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Roman Republic Expansion, 396-146 BC. Libertyville HS. Romans expanded east and north, conquering Etruscan city-states Genius of Romans Rather than enslaving conquered populations, Romans turned them into allies Their allies gave money & soldiers to help Rome fight and conquer more! - PowerPoint PPT Presentation
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Roman Republic Expansion,396-146 BC
Libertyville HS
Conquering Central / North Italy (396-282 BC)
• Romans expanded east and north, conquering Etruscan city-states
• Genius of Romans– Rather than enslaving
conquered populations, Romans turned them into allies
– Their allies gave money & soldiers to help Rome fight and conquer more!
• Romans also established colonies to claim land
Fighting the Greeks (280-275 BC)• By 310, Rome controlled all of
Italy except the “heel”, which was dominated by Greek city state colonies– By 290 BC, most of the Greek
city states asked for “protection” from Rome
– This provoked war with Greece• Consolidation of Southern
Italy– Five year war with Pyrrhus, a
Greek king– Greeks used Macedonian
phalanx (much longer spears), which the Romans had never seen
– Romans lost battles but won the war (“Pyrric Victories”)
Punic Wars (264-146 BC)• By 265 BC, Rome controlled Italy and
central Mediterranean• Brought them into conflict with
Carthage– Carthage was a former Phoenician colony in North Africa– They dominated the Western Med &
Spain• The Punic Wars defined the Romans,
just as the Persian Wars defined the Greeks– Territories held by Rome, Carthage– Persian Wars led to Athenian Golden Age– Punic Wars led to Roman dominance
Cause of First Punic War (264-241 BC)
• Sicily was divided between Carthage and Greeks (Syracuse)
• Carthage invaded Greek side of island
• Greeks asked Romans for help
• Inevitable conflict?
First Punic War
• Romans won land battles, but had no navy
• Developed navy to fight on sea, based on shipwrecked Carthaginian trireme
• Tactics: turn naval battles into land battles through corvus
Corvus
Outcome of First Punic War• Romans lost 50,000
citizens (1/6) to sunken fleets, military defeats (mostly drownings)
• BUT Carthage suffered strategic defeat– Forced off Sicily– Forced to pay reparations
(penalties) to Rome– Forced to free all Roman
prisoners captured in battles
Cause of Second Punic War (218-201 BC)
• Continued power struggle for supremacy in Mediterranean
• Rome expanded through north of Italy and cleared Adriatic Sea of pirates
• Carthage expanded its holdings in Spain• Alarmed, a Greek
city in Spain allied with Rome for protection
Second Punic War• Hannibal, a great Carthaginian
general, defeats Romans in Spain, then crossed Alps with Army and invaded Rome
• For ten years, he defeated every Roman army he fought – but he couldn’t capture Rome
• Rome barely survived this period; but finally, Hannibal retreated to Carthage, and was defeated defending the city
Top: Hannibal and his troops crossing Alps
Bottom: War elephants, in combat
Outcome of Second Punic War• Carthage forced to give up
all of Spain, all islands in Mediterranean
• Numidia (African kingdom) became ally of Rome
• Rome invaded and conquered Macedonia, near Greece, in retaliation for allying with Carthage
• Carthage forced to pay tribute to Rome for 50 years
• Carthage agreed never to wage war without consent of Rome Hannibal takes poison after capture
Cause of Third Punic War (149-146 BC)• Carthage recovered from war;
trade and commerce resumed, and Carthage got rich again
• Roman Senator Cato ended every speech by saying “Carthage must be destroyed”
• Finally, Rome ordered Carthage to give up all its weapons
• Rome then ordered them to move out of Carthage as it was fortified
• Rome provoked war to destroy Carthage
City of Carthage
Cato
Third Punic War• 146 BC – Carthage
besieged by Roman army• Citizens fought against the
Romans building by building, block by block
• Romans conquer city– Destroyed city brick by brick– Enslaved entire population– Sowed salt in ground so
nothing would grow– Made North Africa a province
of Empire
Legacy of the Punic Wars
• Rome was supreme power in Mediterranean• Maintained overseas possessions in Spain,
North Africa, Corsica, Sicily, Balearic Islands