ROMEROMEPart 2Part 2

Key Roman Leaders and Brief Key Roman Leaders and Brief History History AugustusAugustus

o New political system: Emperor selects successor.

o Emperors, overtime, took power away from Senate.

TiberiusTiberiusGermanicus & CaligulaGermanicus & Caligula

ClaudiusClaudiusNeroNero

VespasianVespasianPAX ROMANAPAX ROMANA

(Peace and Prosperity)TrajanTrajan

HadrianHadrianMarcus AureliusMarcus Aurelius

OTHERS OTHERS CaracallaCaracalla

ConstantineConstantineo Two Slides coming up…

17 AD - Germanicus secures Rhine frontier.

-After a hard three-year campaign, the General Germanicus secures the

Rhine frontier. -He is recalled to Rome by Tiberius and given a magnificent triumph to

mark his military achievement.

TIBERIUS ERA (14-37)TIBERIUS ERA (14-37)

14 AD - The death of Augustus and succession.

-Augustus dies and Tiberius is named emperor.

-Tiberius brings with him a stern, defiant sense of duty.

-His motto is: "Let them hate me, provided they approve of what I do."

19 AD -Germanicus dies.-Germanicus dies, possibly

murdered. Despite the lack of evidence, his widow,

-Agrippina the Elder, is convinced that Tiberius poisoned him and

wages a relentless vendetta against the emperor.

-History suggests possible motives for Tiberius, including jealousy and

fear.

30 or 33 AD - Jesus crucified.

-The teachings of Jesus outrage religious leaders, but also threatens

to disrupt the fragile political stability imposed by Rome.

-Jesus is arrested in Jerusalem by the Jewish authorities on a charge of

treason and political subversion, and is handed over to the Roman

Governor, Pontius PilatePontius Pilate. -Although Pilate is willing to release

him, fears of a riot and political repercussions compels him to send

Jesus to his death.

CALIGULA ERA (37-41) 37 AD - Tiberius' death and

succession-Gaius Caesar is named emperor. -He is known as Caligula, or 'little

boots' - a nickname given to him as a boy by the soldiers of his father, Germanicus, because of the small

army boots he once wore.

41 AD - Caligula's murder and succession.

Caligula's cruel tyranny provokes huge opposition and many plots. Although he tries to crush them, new plots replace those he has

discovered. After his murder, his uncle, Claudius, is discovered in the

palace hiding behind a curtain. Soldiers carry him off to their camp where they persuade him to become

the new emperor.

46-57 AD - Paul spreads the Christian message.

Saul of Tarsus is one of the fiercest persecutors of Christians until, one

day, he has an extraordinary conversion while on the road to

Damascus. Using his Latin name, Paul, he becomes the champion of the faith, traveling the length and breadth of the empire carrying the Christian message to the Roman

world.

48 AD - Murder of Messalina.Messalina, wife of Claudius, is

accused of conspiring against her husband and executed.

49 AD - Claudius remarries.Claudius marries Agrippina the Younger, mother of Nero, on New Year's Day. She persuades Claudius to adopt her son

NERO ERA (54-68)

54 AD - Claudius dies. Nero named emperor.Agrippina is happy to use murder as a way to win her battles. Many historical sources accuse her of killing Claudius with a plate of poisoned mushrooms, thereby enabling Nero to take the throne as emperor.

59 AD - Nero orders murder of his mother, Agrippina the Younger.Nero is concerned that Agrippina has too much power. After several failed attempts on her life, he sends men to charge her with treason and execute her. Legend says that when the emperor's soldiers came to kill her, Agrippina pulled back her clothes and ordered them to stab her in the belly that had housed such a monstrous son.

64 AD - The Great Fire of Rome.The Great Fire of Rome begins on July 18 and lasts for six days and seven nights. Of Rome's 14 districts only four remain untouched. Rumors circulate that Nero had been singing and dancing while Rome burned. In order to divert attention away from himself, Nero blames the Christians. He orders some to be thrown to the lions; many others are crucified.

65 AD - Plots against Nero.Nero discovers power conspiracies against him. Increasingly alone and paranoid, Nero kicks his wife to death while she is pregnant and ill. Reportedly, this is for complaining that he came home late from the races.

68 AD - Nero's death and succession.Support for Nero is dwindling and he is declared a public enemy by the Senate, meaning anyone can kill him without being punished. Terrified, and abandoned by everyone, except a few of his slaves, Nero flees to the country. There he commits suicide, ending the dynasty of Augustus.

80 AD - Colosseum completed.The Colosseum, started by Vespasian in 72 AD, is completed by Titus. It holds more than 50,000 spectators. The games held at its inauguration last for 100 days and nights, during which time some 5,000 animals are slaughtered.

TRAJAN 98-117

98 AD - Nerva's death and succession.Roman generals co-operate for the first time to choose the next emperor. They force Nerva to adopt an acceptable heir from outside his own family. The result is resoundingly successful, as a Spanish-born Senator and general named Trajan becomes emperor.

http://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/special/timelinehttp://www.pbs.org/empires/romans/special/timeline

HADRIAN 117-138117 AD – Hadrian’s Reign.While most Roman Emperors spent time and effort building and expanding the Roman Empire, Hadrian spent time attempting to preserve it. To prevent barbarian invasions, Hadrian ordered the construction of a , but the wall itself may have served more of a propaganda purpose than actual defense.

MARCUS AURELIUS 161-180 ADFamous emperor from the movie Gladiator. Based on a true

character, his death ends the Pax Pax RomanaRomana Period. The Pax Romana period marks a time of peace and prosperity. Based on the movie, his son, Commodus, does emerge as the next emperor of Rome.

CARACALLA 211 - 217 ADCaracalla will kill his very own brother Geta, to assume the sole role of emperor. Caracalla engineered one of the last great architectural feats: The Baths of Caracalla. Caracalla will eventually be assassinated by one of his own officers in the imperial guard while urinating at a roadside. It is said that the guard’s brother was executed a few days earlier by Caracalla’s orders.

DIOCLETIAN 284 - 305 ADDiocletian will pass many reforms that enable the Roman Empire to remain intact for the next one hundred years. Some of these reforms included: economics, governement, and military, but the most important would be the splitting up of leadership within the empire into East and West sections. This in turn created the beginnings of what we have come to know as the Eastern and Western Roman Empire.

Constantine 306-337 A.D.Constantine 306-337 A.D.BackgroundBackgroundChristianityChristianity

Persecution of Persecution of ChristiansChristians

Roman Roman MythologyMythology

Pontius Pilate & Pontius Pilate & JesusJesus

Constantine vs. MaxentiusConstantine vs. Maxentius Maxentius (co-emperor, Maxentius (co-emperor,

brother-in-law)brother-in-law) Crucial Battle of the Crucial Battle of the

Milvian BridgeMilvian Bridge Constantine out-numberedConstantine out-numbered Sees a vision of Christ/GodSees a vision of Christ/God In this sign you shall be In this sign you shall be

the victorsthe victors Orders the symbol of Orders the symbol of

Christ upon army shieldsChrist upon army shields Constantine wins Constantine wins

Converts to ChristianityConverts to ChristianityChi-Rho= 1st two letters in the Greek Spelling of Christ

Milvian BridgeMilvian Bridge The Milvian Bridge (Ponte Milvio in Italian) is the oldest functioning bridge in Rome and serves today as a pedestrian crossing only (no

cars).

Arch of ConstantineArch of Constantineo Be familiar with the reforms of these

leaders toward the end of the chapter.312 A.D.312 A.D.

Results of Constantine’s Results of Constantine’s ConversionConversion

o Christians safe from Persecution

o Exposure of all his subjects in Roman Empire

o Sunday, Official Roman holiday for church attendance.

o Church/state should be as close as possible

o Byzantium becomes “New Rome” and then Constantinople…

o Then Istanbul (Present day city in Turkey)

The Nicene CreedI believe in one God, the Father Almighty, Maker of heaven and

earth, and of all things visible and invisible.And in one Lord Jesus Christ, the only-begotten Son of God,

begotten of the Father before all worlds; God of God, Light of Light, very God of very God; begotten, not made, being of one substance

with the Father, by whom all things were made.Who, for us men and for our salvation, came down from heaven, and

was incarnate by the Holy Spirit of the virgin Mary, and was made man; and was crucified also for us under Pontius Pilate; He suffered and was buried; and the third day He rose again, according to the

Scriptures; and ascended into heaven, and sits on the right hand of the Father; and He shall come again, with glory, to judge the quick

and the dead; whose kingdom shall have no end.And I believe in the Holy Ghost, the Lord and Giver of Life; who

proceeds from the Father and the Son; who with the Father and the Son together is worshipped and glorified; who spoke by the

prophets.And I believe in one holy catholic and apostolic Church. I

acknowledge one baptism for the remission of sins; and I look for the resurrection of the dead, and the life of the world to come.

Amen.

The Church of the Holy SepulchreThe site is where the New Testament says that Jesus was crucified, and is said to also contain the place where Jesus was buried (the sepulchre). The church has been an important pilgrimage destination since at least the 4th century, as the purported site of the death and resurrection of Jesus.

ChristianityChristianity

The Fall of the Western The Fall of the Western EmpireEmpireNumerous Theories

o Christianity’s emphasis on a spiritual kingdom weakened Roman military values

o Traditional Roman values declined as non-Italians gained prominence in the empire

o Lead poisoning through laden water pipes and cups caused a mental decline

o The plague wiped out the population

o Rome failed to advance technologically because of slavery

o Rome was unable to put together a workable political system

When did it end and how?o The Huns put pressure on a group called

Visigoths. Visigoths had no where to go but to the west.

o Time and Time again, the Romans negotiate peace with the Visigoths but never act up to their end of the bargain.

o Alaric is passed over in the Roman legion. o Alaric sets up a blockade of Romeo Eventually, the Visigoths sack Rome in 410A.D. o Although the Visigoths sack Rome, first time ever

in the imperial age, the Visigoths don’t stay long. Why?

o The Goths get “credit” for ending Rome, but it is the Huns who apply the pressure.

o THE GOTHS VIDEO…

o Attila The Hun (Click here for more info)

“THE SCOURGE OF GOD”