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Romanesque Art
FeudalismAgricultural economy
-Barons (Nobles)-Vassals (Knights)
-Peasants/serfs (slaves)
Urbanization and Christianity
Pilgrimages and Crusades-travel and trade-new middle class-growth of cities
-influences of Muslims and Byzantines
THEME: Romanesque
• Build it (block by block) and they will come
Church building Stone masonry, new vaulting techniques, “blocky” appearance
pilgrimages
interior of Saint Etienne
Vignory, France
ca. 1050-1057
plan of Saint Etienne
Vignory, France
ca. 1050-1057
Radiating chapels
Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1070-1120
Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1070-1120
Plan of Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1070-1120
Interior of Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1070-1120
Interior of Santa Sabina, 422, Rome
*compartments of space replaced long flat walls
Nave of Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1070-1120
Barrel Vaulted ceiling
Tribune (second story gallery)
Compound piers (engaged columns
attached)
Bernardus Gelduinus
Christ in Majestyrelief in the ambulatory of Saint-Sernin
Toulouse, France
ca. 1096marble4 ft. 2 in. high
St. Catherine’s, Egypt, 565
Cluny, France
Restored cutaway view of the third abbey church (Cluny III)
Cluny, France
ca. 1088-1130
Moissac, France – important stop along pilgrimage to St. James’s tomb at Santiago de Compostela
Tympanum of the south portal of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
marbleca. 1115-1135
Cloister of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
ca. 1100-1115marblepiers approximately 6 ft. high
Historiated capitals
Cloister of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
ca. 1100-1115marblepiers approximately 6 ft. high
Christ in Majesty with angels and the Twenty-Four EldersTympanum of the south portal of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
marbleca. 1115-1135 approximately 16 ft. 6 in. wide at base
Christ in Majesty with angels and the Twenty-Four EldersTympanum of the s. portal of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
marbleca. 1115-1135 approximately 16 ft. 6 in. wide at base
Lions and Old Testament prophet (Jeremiah or Isaiah?)
From the trumeau of the south portal of Saint-Pierre
Moissac, France
ca. 1115-1130marbleapproximately life-size
Gislebertus
Last Judgment of West tympanum of Saint-Lazare
Autun, France
ca. 1120-1135marbleapproximately 21’ wide at base
Gislebertus
Last Judgment (plaster cast)West tympanum of Saint-Lazare
Autun, France
ca. 1120-1135marbleapproximately 21’ wide at base
THE BLESSED
THE DAMNED“may this terror terrify those whom earthly error binds, for the horror of
these images here in this manner truly depicts what will be”
Ascension of Christ and Mission of the ApostlesTympanum of the center portal of the narthex of La Madeleine
Vézelay, France
1120-1132
Abbey of Notre-Dame
Fontenay, Burgundy, France
1139-47
Initial R with knight fighting dragonfrom the Moralia in Job
from Cîteaux, France
ca. 1115-1125ink and tempera on vellum13 3/4 x 9 1/4 in.
Christ in Majestyapse fresco from Santa María de Muir
near Lérida, Spain
mid-twelfth centuryfresco22 x 24 ft.
Virgin and Child ( Morgan Madonna)
from Auvergne, France
second half of twelfth centurypainted wood2 ft. 7 in. high
Romanesque
HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE
Church as center of Medieval Life •Towns outdoing each other building churches civic pride•Record keeping, birth, wedding, death, worship•Medieval masons: master builders, architects and artists that learn through experience and apprenticeship vs. formal study
Speyer Cathedral
Speyer,Germany
begun 1030nave vaults ca.1082-1106
Interior of Speyer Cathedral
Speyer,Germany
begun 1030nave vaults ca.1082-1106
Groin vaults
1st Romanesque church in Germany•Stone roof•Typical arches and bays•1st building constructed entirely of stone in Europe
Plan of Speyer Cathedral
Speyer, Germany
begun 1030
Aerial view of Sant’ Ambrogio
Milan, Italy
late eleventh to early twelfth century
Dedicated to St. Ambrose- Begun in 1080, vaulted after an earthquake in 1117
Plan of Sant’ Ambrogio
Milan, Italy
late eleventh to early twelfth century
Interior of Sant’ Ambrogio
Milan, Italy
late eleventh to early twelfth century
-NO CLERESTORY-Compound piers with 3 huge ribbed groin vaults
The Vision of Hildegard of BingenDetail of facsimile of a lost folio in the Scivias by Hildegard of Bingen
from Trier or Bingen, Germany
ca. 1050-1079
*Role of women in Romanesque Europe
Rainer of Huy
Baptism of ChristBaptismal font from Notre-Dame-des-Fonts
Liege, Belgium
1107-1118bronze2 ft. 1 in. high
Head Reliquary of Saint Alexander
from Stavelot Abbey, Belgium
1145silver repoussé, gilt bronze, gems, enamel17 1/2 in. high
Romanesque in ITALY
Pisa Cathedral complex
Pisa, Italy
cathedral begun 1063baptistery begun 1153campanile begun 1174
baptistery
cathedral campanile
Pisa Cathedral campanile
Pisa, Italy
begun 1174
Interior of Pisa Cathedral
Pisa, Italy
cathedral begun 1063
Baptistery of San Giovanni
Florence, Italy
Ca. 1059
West façadeSan Miniato al Monte
Florence, Italy
1062 and twelfth century
West façadeSan Miniato al Monte
Florence, Italy
1062 and twelfth century
Interior of San Miniato al Monte
Florence, Italy
1062 and twelfth century
Diaphragm arches
Wiligelmo
Creation of Adam and Eve, frieze on the west façade, Modena Cathedral
Modena, Italy
ca. 1110marbleapproximately 3 ft. high
Benedetto Antelami,
King Davidon the west façade of Fidenza Cathedral
Fidenza, Italy
ca. 1180-1190marbleapproximately life-size
RomanesqueNORMANDY AND ENGLAND
West façade of Saint-Etienne
Caen, France
begun 1067, ca. 1115-1120
* William the Conqueror buried here in 1087
Interior of Saint-Etienne (nave)
Caen, France
ca. 1115-1120
- Converted from timber roof to stone masonry vault after 1120
- Follows vertical element of Carolingian architects
Interior of Saint-Etienne (elevation)
Caen, France
ca. 1115-1120
The THREE TIERS OF CHURCH BAYS
Clerestory
Gallery
Nave/Arcade
Exterior of Durham Cathedral
Durham, England
begun ca. 1093
Legacy of William the Conqueror (Norman Conquest of England in 1066)
Interior of Durham Cathedral
Durham, England
begun ca. 1093
ENGLISH INNOVATION: Rib vaults•Long narrow nave•Huge composite piers alternate with carved columns•Stone ribs strengthened groin vaults carry more weight•Strong VERTICAL emphasis Gothic predecessor
Interior of Durham Cathedral
Durham, England
begun ca. 1093
Plan & transverse section of Durham Cathedral
Durham, England
begun ca. 1093
Cruciform layout, quadrant arches
Funeral of Edward the Confessorprocession to Westminster Abbeydetail of the Bayeux Tapestry
From Bayeux Cathedral, Bayeux, France
ca. 1070-1080embroidered wool on linen229 ft. 8 in. overall
Misnomer – actually an embroidery
Battle of Hastingsdetail of the Bayeux Tapestry
From Bayeux Cathedral, Bayeux, France
ca. 1070-1080embroidered wool on linen229 ft. 8 in. overall Compare: Column of Trajan
Master Hugo
Moses Expounding the Lawfolio 94 recto of the Bury Bible
from Bury Saint Edmunds, England
ca. 1135ink and tempera on vellum20 x 14 in.
Eadwine the Scribe(?)
Eadwine the Scribe at workfolio 283 verso of the Eadwine Psalter
ca. 1160-1170ink and tempera on vellum
Signing work vs. anonymity: The role of the individual artist