ROUTERS

WILLY MAKETU

BY WILLY MAKETU

ROUTERA router is a purposely customized computer used to forward data among computer networks beyond directly connected devices. The directly connected devices are said to be in LAN, where data are forwarded using Network switches.

BY WILLY MAKETU

WIRED ROUTERA Wired router is a networking device whose software and hardware [in combination] are customized to the tasks of routing and forwarding information{DATA} through Wire Connection.

05/03/2023 BY WILLY MAKETU

WIRELES ROUTER A Wireles router is a networking device whose software and hardware [in combination] are customized to the tasks of routing and forwarding information{DATA} through Wireless Connection.

BY WILLY MAKETU

WIRED ROUTER CONFIGURATION

Every Wire Will be Connected Corresponding to Specified Ports.Consider:-

BY WILLY MAKETU

WIRELES ROUTER CONFIGURATIONAddition Devices can be Added through Hacking Some Wireless Network From the NETWORK SOURCE.eg Modem Router

BY WILLY MAKETU

SOME DIFFERENCE BETWEEN ROUTER AND OTHER ORDINALY.Router it needs special hardware, called

interface cards, to connect to remote devices through either copper cables or Optical fiber cable.These interface cards are in fact(things known) small computers that are specialized to convert electric signals from one form to another. In the case of optical fiber, is a cable containing one or More Optical fibers that are used to light convert between optical signals and electrical signals.

BY WILLY MAKETU

TRAFFIC ROUTER ROUTING OPERATIONBROADCAST ROUTING MULTICAST ROUTING

BY WILLY MAKETU

BROADCAST In broadcast routing, Packets/Source are sent to

all nodes even if they do not want it. But in Multicast routing, the data is sent to only nodes which wants to receive the packets. The router must know that there are nodes, which wish to receive multicast packets (or stream) then only it should forward.• Deliver packets from source to all other nodes.• Source duplication{repeat something} is inefficient:

BY WILLY MAKETU

MULTICASTMulticast routing, the data is sent to

only nodes which wants to receive the packets. The router must know that there are nodes, which wish to receive multicast packets (or stream) then only it should forward.

BY WILLY MAKETU

Multicast IP Routing protocols are used to distribute data (for example, audio/video streaming broadcasts) to multiple recipients. Using multicast, a source can send a single copy of data to a single multicast address, which is then distributed to an entire group of recipients

BY WILLY MAKETU

ROUTER ROUTING TABLE.A routing table is used for finding the IP address to which a packet should be forwarded so that it may reach its destination. Network destination: The IP address refers to the IP address of the destination to which the packet has to reach.

Netmask: This is the subnet mask for the network.

Gateway: Gateway specifies the IP address to which a given packet should be sent.

BY WILLY MAKETU

IP ROUTES AND ROUTING TABLESLet’s consider an example (see Figure) with routers R1, R2 and R3 connected in a “triangle”, so that each router can send directly to the others, as well as to its own local network. Suppose R1's local network is 11.0.0.0/8, R2's is 12.0.0.0/8 and R3's is 13.0.0.0/8. (I'm just trying to keep this simple. J) R1 knows that any datagram it sees with 11 as the first octet is on its local network. It will also have a routing entry that says that any IP address starting with “12” should go to R2, and any starting with “13” should go to R3.

BY WILLY MAKETU

This diagram shows a small, simple internetwork consisting of four LANs each served by a router. The routing table for each lists the router to which data grams for each destination network should be sent, and is color coded to match the colors of the networks. Notice that due to the “triangle”, each of R1, R2 and R3 can send to each other. However, R2 and R3 must send through R1 to deliver to R4, and R4 must use R1 to reach either of the others.

BY WILLY MAKETU

Routers may provide connectivity

A demonstration of a router forwarding information to many clients.Inside enterprises, Between enterprises and the Internet, and Inside Internet Service Providers (ISPs).

BY WILLY MAKETU

TYPES OF ROUTERS

Edge Router: An ER is placed at the edge of an ISP network. The router speaks external BGP (EBGP) to a BGP speaker in another provider or large enterprise Autonomous System(AS). This type of routers is also called PE (Provider Edge) routers.Mostly used as LAN connection.

NOTE:(ISP) Internet Service Providers(BGP ) Border Gateway Protocol.

BY WILLY MAKETU

Subscriber Edge Router: An SER is located at the edge of the subscriber's network, it speaks EBGP to its provider's AS(s). It belongs to an end user (enterprise) organization. This type of routers is also called CE (Customer Edge) routers.

BY WILLY MAKETU

Inter-provider Border Router: Interconnecting ISPs, this is a BGP speaking router that maintains BGP sessions with other BGP speaking routers in other providers' Ases.

NOTE:(ISP) Internet Service Providers(BGP) Border Gateway Protocol.(ASEs) Autonomous Systems.

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Core router: A Core router is one that resides(to live or have one's) within an AS as back bone to carry traffic between edge routers.A core router is a router designed to operate in the Internet backbone, or core. To fulfill this role, a router must be able to support multiple telecommunications interfaces of the highest speed in use in the core Internet and must be able to forward IP packets at full speed on all of them.

NOTE:(ISP) Internet Service Providers(BGP) Border Gateway Protocol.(AS) Autonomous Systems.

BY WILLY MAKETU

How Core Router Access Network

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