Rooftop Solar and India's Energy Security

8/17/2019 Rooftop Solar and India's Energy Security

1/12

Rooftop Solar Plants For Energy Security

K.Sivadasan, Deputy Chief Engineer (Rtd), KSEB Ltd, Mob:9496410857,

Email:[email protected]

Paper presented on 30.7.2015 at the national conference on solar energy in New Delhiorganised by CBIP.

Introduction

Without right technology support, no one can confront a competitor in today’s scientific

world. Nations competed to rule over others in the past. Countries that used larger

energy had an edge over others. In the present political scenario the country that uses

more energy is considered ‘advanced’ considering the industrial output. Engineers and

scientists are hard at work to complement national effort to assist in the progress of the

country. They come out with innovative concepts and practices. Technology

improvement is the rule of the day. Various organs of governance are empowered with

right policies to achieve the aim of government, to stand tall in the competitive world.

Learn from history that the country that commands a larger share of the world’s energy

will lead the world. The abundance of quality power at affordable cost is a necessity for

industrial development and for the wellbeing of citizens.

It is learned from CBIP that India has a solar potential of 1500 GW, a first time

statement, to my knowledge, of a near realistic assessment. This is the potential at theprevailing efficiency of 16.5%. This will rise in line with improved efficiencies expected incoming decades by R&D. Rooftop potential of India is yet to be assessed.

With my experience in Kerala State Electricity Board the residential rooftop potential of

Kerala was assessed1 as 10000 MW at the present module efficiency of 16.5%. It is

concluded that Kerala could become energy independent with available hydel generation

along with solar potential. According to Dr.Abdul Kalam Kerala has the prospect2 to

become 95% energy independent by 2030 with the rooftop potential. Every state may

assess energy potential of all renewable sources including its rooftop potential and makeplans visualizing energy security. A state centric planning would accelerate solar

generation. It could be made a people’s movement by enacting appropriate rooftop solar

policy. Let the states use their wisdom to make them energy independent. The centre

can oversee the programme by providing suitable guidelines in line with various

enactments.

The utilities, world over, more or less monopolise the power sector. Conventional setup

of power system consists of centralised generation, transmission and distribution. All

three segments are owned and managed by the same entity. It has its own advantages

and disadvantages. Indian Electricity Act 2003 visualizes decentralization of the threesectors. This leads to centralized generating stations owned by different companies-


2/12

Independent Power Producers (IPP).

Nations, in their efforts to raise GDP, try to increase power generation from variousdepleting and renewable sources Fossil fuel, Uranium, solar, wind, geothermal, biofueletc. Fossil fuel and Uranium deposits are very large, but, they are not infinite and would

last at the most a few generations. It is a one-time gift and need to be conserved forfuture generations. In the search for alternate sources of energy, solar energy which isabundant, free, predictable and perpetual has emerged as a viable alternative3

Technologies for solar harvesting Different technologies are developed for improved solar harvesting, such as

Concentrated Solar Photovoltaic (CPV), Concentrated Solar Power (CSP) and

Photovoltaic (PV).

CPV technology uses lenses and mirrors to concentrate a large amount of sunlight onto

a small area of solar PV cells to generate electricity. Due to various reasons CPV is farless common today than the solar PV.

CSP use lenses or mirrors and tracking systems to focus a large area of sunlight into a

small beam. This is a high-end technology. The concentrated beam produces heat at

the receiver and a fluid is heated to high temperature. This high temperature fluid is used

as a heat source for running a conventional thermal power plant. CSP plants require

large quantities of cooling water which is a roadblock to its growth.

PV is the direct conversion of sunlight into electricity using solar cells. Compared to CSP

and CPV it is simple to install, operate and maintain. PV is less expensive compared toCSP & CPV.

PV plants range from being very small in size to large MW size. The ubiquity of solar

source makes it possible to generate power near the

load centre. This advantage helped utilities to evolve distributed solar generation (DG).

Advent of DG has changed the gamut of power system.

Categories of solar plant

Based on capacity, solar plants can be categorised into four: domestic rooftop 1 KW to5 KW, commercial & industrial rooftop 5 KW to 500 KW, ground mounted utility scale

plants 500 KW to 1000 MW and ground mounted ultra-mega size plants 1000 MW (1

GW) and above.

MW/GW size plants require large landed area and it requires to satisfy several statutory

obligations. Land is scarce in some states eg.Kerala. As a solution solar plants of KW

size can be installed on rooftops which are called rooftop solar plants (RTS). RTS is

simple to install and maintain. It can be on residential, commercial or industrial buildings.

Domestic rooftop potential is linked to population density. For example Kerala has a

density of 860/Sq km and Rajasthan has a density of 201/sq km. Kerala with apopulation of 35 million has a domestic rooftop solar potential of 13GB, according to


3/12

WISE(2013)4.

India’s domestic rooftop potential India with a population of 1300 Million may have around 300 Million houses suitable for

rooftop solar installation. With an average size of 1.5 KW per rooftop total potential of

domestic rooftop can be 450 GW. This is at the present module efficiency of 16.5%. It isprojected that efficiency would go up to 30% by 2030 by R&D and economies of scale

raising the potential proportionately. Adopting the calculation for Kerala, India’s rooftop

potential would go up to 1200 GW by 2030. This is a thought estimate and is to be

verified. It may not be a joke, at the present trend of R&D in solar sector, the day is not

far when a square foot would generate 250 Watts at Rs15/Watt or less with a higher

module efficiency. At that time almost every house will have a rooftop plant of minimum

size of 1 KW. (Panel size 2’x2’). The sky is the limit for domestic rooftop solar potential!

According to a study5 by Fraunhofer Institute the cost of solar will fall to 2 cents per

kwh by 2050. Cost will be lower than that due to technological breakthrough,according6 to Agora Energiewende, a German consultant on climate change. By 2050

cost of energy from conventional sources will be several times more than the present.

Cost of fossil fuel will rise to unpredictable level following Law of Supply and Demand.

This is because there is no supply, only rise in demand. The way out to escape a

crisis is to move on to solar generation. It cannot be done overnight.

India’s National Solar Mission JNNSM

Government of India had finalised7 a massive solar policy in 2009 aiming to have

20,000 MW of solar power by 2020, expanding to 100,000 MW by 2030 and 200,000 by2050. A solar programme JNNSM (TheJawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission) was

launched on 11th January, 2010 by the Prime Minister of India. The mission was to

commission 20000 MW by 2022. Policy was to entice investors with various incentives.

But the progress achieved so far is not commensurate with expectation.

In 2010 European Union was adding solar plants in gigawatts every year if not monthly

as shown in Fig 1

http://www.hindu.com/2009/04/26/stories/2009042660422200.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2009/04/26/stories/2009042660422200.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2009/04/26/stories/2009042660422200.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2009/04/26/stories/2009042660422200.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2009/04/26/stories/2009042660422200.htmhttp://www.hindu.com/2009/04/26/stories/2009042660422200.htm


4/12

source:solarpower Europe 2015

Fig 1

Solar growth in EU mainly came from grid connected rooftop plants. UK Energy Minister,in a recent statement8, does not welcome large solar farms, instead he advises to go for

rooftop pants. He does not want to use agricultural land for solar generation. JNNSMwas not serious9 about India’s huge rooftop potential.

Currently India has an ambitious target of 100 GW by 2022 and 500 GW by 2050.Revised targets can be accomplished through several methods. It is time to rethink9 onIndia’s National Solar Mission (JNNSM). A new road map with proactive policies is theneed of the hour.

Rooftop solar policy According to the International Energy Agency (IEA), despite the fact that solar energy

currently only makes up around 1% of the total electricity market, it could be the biggestsingle source of electricity in the world by the year 2050. IEA says rooftop solar is“unbeatable” by other technologies. It says rooftop solar will account for half of all solarPV installations out to 2050. Note that there isn't enough conventional resources to meetenergy demand of 2050. As such major share or all of energy requirement is to comefrom renewable. Projected demand can be met from the huge solar potential and otherrenewable sources. With a vibrant rooftop solar policy, major share of power demandcan be generated at the load centre. India has to follow the global solar growth trajectorywhich is hypothesized as sigmoidal10 as shown in Fig 2


5/12

Source: cleantechnica http://bit.ly/1t4Bnh9

Fig 2

Policies are to be framed to raise solar generation to take this path. The only proven

means to accomplish this is adopting nationwide Feed in Tariff 11 (FiT). 70% of global

solar generation comes through FiT in 2013 according to IEA as shown in Fig 3.

Fig.3http://bit .ly/1wvvnTx Rooftops can contribute a good share of the 100/500 GW, India’s targets for 2022 and

2050.

http://bit.ly/1t4Bnh9http://bit.ly/1t4Bnh9http://bit.ly/1wvvnTxhttp://bit.ly/1wvvnTxhttp://bit.ly/1wvvnTxhttp://bit.ly/1wvvnTxhttp://bit.ly/1wvvnTxhttp://bit.ly/1wvvnTxhttp://bit.ly/1t4Bnh9http://bit.ly/1t4Bnh9


6/12

FiT policy for rooftop has to encourage domestic rooftop solar producers to come out in

large numbers. In a research it was found that middle class people are more enthusiastic

to install rooftop solar plant. They can easily be enticed by ensuring them enough benefit

through the FiT. Read about a US policy document12 f or low income consumers. The

third party involvement, as proposed by several states in India, would jeopardize the

whole programme of solar generation. Benefits through FiT should reach the solarproducer and not the middle man, the third party.

Incidentally US department of Treasury is conducting an investigation on how the THIRD

PARTY13 is fleecing customers. There is a general feeling that the solar lease model is

flawed. “Promoting ‘free solar’ (Third party model) could be the same as giving free

ammunition for the big, loud guns of the ever dangerous foes of PV.”

Germany conducted a study to identify the beneficiaries of FiT.

source: pvmagazine http://bit.ly/1s6Snph

Fig 4

It is assessed (Fig 4) that 75% of revenue accrued from FiT for rooftop solar plants willbe circulated within the society and not to large corporates. Rooftop solar has beengrowing at a significant pace in many countries worldwide. Germany leads, with over amillion rooftops sporting solar panels.

In US there is a movement called “Democratising Electricity System” spearheaded by

http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://bit.ly/1s6Snphhttp://bit.ly/1s6Snphhttp://bit.ly/1s6Snphhttp://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841


7/12

“Institute for Local Self- Reliance” (ILSR). They rely on rooftop solar plants for

democratising electricity system. They call upon utilities to ‘adapt or die’. The utilities are

required to promote RTS.

If applied it in India RTS will invigorate the society in every corner of the country and will

create more jobs in other fields improving the ‘happiness index’. If properly organized it

could become a people’s movement achieving the sigmoidal growth. Cooperatives, if

formed, can kick up momentum of growth. Fig 5 is an eye opener. Increase in number of

cooperat

ives

follow

identical

path to

that of

solar

growth.

Fig 5

Germany applied FiT for popularizing solar energy harvesting. They achieved wonderful

results in the years that followed. Solar generation took upward growth from almost nil in

1990 to 38 GW as of now, more than 60% of which is from rooftop segment. The growth

is sigmoidal.

Feed in Tariff (FiT)11

Feed in Tariff, in brief, is a policy mechanism designed to accelerate investment in

renewable energy technologies. This Law guarantees anyone who generates electricityfrom renewable energy source home owner, small business or large electricity utility is


8/12

able to sell that electricity into the utility grid and receive guaranteed long term payments

at a predetermined rate for energy transferred. This preferential rate is fixed considering

the benefit the society and the utility get from this renewable energy. FiT is not a

subsidy as generally understood.

FiT and grid parity for rooftop solar According to KPMG Rising Sun 2012 solar is very near to grid parity at the consumer

point (LCOP) Fig 6. This can vary for different states.

Fig 6

In a few years grid parity will be achieved in all states ending subsidy regime. In fact

subsidy regime14, if not handled carefully, will become the villain for solar growth.

In Figure 6, ‘Power price at exchange’ may escalate to phenomenal levels due to fuelshortage. The figures shown (Inter regional charges, Inter regional transmission losses,Distribution charges and T&D loss component) are the benefit accrued to the utility bysolar generation at consumer end. Fig 6 does not include the benefits to government(Society) as envisaged in Feed in Tariff. Combined benefits (Government & utility), ifshared with producers, will ensure good return to solar investors/consumers (Prosumers)

which will encourage them work hard to raise solar generation accomplishing thetargeted sigmoidal growth. This combined benefit is calculated based on the FiT policy of


9/12

government. Growth momentum depends on how pragmatic FiT is.

Cost of grid energy in India is rising at around 6% at the moment which may be faster in

coming years due to impending coal shortage. Relying on imported coal leads to

unsteady delivery and erratic price rise, both depends on political compulsions and

market vagaries abroad over which India has no control. India intend to stop import ofcoal in 2/-3 years, as recently declared by India’s Prime Minister in Australia during the

G20 meet.

Several utilities are unable to make the return on investment allowed as per the IE Act

2003. When grid tariff is decided considering the return on equity allowed by the

regulatory commission, solar will be closer to parity or even less costly with grid power.

Political compulsions, which is inherent in democratic society may influence the decision

makers to take unscientific conclusions on tariff.

Adverse effect of solar on utilities

Solar cost, globally, is declining and soon DG power become competitive. This will

create a spiralling fall in revenue of utility. As the solar generation increases there is a

corresponding decrease in generation from conventional sources which would reduce

generator's revenue which in turn would reduce the net profit of conventional power

producers. Note that plant load factor of conventional plants in Europe fell by 6% in six

years (2006-2012) adversely affecting the finance of generators. Refer Fig 7

Fig 7 Utilities have to change their management practices to cope with the new matrices.

Codes and practices are to be rewritten to cope with the changed scenario to keep the

power sector financially healthy. In fact this is a challenge utilities have to handle,

accepting their primaryresponsibility to provide quality power at reasonable cost.

Considering the continuous depletion of coal reserve, which cannot be avoided, theyhave to depend on the DG for regular revenue. They have to evolve methods to make


10/12

profit along with DG, growth of which cannot be stopped. They have to live with DG.

Financing and monitoring of rooftop producers When rooftop plants are commissioned under FiT the producer/consumer (Prosumers)

can approach commercial banks for loans. Banks will be happy to provide loans on

liberal terms relying on the GUARANTEED PAYMENT clause of FiT. Repayment period

for the loan can be 20/25 years as followed in several countries which will minimise the

burden (EMI) on the producer. Handing over a cheque to rooftop owner every month,

after paying the EMI, will boost the interest of neighbours to install RTS making the

whole exercise self-sustained. Banking sector will get a shot in the arm through the

RTS/FiT augmenting their business. Banks are made to run after solar generators for

increased business creating a sustainable growth. For an efficient working of the

financial transactions make sure that the utility pay the EMI direct to the bank (Financier)

by e-transfer. Number of rooftop producers will rise in large numbers and so intranet

transactions and electronic tabulations are essential for monitoring etc.

Some states, in their solar policy, envisage ‘third party owned’ rooftop installations.

Giving statutory protection for such an approach will make way for private monopolies. It

can end up in litigation involving utility, consumer and the third party, jeopardizing the

programme. Alternatively, the producer/consumer can lease the rooftop to third party

through bilateral business agreement. Third party can work on behalf of the

producer/consumer. The utility and the government need not be part of this business

deal. Let not the rooftop exercise infringe upon the intrinsic relationship between

consumer and utility that is derived through service connection agreement. Further, it

should be ensured that the benefit of rooftop generation reaches the producer and notthe middleman.

Policy support for rooftop solar

1. Ambitious targets require clear, credible and consistent signals from policy makers,which would inspire confidence in financiers (Bank) and producers/consumers(Prosumers)

2. Policy should ensure profitable returns to rooftop owner/consumer

3. Policy should compensate the utility for its investment to build and maintain the baseload power stations and grid.

4. Policy should compensate the utility for fall in revenue due to increased solar

generation.

Advantages of rooftop PV generation

1. Precious coal can be reserved for future generation. Coal is required for purposes

other than power generation.


11/12

2. Fossil fuel consumption can be reduced adapting to climate changes.

3. It is an alternative to large size PV power stations as space for large solar power

stations can be hard to come by and rather pricy.

4. Government need not provide any capital for rooftop plants as finance can be made

available through commercial banks or cooperatives.

5. Rapid fall in solar PV prices makes it financially very competitive with that of CSP.

Cost of power from CSP takes an upward path and cost of solar PV takes a downward

path

6. RTS generate more jobs compared to MW size projects. Job creation spreads acrossmanufacturing, sales & distribution, installation, O&M etc7. RTS can be planned and commissioned faster.

5. RTS does not need large and sophisticated infrastructure

6. RTS require only nominal modifications to transmission lines and substations.

A transition from depleting source to renewable source is inevitable. Going solar is

the choice, given the stupendous potential. Fastest growth is possible through Feed

in Tariff. Rooftop harvesting is the easiest. It is people friendly. Embrace it. Sooner

the better!!

Let us have a sustainable life on Earth.

References:

1. "Kerala has potential for 10,000 MW in solar rooftop energy"http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/kerala-has-potential-for-10000-mw-in-solar-rooftop-energy/article4607385.ece

2. ‘Kerala has potential to be energy independent’ http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kerala-has-potential-to-be-energy-independent/article6344050.ece

3. 'Make India a 100% renewable Energy Nation' Energy Blitz Jun-Jul 2014 issuehttp://issuu.com/energyblitz/docs/eb_june-july_2014_issue

4. ‘Kerala must plan switchover to 100% renewable energy’

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/kerala-must-plan-switchover-

to-100-renewable-energy/article5519432.ece

5. Cost Of Solar PV Will Fall To 2 Cents/kWh In 2050, Says Fraunhofer Study

http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/cost-of-solar-pv-will-fall-to-2-centskwh-in-2050-says-

fraunhofer-

study/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1d93cef

66a-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-1d93cef66a-331260841

6. "Current and future cost of photovoltaics"http://www.euractiv.com/files/euractiv_agora_solar_pv_study.pdf

http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/kerala-has-potential-for-10000-mw-in-solar-rooftop-energy/article4607385.ecehttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/kerala-has-potential-for-10000-mw-in-solar-rooftop-energy/article4607385.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kerala-has-potential-to-be-energy-independent/article6344050.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kerala-has-potential-to-be-energy-independent/article6344050.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kerala-has-potential-to-be-energy-independent/article6344050.ecehttp://issuu.com/energyblitz/docs/eb_june-july_2014_issuehttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/kerala-must-plan-switchover-to-100-renewable-energy/article5519432.ecehttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/kerala-must-plan-switchover-to-100-renewable-energy/article5519432.ecehttp://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/cost-of-solar-pv-will-fall-to-2-centskwh-in-2050-says-fraunhofer-study/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1d93cef66a-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-1d93cef66a-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/cost-of-solar-pv-will-fall-to-2-centskwh-in-2050-says-fraunhofer-study/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1d93cef66a-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-1d93cef66a-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/cost-of-solar-pv-will-fall-to-2-centskwh-in-2050-says-fraunhofer-study/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1d93cef66a-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-1d93cef66a-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/cost-of-solar-pv-will-fall-to-2-centskwh-in-2050-says-fraunhofer-study/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1d93cef66a-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-1d93cef66a-331260841http://www.euractiv.com/files/euractiv_agora_solar_pv_study.pdfhttp://www.euractiv.com/files/euractiv_agora_solar_pv_study.pdfhttp://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/cost-of-solar-pv-will-fall-to-2-centskwh-in-2050-says-fraunhofer-study/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1d93cef66a-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-1d93cef66a-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/cost-of-solar-pv-will-fall-to-2-centskwh-in-2050-says-fraunhofer-study/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1d93cef66a-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-1d93cef66a-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/cost-of-solar-pv-will-fall-to-2-centskwh-in-2050-says-fraunhofer-study/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1d93cef66a-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-1d93cef66a-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/03/25/cost-of-solar-pv-will-fall-to-2-centskwh-in-2050-says-fraunhofer-study/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=1d93cef66a-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-1d93cef66a-331260841http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/kerala-must-plan-switchover-to-100-renewable-energy/article5519432.ecehttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/industry-and-economy/kerala-must-plan-switchover-to-100-renewable-energy/article5519432.ecehttp://issuu.com/energyblitz/docs/eb_june-july_2014_issuehttp://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kerala-has-potential-to-be-energy-independent/article6344050.ecehttp://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/tp-national/tp-kerala/kerala-has-potential-to-be-energy-independent/article6344050.ecehttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/kerala-has-potential-for-10000-mw-in-solar-rooftop-energy/article4607385.ecehttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/todays-paper/tp-others/tp-states/kerala-has-potential-for-10000-mw-in-solar-rooftop-energy/article4607385.ece


12/12

7. 'On with a solar power mission' http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article316127.ece

8. "UK Energy Minister: Solar Farms Not Welcome In The UK"

http://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/15/uk-energy-minister-solar-farms-welcome-

uk/?utm_source=Solar+News&utm_campaign=2e6f3eb8e4-

RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_28ebd5756b-2e6f3eb8e4-

3320188059. "Rethink on India's National Solar Mission" Energy Blitz Aug-Sept 2014 issue

http://issuu.com/energyblitz/docs/energy_blitz__aug-sep.2014_issue10. "The Continuing Exponential Growth Of Global Solar PV Production & Installation"

http://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/22/exponential-growth-global-solar-pv-production-installation/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9ad6696e7c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-9ad6696e7c-331260841

11. “Adopt Feed in Tariff and Avoid Energy Crisis” Energy Blitz Oct-Nov 2014 issue

http://issuu.com/energyblitz/docs/eb_oct-nov.2014_issue

12. "Solar Power For Low- & Moderate-Income Americans — Obama’s New Solar

Initiative" http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-

americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608

d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841

13. "The Real Price of Free Solar"

http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/06/the-real-price-of-free-

solar.html?eid=291121656&bid=1095110

14. “Subsidy regime blamed for solar scam”http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/subsidy-regime-blamed-for-solar-scam/article4856926.ece

*****15.7.2015

http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article316127.ecehttp://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/15/uk-energy-minister-solar-farms-welcome-uk/?utm_source=Solar+News&utm_campaign=2e6f3eb8e4-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_28ebd5756b-2e6f3eb8e4-332018805http://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/15/uk-energy-minister-solar-farms-welcome-uk/?utm_source=Solar+News&utm_campaign=2e6f3eb8e4-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_28ebd5756b-2e6f3eb8e4-332018805http://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/15/uk-energy-minister-solar-farms-welcome-uk/?utm_source=Solar+News&utm_campaign=2e6f3eb8e4-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_28ebd5756b-2e6f3eb8e4-332018805http://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/15/uk-energy-minister-solar-farms-welcome-uk/?utm_source=Solar+News&utm_campaign=2e6f3eb8e4-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_28ebd5756b-2e6f3eb8e4-332018805http://issuu.com/energyblitz/docs/energy_blitz__aug-sep.2014_issuehttp://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/22/exponential-growth-global-solar-pv-production-installation/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9ad6696e7c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-9ad6696e7c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/22/exponential-growth-global-solar-pv-production-installation/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9ad6696e7c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-9ad6696e7c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/22/exponential-growth-global-solar-pv-production-installation/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9ad6696e7c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-9ad6696e7c-331260841http://issuu.com/energyblitz/docs/eb_oct-nov.2014_issuehttp://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/06/the-real-price-of-free-solar.html?eid=291121656&bid=1095110http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/06/the-real-price-of-free-solar.html?eid=291121656&bid=1095110http://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/subsidy-regime-blamed-for-solar-scam/article4856926.ecehttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/subsidy-regime-blamed-for-solar-scam/article4856926.ecehttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/subsidy-regime-blamed-for-solar-scam/article4856926.ecehttp://www.thehindubusinessline.com/news/states/subsidy-regime-blamed-for-solar-scam/article4856926.ecehttp://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/06/the-real-price-of-free-solar.html?eid=291121656&bid=1095110http://www.renewableenergyworld.com/articles/2015/06/the-real-price-of-free-solar.html?eid=291121656&bid=1095110http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2015/07/11/solar-power-for-low-moderate-income-americans-obamas-new-solar-initiative/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=34608d8e3c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-34608d8e3c-331260841http://issuu.com/energyblitz/docs/eb_oct-nov.2014_issuehttp://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/22/exponential-growth-global-solar-pv-production-installation/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9ad6696e7c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-9ad6696e7c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/22/exponential-growth-global-solar-pv-production-installation/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9ad6696e7c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-9ad6696e7c-331260841http://cleantechnica.com/2014/07/22/exponential-growth-global-solar-pv-production-installation/?utm_source=Cleantechnica+News&utm_medium=email&utm_campaign=9ad6696e7c-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_term=0_b9b83ee7eb-9ad6696e7c-331260841http://issuu.com/energyblitz/docs/energy_blitz__aug-sep.2014_issuehttp://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/15/uk-energy-minister-solar-farms-welcome-uk/?utm_source=Solar+News&utm_campaign=2e6f3eb8e4-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_28ebd5756b-2e6f3eb8e4-332018805http://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/15/uk-energy-minister-solar-farms-welcome-uk/?utm_source=Solar+News&utm_campaign=2e6f3eb8e4-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_28ebd5756b-2e6f3eb8e4-332018805http://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/15/uk-energy-minister-solar-farms-welcome-uk/?utm_source=Solar+News&utm_campaign=2e6f3eb8e4-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_28ebd5756b-2e6f3eb8e4-332018805http://cleantechnica.com/2014/11/15/uk-energy-minister-solar-farms-welcome-uk/?utm_source=Solar+News&utm_campaign=2e6f3eb8e4-RSS_EMAIL_CAMPAIGN&utm_medium=email&utm_term=0_28ebd5756b-2e6f3eb8e4-332018805http://www.thehindu.com/todays-paper/article316127.ece

Documents

Rooftop Solar and India's Energy Security