Mr. SACHIN KHANDELWAL (S.D.E.)

Mr. N.S.NAG (D.E.) Mr. L.K.VERMA (PROJECT GUIDE)

Group Members-1)Mohit Udani2)Ranjith Kumar.M 3)Salma Siddique4)Abhishek Soni5)Jerin Jacob

ROUTERS AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS

NETWORK.TYPES OF NETWORK.OSI MODEL.ROUTERS.ROUTING PROTOCOLS.

CONTENTS-

Set of devices connected by media links.

Links connecting the devices are called communication channels.

Networks use distributed processing.

A task is divided among multiple computers instead of a single large machine .

NETWORK

Distributed databases.

Faster problem solving.

Collaborative processing.

Security through redundancy.

ADVANTAGES OF DISTRIBUTED PROCESSING-

PROTOCOLS- A set of rules for communication,

called protocols. Allows computers with different

operating characteristics to speak the same language.

The key elements of a protocol are-a) Syntax- Structure or format of the

data.b) Semantics- Meaning of each section

of bits.c) Timing- When and how fast the data

should be send.

Connects computers that are physically close together ( < 1 mile).

High speed Multi-point network. Technologies:– Ethernet 10 Mbps, 100Mbps.– Token Ring 16 Mbps.– FDDI 100 Mbps.

LAN - Local Area Network

Larger than a LAN and smaller than a WAN. Example: campus-wide network. Multi-point network. Technologies: – Coaxial cable. – Microwave.

MAN - Metropolitan AreaNetwork

Connects computers that are physically far

apart. “Long-haul network”. Typically slower than a LAN. Typically less reliable than a LAN. Point-to-point network. Technologies: – Telephone lines. – Satellite communications.

WAN - Wide Area Network

OSI Reference Model

Layered model:7. Application layer.6. Presentation layer.5. Session layer.4. Transport layer.3. Network layer.2. Data Link layer.1. Physical layer.

Source to destination delivery of packets. Path selection between end-systems

(routing). Logical addressing. Subnet flow control. Translation between different network

types.

The Network Layer

ROUTERS

A ROUTER is a specialized device.Connects one network to another, directing data packets from a source to the final destination.

Routers are different than switches.Switches connect groups of computers to

a LAN (Local Area Network). A router connects that LAN to another

LAN or to the Internet.

Data comes in on one of the lines. The router reads the address information in

the packet to determine its ultimate destination.

Using information in its Routing table it directs the packet to the next network on its journey or drops the packet.

A data packet is typically passed from router to router through the networks of the Internet.

WORKING OF ROUTERS-

Home and small office routers. Pass data, such as web pages and email,

between the home computers and the owner's cable or DSL modem.

More sophisticated routers range from enterprise routers, which connect large business or ISP networks up to the powerful core routers.

They forward data at high speed along the optical fiber lines of the Internet backbone.

TYPES OF ROUTERS-

A routing protocol is a set of processes, algorithms, and messages.

These are used to exchange routing information.

Populate the routing table with the routing protocol’s choice of best paths.

ROUTING PROTOCOLS-

Discovering remote networks. Maintaining up-to-date routing information. Choosing the best path to destination

networks. Having the ability to find a new best path if

the current path is no longer available.

PURPOSE OF A ROUTING PROTOCOL-

Data structures: Some routing protocols use tables or databases for their operations.

Algorithm-Routing protocols use algorithms for processing routing information and for best-path determination.

Routing protocol messages: Routing protocols use various types of messages to discover neighboring routers and exchange routing information.

Components of a routing protocol-

Configuration complexity increases with network size.

Administrator intervention for topology changes are required.

Suitable for simple topologies.

Route to destination is always the same.

STATIC ROUTING-

Minimal CPU processing.

Easier for administrator to understand.

Easy to configure.

Static routing advantages-

Configuration complexity independent of

the network size.

Automatically adopts to the topology changes.

Suitable for simple and complex topologies.

Route depends on the current topology.

DYNAMIC ROUTING-

Administrator has less work in maintaining the configuration when adding or deleting networks.

Protocols automatically react to the topology changes.

Configuration is less error-prone. More scalable; growing the network

usually does not present a problem.

Dynamic routing advantages-

Classful and Classless Routing Protocols-

All routing protocols can also be classified as either-

1) Classful routing protocols.2) Classless routing protocols.

Classful routing protocols do not send subnet mask information in routing updates.

Subnet mask is the same throughout the topology.

Classful routing protocols do not support variable-length subnet masks (VLSM).

Classful routing protocols include RIPv1 and IGRP.

CLASSFUL PROTOCOLS-

Classless routing protocols include the subnet mask with the network address in routing updates.

Classless routing protocols support VLSM. Subnet mask can vary in the topology. Classless routing protocols are RIPv2,

EIGRP, OSPF, IS-IS, and BGP.

CLASSLESS PROTOCOLS-

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROUTED PROTOCOLS AND ROUTING PROTOCOLS-

A routed protocol is a protocol by which data can be routed.

Required in such a protocol is an addressing scheme based on which we will be able to identify the network to which a host belongs.

All hosts on an internetwork (routers, servers, and workstations) can utilize the services of a routed protocol.

Examples of a routed protocol are IP, IPX, and AppleTalk.

ROUTED PROTOCOLS-

A routing protocol is only used between routers.

Its purpose is to help routers building and maintain routing tables.

Examples of a routing protocol are IGRP,EIGRP and RIP.

ROUTING PROTOCOLS-

THANK YOU