Round - Up

Referencing and BibliographiesEditing and reviewing

Citing your sources

• 1st reference• C. Mullin, Decline & Fall, (Profile Books, 2010), p,

101• Later references to the same book could be

abbreviated to Mullin, Decline & Fall, pp, 102• Journal reference: Alastair Campbell, ‘New Labour,

New Britain’, British Journalism Review, vol. 5, no 2 (1996), p. 200

• Later reference: Campbell, ‘New Labour’, BJR, pp. 205

Harvard system

• Mullin, 2010, p 101• Mullin, 2010, pp102-3• Campbell, 1996, p. 200• Campbell, 1996, pp. 205-7

Endnotes

• First reference;• 1. C. Mullin, Decline & Fall, (Profile Books, 2010), p, 101• A number of references later you may want to refer to this

work again. Use Latin abbreviation ‘op.cit’ – (in the work cited) • 5. Mullin, op. Cit. Pp 102-3• If in the reference you wanted to refer to the text again use

another Latin phrase Ibid (in the same place)• 6. Ibid, p. 84• Next reference same page - after Ibid further Latin ref. loc. cit

(in the passage just quoted)• 7. Ibid., loc cit

Paraphrasing

• Paraphrasing only the author and the year• If same author different texts, (Mullin, 2008, 2010)• If same author same year repeat in lower casei.e. Mullin, 2008a, 2008b)• If more than one author separate with comma and i.e.

(Mullin, Brown and Kinnock, 2007)• Cite in full first time and then et. al i.e. (Mullin et al.,

2007)

Number of authors same idea

• (Mullin, 2001; Smith, 2005; Kinnock, 2006)

• If your text owes something to a discussion then you can use; I owe this example on prison reform to Prof. D. Marriott in her lecture at the University of Westminster in the second semester 2010

Bibliographies

• Reference alphabetically• Where more than one book by the same

author reference chronologically under the author’s name

• For books or other free standing publicationsFirst name of initials of the author, surname, full

time of the work (in italics) place of publication, name of the publisher and date in brackets

That’s not the end

• Meet your deadline • But don’t leave it till the last moment• Leave time to re-read, proof carefully • Learn to edit • Have you developed your ideas • Have you developed your arguments• Revise and re-read several times going over

different elements of the essay

Think and re-think

• The structure• Linking the paragraphs • Does the introduction provide the map?• Does the body of the essay provide the

direction of travel?• Does your conclusion pull the arguments

together? • Have you completed the circle and come back

to your introduction in the conclusion?

Editing to provide a tight coherent essay

• Remove all unnecessary words and phrase that obscure rather than clarify

• Edit out jargon• Edit out cliches• Edit out needlessly long words• Make the sentences tight• Make the language active

Critical thinking

• Have I interpreted the question?• Have I interpreted the implications

thoroughly?• Have I missed anything?• Does my essay follow a logical flow?• Are my arguments deep enough

Evidence – ask yourself

• Do I provide enough evidence?• Do I demonstrate the arguments rather than

just state the points?

Finally ask yourself

• Is the grammar, punctuation and spelling correct?

• Have I listed all my sources?• Is it presentable?• Do I need to get someone to proof it?