Rome - Intro

CHW3MMs. GluskinYork Mills CI

A Practical and Monumental Civilization

Wilke D. Schram. The Roman Water System. 2006. http://www.romanaqueducts.info/aquapub/tardieu_photos.htm (March 29, 2012).

Cloaca Maxima, sewer

Public toilets at Ostia, 40 BCE

Affordable Housing Institute: US. The Economics of Water: Part 5 – Roman Municipal Finance. 2012. http://affordablehousinginstitute.org/blogs/us/2008/04/the-economics-of-water-part-5-roman-municipal-finance.html (March 29, 2012).

Familiar To Many People…

Keith Hopkins, The Colosseum: Emblem of Rome, BBC History, 2011, http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/ancient/romans/colosseum_01.shtml (April 1, 2013).

Colosseum, amphitheatre in Rome

Aqueduct in Segovia, Spain

PBS, Building Big, Tunnel Basics, Ancient Roman Aqueduct, 2001, http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/buildingbig/tunnel/aqueduct.html (April 1, 2013).

Historical Thinking Concepts

Evidence

Historical Perspectives

Continuity & ChangeCause &

Consequence

Trial of the Assassins of Julius Caesar

Roman Emperor PPT Assignment

Mostly secondary sources

Timeline of Republic

700s BCE – Etruscan civilization

753 BCE – Founding of Rome

509 BCE – Roman Republic begins

Monarchy

Republic = form of government with no monarchy

Timeline of Empire

Republic

About.com. Legendary Rome Timeline. 2012. http://ancienthistory.about.com/od/romehistory/tp/Legendary-Rome-Timeline.htm (March 29, 2012).

Romulus and Remus, legendary founders of Rome

44 BCE: Rome at the end of the Republic

Metropolitan Museum. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. The Roman Republic. 2000. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/hd/romr/hd_romr.htm (March 29, 2012).

Theme #1: Growth & Expansion

W.W. Norton Publishing, Ralph's World Civilizations Chapter 9, 1997,

http://www.wwnorton.com/college/history/ralph/resource/rome.htm (March 30, 2013).

Expansion began from the city of Rome (red dot) circa 500 BCE and extended to the purple, pink and yellow areas by the end of the republic (44 BCE)

Geographic Features That Affected Rome’s Development

Physical map of Europe

Free Maps of the World. Physical Map of Europe. N.d., http://www.freeworldmaps.net/europe/index.html (April

2, 2012).

Orientation Toward the Sea

TradeNavyTherefore:

Eventually Rome was able to dominate the Mediterranean.

No Internal Physical Barriers

There were mountains but they didn’t divide like in Greece

Therefore: There was more unity than in Greece after

the Romans (a tribe) began expanding and conquering other territories.

Agriculture

Very fertile soil (due to volcanic ash)Good riversPopulation growth meant that there still

wasn’t enough landNeed to import grain from Sicily and Egypt

Therefore:Romans needed to conquer more territory in

order to expand (military)Carthage potential enemy

The Alps

These mountains separated Rome from the rest of Europe

Po River was seen as a border dividing civilized Rome from northern “barbarians”

Therefore: Rome felt protected by these mountains,

possibly superiorThere were invasions, however

Alps

Hannibal crossing the Alps

Alps

Archaeology Photoblog. Hannibal In the Alps. Stanford Alpine Archaeology Project: 1994-2006.

http://traumwerk.stanford.edu/archaeolog/2006/04/hannibal_in_the_alps_stanford_1.html (March 29, 2012).

Theme #2: Romanization

Roman bath in Bath, England

Bath and Northeast Somerset Council, The Roman Baths, Bath, N.d. http://www.romanbaths.co.uk/

(March 30, 2013).

Romanization = spread of Roman values and culture

Theme #3: Importance of Citizenship

Ruins of Forum Romanum, where citizens came to meet

National Geographic News, Photo Gallery: Ancient Rome Reborn in 3-D, Oct. 28, 2010,

http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2007/08/photogalleries/rome-reborn/photo8.html (March 30, 2013).

Privileges of citizenship – see pages 176-177 in textbook

Privileges of Roman Citizenship

Protected in law from random power of magistrates

Child of father citizen is citizen (if…)Less taxes, no tribute paymentSlave freed by citizen is citizen (if…)

Theme #4: Struggle of the Orders – Patricians vs. Plebeians

The Plebeians went on strike in the 400s BCE (plebeian secession)

The Twelve Tables (law code from the 400s BCE) Table VIII. 2. If one has maimed the limb and does not compromise

with the injured person, let there be retaliation. If one has broken a bone of a freeman with his hand or with a cudgel, let him pay a penalty of three hundred coins. If he has broken the bone of a slave, let him have one hundred and fifty coins. If one is guilty of insult, the penalty shall be twenty-five coins.

Table XI.1. Marriages should not take place between plebeians and patricians. [Later struck down.]

Oliver J. Thatcher, ed., The Library of Original Sources (Milwaukee: University Research Extension Co., 1901), Vol. III: The Roman World, pp. 9-11. In Paul Halsall, Ancient History Sourcebook: The Roman Republic: The Twelve Tables http://www.fordham.edu/halsall/ancient/12tables.html (June 1998), August 10, 2002

Theme #5: Complicated Form of Government in Republic

Elements of monarchy – but they hate kings [2 Consuls and other magistrates]

Elements of aristocracy – but not 100% pure power for them [Senate]

Elements of democracy – but not direct democracy like in Athens [committees and tribunes]

Balanced Government?

2 Consuls + other magistrates

Committees Councils, Tribunes

Magistrates (gov’t officials)

Magistrates want to climb the Cursus Honorum

CensorsConsuls

Praetors

AedilesQuaestors

Why is dictator not on the cursus honorum?

Census and censorship

Army

Justice, relations between Romans and non-Romans

Roads, water, etc.

Financial matters

Theme #6: State Religion

The concrete dome of the Pantheon, a temple originally built to honour all of the Roman gods. Later it was turned into a Christian Church in the 600s CE after the empire became Christian (300s CE).

McGill Architecture, Pantheon Rome, 2005, http://www.arch.mcgill.ca/prof/sijpkes/abc-structures-2005/Lectures-2005/term-work/50-questions/sixth-five.html (March 30, 2013).

Rome.info, Roman Pantheon, 2003-2009, http://www.rome.info/pantheon/ (April 1, 2013).

Etruscans

They were another tribe on the Italian peninsula just north of Rome

Highly advanced culture Some of Rome’s 7 early kings were

Etruscan

Etruscan urn, 4th or 3rd century BCE

Metropolitan Museum. Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History. Cinerary Urn. 2000. http://www.metmuseum.org/toah/works-of-art/96.9.225a,b (March 29, 2012).

Etruscan Cultural Contributions to Rome

Greek alphabetUrban infrastructure

TunnelsDamsArches and vaults

Religious practicesAnimism = spirits are everywhereTaking auspices = predicting the future by

looking at the livers of animals

Kevin J. McGowan, Cornell Lab of Ornithology, Frequently Asked Questions About Crows, 2010,

http://www.birds.cornell.edu/crows/crowfaq.htm (April 1, 2013).

Etruscan Cultural Contributions, con’t

Funereal games = gladiator games eventually

SymbolsFasces = became a

Roman symbol of imperium,

having the power over life

and death

(see page 168 in textbook) fasces

Livius. Fasces. N.d., http://www.livius.org/fa-fn/fasces/fasces.html (March 29, 2012).

Homework Day 1:

Take notes on 172-176: Importance of Gauls, Sicily and southern

SpainCarthaginians, HannibalScipio AfricanusAddition of eastern territoryColoniaeVia Appia

Homework Takeup: 172-176

Name two societies that at one point defeated the Romans.

Name two societies the Romans defeated.

What was the importance of coloniae to the Romans?

How did roads help Romanize the Italian peninsula?

Monarchical, Aristocratic or Democratic Element of Republican Government?

Includes the two leaders of the armies

A check on their power is that they can only serve one year in a row

It looks like they might have the most power in this supposedly “balanced” system

A check on their power is that they control where the army is sent

Patricians with a lot of power

A check on their power is that they must agree

Eventually came to have some say against patricians

Roman Social CustomsBeliefs:

SuperstitiousGreeks and Etruscans, added their ownAuspices, military, elections, godsAstrology, zodiacPontifex Maximus, calendarAnimal sacrifices

Family Life and Morality:FamilyPaterfamilias, household, wife, children,

slavesPotestas Property Adoption LoveRecognized

EducationTogetherLatin Home, in public 16, ForumNo educationGirls