1OVERVIEW - Router Config Tasks :

To configure your router or access server, you

must perform several tasks. Initially, you must

determine the following:-

Which network protocols you are supporting

The addressing plan for each network protocol

Which WAN protocols you will run on each

interface

External Configuration Sources

ROUTER

TFTP SERVER

VIRTUALTERMINAL

NETWORKMANAGEMENT

STATION

INTERFACES

CONSOLEPORT

AUXILARYPORT

Configuration Information can from many Sources

2Internal Configuration Components

ROMFLASHNVRAM

INTERFACEConsoleAuxiliary

DRAM

Cisco routers can initialize the system (boot) in four

ways:

Netboot :Routers can boot from a server using the

TFTP.

Flash memory: Routers can boot from Flash

memory, a nonvolatile storage medium that can be

electrically erased and reprogrammed.

ROM : Routers can boot a system from built-in ROM.

PC Flash memory card: Routers can boot from a

removable Flash memory card.

3FLASH MEMORY :

Depending on the platform, Flash memory is available

in the following forms:

1. Internal Flash memory : often contains the system

image. Some platforms have two or more banks of

Flash memory on one single in-line memory modules

(SIMM). If the SIMM has two banks, it is sometimes

referred to as dual-bank Flash memory. The banks

can be partitioned into separate logical devices.

FLASH MEMORY (Cont..)

2. Bootflash

Bootflash often contains the boot image.

Bootflash sometimes contains the ROM Monitor.

3. Flash memory PC cards or PCMCIA cardsA Flash memory card that is inserted in to a PCMCIA slot. This card is used to store system images, boot images, and configuration files.The following platforms contains PCMCIA slots:1600 - one PCMCIA slot 3600 - two PCMCIA slots7200 - NPE contains 2 slots

4FLASH MEMORY (Cont..)Write ProtectionFlash memory provides write protection against

accidental erasing or reprogramming.

Some platforms have a write-protect jumper which

can be removed to prevent reprogramming of Flash

memory. You must install the jumper when

programming is required. Some platforms have write

protect switched on Flash memory cards that you

can use to protect data. You must set the switch to

unprotected to write data to the Flash memory card.

NVRAM

Nonvolatile random-access memory (NVRAM) stores

the following information:

1. Startup configuration file for every platform.

2. The software configuration register, which is used

to determine which image to use when booting

the router.

5EPROM / ROM

It sometimes contains the following :

ROM Monitor, which provides a user interface when

the router cannot find a valid image.

The boot loader/helper software (also called the

boot image), which helps the router boot when it

cannot find a valid Cisco IOS image in Flash

memory.

DRAM :Dynamic random-access memory contains two types

of memory:

1. Primary, main, or processor memory, which is

reserved for the CPU to execute Cisco IOS

software and to hold the running configuration

and routing tables.

2. Shared, packet, or I/O memory, which buffers

data transmitted or received by the router's

network interfaces.

6Router Modes

User EXEC ModeLimited Examination of router and remote access

Router>

Privileged EXEC ModeDetailed examination of Router, Debugging and testing.

File manipulation, Remote access.Router#

ROM Monitor ModeUsed if the operating system dos not exist in Flash or

the boot sequence was interrupted during startup> or romon>

Router Modes (Cont..)

Setup Modeprompted dialog used to establish an initial configuration

RXBoot modeBoot helper Software which helps the router boot whenit cannot find a valid cisco IOS image in flash memory.

Router

Global Configuration ModeRouter(config)#

Other Configuration ModeRouter(config - mode) #

7Initialising a Router

POST

Check conf reg

ReadNVRAM

Load from flash

Load IOS

Run RXBootimage

Load IOSsubset

Load from TFTP Server

Enter ROMMonitor Mode

Load FromROM

Load IOSSubset

ROUTER STATUS COMMANDS :

IOS version in DRAM Router# show version

Programs loaded in DRAM Router# sh processes CPUsh protocols

Dynamic Configurationinformation Router# sh running-config

Routing table in DRAM Router# sh ip route

Processor and I/O memory usage Router# sh mem

back-up configurationfile in NVRAM Router# sh startup-config

8ROUTER STATUS COMMANDS (Cont..)

Operating Systems Router# sh flash

interfaces Router# sh interfaces

Stack usage ofprocesses Router# sh stacks

Password recovery procedure :

Attach a terminal or PC with terminal emulation to the console port of the router. Use the following terminal settings:

9600 baud rate No parity 8 data bits 1 stop bit No flow control

Type show version and record the setting of the configuration register; it is usually 0x2102 or 0x102.

Using the power switch, turn off the router and then turn it back on.

9Password recovery (cont..)Press Break sequence on the terminal keyboard within 60

seconds of the power-up to put the router into ROMMON.

Type confreg 0x2142 at the rommon 1> prompt to boot from

Flash without loading the configuration. Type reset at the

rommon 2> prompt. The router reboots but ignores its saved

configuration. Type no after each setup question or press

Ctrl-C to skip the initial setup procedure

Type enable at the Router> prompt.

You'll be in enable mode and see the Router# prompt.

Type enable secret to change the enable

secret password.

Type config-register 0x2102, or the value you recorded in

show version .

Press Ctrl-z or end to leave the configuration mode.

Type write memory or copy running-config startup-config

to commit the changes.

Break Sequence

Hyperterm Win 2000 Ctrl-Break

Hyperterm Win98/95 Ctrl-F6-Break

Hyperterm Win NT Break-F5

Shift-F5

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Break Sequence(Cont..)

VT100 Emulation F16

Minicom Linux Ctrl-a f

PCPLUS DOS Alt-b

Enabling TFTP server on Linux:Step 1 Log in as root.

Step 2 If are running Linux with " inetd," add or

uncomment the following line in your /etc/inetd.conf file:tftp dgram udp wait root /usr/sbin/tcpd in.tftpd

If you are running Linux with "xinetd," Edit the /etc/xinetd.d/tftpfile as follows:

a. Change the line "disable = yes" to "disable = no."

b. Change the line "user = nobody" to "user = root.

c. If you want to specify a different TFTP directory, replace

"/tftpboot" in the line "server_args = -s /tftpboot" with the name

of your directory.

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Step 3 Enter the following command:/etc/init.d/xinetd restart

Installing TFTP Server for Windows

Download the TFTP server for any version of Windows from

http://ftp.ren.nic.in/pub/intel/Windows98/tftp or search tftp

at http://ftp.ren.nic.in

The file TFTPServer1-1-980730.exe is a self-extracting

archive. Once the file is stored on your Windows system,

double-click it to start the setup program. Then follow the

prompts that appear to install the server on your system.

FLASH File System:

The Flash file system consists of two Flash devices

on which you can store files:

bootflash: onboard Flash memory

slot0: Flash PC card in the PCMCIA slot (or flash: Flash memory)1. Router#show flash

System flash directory: File Length Name/status

1 8407884 c2600-io3s56i-mz.121-6

[8407948 bytes used, 8369268 available, 16777216 total]

16384K bytes of processor board System flash (Read/Write)

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2. Display a list of deleted files on a Flash device.

Console> (enable) dir deleted

-#- ED --type-- --crc--- -seek-- nlen -length- ---date/time- name

1 .D ffffffff 81a027ca 41bdc 22 7004 Apr 01 1998 15:27:45

5002.config. 4.1.98.cfg

3. Deleting file in flash

Console>(enable) del C7200-js-mz.120-4.bin

4. Formatting flash

Console>(enable) format flash

format slot0

IOS Installation and Upgrade procedure :Install a TFTP Server

Download the Cisco IOS Software image into your

workstation or PC where TFTP server is running.Store the

IOS image in appropriate directory. C:\tftp incase windows

and /tftpboot in case of Linux.

(You need to satisfy both the DRAM and the Flash

requirements to be able to use the software you choose.

If you do not meet the requirements, you can either add more

Flash or more DRAM in the router, or choose another Cisco

IOS Software release).

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Back up the existing IOS image stored in Flash.

Router#copy flash tftp

Source filename []? C7200-js-mz.120-4.bin

Address or name of remote host []?164.100.9.31

Destination filename [C7200-js-mz.120-4.bin]?

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!!

3802992 bytes copied in 27.276 secs (140851 bytes/sec)

Copy the new software image from the TFTP server to the

router server using the procedure below:

Router# copy tftp flash

When prompted, enter the IP address of the TFTP server as

Address or name of remote

host [255.255.255.255]? 164.100.21.131

Source file name? c2600-io3s56i-mz.121-6Destination file name? c2600-io3s56i-mz.121-6

Erase flash device before writing? [confirm] yes/noRouter#reload*Mar 1 00:30:49.972: %SYS-5-CONFIG_I: Configured from console by consoleSystem configuration has been modified. Save? [yes/no]: no Proceed with reload? [confirm] yes

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Common Interface types supported on CISCO routers

Asynchronous serial

Dialer

Ethernet

High-Speed Serial Interface (HSSI)

ISDN Basic Rate Interface (BRI)

ISDN Primary Rate Interface (PRI)

Serial interface (Low Speed)

Synchronous serial

ETHERNET INTERFACE CONFIGURATION :For example, to configure Ethernet interface 1 with the IP

address 192.168.52.46 using a subnet mask of

255.255.255.0, enter the following commands:

C400# conf t

C4000(config)#interface e1

description "MGMT LAN via Cat5k"C4000(config-if)#ip address 192.168.52.46 255.255.255.0

C4000(config-if)# no shutdown

C4000(config-if)# cntl Z

C400# wr memory / wr ter

wr memory - changes both startup and running config

wr ter - changes only running config

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SERIAL INTERFACE CONFIGURATION :

The wan link will be connected to the serial interface.Configure the serial interface as below

Router#conf tEnter configuration commands, one per line. End with CNTL/Z.Router(config)#interface serial 0Router(config-if)#ip address 10.1.1.5

255.255.255.252description VSAT WAN LINKRouter(config-if)#no shutdownRouter(config-if)#cntl ZEouter# wr m

SSerial interface configuration (cont..)

encapsulationRouter# conf t

Router(Config)# int serial0

Router(Config-if)# encapsulation ppp / hdlc /sdlc

hdlc - serial hdlc synchronous(cisco)

ppp - point-to-point protocol

sdlc - SDLC

Router(Config-if)# bandwidth

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Other Vital configurations :

hostname NICnet>!no logging console (logging console 3)no logging monitor (logging monitor 3)enable secret rgb123enable password cisco98!no ip fingerno ip http serverno ip bootp serverip domain-name nic.inip name-server 164.100.3.1ip name-server 164.100.10.18

line vty 0 4password zigma2klogin!banner login ^C*******************************************

This is NIC - HQ New Delhi*******************************************^Cbanner motd ^C==========================================Un-authorised access is prohibited==========================================^C

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Static IP Routing :If dynamic default information is not being passed to the

router, candidates for the default route may be specified with

the ip default-network subcommand. In this usage, ip

default-network takes a nonconnected network as an

argument. If this network appears in the routing table from any

source (dynamic or static), then it is flagged as a candidate

default route and is subject to being chosen as the default

route for the router. Multiple ip default-network commands

may be given. All candidate default routes, both static

(that is, flagged by ip default-network) and dynamic,

appear in the routing table preceded by an asterisk.

In the following example, a static route to network 10.0.0.0 is

defined as the static default route.

ip route 10.0.0.0 131.108.3.4ip default-network 10.0.0.0

If the following global configuration command was issued on a

router not connected to network 129.140.0.0, then the router

might choose the path to that network as a default route when

the network appeared in the routing table.

ip default-network 129.140.0.0

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Ip default-gateway 164.100.191.166

This specifies default gateway if not routing IP

ip route 10.0.0.0 131.108.3.4 110ip route 10.0.0.0 131.108.3.8 120This implies that packets for network 10.0.0.0 will

be routed to the router at 131.108.3.4. if dynamic

information about network 10.0.0.0 is not available.

If you specify an administrative distance, you are

flagging a static route that may be overridden by

dynamic information