Romania

România  (Romanian)

Flag

Coat of arms

Anthem: Deșteaptă-te, române! '"Awaken thee, Romanian!"

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Capitaland largest city

Bucharest44°25′N26°06′E

Official languages Romanian[1]

Recognisedminority languages[2]

Ethnic groups(2011[3])

88.9% Romanians

6.1% Hungarians

3.0% Roma

0.2% Ukrainians

Romania

Romania (/roʊˈmeɪniə/ ( listen) ro-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian:

România i [romɨˈni.a]) is a sovereign state located at the

crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It

borders the Black Sea to south-east, Bulgaria to the south,

Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to south-

west, and Moldova to the east. It has a predominantly

temperate-continental climate. With a total area of 238,397

square kilometres (92,046 sq mi), Romania is the 12th largest

country and also the 7 th most populous member state of the

European Union having almost 20 million inhabitants. Its

capital and largest city is Bucharest and other major urban

areas include Iași, Timișoara, Cluj-Napoca and Constanța.

The River Danube, Europe's second-longest river, rises in

Germany's Black Forest and flows in a general southeast

direction for 2,857 km (1,7 7 5 mi), coursing through ten

countries before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta. The

Carpathian Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to

the southwest, include Moldoveanu Peak, at an altitude of

2,544 m (8,346 ft).[10]

Modern Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal

union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and

Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since

1866, gained independence from the Ottoman Empire in 187 7 .

At the end of World War I, Transylvania, Banat, Bukovina, and

Bessarabia united with the sovereign Kingdom of Romania.

During World War II, Romania was an Axis power and,

consequently , an ally of Nazi Germany against the Soviet

Union, fighting side by side with the Wehrmacht until 1944,

when it joined the Allies and faced occupation by the Red

Army's forces. Throughout wartime Romania had lost several

territories, of which only Northern Transylvania was regained

after the war. Following the war, Romania became a socialist

republic and member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989

Revolution, Romania began a transition towards democracy

and a capitalist market economy.

Romania is a developing country [11][12] and ranks 50th in the

Human Development Index. It has the world's 47 th largest

economy by nominal GDP and an annual economic growth

rate of 7 % (2017 ), the highest in the EU at the time.[13]

Coor din a tes: 4 6 °N 2 5 °E

Location of  Romania  (dark green)– in Europe  (green & dark grey)– in the European Union  (green)  –  [Legend]

See here

0:00 MENU

0.2% Germans

Demonym Romanian

Government Unitary semi-presidentialrepublic

• President Klaus Iohannis

• Prime Minister Viorica Dăncilă

Legislature Parliament

• Upper house Senate

• Lower house Chamber ofDeputies

Formation

• Kingdom of Dacia 168 BC

• Roman conquest 106

• Migration Period 275 – 10thcentury

• First Romanianpolities

10th century –1330

• Principality ofWallachia

1330

• Principality ofMoldavia

1346

• Principality ofTransylvania

1570

• First union underMichael theBrave

1600

• UnitedPrincipalitiesa

24 January 1859

• Independencefromthe OttomanEmpire

9 May 1877 /1878b

• Kingdom ofRomania

14 March 1881

• Great Unionc 1 December1918d

Area

• Total 238,397 km2

(92,046 sq mi)(81st)

• Water (%) 3

Population

• 2017 estimate 19,638,000 [4]

(59th)

• 2011 census 20,121,641[3]

(58th)

• Density 84.4/km2

(218.6/sq mi)(117th)

GDP (PPP) 2018 estimate

• Total $474.032

Following rapid economic growth in the early 2000s, Romania

has an economy predominantly based on services, and is a

producer and net exporter of machines and electric energy,

featuring companies like Automobile Dacia and OMV Petrom.

It has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, part of

NATO since 2004, and part of the European Union since 2007 .

An overwhelming majority of the population identifies

themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians and are native

speakers of Romanian, a Romance language.

EtymologyOfficial names

HistoryEarly history

Middle Ages

Independence and monarchy

World Wars and Greater Romania

Communism

Contemporary period

NATO and EU integration

Geography and cl imateClimate

GovernanceForeign relations

Military

Administrative divisions

EconomyInfrastructure

Tourism

Science and technology

DemographicsLanguages

Religion

Urbanization

Education

Healthcare

CultureArts and monuments

Holidays, traditions, and cuisine

Sports

See also

Notes

References

SourcesPrimary sources

Secondary sources

External l inksGovernment

Culture and history links

Contents

billion[5] (42nd)

• Per capita $26,499[6] (61st)

GDP (nominal) 2018 estimate

• Total $204.943billion[5] (49th)

• Per capita $12,575[7] (67th)

Gini (2013)  34[8]

medium

HDI (2015)  0.802[9]

very high · 50th

Currency Romanian Leu(RON)

Time zone EET (UTC+2)

• Summer (DST) EEST (UTC+3)

Date format dd.mm.yyyy (AD)

Drives on the right

Calling code +40

Patron saint Saint Andrew

ISO 3166 code RO

Internet TLD .roe

a. The double election of Alexandru Ioan

Cuza in Moldavia and Wallachia

(respectively, 5 and 24 January 1859).

b. Independence proclaimed on 9 May

1877, internationally recognised in

1878.

c. The union of Romania with Bessarabia,

Bukovina and Transylvania in 1918.

d. Monarchy was abolished on 30

December 1947 upon the proclamation

of the People's Republic and was

changed with the new constitution

upon its adoption on 21 August 1965

as the Socialist Republic. The

Communist regime fell on 22

December 1989, the new democratic

government was installed on 20 May

1990 and the new post-communist

constitution was adopted on 21

November 1991. Romania joined the

European Union on 1 January 2007.

e. Also .eu, shared with other European

Union member states.

Romania derives from the Latin romanus, meaning "citizen of

Rome".[14] The first known use of the appellation was attested

in the 16th century by Italian humanists travelling in

Transylvania, Moldavia, and Wallachia.[15][16][17][18]

The oldest known surviving document written in Romanian, a

1521 letter known as the "Letter of Neacșu from

Câmpulung",[19] is also notable for including the first

documented occurrence of the country 's name: Wallachia is

mentioned as Țeara Rumânească (old spelling for "The

Romanian Land"; țeara from the Latin terra, "land"; current

spelling: Țara Românească).

Two spelling forms: român and rumân were used

interchangeably [a] until sociolinguistic developments in the

late 17 th century led to semantic differentiation of the two

forms: rumân came to mean "bondsman", while român

retained the original ethnolinguistic meaning.[20] After the

abolition of serfdom in 17 46, the word rumân gradually fell

out of use and the spelling stabilised to the form român.[b]

Tudor Vladimirescu, a revolutionary leader of the early 19th

century, used the term Rumânia to refer exclusively to the

principality of Wallachia."[21]

The use of the name Romania to refer to the common

homeland of all Romanians—its modern-day meaning—was

first documented in the early 19th century.[c] The name has

been officially in use since 11 December 1861.[22]

Etymology

Neacșu's letter from 1521, the oldest

surviving document written in

Romanian.

In English, the name of the country was formerly spelt Rumania or Roumania.[23] Romania became the

predominant spelling around 197 5.[24] Romania is also the official English-language spelling used by the

Romanian government.[25] A handful of other languages (including Italian, Hungarian, Portuguese, and

Norwegian) have also switched to "o" like English, but most languages continue to prefer forms with u, e.g.

French Roumanie, German and Swedish Rumänien, Spanish Rumanía, Polish Rumunia, Russian Румыния

(Rumyniya), and Japanese ルーマニア (Rūmania).

1859–1862: United Pr incipal it ies of Wallachia and Moldavia

1862–1866: Romanian United Pr incipal it ies or Romania

1866–1881: Romania or Principality of Romania

1881–1947: Kingdom of Romania or Romania

1947–1965: Romanian People 's Republic (RPR) or Romania

1965–December, 1989: Social ist Republic of Romania (RSR) or Romania

December, 1989–present: Romania

The human remains found in Peștera cu Oase ("The Cave with Bones"),

radiocarbon dated as being from circa 40,000 years ago, represent the

oldest known Homo sapiens in Europe.[26][27] The Neolithic-Age Cucuteni

area in northeastern Romania was the western region of the earliest

European civilization, known as the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture.[28] Also

the earliest known salt works in the world is at Poiana Slatinei, near the

village of Lunca in Romania; it was first used in the early Neolithic, around

6050 BC, by the Starčevo culture, and later by the Cucuteni-Trypillian

culture in the Pre-Cucuteni period.[29] Evidence from this and other sites

indicates that the Cucuteni-Trypillian culture extracted salt from salt-laden

spring water through the process of briquetage.

Prior to the Roman conquest of

Dacia, the territories between the

Danube and Dniester rivers were

inhabited by various Thracian peoples, including the Dacians

and the Getae.[30] Herodotus, in his work "Histories", notes the

religious difference between the Getae and other Thracians,[31]

however, according to Strabo, the Dacians and the Getae spoke

the same language.[30] Dio Cassius draws attention to the

cultural similarities between the two people.[30] There is a

scholarly dispute whether the Dacians and the Getae were the

same people.[32][33]

Roman incursions under Emperor Trajan between 101–102 AD

and 105–106 AD resulted in half of the Dacian kingdom

becoming a province of the Roman Empire called "Dacia Felix". The Roman rule lasted for 165 years.

Official names

History

Early history

Decebalus, king of Dacia,

as depicted in Cartea

omului matur (1919)

Pagan sanctuaries at Sarmizegetusa

Regia, the former capital of the

Dacian Kingdom, now part of

Hunedoara County

During this period the province was fully integrated into the Roman Empire, and a sizeable part of the

population were newcomers from other provinces.[34] The Roman colonists introduced the Latin

language. According to followers of the continuity theory, the intense Romanization gave birth to the

Proto-Romanian language.[35][36] The province was rich in ore deposits (especially gold and silver in

places like Alburnus Maior). Roman troops pulled out of Dacia around 27 1 AD.[37][38] The territory was

later invaded by various migrating peoples.[39][40][41][42]

Burebista, Decebalus, and Trajan are considered the Romanians' forefathers in Romanian

historiography.[43][44][45]

In the Middle Ages, Romanians lived in three principalities:

Wallachia (Romanian: Țara Românească – "The Romanian

Land"), Moldavia (Romanian: Moldova) and in Transylvania.[46]

The existence of independent Romanian voivodeships in

Transylvania as early as the 9th century is mentioned in Gesta

Hungarorum,[47] but by the 11th century, Transylvania had

become a largely autonomous part of the Kingdom of

Hungary.[48] In the other parts, many small local states with

varying degrees of independence developed, but only under

Basarab I and Bogdan I the larger principalities of Wallachia and

Moldavia would emerge in the 14th century to fight the threat of

the Ottoman Empire.[49][50]

By 1541, the entire Balkan peninsula and most of Hungary had been

conquered and integrated into the Ottoman Empire. By contrast, Moldavia,

Wallachia, and Transylvania, while under Ottoman suzerainty, preserved

partial or full internal autonomy until the mid-19th century (Transylvania

until 17 11 [51]). This period featured several prominent rulers such as:

Stephen the Great, Vasile Lupu, Alexander the Good and Dimitrie Cantemir

in Moldavia; Vlad the Impaler, Mircea the Elder, Matei Basarab, Neagoe

Basarab and Constantin Brâncoveanu in Wallachia; and Gabriel Bethlen in

the Principality of Transylvania, as well as John Hunyadi and Matthias

Corvinus in Transylvania, while it was still a part of the Kingdom of

Hungary.[52][53]

In 1600, all three principalities were ruled simultaneously by the

Wallachian prince Michael the Brave (Mihai Viteazul), who was considered, later on, the precursor of

modern Romania and became a point of reference for nationalists, as well as a catalyst for achieving a

single Romanian state.[54]

During the period of the Austro-Hungarian rule in Transylvania and of Ottoman suzerainty over Wallachia

and Moldavia, most Romanians were given few rights[55] in a territory where they formed the majority of

the population.[56][57] Nationalistic themes became principal during the Wallachian uprising of 1821, and

Middle Ages

The three principalities of Wallachia,

Moldavia and Transylvania under

Michael the Brave.

Wallachia, as illustrated in

the Nuremberg Chronicle

(1493)

Independence and monarchy

the 1848 revolutions in Wallachia and Moldavia. The flag

adopted for Wallachia by the revolutionaries was a blue-yellow-

red horizontal tricolour (with blue above, in line with the

meaning "Liberty , Justice, Fraternity"),[58] while Romanian

students in Paris hailed the new government with the same flag

"as a symbol of union between Moldavians and

Wallachians".[59][60] The same flag, with the tricolour being

mounted vertically , would later be officially adopted as the

national flag of Romania.[61]

After the failed 1848 revolutions not all the Great Powers

supported the Romanians' expressed desire to officially unite in

a single state.[62] But in the aftermath of the Crimean War, the

electors in both Moldavia and Wallachia voted in 1859 for the

same leader, Alexandru Ioan Cuza, as Domnitor ("ruling prince" in Romanian), and the two principalities

became a personal union formally under the suzerainty of the Ottoman Empire.[63] Following a coup

d'état in 1866, Cuza was exiled and replaced with Prince Carol I of Romania of the House of Hohenzollern-

Sigmaringen. During the 187 7 –187 8 Russo-Turkish War Romania fought on the Russian side,[64] and in

the aftermath, it was recognized as an independent state both by the Ottoman Empire and the Great

Powers by the Treaty of San Stefano and the Treaty of Berlin.[65][66] The new Kingdom of Romania

underwent a period of stability and progress until 1914, and also acquired Southern Dobruja from

Bulgaria after the Second Balkan War.[67]

Prince Alexander John

Cuza (1859–1866)

Prince and King Carol I

(1866–1914)

King Ferdinand (1914–

1927)

King Carol II (1930–1940)

Regent Nicholas (1927–

1930)

King Michael (1927–1930;

1940–1947)

Changes in Romania's territory since

1859.

World Wars and Greater Romania

Romania remained neutral for the first two years of World War I. Following the secret Treaty of Bucharest,

according to which Romania would acquire territories with a majority of Romanian population from

Austria-Hungary, it joined the Entente Powers and declared war on 27 August 1916.[68] After initial

advances the Romanian military campaign quickly turned disastrous for Romania as the Central Powers

occupied two-thirds of the country within months, before reaching a stalemate in 1917 . The October

Revolution and Russian withdrawal from the War left Romania alone and surrounded, and a cease fire was

negotiated at Focșani that December.

Romania was occupied and a harsh peace treaty was signed in May

1918. In November, Romania reentered the conflict. Total military and

civilian losses from 1916 to 1918, within contemporary borders, were

estimated at 7 48,000.[69] After the war, the transfer of Bukovina from

Austria was acknowledged by the 1919 Treaty of Saint Germain,[70] of

Banat and Transylvania from Hungary by the 1920 Treaty of

Trianon,[71] and of Bessarabia from Russian rule by the 1920 Treaty of

Paris.[72] All cessions made to the Central Powers in the ceasefire and

treaty were nullified and renounced.[73]

The following interwar period is referred as Greater Romania, as the

country achieved its greatest territorial extent at that time (almost

300,000 km2 or 120,000 sq mi).[74] Radical agricultural reforms, and

a new constitution creating a democracy, allowed rapid economic

growth. With oil production of 7 .2 million tons in 1937 , Romania

ranked second in Europe and seventh in the world.[75][76] and was

Europe's second-largest food producer.[77] However, the early 1930s

were marked by social unrest, high unemployment, and strikes, and there were over 25 governments in

Ethnic map of Central Europe in the late 19th century with predominantly Romanian-inhabited territories

marked in blue. Hungarian-speaking minorities are marked in yellow.

A 1917 British map showing territories with majority Romanian populations marked in black. German-speaking

minorities are marked in red.

Romanian dictator Ion

Antonescu meeting with Adolf

Hitler in June 1941.

the course of the decade. On several occasions in the last few years before World War II, the democratic

parties were squeezed between conflicts with the fascist and chauvinistic Iron Guard and the

authoritarian tendencies of King Carol II.[78]

During World War II, Romania tried again to remain neutral, but

on 28 June 1940, it received a Soviet ultimatum with an implied

threat of invasion in the event of non-compliance.[79] Again

foreign powers created heavy pressure on Romania, by means of

the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact of non-aggression from 23 August

1939. As a result of it the Romanian government and the army

were forced to retreat from Bessarabia as well as from northern

Bukovina in order to avoid war with the Soviet Union.[80] The

king was compelled to abdicate and appointed general Ion

Antonescu as the new Prime Minister with full powers in ruling

the state by royal decree.[81] Romania was prompted to join the

Axis military campaign. Thereafter, southern Dobruja was ceded

to Bulgaria, while Hungary received Northern Transylvania as

result of an Axis powers' arbitration.[82]

The Antonescu fascist regime played a major role in The

Holocaust in Romania,[83] and copied the Nazi policies of

oppression and genocide of Jews and Roma, mainly in the

Eastern territories reoccupied by the Romanians from the

Soviet Union. In total between 280,000 and 380,000 Jews in

Romania (including Bessarabia, Bukovina and the Transnistria

Governorate) were killed during the war[84][85] and at least

11,000 Romanian Gypsies ("Roma") were also killed.[86] In

August 1944, a coup d'état led by King Michael toppled Ion

Antonescu and his regime. Antonescu was convicted of war

crimes and executed on 1 June 1946.[87] 9 October is now the

National Day of Commemorating the Holocaust in Romania.[88]

During the Antonescu fascist regime, Romanian contribution to

Operation Barbarossa was enormous, with the Romanian Army

of over 1.2 million men in the summer of 1941, fighting in

numbers second only to Nazi Germany.[89] Romania was the main source of oil for the Third Reich,[90] and

thus became the target of intense bombing by the Allies. Growing discontent among the population

eventually peaked in August 1944 with King Michael's Coup, and the country switched sides to join the

Allies. It is estimated that the coup shortened the war by as much as six months.[91] Even though the

Romanian Army had suffered 17 0,000 casualties after switching sides,[92] Romania's role in the defeat of

Nazi Germany was not recognized by the Paris Peace Conference of 1947 ,[93] as the Soviet Union annexed

Bessarabia and other territories corresponding roughly to present-day Republic of Moldova, and Bulgaria

retained Southern Dobruja, but Romania did regain Northern Transylvania from Hungary.

Romania's territorial losses in the

summer of 1940. Of these territories,

only Northern Transylvania was

regained.

American B-24 Liberator flying over a

burning oil refinery at Ploiești, as part

of Operation Tidal Wave on 1 August,

1943. Due to its role as a major

supplier of oil to the Axis, Romania

was a prime target of Allied strategic

bombing in 1943 and 1944.

Communism

During the Soviet occupation of Romania, the Communist-dominated

government called for new elections in 1946, which were fraudulently won,

with a fabricated 7 0% majority of the vote.[94] Thus they rapidly

established themselves as the dominant political force.[95] Gheorghe

Gheorghiu-Dej, a Communist party leader imprisoned in 1933, escaped in

1944 to become Romania's first Communist leader. In 1947 he and others

forced King Michael I to abdicate and leave the country, and proclaimed

Romania a people's republic.[96][97] Romania remained under the direct

military occupation and economic control of the USSR until the late 1950s.

During this period, Romania's vast natural resources were continuously

drained by mixed Soviet-Romanian companies (SovRoms) set up for

unilateral exploitative purposes.[98][99][100]

In 1948, the state began to nationalize private firms and to collectivize

agriculture.[101] Until the early 1960s, the government severely curtailed

political liberties and vigorously suppressed any dissent with the help of the

Securitate (the Romanian secret police). During this period the regime

launched several campaigns of purges in which numerous "enemies of the state" and "parasite elements"

were targeted for different forms of punishment, such as deportation, internal exile, and internment in

forced labour camps and prisons, sometimes for life, as well as extrajudicial killing.[102] Nevertheless,

anti-Communist resistance was one of the most long-lasting in the Eastern Bloc.[103] A 2006 Commission

estimated the number of direct victims of the Communist repression at two million people.[104]

In 1965, Nicolae Ceaușescu came to power and started to conduct the

foreign policy more independently from the Soviet Union. Thus,

Communist Romania was the only Warsaw Pact country which refused to

participate in the Soviet-led 1968 invasion of Czechoslovakia (with

Ceaușescu at the time even publicly condemning the action as "a big

mistake, [and] a serious danger to peace in Europe and to the fate of

Communism in the world"[105]); it was also the only Communist state to

maintain diplomatic relations with Israel after 1967 's Six-Day War; and

established diplomatic relations with West Germany the same year.[106] At

the same time, close ties with the Arab countries (and the PLO) allowed

Romania to play a key role in the Israel–Egypt and Israel–PLO peace

talks.[107]

As Romania's foreign debt sharply increased between 197 7 and 1981 (from

US$3 billion to $10 billion),[108] the influence of international financial

organizations (such as the IMF and the World Bank) grew, gradually

conflicting with Ceaușescu's autocratic rule. The latter eventually initiated a

policy of total reimbursement of the foreign debt by imposing austerity steps that impoverished the

population and exhausted the economy. The process succeeded in repaying all foreign government debt

of Romania in 1989. At the same time, Ceaușescu greatly extended the authority of the Securitate secret

police and imposed a severe cult of personality , which led to a dramatic decrease in the dictator's

popularity and culminated in his overthrow and eventual execution, together with his wife, in the violent

Romanian Revolution of December 1989 in which thousands were killed or injured. The charges for which

they were executed were, among others, genocide by starvation.

Gheorghe Gheorghiu-Dej

was the communist

leader of Romania from

1947 until his death in

1965

Nicolae Ceaușescu ruled

Romania as its

Communist leader from

1965 until 1989.

After the 1989 revolution, the National Salvation Front (NSF),

led by Ion Iliescu, took partial multi-party democratic and free

market measures.[109][110] In April 1990, a sit-in protest

contesting the results of that year's legislative elections and

accusing the NSF, including Iliescu, of being made up of former

Communists and members of the Securitate — rapidly grew to

become what was called the Golaniad. The peaceful

demonstrations degenerated into violence, prompting the

intervention of coal miners summoned by Iliescu. This episode

has been documented widely by both local[111] and foreign

media,[112] and is remembered as the June 1990

Mineriad.[113][114]

The subsequent disintegration of the Front produced several

political parties, including most notably the Social Democratic

Party and the Democratic Party . The former governed Romania

from 1990 until 1996 through several coalitions and

governments with Ion Iliescu as head of state. Since then, there

have been several other democratic changes of government: in

1996 Emil Constantinescu was elected president, in 2000 Iliescu

returned to power, while Traian Băsescu was elected in 2004

and narrowly re-elected in 2009.[115]

Former President Traian Băsescu (2004–2014) has twice been

impeached by the Parliament of Romania (in 2007 and in 2012),

the second time on the background of street protests which

occurred earlier in the year. Both times a popular referendum

was called. The first time, in the 2007 referendum, more than 6

million citizens (7 5%) voted against Băsescu's suspension,

compared to only 5.1 million citizen who voted for him at the

2004 presidential election. The second time, in the 2012

referendum, more than 7 million citizens (88% of

participants)[116] voted to oust Băsescu, compared to the 5.2

million voters who initially supported him at the 2009

presidential election.

Nonetheless, the Constitutional Court of Romania, in a split decision, invalided the outcome of the

referendum, stating the turnout (46.24% by official statistics) was too low.[117] Supporters of Băsescu

were called upon by him and his former party to not participate in the referendum, so that it would be

invalidated due to insufficient turnout.[118]

In November 2014, Sibiu mayor Klaus Iohannis was elected president, unexpectedly defeating former

Prime Minister Victor Ponta, who had been in the lead in the opinion polls. This surprise victory is

attributed by many to the Romanian diaspora, of which almost 50 percent voted for Iohannis in the first

tour, compared to 16 percent for Ponta.[119]

The Romanian Revolution in 1989 was

one of the few violent revolutions in

Europe that brought an end to

Communist rule.

Contemporary period

Mineriad taking place in early 1990

around Victoria Palace in Victory

Square, Bucharest.

The 2013 protests against the Roșia

Montană Project turned into an anti-

government social movement.

The post-1989 period is also characterized by the fact that most

of the former industrial and economic enterprises which were

built and operated during the Communist period have been

closed, mainly as a result of the policies of privatization of the

post-1989 regimes.[120] According to Valentin Mândrăşescu, a

Romanian-language editor of the Voice of Russia, the national

petroleum company Petrom has been sold to foreigners for

significantly undervalued prices.[121][122] Furthermore, other

major privatizations like that of Banca Comercială a României

are criticized by opponents for being detrimental to the

Romanian people.[123]

Post-1989 regimes are also criticized for allowing foreign

exploitations of mineral, rare metals and gold reserves at Roșia

Montană,[124] as well as for permitting American multinational energy giant Chevron to prospect for shale

gas using the hydraulic fracking technique which has been claimed to pollute the vast underground

freshwater reserves in the affected areas. Both these actions have led to significant protests by the

population, such as the 2013 Romanian protests against the Roșia Montană Project and the 2012–14

Romanian protests against shale gas.

Corruption has also been a major issue in contemporary Romanian politics.[125][126][127][128] In

November 2015, massive anti-corruption protests which developed in the wake of the Colectiv nightclub

fire led to the resignation of Romania's Prime Minister Victor Ponta.[129] In 2017 -2018, in response to

measures which were perceived to weaken the fight against corruption, some of the biggest protests since

1989 took place in Romania, with over 500,000 people protesting across the country.[130][131]

After the end of the Cold War, Romania developed closer ties with Western Europe and the United States,

eventually joining NATO in 2004, and hosting the 2008 summit in Bucharest.[132]

The country applied in June 1993 for membership in the

European Union and became an Associated State of the EU in

1995, an Acceding Country in 2004, and a full member on 1

January 2007 .[133]

During the 2000s, Romania enjoyed one of the highest

economic growth rates in Europe and has been referred at times

as "the Tiger of Eastern Europe".[134] This has been accompanied

by a significant improvement in living standards as the country

successfully reduced internal poverty and established a

functional democratic state.[135][136] However, Romania's

development suffered a major setback during the late-2000s recession leading to a large gross domestic

product contraction and budget deficit in 2009.[137] This led to Romania borrowing from the

International Monetary Fund.[138] The worsening economic conditions led to unrest and triggered a

political crisis in 2012.[139]

Romania has seen the largest anti-

government protests in its history in

the first half of 2017, where hundreds

of thousands of Romanians took to

the streets nationwide.

NATO and EU integration

Romania joined the European Union in

2007 and signed the Treaty of Lisbon.

Romania still faces problems related to infrastructure,[140]

medical services,[141] education,[142] and corruption.[143] Near

the end of 2013, The Economist reported Romania again

enjoying 'booming' economic growth at 4.1% that year, with

wages rising fast and a lower unemployment than in Britain.

Economic growth accelerated in the midst of government

liberalisations in opening up new sectors to competition and

investment—most notably , energy and telecoms.[144] In 2016

the Human Development Index ranked Romania as a nation of

"Very High Human Development".[145]

Following the experience of economic instability throughout the

1990s, and the implementation of a free travel agreement with the EU, a great number of Romanians

emigrated to Western Europe and North America, with particularly large communities in Italy and Spain.

In 2008, the Romanian diaspora was estimated to be at over two million people.[146] The cyclical nature

of the world economy and economic disparities between Romania and advanced European economies has

fueled further emigration from the country. The emigration has caused social changes in Romania,

whereby the parents would leave for Western Europe to escape poverty and provide a better standard of

living for their children, who have been left behind. Some children are left to be taken care of by

grandparents and relatives; and some live alone, if the parents deem them to be reasonably self-

sufficient.[147] Subsequently , the youth began to be called Euro-orphans.[148]

With an area of 238,397 square kilometres

(92,046 sq mi), Romania is the largest country in

Southeastern Europe and the twelfth-largest in

Europe.[149]:17 It lies between latitudes 43° and 49°

N and longitudes 20° and 30° E.

The terrain is distributed roughly equally between

mountains, hills, and plains.

The Carpathian Mountains dominate the centre of

Romania, with 14 mountain ranges reaching above

2,000 m or 6,600 ft, the highest of which is

Moldoveanu Peak at 2,544 m or 8,346 ft.[149]:11

They are surrounded by the Moldavian and

Transylvanian plateaus and Carpathian Basin and Wallachian plains.

About 47 % of the country 's land area is covered with natural and semi-natural ecosystems.[150] There are

almost 10,000 km2 (3,900 sq mi) (about 5% of the total area) of protected areas in Romania covering 13

national parks and three biosphere reserves.[151]

The Danube river forms a large part of the border with Serbia and Bulgaria, and flows into the Black Sea,

forming the Danube Delta, which is the second-largest and best-preserved delta in Europe, and also a

biosphere reserve and a biodiversity World Heritage Site.[152] At 5,800 km2 (2,200 sq mi),[153] the

Romania joined NATO in 2004 and

hosted its 2008 summit in Bucharest.

Geography and climate

Topographic map of Romania

Danube Delta is the largest continuous marshland in Europe,[154] and supports 1,688 different plant

species alone.[155]

Romania has one of the largest areas of undisturbed forest in Europe, covering almost 27 % of the

territory.[156] Some 3,7 00 plant species have been identified in the country, from which to date 23 have

been declared natural monuments, 7 4 missing, 39 endangered, 17 1 vulnerable, and 1,253 rare.[157]

The fauna consists of 33,7 92 species of animals, 33,085 invertebrate and 7 07 vertebrate,[157] with almost

400 unique species of mammals, birds, reptiles, and amphibians,[158] including about 50% of Europe's

(excluding Russia) brown bears[159] and 20% of its wolves.[160]

Satellite image of

Romania under snow in

the winter of 2001

Moldoveanu Peak (2544

m), the highest mountain

of Romania

The Sphinx of Bucegi

Mountains

Vălul Miresii waterfall in

Cluj County

Ceahlău Massif

Wildlife in Vânători-Neamț

Natural Park

Fântânele-Cogealac Wind

Farm, the largest onshore

Romanian and European

wind farm

Danube Delta

Iron Gates

Berca Mud Volcanoes

The Black Sea near

Constanța

Dobrujan beach of Eforie

Nord

Owing to its distance from open sea and position on the southeastern portion of the European continent,

Romania has a climate that is temperate and continental, with four distinct seasons. The average annual

temperature is 11 °C (52 °F) in the south and 8 °C (46 °F) in the north.[161] In summer, average maximum

temperatures in Bucharest rise to 28 °C (82 °F), and temperatures over 35 °C (95 °F) are fairly common in

the lower-ly ing areas of the country.[162] In winter, the average maximum temperature is below 2 °C

(36 °F).[162] Precipitation is average, with over 7 50 mm (30 in) per year only on the highest western

mountains, while around Bucharest it drops to around 57 0 mm (22 in).[149]:29 There are some regional

differences: in the western parts, such as Banat, the climate is milder and has some Mediterranean

influences; the eastern part of the country has a more pronounced continental climate. In Dobruja, the

Black Sea also exerts an influence over the region's climate.[163]

Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for the eight largest cities inRomania[164]

Location July (°C) July (°F) January (°C) January (°F)

Bucharest 28.8/15.6 84/60 1.5/−5.5 35/22

Cluj-Napoca 24.5/12.7 76/55 0.3/−6.5 33/20

Timișoara 27.8/14.6 82/58 2.3/−4.8 36/23

Iași 26.8/15 80/59 −0.1/−6.9 32/20

Constanța 25.9/18 79/64 3.7/−2.3 39/28

Craiova 28.5/15.7 83/60 1.5/−5.6 35/22

Brașov 24.2/11.4 76/53 −0.1/−9.3 32/15

Galați 27.9/16.2 82/61 1.1/–5.3 34/22

The Constitution of Romania is based on the Constitution of France's Fifth Republic and was approved in a

national referendum on 8 December 1991, and amended in October 2003 to bring it into conformity with

the EU legislation. The country is governed on the basis of a multi-party democratic system and the

Climate

Romania map of Köppen climate classification,

according with Clima României from the

Administrația Națională de Meteorologie, Bucharest

2008

Governance

Klaus IohannisPresident

Viorica Dăncilă Prime Minister

separation of powers between the legislative, executive and

judicial branches. It is a semi-presidential republic where

executive functions are held by both government and the

president.[165] The latter is elected by popular vote for a

maximum of two terms of five years and appoints the prime

minister, who in turn appoints the Council of Ministers. The

legislative branch of the government, collectively known as

the Parliament (residing at the Palace of the Parliament),

consists of two chambers (Senate and Chamber of Deputies)

whose members are elected every four years by simple

plurality .[166][167]

The justice system is independent of the other branches of government, and is made up of a hierarchical

system of courts culminating in the High Court of Cassation and Justice, which is the supreme court of

Romania.[168] There are also courts of appeal, county courts and local courts. The Romanian judicial

system is strongly influenced by the French model, considering that it is based on civil law and is

inquisitorial in nature. The Constitutional Court (Curtea Constituțională) is responsible for judging the

compliance of laws and other state regulations to the constitution, which is the fundamental law of the

country and can only be amended through a public referendum.[166][169] The 2007 entry into the EU has

been a significant influence on its domestic policy , and including judicial reforms, increased judicial

cooperation with other member states, and measures to combat corruption.

Since December 1989, Romania has pursued a

policy of strengthening relations with the West in

general, more specifically with the United States

and the European Union albeit with its limited

relations with Russia. It joined the North Atlantic

Treaty Organization (NATO) on 29 March 2004, the

European Union (EU) on 1 January 2007 , while it

had joined the International Monetary Fund and

the World Bank in 197 2, and is a founding member

of the World Trade Organization.[170]

Past recent governments states that one of their goals is to strengthen ties with and helping other

countries (in particular Moldova, Ukraine and Georgia) with the process of integration with the rest of the

West.[171] Romania has also made clear since the late 1990s that it supports NATO and EU membership for

the democratic former Soviet republics in Eastern Europe and the Caucasus.[171] Romania also declared

its public support for Turkey, and Croatia joining the European Union.[171] Because it has a large

Hungarian minority , Romania has also developed strong relations with Hungary. Romania opted on 1

January 2007 , to adhere the Schengen Area, and its bid to join was approved by the European Parliament

in June 2011, but was rejected by the EU Council in September 2011.

In December 2005, President Traian Băsescu and United States Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice

signed an agreement that would allow a U.S. military presence at several Romanian facilities primarily in

the eastern part of the country.[172] In May 2009, Hillary Clinton, US Secretary of State, declared that

Foreign relations

Diplomatic missions of Romania worldwide

"Romania is one of the most trustworthy and respectable partners of the USA."[173]

Relations with Moldova are a special case, considering that the two countries share the same language and

a common history.[171] A movement for unification of Romania and Moldova appeared in the early 1990s

after both countries achieved emancipation from communist rule,[174] but lost ground in the mid-1990s

when a new Moldovan government pursued an agenda towards preserving a Moldovan republic

independent of Romania.[175] After the 2009 protests in Moldova and subsequent removal of Communists

from power, relations between the two countries have improved considerably .[176]

The Romanian Armed Forces consist of Land, Air, and Naval

Forces, and are led by a Commander-in-chief under the

supervision of the Ministry of Defense, and by the president as

the Supreme Commander during wartime. The Armed Forces

consist of approximately 15,000 civilians and 7 5,000 are

military personnel—45,800 for land, 13,250 for air, 6,800 for

naval forces, and 8,800 in other fields.[177] The total defence

spending in 2007 accounted for 2.05% of total national GDP, or

approximately US$2.9 billion, with a total of $11 billion spent

between 2006 and 2011 for modernization and acquisition of

new equipment.[178]

The Air Force currently operates modernized Soviet MiG-21

Lancer fighters which are due to be replaced by twelve F-16s,

recently purchased.[179] The Air Force purchased seven new C-

27 J Spartan tactical airlifters,[180] while the Naval Forces

acquired two modernized Type 22 frigates from the British

Royal Navy.[181]

Romania has contributed troops to the international coalition in

Afghanistan since 2002,[182] with a peak deployment of 1,600

troops in 2010.[183] Its combat mission in the country

concluded in 2014.[184] Romanian troops participated in the

occupation of Iraq, reaching a peak of 7 30 soldiers before being

slowly drawn down to 350 soldiers. Romania terminated its mission in Iraq and withdrew its last troops

on 24 July 2009, among the last countries to do so. The Regele Ferdinand frigate participated in the 2011

military intervention in Libya.[185]

In December 2011, the Romanian Senate unanimously adopted the draft law ratify ing the Romania-United

States agreement signed in September of the same year that would allow the establishment and operation

of a US land-based ballistic missile defence system in Romania as part of NATO's efforts to build a

continental missile shield.[186]

Military

Romanian marine troopers during a

combined Dutch-Romanian exercise

at Vadu beach.

Romanian soldiers in Afghanistan

during an exploration mission.

Administrative divisions

Romania is divided into 41 counties (județe, pronounced judets) and the municipality of Bucharest. Each

county is administered by a county council, responsible for local affairs, as well as a prefect responsible

for the administration of national affairs at the county level. The prefect is appointed by the central

government but cannot be a member of any political party .[187] Each county is further subdivided into

cities and communes, which have their own mayor and local council. There are a total of 320 cities and

2,861 communes in Romania.[149]:17 A total of 103 of the larger cities have municipality statuses, which

gives them greater administrative power over local affairs. The municipality of Bucharest is a special case

as it enjoys a status on par to that of a county. It is further divided into six sectors[149]:6 and has a prefect,

a general mayor (primar), and a general city council.

The NUTS-3 (Nomenclature of Territorial Units for Statistics) level divisions of European Union reflect

Romania's administrative-territorial structure, and correspond to the 41 counties plus Bucharest.[188] The

cities and communes correspond to the NUTS-5 level divisions, but there are no current NUTS-4 level

divisions. The NUTS-1 (four macroregions) and NUTS-2[189] (eight development regions) divisions exist

but have no administrative capacity , and are instead used for coordinating regional development projects

and statistical purposes.[188]

Developmentregion

Area(km2 )

Populat ion(2011)[190]

Most populous urbancenter* [191]

Nord-Vest 34,159 2,600,132 Cluj-Napoca (411,379)

Centru 34,082 2,360,805 Brașov (369,896)

Nord-Est 36,850 3,302,217 Iași (382,484)

Sud-Est 35,762 2,545,923 Constanța (425,916)

Sud – Muntenia 34,489 3,136,446 Ploiești (276,279)

București – Ilfov 1,811 2,272,163 Bucharest (2,272,163)

Sud-Vest Oltenia 29,212 2,075,642 Craiova (356,544)

Vest 32,028 1,828,313 Timișoara (384,809)

In 2016, Romania had a GDP (PPP) of around $441.601 billion and a GDP per capita (PPP) of $22,348.[192]

According to the World Bank, Romania is an upper-middle income country economy.[193] According to

Eurostat, Romania's GDP per capita (PPS) was at 63% of the EU average in 2017 , an increase from 41% in

ABAR

AG

BC

BHBN

BT

BV

BRBZCS

CL

CJ

CT

CV

DB

DJ

GL

GR

GJ

HR

HD

IL

IS

IF

MM

MH

MS

NT

OT

PH

SM

SJ

SB

SV

TR

TM

TL

VS

VL

VN

B

Economy

2007 (the year of Romania's accession to the EU), making

Romania one of the fastest growing economies in the EU.[194]

After 1989 the country experienced a decade of economic

instability and decline, led in part by an obsolete industrial base

and a lack of structural reform. From 2000 onward, however,

the Romanian economy was transformed into one of relative

macroeconomic stability , characterized by high growth, low

unemployment and declining inflation. In 2006, according to

the Romanian Statistics Office, GDP growth in real terms was

recorded at 7 .7 %, one of the highest rates in Europe.[195]

However, a recession following the global financial crisis of

2008–2009 forced the government to borrow externally ,

including an IMF €20bn bailout program.[196] GDP has been

growing by over 2% each year since.[197] According to The

World Bank, the GDP per capita purchasing power parity grew from $13,442 in 2007 to an estimated

$22,124 in 2015.[198] Romania still has one of the lowest net average monthly wages in the EU of €540 in

2016,[199] and an inflation rate of −1.1% in 2016.[200] Unemployment in Romania is at 5.4% in 2017 , which

is very low compared to other EU countries.[198]

Industrial output growth reached 6.5% year-on-year in

February 2013, the highest in the EU-27 .[201] The largest local

companies include car maker Automobile Dacia, Petrom,

Rompetrol, Ford Romania, Electrica, Romgaz, RCS & RDS and

Banca Transilvania.[202] Exports have increased substantially in

the past few years, with a 13% annual rise in exports in 2010.

Romania's main exports are cars, software, clothing and textiles,

industrial machinery, electrical and electronic equipment,

metallurgic products, raw materials, military equipment,

pharmaceuticals, fine chemicals, and agricultural products

(fruits, vegetables, and flowers). Trade is mostly centered on the

member states of the European Union, with Germany and Italy

being the country 's single largest trading partners. The account

balance in 2012 was estimated to be −4.52% of the GDP.[203]

After a series of privatizations and reforms in the late 1990s and

2000s, government intervention in the Romanian economy is

somewhat lower than in other European economies.[204] In

2005, the government replaced Romania's progressive tax

system with a flat tax of 16% for both personal income and

corporate profit, among the lowest rates in the European

Union.[205] The economy is predominantly based on services,

which account for 51% of GDP, even though industry and

agriculture also have significant contributions, making up 36%

and 13% of GDP, respectively . Additionally , 30% of the

Romanian population was employed in 2006 in agriculture and

primary production, one of the highest rates in Europe.[206]

As of 2007, Romania is part of the EU

single market.

CEC Palace (Romanian: Casa de

Economii şi Consemnaţiuni) situated

on Bucharest's Victory Avenue.

Dacia Duster concept at the Geneva

Motor Show (2009)

Since 2000, Romania has attracted increasing amounts of foreign investment, becoming the single largest

investment destination in Southeastern and Central Europe. Foreign direct investment was valued at

€8.3 billion in 2006.[207] According to a 2011 World Bank report, Romania currently ranks 7 2nd out of

17 5 economies in the ease of doing business, scoring lower than other countries in the region such as the

Czech Republic.[208] Additionally , a study in 2006 judged it to be the world's second-fastest economic

reformer (after Georgia).[209]

Since 1867 the official currency has been the Romanian leu ("lion") and following a denomination in 2005,

it has been valued at €0.2–0.3. After joining the EU in 2007 , Romania is expected to adopt the Euro

sometime around 2020.[210]

On the 1 July 2015, Romania's external debt was reported to be situated at the sum of €90.59 billion.[211]

According to the INSSE, Romania's total road network was

estimated in 2015 at 86,080 kilometres (53,488 mi).[212] The

World Bank estimates the railway network at 22,298 kilometres

(13,855 mi) of track, the fourth-largest railroad network in

Europe.[213] Rail transport experienced a dramatic decline after

1989, and was estimated at 99 million passenger journeys in

2004; but has experienced a recent (2013) revival due to

infrastructure improvements and partial privatization of

lines,[166] accounting for 45% of all passenger and freight

movements in the country.[166] Bucharest Metro, the only

underground railway system, was opened in 197 9 and measures

61.41 km (38.16 mi) with an average ridership in 2007 of

600,000 passengers during the workweek.[214] There are

sixteen international commercial airports in service today, with

five of them (Henri Coandă International Airport, Aurel Vlaicu

International Airport, Timișoara International Airport,

Constanta International Airport and Sibiu International

Airport) being capable of handling wide-body aircraft. Over 9.2

million passengers flew through Bucharest's Henri Coandă

International Airport in 2015.[215]

Romania is a net exporter of electrical energy and is 48th

worldwide in terms of consumption of electric energy.[216] Around a third of the produced energy comes

from renewable sources, mostly as hydroelectric power.[217] In 2015, the main sources were coal (28%),

hydroelectric (30%), nuclear (18%), and hydrocarbons (14%) .[218] It has one of the largest refining

capacities in Eastern Europe, even though oil and natural gas production has been decreasing for more

than a decade.[216] With one of the largest reserves of crude oil and shale gas in Europe,[216] it is among

the most energy-independent countries in the European Union,[219] and is looking to further expand its

nuclear power plant at Cernavodă.[220]

There were almost 18,3 million connections to the Internet in June, 2014.[221] According to Bloomberg,

in 2013 Romania ranked 5th in the world, and according to The Independent, it ranks number one in

Europe at Internet speeds,[222][223] with Timișoara ranked among the highest in the world.[224]

Infrastructure

Romania's road network.

Graph depicting Romania's electricity

supply mix as of 2015

Tourism is a significant contributor to the Romanian economy, generating around 5% of GDP.[225]

According to the World Travel and Tourism Council, Romania was estimated to have the fourth-fastest-

growing travel and tourism total demand in the world, with an estimated potential growth of 8% per year

from 2007 to 2016.[226] The number of tourists has been steadily rising, reaching 9.33 million foreign

tourists in 2016, according to the Worldbank.[227] Tourism in Romania attracted €400 million in

investments in 2005.[228]

More than 60% of the

foreign visitors in 2007

were from other EU

countries.[229] The

popular summer

attractions of Mamaia

and other Black Sea

Resorts attracted 1.3

million tourists in

2009.[230][231]

Most popular skiing

resorts are along the

Valea Prahovei and in

Poiana Brașov. Castles,

fortifications, or

strongholds as well as

well preserved medieval

Transylvanian cities such as Cluj-Napoca, Sibiu, Brașov, Bistrița, Mediaș, or Sighișoara also attract a large

number of tourists. Bran Castle, near Brașov, is one of the most famous attractions in Romania, drawing

hundreds of thousands of tourists every year as it is often advertised as being Dracula's Castle.[232]

Rural tourism, focusing on folklore and traditions, has become an important alternative,[233] and is

targeted to promote such sites as Bran and its Dracula's Castle, the painted churches of northern

Moldavia, and the wooden churches of Maramureș, or the villages with fortified churches in

Transylvania.[234] Other attractions include the Danube Delta or the Sculptural Ensemble of Constantin

Brâncuși at Târgu Jiu.[235][236]

In 2014, Romania had 32,500 companies which were active in the hotel and restaurant industry, with a

total turnover of EUR 2.6 billion.[237] More than 1.9 million foreign tourists visited Romania in 2014, 12%

more than in 2013.[238] According to the country 's National Statistics Institute, some 7 7 % came from

Europe (particularly from Germany, Italy , and France), 12% from Asia, and less than 7 % from North

America.[238]

Tourism

The Black Church in Brașov (German: Kronstadt, Transylvanian Saxon: Kruhnen)

Traditional Romanian wooden church in Șurdești, Maramureș

Bran Castle (German:

Törzburg) near Brașov

(German: Kronstadt),

sometimes advertised as

'Dracula's Castle'

Râșnov citadel (German:

Rosenau)

Biertan (German:

Birthälm) Transylvanian

Saxon medieval fortified

church in Sibiu County

The clock tower and old

town of Sighișoara

(German: Schäßburg)

Corvin Castle in

Hunedoara (German:

Eisenmarkt), Hunedoara

County

Moldavian medieval seat

fortress in Suceava

(German: Sutschawa)

Neamț Citadel in Târgu

Neamț, Neamț County

Peleș Castle in Sinaia,

one of the seat of the

Royal Family of Romania

Pelișor Castle in Sinaia,

one of the seats of the

Royal Family of Romania

Humor monastery in

Bukovina

UNESCO Slătioara secular

forest, Suceava County

Mocănița narrow gauge

steam train in Maramureș

Historically , Romanian researchers and inventors have made notable contributions to several fields. In

the history of flight, Traian Vuia made the first airplane to take off on its own power[239] and Aurel Vlaicu

built and flew some of the earliest successful aircraft, while Henri Coandă discovered the Coandă effect of

fluidics. Victor Babeș discovered more than 50 types of bacteria; biologist Nicolae Paulescu discovered

insulin, while Emil Palade, received the Nobel Prize for his contributions to cell biology. Lazăr Edeleanu

Science and technology

was the first chemist to synthesize amphetamine and he also invented the procedure of separating

valuable petroleum components with selective solvents, while Costin Nenițescu developed numerous new

classes of compounds in organic chemistry . Notable Romanian mathematicians include Spiru Haret,

Grigore Moisil, and Ștefan Odobleja; physicists and inventors: Șerban Țițeica, Alexandru Proca, and

Ștefan Procopiu.

During the 1990s and 2000s, the development of research was hampered by several factors, including

corruption, low funding and a considerable brain drain.[240] However, since the country 's accession to the

European Union, this has begun to change.[241] After being slashed by 50% in 2009 because of the global

recession, R&D spending was increased by 44% in 2010 and now stands at $0.5 billion (1.5 billion lei).[242]

In January 2011, the Parliament also passed a law that enforces "strict quality control on universities and

introduces tough rules for funding evaluation and peer review".[243] The country has joined several major

international organizations such as CERN and the European Space Agency.[244][245] Overall, the situation

has been characterized as "rapidly improving", albeit from a low base.[246]

The nuclear physics facility of the European Union's proposed Extreme Light Infrastructure (ELI) laser

will be built in Romania.[247] In early 2012, Romania launched its first satellite from the Centre Spatial

Guyanais in French Guyana.[248] Starting December 2014, Romania is a co-owner of the International

Space Station.[249]

Vuia I flying machine

(1906)

Coandă-1910 was an

early aircraft with ducted

fan propulsion

Vlaicu II airplane

prototype

Vlaicu III airplane

prototype

Romanian Felix C-256

computer

MECIPT-1, first

electronic computer with

valves, built at the

Polytechnic University of

Timișoara (1961)

Historical population

Year Pop. ±%

1866 4,424,961 —    1887 5,500,000 +24.3%1899 5,956,690 +8.3%1912 7,234,919 +21.5%1930 18,057,028 +149.6%1939 19,934,000 +10.4%1941 13,535,757 −32.1%1948 15,872,624 +17.3%1956 17,489,450 +10.2%1966 19,103,163 +9.2%1977 21,559,910 +12.9%1992 22,760,449 +5.6%2002 21,680,974 −4.7%2011 20,121,641 −7.2%2016 19,474,952 −3.2%2017 19,644,350 +0.9%

Sources: Romanian official censuses orestimates and Eurostat. Note: Figures prior to 1948 do notreflect current borders.

According to the 2011 census, Romania's population is

20,121,641.[3] Like other countries in the region, its population is

expected to gradually decline in the coming years as a result of

sub-replacement fertility rates and negative net migration rate.

In October 2011, Romanians made up 88.9% of the population.

The largest ethnic minorities are the Hungarians, 6.1% of the

population, and the Roma, 3.0% of the population.[d][250]

Hungarians constitute a majority in the counties of Harghita and

Covasna. Other minorities include Ukrainians, Germans, Turks,

Lipovans, Aromanians, Tatars, and Serbs.[251] In 1930, there

were 7 45,421 Germans in Romania,[252] but only about 36,000 remain today.[251] As of 2009, there were

also approximately 133,000 immigrants living in Romania, primarily from Moldova and China.[135]

The total fertility rate (TFR) in 2015 was estimated at 1.33 children born per woman, which is below the

replacement rate of 2.1, and one of the lowest in the world.[253] In 2014, 31.2% of births were to

unmarried women.[254] The birth rate (9.49 ‰, 2012) is much lower than the mortality rate (11.84 ‰,

2012), resulting in a shrinking (−0.26% per year, 2012) and aging population (median age: 39.1, 2012),

with approximately 14.9% of total population aged 65 years and over.[255][256][257] The life expectancy in

2015 was estimated at 7 4.92 years (7 1.46 years male, 7 8.59 years female).[253]

The number of Romanians and individuals with ancestors born in Romania living abroad is estimated at

around 12 million.[146] After the Romanian Revolution of 1989, a significant number of Romanians

emigrated to other European countries, North America or Australia.[258] For example, in 1990, 96,919

Romanians permanently settled abroad.[259]

Demographics

Ethnic map of Romania based on 2011

census data.

Foreign-born populat ion [260] 2013 2015 2017

Populat ion total 20,020,074 19,870,647 19,644,350

Total 182,939 281,048 421,801

 Republic of Moldova 59,670 114,654 161,846

 Italy 22,486 38,580 56,515

 Spain 18,827 29,937 42,165

 Ukraine 8,743 11,900 16,729

 United Kingdom 2,604 5,208 15,346

 Germany 3,759 6,552 15,121

 France 3,780 6,471 12,589

 Bulgaria 11,163 10,465 10,646

 Hungary 5,795 6,420 8,184

 Turkey 5,057 3 7,986

 Greece 4,085 4,653 6,494

 Russia 4,952 5,269 6,063

 China 2,978 3,722 5,068

 United States 2,360 2,876 4,428

 Syria 2,295 2,576 3,492

 Israel 1,665 1,837 2,936

 Belgium 54 1,102 2,650

 Iraq 1,136 1,419 2,338

 Serbia 1,529 5,783 2,296

 Austria 121 509 1,934

 Ireland 22 657 1,876

 Tunisia 1,034 1,062 1,627

 Iran 1,114 1,261 1,464

 Portugal 81 364 1,377

The official language is Romanian, a Romance language (the

most widely spoken of the Eastern Romance branch), which

presents a consistent degree of similarity to Aromanian,

Megleno-Romanian, and Istro-Romanian, but equally

shares many features with the rest of the Western Romance

languages, specifically Italian, French, Spanish,

Languages

Origin of the words inRomanian[261][262]

Romance   78%Slavic   14%Germanic(German-basedinfluence, Englishloanwords)

  2.54%

Greek   1.7%Others   5.49%

Portuguese, and Catalan. The Romanian alphabet contains

the same 26 letters of the standard Latin alphabet, as well as 5 additional ones (namely 'ă','â','î','ț', and 'ș'),

totaling 31.

Romanian is spoken as a first language by approximately 90% of the entire population, while Hungarian

and Vlax Romani are spoken by 6.2% and 1.2% of the population, respectively . There are also

approximately 50,000 native speakers of Ukrainian (concentrated in some compact regions, near the

border, where they form local majorities)[263], 25,000 native speakers of German, and some native

speakers 32,000 Turkish living in Romania.[264]

According to the Constitution, local councils ensure linguistic rights to all minorities, with localities with

ethnic minorities of over 20%, that minority 's language can be used in the public administration, justice

system, and education. Foreign citizens and stateless persons that live in Romania have access to justice

and education in their own language.[265] English and French are the main foreign languages taught in

schools.[266] In 2010, the Organisation internationale de la Francophonie identifies 4,7 56,100 French

speakers in the country.[267] According to the 2012 Eurobarometer, English is spoken by 31% of

Romanians, French is spoken by 17 %, as well as Italian and German, each by 7 %.[268]

Romania is a secular state and has no state religion. An

overwhelming majority of the population identify themselves as

Christians. At the country 's 2011 census, 81.0% of respondents

identified as Orthodox Christians belonging to the Romanian Orthodox Church. Other denominations

include Protestantism (6.2%), Roman Catholicism (4.3%), and Greek Catholicism (0.8%). From the

remaining population, 195,569 people belong to other Christian denominations or have another religion,

which includes 64,337 Muslims (mostly of Turkish and Tatar ethnicity) and 3,519 Jewish. Moreover,

39,660 people have no religion or are atheist, whilst the religion of the rest is unknown.[269]

The Romanian Orthodox Church is an autocephalous Eastern Orthodox Church in full communion with

other Orthodox churches, with a Patriarch as its leader. It is the second-largest Orthodox Church in the

world, and unlike other Orthodox churches, it functions within a Latin culture and utilizes a Romance

liturgical language.[270] Its canonical jurisdiction covers the territories of Romania and Moldova,[271]

with dioceses for Romanians living in nearby Serbia and Hungary, as well as diaspora communities in

Central and Western Europe, North America and Oceania.

Religion

The Iași Metropolitan Cathedral,

founded in 1833, is the largest

historical Orthodox church in

Romania.

Religion in Romania (2011 census)Religion PercentageEastern Orthodox   81.0%Roman Catholic   4.3%Reformed   3.0%Pentecostal   1.8%Greek Catholic   0.7%Baptist   0.6%Seventh-day Adventist   0.4%Other   1.8%Non-Religious   0.2%No data   6.2%

Although 54.0% of the population lived in urban areas in 2011,[3] this percentage has been declining since

1996.[272] Counties with over ⅔ urban population are Hunedoara, Brașov and Constanța, while with less

than a third are Dâmbovița (30.06%) and Giurgiu and Teleorman.[3] Bucharest is the capital and the

largest city in Romania, with a population of over 1.8 million in 2011. Its larger urban zone has a

population of almost 2.2 million,[273] which are planned to be included into a metropolitan area up to 20

times the area of the city proper.[274][275][276] Another 19 cities have a population of over 100,000, with

Cluj-Napoca and Timișoara of slightly more than 300,000 inhabitants, Iași, Constanța, Craiova and

Brașov with over 250,000 inhabitants, and Galați and Ploiești with over 200,000 inhabitants.[191]

Metropolitan areas have been constituted for most of these cities.

Since the Romanian Revolution of 1989, the Romanian

educational system has been in a continuous process of reform

that has received mixed criticism.[278] In 2004, some

4.4 million of the population were enrolled in school. Out of

these, 650,000 in kindergarten (3–6 years), 3.11 million in

primary and secondary level, and 650,000 in tertiary level

(universities).[279] In the same year, the adult literacy rate was

97 .3% (45th worldwide), while the combined gross enrollment

ratio for primary, secondary and tertiary schools was 7 5%

(52nd worldwide).[280] Kindergarten is optional between 3 and 6

years. Since 2012, compulsory schooling starts at age 6 with the

"preparatory school year" (clasa pregătitoare)[281] and is

compulsory until tenth grade.[282] Primary and secondary

education is divided into 12 or 13 grades. There also exists a

semi-legal, informal private tutoring system used mostly during

secondary school, which has prospered during the Communist

regime.[283]

Higher education is aligned with the European higher education

area. The results of the PISA assessment study in schools for the

year 2012 placed Romania on the 45th rank out of 65

participant countries[284] and in 2016 the Romanian

government released statistics showing 42% of 15-year-olds are

functionally illiterate in reading.[285] though Romania often wins

medals in the mathematical olympiads[286][287][288] and not only . Alexandru Ioan Cuza University of Iași,

Babeș-Bolyai University of Cluj-Napoca, University of Bucharest, and West University of Timișoara have

been included in the QS World University Rankings' top 800.[289]

Romania has a universal health care system, and total health expenditures by the government are

roughly 5% of the GDP.[290] It covers medical examinations, any surgical interventions, and any post-

operator medical care, and provides free or subsidized medicine for a range of diseases. The state is

Urbanization

Education

University of Bucharest was opened in

1864.

Illiteracy rate by county (2011).

Cooler colors indicate a lower rate of

illiteracy, and warmer colors indicate a

higher rate of illiteracy. The national

average is 1.22%.

Healthcare

obliged to fund public hospitals and clinics. The most common causes of death are cardiovascular

diseases and cancer. Transmissible diseases, such as tuberculosis, syphilis or viral hepatitis, are quite

common by European standards.[291] In 2010, Romania had 428 state and 25 private hospitals,[292] with

6.2 hospital beds per 1,000 people,[293] and over 200,000 medical staff, including over 52,000

doctors.[294] As of 2013, the emigration rate of doctors was 9%, higher than the European average of

2.5%.[295]

The topic of the origin of the Romanians began to be discussed

by the end of the 18th century among the Transylvanian School

scholars.[296] Several writers rose to prominence in the 19th

century, including George Coșbuc, Ioan Slavici, Mihail

Kogălniceanu, Vasile Alecsandri, Nicolae Bălcescu, Ion Luca

Caragiale, Ion Creangă, and Mihai Eminescu, the later being

considered the greatest and most influential Romanian poet,

particularly for the poem Luceafărul.[297]

In the 20th century, Romanian artists reached international

acclaim, including Tristan Tzara, Marcel Janco,[298] Mircea

Eliade, Nicolae Grigorescu, Marin Preda, Liviu Rebreanu,[299]

Eugène Ionesco, Emil Cioran, and Constantin Brâncuși. The

latter has a sculptural ensemble in Târgu Jiu, while his sculpture

Bird in Space, was auctioned in 2005 for $27 .5 million.[300][301]

Romanian-born Holocaust survivor Elie Wiesel received the

Nobel Peace Prize in 1986, while writer Herta Müller received

the Nobel Prize in Literature in 2009.

Prominent Romanian painters include Nicolae Grigorescu,

Ștefan Luchian, Ion Andreescu Nicolae Tonitza and Theodor

Aman. Notable Romanian classical composers of the 19th and

20th centuries include Ciprian Porumbescu, Anton Pann, Eduard Caudella, Mihail Jora, Dinu Lipatti and

especially George Enescu. The annual George Enescu Festival is held in Bucharest in honor of the 20th

century emponymous composer.[302]

Contemporary musicians like Angela Gheorghiu, Gheorghe Zamfir,[303][304] Inna,[305] Alexandra Stan[306]

and many others have achieved various levels of international acclaim. At the Eurovision Song Contest

Romanian singers have achieved third place in 2005 and 2010.[307]

In cinema, several movies of the Romanian New Wave have achieved international acclaim. At the Cannes

Film Festival, 4 Months, 3 Weeks and 2 Days by Cristian Mungiu won Palme d'Or in 2007 .[308] At the

Berlin International Film Festival, Child's Pose by Călin Peter Netzer won the Golden Bear in 2013.[309]

Culture

Sibiu was the European Capital of

Culture in 2007.

Timișoara was designated to be the

European Capital of Culture in 2021.

Arts and monuments

Mihai Eminescu is the

national poet of Romania

and Moldova.

George Enescu was an

influential Romanian

composer, violinist,

pianist, conductor, and

teacher

Constantin Brâncuși,

foremost sculpter

Emil Cioran, philosopher

and essayist

Eugen Ionescu, playwright

Herta Müller, 2009 Nobel

Prize in Literature winner

The list of World Heritage Sites includes six cultural sites located within Romania, including eight Painted

churches of northern Moldavia, eight Wooden Churches of Maramureș, seven Villages with fortified

churches in Transylvania, the Horezu Monastery, and the Historic Centre of Sighișoara. [310] The city of

Sibiu, with its Brukenthal National Museum, was selected as the 2007 European Capital of Culture.[311]

Multiple castles exist in Romania, including popular tourist attractions of Peleș Castle,[312] Corvin Castle,

and "Dracula's Castle".[313]

There are 12 non-working public holidays, including the Great

Union Day, celebrated on 1 December in commemoration of the

1918 union of Transylvania with Romania.[314] Winter holidays

include the Christmas festivities and the New Y ear during which,

various unique folklore dances and games are common:

plugușorul, sorcova, ursul, and capra.[315][316] The traditional

Romanian dress that otherwise has largely fallen out of use

during the 20th century, is a popular ceremonial vestment worn

on these festivities, especially in the rural areas.[317] Sacrifices

of live pigs during Christmas and lambs during Easter has

required a special derogation from EU law after 2007 .[318]

During Easter, painted eggs are very common, while on 1 March

features mărțișor gifting, a tradition likely of Thracian origin.[319]

Holidays, traditions, and cuisine

Christmas market in Sibiu's Small

Square (Romanian: Piața Mică,

German: Das Kleine Ring)

Romanian cuisine has been influenced by Austrian and German cuisine (especially in the historical

regions that had been formerly administered by the Habsburg Monarchy), but also shares some

similarities with other cuisines in the Balkan region such as the Greek, Bulgarian, or Serbian cuisine.[320]

Ciorbă includes a wide range of sour soups, while mititei, mămăligă (similar to polenta), and sarmale are

featured commonly in main courses.[321]

Mustard soup

Crispbread salmon open

sandwiches

Cold meat salad

(appetizer)

Ardei umpluți (stuffed

peppers) with tomato

sauce and crème fraîche

Smoked trout

Sarmale with mămăligă

and sauerkraut

Tochitură

Amandine, popular

Romanian sponge cake

variant

Cozonac, a dessert

similar to the German

Stollen

Papanași

Baked pumpkin

Gomboț (plum dumplings)

Pork, chicken, and beef are the preferred types of meat, but lamb and fish are also quite popular.[322] [323]

Certain traditional recipes are made in direct connection with the holidays: chiftele, tobă and tochitura at

Christmas; drob, pască and cozonac at Easter and other Romanian holidays.[324] Țuică is a strong plum

brandy reaching a 7 0% alcohol content which is the country 's traditional alcoholic beverage, taking as

much as 7 5% of the national crop (Romania is one of the largest plum producers in the world).[325][326]

Traditional alcoholic beverages also include wine, rachiu, palincă and vișinată, but beer consumption

has increased dramatically over the recent years.[327]

Association football (soccer) is the most popular

sport in Romania with over 234,000 registered

players as of 2010.[328] The governing body is the

Romanian Football Federation, which belongs to

UEFA. The Romania national football team has

taken part seven times in the FIFA World Cup

games and had its most successful period during

the 1990s, when they reached the quarterfinals of

the 1994 FIFA World Cup and was ranked third by

FIFA in 1997 .[329] The core player of this "Golden

Generation" was Gheorghe Hagi, who was

nicknamed "the Maradona of the Carpathians."[330]

[331] Other successful players include Nicolae

Dobrin, Dudu Georgescu, Florea Dumitrache, Liță

Dumitru, Ilie Balaci, Loți Bölöni, Michael Klein, Costică Ștefănescu, Cornel Dinu or Gheorghe Popescu, and

most recently Adrian Mutu, Cristian Chivu, Dan Petrescu or Cosmin Contra.

The most successful club is Steaua București, who were the first Eastern European team to win the

European Champions Cup in 1986, and were runners-up in 1989. Dinamo București reached the European

Champions' Cup semifinal in 1984 and the Cup Winners' Cup semifinal in 1990. Other important Romanian

football clubs are Rapid București, UTA Arad, Universitatea Craiova, CFR Cluj and Petrolul Ploiești.

Tennis is the second-most-popular sport, with over 15,000 registered players.[332] Romania reached the

Davis Cup finals three times (1969, 197 1, 197 2). The tennis player Ilie Năstase won several Grand Slam

titles, and was the first player to be ranked as number 1 by ATP between 197 3 and 197 4. Virginia Ruzici

won the French Open in 197 8, and was runner-up in 1980, Simona Halep won in 2018 and was runner up

in 2014 and 2017 . She is currently ranked 1st by the WTA.[333] The Romanian duo Horia Tecău and Florin

Mergea won the doubles silver medal at the 2016 Summer Olympics in Rio de Janeiro.[334]

Sports

Arena Națională, the country's national football arena

located in Bucharest

Simona Halep is currently

ranked world No. 1 in

singles by the Women's

Tennis Association (WTA)

Cristina Neagu is the only

female handball player in

history to win three IHF

World Player of the Year

awards

Ilie Năstase playing a

Davis Cup match in the

Netherlands in 1973

Nadia Comăneci in 1980

Gheorghe Hagi in 2008

Gheorghe Popescu,

former captain of FC

Barcelona

Other popular team sports are team handball,[332] basketball[335]

and rugby union. Both the men's and women's handball national

teams are multiple world champions. On 13 January 2010,

Cristina Neagu became the first Romanian in handball to win the

IHF World Player of the Y ear award.[336] Basketball is widely

enjoyed, especially by the youth.[335] Gheorghe Mureșan was

one of the two tallest players to ever play in the NBA. In 2016,

Romania was chosen as a host for the 2017 EuroBasket. The

rugby national team has competed in every Rugby World Cup.

Popular individual sports include athletics, chess, judo,

dancesport, table tennis and combat sports (Lucian Bute,

Leonard Dorin Doroftei, Mihai Leu aka Michael Loewe, Daniel

Ghiță, Benjamin Adegbuyi, Cătălin Moroșanu etc).[332] While it has a limited popularity nowadays, oină is

a traditional Romanian sporting game similar to baseball that has been continuously practiced since at

least the 14th century.[337]

Romania participated in the Olympic Games for the first time in 1900 and has taken part in 21 of the 28

summer games. It has been one of the more successful countries at the Summer Olympic Games, with a

total of 307 medals won throughout the years, of which 89 gold ones, ranking 15th overall, and second

(behind neighbour Hungary) of the nations that have never hosted the game. It participated at the 1984

Summer Olympics in Los Angeles in defiance of a Warsaw Pact boycott and finished second in gold medals

Steaua București was the first East

European soccer team that won the

Champions League trophy in 1986.

(20) and third in total medal count (53).[338] Almost a quarter of all the medals and 25 of the gold ones

were won in gymnastics, with Nadia Comăneci becoming the first gymnast ever to score a perfect ten in an

Olympic event at the 197 6 Summer Olympics.[339] Romanian competitors have won gold medals in other

Olympic sports: rowing, athletics, canoeing, wrestling, shooting, fencing, swimming, weightlifting, boxing,

and judo. At the Winter Olympic Games, Romania has won only a bronze medal in bobsleigh at the 1968

Winter Olympics.

Index of Romania-related articles

Outline of Romania

Romania – Wikipedia book

a. "am scris aceste sfente cărți de învățături, să fie popilor rumânesti ... să înțeleagă toți oamenii cine-s rumâni

creștini" "Întrebare creștinească" (1559), Bibliografia românească veche, IV, 1944, p. 6.

"... că văzum cum toate limbile au și înfluresc întru cuvintele slăvite a lui Dumnezeu numai noi românii pre

limbă nu avem. Pentru aceia cu mare muncă scoasem de limba jidovească si grecească si srâbească pre limba

românească 5 cărți ale lui Moisi prorocul si patru cărți și le dăruim voo frați rumâni și le-au scris în cheltuială

multă ... și le-au dăruit voo fraților români, ... și le-au scris voo fraților români" Palia de la Orăștie (1581–1582),

București, 1968.

În Țara Ardealului nu lăcuiesc numai unguri, ce și sași peste seamă de mulți și români peste tot locul ...,

Grigore Ureche, Letopisețul Țării Moldovei, p. 133–134.

b. In his literary testament Ienăchiță Văcărescu writes: "Urmașilor mei Văcărești!/Las vouă moștenire:/Creșterea

limbei românești/Ș-a patriei cinstire."

In the "Istoria faptelor lui Mavroghene-Vodă și a răzmeriței din timpul lui pe la 1790" a Pitar Hristache writes:

"Încep după-a mea ideie/Cu vreo câteva condeie/Povestea mavroghenească/Dela Țara Românească.

c. In 1816, the Greek scholar Dimitrie Daniel Philippide published in Leipzig his work The History of Romania,

followed by The Geography of Romania.

On the tombstone of Gheorghe Lazăr in Avrig (built in 1823) there is the inscription: "Precum Hristos pe Lazăr

din morți a înviat/Așa tu România din somn ai deșteptat."

d. 2002 census data, based on population by ethnicity (http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/alt

e/2012/Comunicat%20DATE%20PROVIZORII%20RPL%202011.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/2012

0324001828/http://www.insse.ro/cms/files/statistici/comunicate/alte/2012/Comunicat%20DATE%20PROVIZ

ORII%20RPL%202011.pdf) 24 March 2012 at the Wayback Machine., gave a total of 535,250 Roma in Romania.

Many ethnicities are not recorded, as they do not have ID cards (http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_Rom

ania.pdf) Archived (https://web.archive.org/web/20131115213848/http://www.edrc.ro/docs/docs/Romii_din_R

omania.pdf) 15 November 2013 at the Wayback Machine.. International sources give higher figures than the

official census (e.g., [1] (https://web.archive.org/web/20061007102931/http://europeandcis.undp.org/upload

s/public/File/rbec_web/vgr/chapter1.1.pdf)UNDP's Regional Bureau for Europe, World Bank (https://web.archiv

e.org/web/20060824055025/http://web.worldbank.org/WBSITE/EXTERNAL/COUNTRIES/ECAEXT/EXTROMA/

0%2C%2CcontentMDK%3A20333806~menuPK%3A615999~pagePK%3A64168445~piPK%3A64168309~theSitePK%3

A615987%2C00.html), "International Association for Official Statistics" (https://web.archive.org/web/2008022

6202154/http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages154-164.pdf) (PDF).

Archived from the original (http://www.msd.govt.nz/documents/publications/msd/journal/issue25/25-pages15

4-164.pdf) (PDF) on 26 February 2008.

1. "Constitution of Romania" (http://www.cdep.ro/pls/dic/site.page?den=act2_2&par1=1#t1c0s0a13). Cdep.ro.

See also

Notes

References

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2. "Reservations and Declarations for Treaty No.148 – European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages" (htt

p://www.coe.int/en/web/conventions/full-list/-/conventions/treaty/148/declarations?p_auth=63PpH3zN).

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3. "Romanian 2011 census (final results)" (http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/R

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30717125951/http://www.recensamantromania.ro/wp-content/uploads/2013/07/REZULTATE-DEFINITIVE-RP

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in la lingua valacca, dicono a questo in questo modo: Sti Rominest ? Che vol dire: Sai tu Romano, ..."

17. Holban, Maria (1983). Călători străini despre Țările Române (in Romanian). II. Ed. Științifică și Enciclopedică.

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la plus part de la Transilvanie a eté peuplé des colonies romaines du temps de Traian l'empereur ... Ceux du

pays se disent vrais successeurs des Romains et nomment leur parler romanechte, c'est-à-dire romain ..."

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