Romanesque _ Gothic Period

8/20/2019 Romanesque _ Gothic Period

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ROMANESQUE –GOTHIC PERIOD


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LIFE IN ROMANESQUE

•

Warfare was common !r"n# $%e Romanes&!e 'eS"nce )an was $%e ma"n so!rce of 'ower an we+"n#s an r"c% )anowners were fore,er -#%$"n# a$%emse),es $o 'ro$ec$ or a $%e"r %o)"n#s(


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ROMANESQUE ARCHITE

• Romanesque architecture "s an arc%"$ec$!ra) s$/)e of me"e,a

c%arac$er"0e 1/ sem"2c"rc!)ar arc%es( T%ere "s no consens!s fo1e#"nn"n# a$e of $%e Romanes&!e s$/)e* w"$% 'ro'osa)s ran#"n#3$% $o $%e )a$e 45$% cen$!r/* $%"s )a$er a$e 1e"n# $%e mos$ commI$ e,e)o'e "n $%e 46$% cen$!r/ "n$o $%e Go$%"c s$/)e* mar+e 1arc%es( E7am')es of Romanes&!e arc%"$ec$!re can 1e fo!n acrocon$"nen$* ma+"n# "$ $%e -rs$ 'an2E!ro'ean arc%"$ec$!ra) s$/)e s"Im'er"a) Roman Arc%"$ec$!re( T%e Romanes&!e s$/)e "n En#)an

$ra"$"ona))/ referre $o as Norman arc%"$ec$!re(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_stylehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roman_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Archhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architectural_style


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ROMANESQUE ARCHITE

• Man/ cas$)es were 1!")$ !r"n# $%"s 'er"o* 1!$ $%e/ are #rea$)/o!$n!m1ere 1/ c%!rc%es( T%e mos$ s"#n"-can$ are $%e #rea$ a c%!rc%es* man/ of w%"c% are s$")) s$an"n#* more or )ess com'fre&!en$)/ "n !se(849 T%e enormo!s &!an$"$/ of c%!rc%es 1!")$ "nRomanes&!e 'er"o was s!cceee 1/ $%e s$")) 1!s"er 'er"o oarc%"$ec$!re* w%"c% 'ar$)/ or en$"re)/ re1!")$ mos$ Romanes&!e

"n 'ros'ero!s areas )"+e En#)an an Por$!#a)( T%e )ar#es$ #ro!Romanes&!e s!r,",ors are "n areas $%a$ were )ess 'ros'ero!s "s!1se&!en$ 'er"os* "nc)!"n# 'ar$s of so!$%ern France* nor$%e an r!ra) I$a)/( S!r,",a)s of !nfor$"-e Romanes&!e sec!)ar %o'a)aces* an $%e omes$"c &!ar$ers of monas$er"es are far rare!se an aa'$e $%e fea$!res fo!n "n c%!rc% 1!")"n#s* on a sca)e(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Italyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Southern_Francehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abbeyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castle


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ROMANESQUE ARCHITE


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ROMANESQUE SCUL

• Mos$ Romanes&!e sc!)'$!re "s '"c$or"a) an :"1)"ca) "n s!1;ec$( A #

$%emes are fo!n on ca'"$a)s an "nc)!e scenes of Crea$"on an $e'"soes from $%e )"fe of C%r"s$ an $%ose O) Tes$amen$ scenes w %"s Dea$% anRes!rrec$"on* s!c% as


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ROMANESQUE SCUL

• Of$en $%e sc!)'$!re "s a)arm"n# "n form an "n s!1;ec$ ma$$er( T%esefo!n on ca'"$a)s* cor1e)s an 1osses* or en$w"ne "n $%e fo)"a#e on mo!)"n#s( T%e/ re'resen$ forms $%a$ are no$ eas")/ reco#n"0a1)e $omo$"fs "nc)!e S%ee)a na G"#* fearsome emons*o!ro1oros or ra#on$%e"r $a")s* an man/ o$%er m/$%"ca) crea$!res w"$% o1sc!re mean"n#'a"re mo$"fs or"#"na))/ %a s'ec"a) s"#n"-cance "n ora) $ra"$"on $%a$or re;ec$e 1/ moern sc%o)ars

•

T%e Se,en Dea)/ S"ns "nc)!"n# )!s$* #)!$$on/ an a,ar"ce are a)so re'resen$e( T%e a''earance of man/ -#!res w"$% o,ers"0e #en"$ae&!a$e w"$% carna) s"n* an so can $%e n!mero!s -#!res s%own w"$$on#!es* w%"c% are a fea$!re of $%e oorwa/ of L"nco)n Ca$%era)( P!1ear was a s/m1o) of mas$!r1a$"on* an '!))"n# one=s mo!$% w"e a s"#n of )ew"$/( A common $%eme fo!n on ca'"$a)s of $%"s 'er"o "'o+er or 1ear s$ro+er 1e"n# 1ea$en 1/ %"s w"fe or se"0e 1/ emons-#%$"n# o,er $%e so!) of a wron#oer s!c% as a m"ser "s ano$%er 'o'

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheela_na_Gighttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheela_na_Gighttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Deadly_Sinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lincoln_Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seven_Deadly_Sinshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oral_traditionhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mythologyhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ouroboroshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Demonshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheela_na_Gighttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheela_na_Gighttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheela_na_Gig


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ROMANESQUE SCUL


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ROMANESQUE SCUL


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ROMANESQUE PAI

• A n!m1er of re#"ona) sc%oo)s con,er#e "n $%e ear)/ Romanes&!e"))!m"na$e man!scr"'$? $%e @C%anne) sc%oo)@ of En#)an an Nor$%ern F

%ea,")/ "n!ence 1/ )a$e An#)o2Sa7on ar$* w%ereas "n So!$%ern France $e'ene more on I1er"an "n!ence* an "n German/ an $%e Low Co!nO$$on"an s$/)es con$"n!e $o e,e)o'* an a)so* a)on# w"$% :/0an$"ne s$/I$a)/( :/ $%e 46$% cen$!r/ $%ere %a 1een rec"'roca) "n!ences 1e$ween a)$%o!#% na$!ra))/ re#"ona) "s$"nc$",eness rema"ne(

• T%e $/'"ca) focii of Romanes&!e "))!m"na$"on were $%e :"1)e* w%ere eac%

'reface 1/ a )ar#e %"s$or"a$e "n"$"a)* an $%e Psa)$er* w%ere ma;or "n"$"as"m")ar)/ "))!m"na$e( In 1o$% cases more )a,"s% e7am')es m"#%$ %a,e c/cf!))/ "))!m"na$e 'a#es* some$"mes w"$% se,era) scenes 'er 'a#e* "n com:"1)es "n 'ar$"c!)ar of$en %a a ,er/ )ar#e 'a#e s"0e* an m"#%$ 1e 1o!none ,o)!me( E7am')es "nc)!e $%e S$( A)1ans Psa)$er* H!n$er"an Psa)$er*W"nc%es$er :"1)e B$%e @Mor#an Leaf@ s%own a1o,e* Fcam' :"1)e* S$a,eParc A11e/ :"1)e( :/ $%e en of $%e 'er"o )a/ commerc"a) wor+s%o's of scr"1es were 1ecom"n# s"#n"-can$* an "))!m"na$"on* an 1oo+s #enera))/

w"e)/ a,a")a1)e $o 1o$% )a"$/ an c)er#/(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscripthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiated_initialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_Psalterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterian_Psalterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9camp_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9camp_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavelot_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Abbey_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Abbey_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Abbey_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parc_Abbey_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stavelot_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9camp_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9camp_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Winchester_Biblehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hunterian_Psalterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/St._Albans_Psalterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Psalterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Historiated_initialhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ottonian_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Low_Countrieshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anglo-Saxon_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminated_manuscript


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ROMANESQUE PAI


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LIFE IN GOTHIC

• Towar $%e en of $%e Romanes&!e Per"o* E!ro'e 1e#an $o W"$% $%e #row$% of $rae* mone/ re')ace )an as $%e meas!wea)$%( Cas$)es 1ecame !n'o'!)ar as c"$"es #rew an $%r",e$%ese c"$"es e,e)o'e "n$o )ar#e 'o'!)a$"on cen$ers 1/ $%e / T%e c%!rc% con$"n!e $o %a,e a #rea$ eec$ on $%e 'eo')e ason $%e ar$ of $%ese new E!ro'e c"$"es(


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GOTHIC ARCHITE

• Gothic architecture "s a s$/)e of arc%"$ec$!re $%a$ o!r"s%e !

an )a$e me"e,a) 'er"o( I$ e,o),e fromRomanes&!e arc%"$ec$!s!cceee 1/ Rena"ssance arc%"$ec$!re( Or"#"na$"n# "n 46$%2cen$an )as$"n# "n$o $%e 43$% cen$!r/* Go$%"c arc%"$ec$!re was +nown'er"o as Opus Francigenum B@Frenc% wor+@ w"$% $%e $ermGothica''ear"n# !r"n# $%e )a$er 'ar$ of $%e Rena"ssance( I$s c%arac$er$%e 'o"n$e arc%* $%e r"11e ,a!)$an $%e /"n# 1!$$ress( Go$%"c mos$ fam")"ar as $%e arc%"$ec$!re of man/ of $%e #rea$ ca$%era)s

c%!rc%es of E!ro'e( I$ "s a)so $%e arc%"$ec$!re of man/ cas$)es* 'a$own %a))s* #!") %a))s* !n",ers"$"es an $o a )ess 'rom"nen$ e7$enwe))"n#s* s!c% as orms an rooms(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ageshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbed_vaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbed_vaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Guildhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Town_hallhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Palacehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Castlehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cathedralhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbed_vaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ribbed_vaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ogivehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissancehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Renaissance_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Romanesque_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Ages


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GOTHIC ARCHITE

• I$ "s "n $%e #rea$ c%!rc%es an ca$%era)s an "n a n!m1er of c","c

$%a$ $%e Go$%"c s$/)e was e7'resse mos$ 'owerf!))/* "$s c%arac$e$%emse),es $o a''ea)s $o $%e emo$"ons* w%e$%er s'r"n#"n# from fc","c 'r"e( A #rea$ n!m1er of ecc)es"as$"ca) 1!")"n#s rema"n fromof w%"c% e,en $%e sma))es$ are of$en s$r!c$!res of arc%"$ec$!ra) w%")e man/ of $%e )ar#er c%!rc%es are cons"ere 'r"ce)ess wor+s)"s$e w"$% UNESCOas Wor) Her"$a#e S"$es( For $%"s reason a s$!arc%"$ec$!re "s )ar#e)/ a s$!/ of ca$%era)s an c%!rc%es(

• A ser"es of Go$%"c re,",a)s 1e#an "n m"24$%2cen$!r/ En#)an* s'4$%2cen$!r/ E!ro'e an con$"n!e* )ar#e)/ for ecc)es"as$"ca) ans$r!c$!res* "n$o $%e 65$% cen$!r/(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCOhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_Revival_architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_Heritage_Sitehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UNESCO


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GOTHIC ARCHITE


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GOTHIC ARCHITEC


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GOTHIC C

• Stained glass

• In nor$%ern E!ro'e* s$a"ne #)ass was an "m'or$an$ an 'res$"#"'a"n$"n# !n$") $%e 4$% cen$!r/* w%en "$ 1ecame s!'')an$e 1/' 'a"n$"n#( Go$%"c arc%"$ec$!re #rea$)/ "ncrease $%e amo!n$ of #)ar#e 1!")"n#s* 'ar$)/ $o a))ow for w"e e7'anses of #)ass* as "nrose w"nows( In $%e ear)/ 'ar$ of $%e 'er"o ma"n)/ 1)ac+ 'a"n$ or 1r"#%$)/ co)o!re #)ass was !se* 1!$ "n $%e ear)/ 4$% cen$!of com'o!ns of s"),er* 'a"n$e on #)ass w%"c% was $%en -re* a

n!m1er of ,ar"a$"ons of co)o!r* cen$re on /e))ows* $o 1e !se w#)ass "n a s"n#)e '"ece( :/ $%e en of $%e 'er"o es"#ns "ncreas)ar#e '"eces of #)ass w%"c% were 'a"n$e* w"$% /e))ows as $%e oco)o!rs* an re)a$",e)/ few sma))er '"eces of #)ass "n o$%er co)o!

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glasshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_windowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rose_windowhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glass


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GOTHIC C


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GOTHIC PAIN

• Pa"n$"n# "n a s$/)e $%a$ can 1e ca))e Go$%"c " no$ a''ear !n$4655* or near)/ 5 /ears af$er $%e or"#"ns of Go$%"c arc%"$ec$!resc!)'$!re( T%e $rans"$"on from Romanes&!e $o Go$%"c "s ,er/ "man no$ a$ a)) a c)ear 1rea+* an Go$%"c ornamen$a) e$a")"n# "s"n$ro!ce 1efore m!c% c%an#e "s seen "n $%e s$/)e of -#!res ocom'os"$"ons $%emse),es( T%en -#!res 1ecome more an"ma$e

an fac"a) e7'ress"on* $en $o 1e sma))er "n re)a$"on $o $%e 1ac+scenes* an are arran#e more free)/ "n $%e '"c$or"a) s'ace* w%"s room( T%"s $rans"$"on occ!rs -rs$ "n En#)an an France aro!German/ aro!n 4665 an I$a)/ aro!n 4J55( Pa"n$"n# !r"n# $'er"o was 'rac$"ce "n fo!r 'r"mar/ me"a? frescos* 'ane) 'a"nman!scr"'$ "))!m"na$"on an s$a"ne #)ass(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frescohttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript_illuminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glasshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stained_glasshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuscript_illuminationhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_paintinghttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fresco


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GOTHIC PA


22/26

GOTHIC PA

• Frescoes

• Frescoes con$"n!e $o 1e !se as $%e ma"n '"c$or"a) narra$",e craf$ onwa))s "n so!$%ern E!ro'e as a con$"n!a$"on of ear)/ C%r"s$"an an Rom$ra"$"ons( An acc"en$ of s!r,",a) %as #",en Denmar+ an Sween $%#ro!'s of s!r,","n# c%!rc% wa)) 'a"n$"n#s "n $%e :"1)"a 'a!'er!m s$/)e7$en"n# !' $o recen$)/ cons$r!c$e cross ,a!)$s( In 1o$% Denmar+ a$%e/ were a)mos$ a)) co,ere w"$% )"mewas% af$er $%e Reforma$"on w%

'reser,e $%em* 1!$ some %a,e a)so rema"ne !n$o!c%e s"nce $%e"Amon# $%e -nes$ e7am')es from Denmar+ are $%ose of $%e E)me)!n from $%e Dan"s% "s)an of MKn w%o ecora$e $%e c%!rc%es of Fanef; an E)me)!ne(89 A)1er$!s P"c$or "s ar#!a1)/ $%e mos$ we))2+nown frefrom $%e 'er"o wor+"n# "n Sween( E7am')es of Swe"s% c%!rc%es w'reser,e frescos "nc)!e Tens$a* G+%em an An#a c%!rc%es(

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_frescos_in_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_frescos_in_Swedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_pauperumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_pauperumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_vaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmelunde_Masterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanefjord_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmelunde_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Pictorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensta_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6khem_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anga_Church,_Gotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anga_Church,_Gotlandhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%B6khem_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tensta_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Albertus_Pictorhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmelunde_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fanefjord_Churchhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%C3%B8nhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elmelunde_Masterhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reformation_in_Denmarkhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross_vaulthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_pauperumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_pauperumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biblia_pauperumhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_frescos_in_Swedenhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Church_frescos_in_Denmark


23/26

GOTHIC PA


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GOTHIC PA


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GARG

• In arc%"$ec$!re* a gargoyle "s a car,e or forme #ro$es&!e( w"$

es"#ne $o con,e/ wa$er from a roof an awa/ from $%e s"e of $%ere1/ 're,en$"n# ra"nwa$er from r!nn"n# own masonr/ wa))s a$%e mor$ar 1e$ween( Arc%"$ec$s of$en !se m!)$"')e #ar#o/)es on ","e $%e ow of ra"nwa$er o $%e roof $o m"n"m"0e $%e 'o$en$"a) from a ra"ns$orm( A $ro!#% "s c!$ "n $%e 1ac+ of $%e #ar#o/)e an $/'"ca))/ e7"$s $%ro!#% $%e o'en mo!$%( Gar#o/)es are !s!a))/ an fan$as$"c an"ma) 1eca!se $%e )en#$% of $%e #ar#o/)e e$erm"nes %"s $%rown from $%e wa))( W%en Go$%"c /"n# 1!$$resses were !sewere some$"mes c!$ "n$o $%e 1!$$ress $o ",er$ wa$er o,er $%e a"s

• T%e $erm or"#"na$es from $%e Frenc% gargouille, w%"c% "n En#)"s% "mean @$%roa$@ or "s o$%erw"se +nown as $%e @#!))e$@

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecturehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/French_languagehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flying_buttresshttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gothic_arthttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortar_(masonry)https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Masonryhttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grotesquehttps://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Architecture


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GARG

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Romanesque _ Gothic Period