiber and the residue
retained on the filter dried to a constant weight at 103 to 105oC. The increase in weight of the
filter represents the total suspended solids. If the suspended material clogs the filter and prolongs
filtration the difference between the total solids and the total dissolve solids may provide an
estimate of the total suspended solids (Andrew D. Eaton et. Al, 1995).
3.6.4. Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
BOD is a important parameter in waste water. It can shows many organic metals that
presence in a example of water. It also can be used as a parameter to detect the water pollution.
The main reason that this BOD test is have been taken is because of to determine the volume that
needed to decomposed the organic metal that can be biodegradation (that can decomposed by
naturally) from one water sample on the fifth day at the temperature of 20⁰C. many oxygen is
used is same with the BOD sample value.
As a theory, BOD is done the process of biology activity, this is because 70-80% oxygen
can be biodegradation. At some time decomposition is take time for 20 days, but it depends of
the type of organic metals. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD) was analysed based on the
HACH method. The sample was cooled in incubator Bod temperature 130⁰C prior to the
analysis. Based on the BOD range selected, the correct sample volume was determined.
3.7. Type of equipment used:
3.7.1. pH
a. Material:
1. Water samples
2. Distilled water
b. Equipment:
1. pH 213 microprocessor pH meter
2. Beakers 500 ml
3. HI 1131 (pH reading)
4. Glove
3.6.2. Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD)
a. Material:
1. Water samples
2. Distilled water
b. Equipment:
1. BOD meter (dissolved Oxygen Meter)
2. BOD bottle
3. Beakers 500 ml
4. BOD incubator
3.8 The estimated cost of research
Bill. Equipment Quantity Price (RM)
1 Former Model 4 unit 72.00
2 Neet ½ meter 5.00
3 Salvinia molesta - -
4 Oval-leaved pondweed - -
5 Gravel - -
Total (RM) RM 77.00
Table 3.1: Show the estimated cost of research
CHAPTER 4
RESULT AND PROJECT ANALYSIS
4.1 Introduction
This chapter will explain about the data of laboratory test for the wastewater. There are
some parameter will be taken regarding on this laboratory such as BOD, TS and pH. The main
purpose of this experiment is to study the efficiency of aquatic plant in water treatment Palm Oil
Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE).
4.2 Waste water Palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) parameter test
This are laboratory test did to the Palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) that is BOD,
TS, and pH. The wastewater was taken from Unitata Plantations Berhad. The reading of
wastewater, palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) sample are taken before and after
treatment. All this test was did at Environmental Engineering Laboratory, Polytechnic of Sultan
Idris Shah.
4.3 Results BOD5 after and before treatment for 3 and 5 days.
4.3.1. BOD5 result for 3 and 5 days treatment
The data of all parameter test will be presented in a table and graph. BOD is important
parameter in waste water. It shows amount of organic that presence in example of water. It also
can be used as a parameter to detect the water pollution. The main reason that this BOD5 test is
have been taken is because of to determine the volume that needed to decomposed the organic
metal that can be biodegradation (that can decomposed by naturally) from one water sample on
the fifth day at the temperature of 25 C. ⁰
Items Before After 3 days After 5 days
POMSE 175.13 mg/L - -
Salvinia Molesta - 114.75 mg/L 69 mg/L
Oval Leaves Pondweed
- 39.0 mg/L 82.5 mg/L
Salvinia Molesta mix with Oval
Leaves Pondweed
- 52.88 mg/L 46.13 mg/L
Table 4.1: Shows data the different of BOD before and after treatment
4.3.1. BOD Graph resul
Graph 1:
Show the different of BOD before and after treatment
*All the data is represent in mg/L
*Mix = Salvinia molesta with Oval leaves pondweed.
The results of the study were shown in Table 4.1 and was represent in graph 1. BOD
before treatment is 175.13 mg/L for Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE). After 3 days
treatment by using Salvinia Molesta, the result obtained is 114.75 mg/L. Meanwhile, the results
for Oval-leaved pondweed is 39.0 mg/L and for Salvinia molesta mix with Oval leaves
pondweed is 52.88 mg/L. This shown decrease value for each of the plant after 3 days. The
results after 5 days treatment is the value of Salvinia molesta still decrease to 69 mg/L, for Oval
leaves pondweed the value is increasing from 39.0 mg/L to 82.5 mg/L. The results for mix is also
decrease to 46.13 mg/L.Then this show that Oval leaves pondweed is not suitable for wastewater
treatment, palm oil secondary mill effluent (POMSE). From the result obtained Salvinia molesta
is suitable than oval-leaved pondweed in palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) treatment
because BOD for 3 and 5 days treatment is decrease. This show Salvinia molesta is more
effective to reduced the BOD reading. Salvinia molesta can growth faster and can reduced value
for BOD, pH, Ammonia with effective. (Ooi Boon Siew,UTM.2006)
POMSE
Salvi
nia Moles
ta
Oval Le
aves
Pondweed
Mix0
20406080
100120140160180200
175.13
114.75
3952.88
6982.5
46.13 BEFOREAFTER 3 DAYSAFTER 5 DAYS
The root zone also growth faster and continuously compare to others plant and proved
that the contaminant is successfully absorbed by the root in order to stabilize the industrial
wastewater. (Norzatijl akma Binti Mohd Kodori,UMP, 2010)
4.4 Results of total suspended (SS) before and after 3 and 5 days treatment.
4.4.1. SS result for 3 and 5 days treatment
Items Before After 3 days After 5 days
POMSE 320 mg/L - -
Salvinia Molesta - 140 mg/L 60 mg/L
Oval Leaves Pondweed - 100 mg/L 140 mg/L
Salvinia Molesta mix with
Oval Leaves Pondweed- 80 mg/L 70 mg/L
Table 4.2: Shows reading of SS before and after treatment
4.4.1 SS Graf result
Graph
2:
Show
the
reading of SS before and after treatment
POMSE Salvinia Molesta Oval Leaves Pondweed
Mix0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350320
140
10080
60
140
70
BEFOREAFTER 3 DAYSAFTER 5 DAYS
The results of the study were shown in Table 4.2 and was represent in graph 2.
Suspended solid for palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before treatment is 320 mg/L.
The value after 3 days treatment with Salvinia Molesta is 140 mg/L, Oval-leaved pondweed is
100 mg/L and Salvinia molesta and oval pondweed is 80 mg/L. The value of suspended solid for
each plant is decreasing. Microorganism need oxygen to composed organic materials in palm oil
mill secondary effluent, (POMSE). So, the value decrease of suspended solid then the value of
BOD is also decrease. After 5 days treatment with Salvinia molesta, the value for suspended
solid is decrease from 140 mg/L to 60 mg/L. For Oval-leaved pondweed is increase from 100
mg/L to 140 mg/L, and Salvinia molesta mix with Oval leaves pondweed decrease from 80 mg/L
to 70 mg/L.
4.5 Results pH after and before treatment for 3 and 5days.
4.5.1. pH result for three day and five day treatment
pH is a unit of concentration or explain or describe the degree of alkalinity or acidity of
the rate of a liquid solution. It also is one of several methods to measure the quality water. pH
means (p for strength and H is the symbol for hydrogen), which refers to strength of the
hydrogen ion concentration in water. pH value usually ranges between 0 (meaning very acidic)
to 14 (very alkaline or neutral).
Items Before After 3 days After 5 days
POMSE 5.84 - -
Salvinia Molesta - 6.17 7.57
Oval Leaves Pondweed - 7.72 6.13
Salvinia Molesta mix with
Oval Leaves Pondweed- 6.16 7.29
Table 4.3: Shows reading of pH before and after treatment
4.5.2.
pH
graph
for
result
treatment
Graph 3: Show the reading of pH before and after treatment
*Mix = Salvinia molesta with Oval leaves pondweed.
The results of the study were shown in table 4.3 and was represent in graph 3. From the
results have been taken, palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) is 5.84 before treatment. The
reading after days treatment for salvinia molesta is 6.17, oval leaves pondweed is 7.72 and mix
(salvinia molesta and oval leaves pondweed) is 6.16. The results for 3 days treatment is
increasing day by day. After 5 days treatment the reading for all the plant is still increasing, for
salvinia molesta is 7.57, Oval leaves pondweed is 7.72 and for mix 7.20. This show the plant can
reduce the value of pH day by day from acid to the neutral. This happened because
microorganism use oxygen in the wastewater to compose food.Nitrification process will produce
ammonia. Ammonia is a toxicity to aquatic life, the value of pH will increase the temperature as
well as pH. From the results, we can conclude palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before
treatment by using Salvinia molesta is after 3 and 5 days treatment the pH was follow the
standard limit Department of Environment in Malaysia, where the range is 5.0 – 9.0.
POMSE Salvinia molesta Oval leaves pondweed
Mix0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5.846.17
7.72
6.16
7.57
6.13
7.29
BEFOREAFTER 3 DAYSAFTER 5 DAYS
CHAPTER 5
DISCUSSION
5.1 Introduction
Discussions carried out to identify problems that existed during the whole experiment
conducted to obtain a perfect result. This discussion is to discuss how to resolve are also to
determined the ensure effective research conducted in line with the objectives of the study was
done.
This discussion chapter is to determine and compare the effectiveness of using aquatic
plant Salvinia Molesta, and Oval-Leaved Pondweed as the removal of the pollutant substances.
Water quality standards after completing the study also investigated to find effective systems
designed.
Data have been obtained compared to a certain standard to find out the effectiveness of
aquatic plant Salvinia Molesta, and Oval-Leaved Pondweed in the removal of pollutants in waste
water (POMSE) whether has reached prescribed standards.
5.2. Efficiency of Salvinia Molesta and Oval-leaved Pondweed in treatment by using
artificial model wetland
5.2.1 Salvinia Molesta
From the result obtained Salvinia molesta is suitable than oval-leaved pondweed to treat
palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) because the plant can tolerate a wide pH range, the
optimum being between pH 6 and pH 7.5. The plant is able to tolerate salinity, and growth is
greatly stimulated by an increase in nutrients levels. Besides that, salvinia molesta can
faster growth rate easily in less than 3 days (Ooi Boon Siew, 2010) and can
reduced value for BOD and pH with effective.
5.2.3 Oval-leaved pondweed
Oval-leaved pondweed is less effective for water treatment because it
is not reproduce rapidly and live in moist landed. From this experiment, Oval
Leaves Pondweed have progressively increased value from day by day. This
plant is not effective in reduce and absorbs pollutant from POMSE according
to the data obtain. In this study, Oval leaves pondweed is not suitable in
water treatment without soil.
Graph 5.2: Result BOD for Oval-Leaved Pondweed before and after 3
and 5day treatment.
5.2.4 Salvinia Molesta and Oval-Leaved Pondweed
Graph 5.3: Results of BOD mix before and after 3 and 5 days treatment.
POMSE
Oval-le
aved
day 3
Oval-le
aved
day 5
04080
120160200 175.13
39
82.5
POMSEOvel-leaved day-3Oval-leaved day-5
POMSE Both of plant (3 day) Both of plant (5 day)0
20
40
60
80
100
120
140
160
180
200175.13
52.88 46.13
Column1
5.3. Water quality
Pollutant substance from wastewater palm oil secondary effluent
(POMSE) is the most important test to determine the quality of effluent after
being treat with the plant. This test had been carried out at Environmental
Engineering laboratory of Sultan Idris Shah Polytechnic.
5.3.1 Biochemical Oxygen Demand (BOD)
Graph 5.4: Results
BOD before and after treatment
The results of the study were shown in graph 5.4. The BOD before
treatment is 175.13 mg/L for Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE). After
3 days treatment by using Salvinia Molesta, the result obtained is 114.75
mg/L. Meanwhile, the results for Oval-leaved pondweed is 39.0 mg/L and for
Salvinia molesta mix with Oval leaves pondweed is 52.88 mg/L. This shown
decreasing for each of the plant. After 5 day treatment with Salvinia molesta
POMSE SALVINIA MOLESTA
OVAL-LEAVED PONDWEED
BOTH OF PLANT0
20406080
100120140160180200
175.13
114.75
3952.88
6982.5
46.13
GRAPH BOD RESULT
BEFORE3 DAY5 DAY
the value is 69 mg/L, Oval-leaved pondweed is 82.5 mg/L, Salvinia molesta
and oval- leaved pondweed is 46.125 mg/L.
5.3.2 Suspended Solid (SS)
Graph 5.5: Result
Suspended Solid
before and after 3 and
5 days treatment.
Suspended solids content in the unit mg/L. From the graph 5.5 show, the
suspended solid for palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before
treatment is 320mg/L. After treatment 3 days with Salvinia Molesta is 140
mg/L, Oval-leaved pondweed is 100 mg/L and Salvinia molesta and oval
pondweed is 80 mg/L. This show decreasing of suspended solid day by day.
After 5 days treatment with Salvinia molesta, the value for suspended
solid is 60 mg/L, Oval-leaved pondweed is 40 mg/L, showed a decrease,
respectively, but the value for Salvinia molesta mix oval - leaved pondweed
increasing, that is 70 mg/L. This is because the root of Salvinia Molesta
decay and produce unwanted particle. Salvinia is pentaploid, has a
POMSE SALVNIA MOLESTA
OVAL-LEAVED PONWEED
BOTH OF PLANT0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350 320
140
10080
6040
70
RESULT SUSPENDED SOLID
BEFORE 3 DAY5 DAY
chromosome number of 45, and is incapable of sexual reproduction (Loyal
and Grewal, 1966). Each node bears a series of up to three axillary buds that
develop successively under normal growing conditions (Room, 1988), and up
to six in response to damage (Julien and Bourne, 1986).
The number of axillary buds that grow, the rate of growth, and plant
size are largely dependent on available nutrients. Growth is apically
dominant and progresses by expansion of apical and axillary buds, the latter
forming branches. New plants form when older plants break apart due to
senescence or damage (Room, 1983).
5.3.3 Power of Hydrogen (pH)
Graph
5.6:
Results
show the
pH
before
and after
3 and 5
days.
From the results have been taken, palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE)
is 5.84 before treatment. The reading after days treatment for salvinia
molesta is 6.17, oval leaves pondweed is 7.72 and mix (salvinia molesta and
oval leaves pondweed) is 6.16. The results for 3 days treatment is increasing
day by day. After 5 days treatment the reading for all the plant is still
increasing, for salvinia molesta is 7.57, Oval leaves pondweed is 7.72 and for
mix 7.20. This show the plant can reduce the value of pH day by day from
POMSE SALVINIA MOLESTA
OVAL LEAVES PONDWEED
MIX0
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
5.84 6.17
7.72
6.16
7.57
6.13
7.29
BEFOREAFTER 3 DAYSAFTER 5 DAYS
acid to the neutral, refer to the pH scale. This happened because
microorganism use oxygen in the wastewater to compose food.. Nitrification
process will produce ammonia. Ammonia is a toxicity to aquatic life, the
value of pH will increase the temperature as well as pH. From the results, we
can conclude palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before treatment is
acid then after 3 and 5 days treatment the pH was follow the standard limit
Department of Environment in Malaysia, where the range is 5.0 – 9.0
5.4. Standard Quality Water Discharge
Parameter Limit from 1-1-1984 and thereafter
Biological oxygen demand (bod5)@30*c, mg/L
100
Total solids, mg/L (1500)**Suspended solids, mg/L 400pH 5.0-9.0 Table 5.1: Water quality standards for watercourse discharge from
palm oil mill*
*Environment Quality (Presribed Premises) (crude palm-oil) regulation, 1977
(amended by P.U. (A) 193/82)
**Values for the period of 1-7-1981 to 30-6-1982. No new value stipulated
since then.
5.5 Comparison Result with Standard Limit
Parameter Salvinia molestaOval-leaved pondweed
Mix POMSE Standard limit
pH 7.57 6.13 7.29 5.5 - 8.5 5.0 – 9.0
Biochemical oxygen demand
(BOD5)
69 mg/L
82.5 mg/L
46.13 mg/L
175.13 mg/L
100 mg/L
Suspended solids (SS)
60 mg/L
40 mg/L
70 mg/L
320mg/L
400 mg/L
Table 5.2: Comparison between sample before, treating and standard limit
5.5.1. Comparison for parameter BOD and Suspended Solids
Graph 5.7:
Comparison the
water after
treatment with
standard limit
5.5.2. Overall
result for all
parameter
The standard discharge limit for palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE)
according to Department Of Environmental in Malaysia for BOD, pH, and SS
is 100 mg/L, 5.0 – 9.0 and 320 mg/L respectively. From the study was done,
the palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) before the treatment is not fulfil
the requirement of Department Of Environmental in Malaysia except the
value of Suspended Solid (SS) full the requirement of the standard limit
which is value of the effluent for BOD is 175.13 mg/L, pH is 5.84 and SS is
320 mg/L.
So, we use aquatic plant to treat the wastewater, that is Salvinia
Molesta, Oval Leaves Pondweed and the combination both of plant. The
period of retention is 5 day and we take the results after 3 and 5 day to
ensure the accuracy and the results was shown.
BOD5 SUSPENDED SOLID0
50
100
150
200
250
300
350
400
450
175.13
320
69 6082.5
4046.1370
100
400
POMSE
Salvinia Molesta
Oval-Leaved Pondweed
Mix
Standard limit
After we treat the palm oil mill secondary effluent (POMSE) by using
Salvinia Molesta, the reading for BOD, pH, and SS for 3 and 5 day is change
from 114.75 mg/L and 69 mg/L, for pH, the reading is 6.17 and 7.57 and the
reading for SS is 140 mg/L and 60 mg/L. This show the decreasing of the
reading after 3 and 5 day. The BOD of Salvinia Molesta is decrease day by
day. Meanwhile the reading of pH after 3 and 5 days is increase refer to the
range of scale, from 6.17 and 7.57 that is neutral compare to the reading
before treatment. The reading of SS, show the suspended solid decrease day
by day, therefore, the BOD is also decrease because the microorganism no
need a lot of oxygen to compose the suspended solid (refers to small solid
particles which remain in suspension in water as a colloid),so, the
composting of suspended solid by microorganism does not produce too
much ammonia.
For oval leaves pondweed, the reading for BOD, pH, and SS for 3 and 5
day also show the decreasing and increasing reading, where, BOD reading is
before treatment is 175.13 mg/L the decrease to 39.0 mg/L and then after 5
days the reading is increase, 82.5 mg/L. This is because after 5 days the
value of suspended solid is increase, 100 mg/L to140 mg/L then the value of
the pH is decrease from 7.72 to 6.13.
For the combination both of plant, for BOD, pH, and SS after 3 and 5
days is 52.88 mg/L and 46.13mg/L, 6.16 and 7.29 and 80 mg/L and 70 mg/L.
The BOD is decrease day by day, then the pH will increase and SS will
decrease.
So, the conclusion can be make is when BOD is decrease, the pH will
increase and the SS will decrease. From this study, Salvinia Molesta is much
better from Oval Leaves Pondweed because Salvinia Molesta can reduce
BOD, SS and increase the range of pH.
CHAPTER 6
CONCLUSION
6.1 Conclusion
The use of Salvinia Molesta and Oval-Leaved Pondweed as aquatic plant to treating
waste water palm oil secondary effluent (POMSE) to be used in this study are expected to show
the proof of success in treating. This model only use three model wetland which is the first
model for Salvinia Molesta ,second model for Oval-Leaved Pondweed and last model for
mixture both of the aquatic plant, Salvinia Molesta and Oval-Leaved Pondweed.
The first model show the good result in this study after a few day treating palm oil
secondary effluent. Salvinia Molesta proof the decreasingly of result in BOD, pH and Ammonia.
Salvinia Molesta is a better aquatic plant to treated Palm Oil Secondary Effluent (POMSE) as
compared to Oval-Leaved Pondweed in removal aspect .This is because Salvinia Molesta can
growth faster than Oval Leaved-Pondweed. So, it can absorb and remove of pollutants in waste
water (POMSE).
Oval-Leaved Pondweed is less effective for water treatment because it is not reproduce
rapidly and live in moist landed. From this experiment, Oval – Leaves Pondweed have
progressively increased value from day by day. This plant can not reduce and absorbs pollutant
from POMSE. Oval Leaves Pondweed only used for herb and medicine, also can not used to
treat water.
Hopefully, this aquatic plant of Salvinia Molesta will be used in the future as a medium
for wastewater treatment. There are some recommendation to improved this model.
The conclusion that could be made from this study were as below:
Salvinia molesta is a better aquatic plant to treated Palm Oil Secondary Effluent
(POMSE) as compared to oval-leaved pondweed in removal aspect.
Based on the result, the minimum value for treating POMSE with using Salvinia Molesta after
five days for BOD is 114.13 mg/L,the pH value is 7.57 and Suspended Solid is 60 mg/L.
6.2 Recommendations
Based on the analysis of the study, there are several recommendations for the future researchers:
1. It is feasible to use Salvinia Molesta as aquatic plant in water treatment (POMSE).
However, the Oval-Leaved Pondweed does not suitable to treat waste water (POMSE).
2. By improving this model, the treatment of waste water from palm oil in secondary
effluent can be improved.
3. Change the design model.
4. More parameter tested for this study to ensure the accuracy and the detention day should
be more than 5 days.
5. The presence of algae can be reduced by using algicide techniques, the method of
addition of Copper Sulphate (CuSO4) or oxidizing agent potassium permanganate
(KMnO4)
Reference
1. Ooi Boon Siew (2006). ‘’ Treatment Of Palm Oil Mill Secondary Effluent (POMSE)Using Fenton Oxidation System’’. Universiti Teknologi Malaysia:Tesis Master.
2. Zainal Bin Ahmad (2007). ‘’ Kajian Penyerapan Logam-Logam Berat Oleh Tumbuhan Puron Dan Keladi Agas Bagi Olohan Air Larut Lesap’’. University Teknologi Malaysia: Tesis Degree.
3. Primefact (2006)Salvinia Control Manual ‘’ NSW Department of Primary Industries’’.
4. Dairy Research and Development Corporation (1997). ‘’ Results Of A Trial Of A Constructed Wetland In The Hunter Region of NSW‘’.
5. Nancy Mesner and John Geiger (2010). ‘’ Water Quality Extension’’.
