Roman Britain Map

7/30/2019 Roman Britain Map

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HISTORY AND CULTURE OF THE

ENGLISH SPEAKING COUNTRIES I 1. THE ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH LANGUAGE

2. THE ORIGIN OF THE COUNTRYS NAME

3. KINGDOMS THAT MAKE UP THE UK

4. THE PEOPLE WHO MAKE UP THE UK


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ORIGIN OF THE NAME FULL NAME THE UNITED KINGDOM OF GREAT

BRITAIN AND NORTHERN IRELAND

BRITAIN NAME GIVEV BY THE ROMANS TO THEWHOLE ISLAND CONTAINING MODERN DAY:ENGLAND, WALES, AND SCOTLAND

IRALAND HIBERNIA

SCOTLAND CALEDONIA

17 C ENGLAND AND SCOTLAND JOIN AND MAKE UPGREAT BRITAIN

18C IRELAND JOINS AND MAKE UP THE FULL NAME


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ORIGIN OF THE ENGLISH

LANGUAGE - GERMANIC LANGUAGE

INDO-EUROPEAN ORIGIN

BROUGHT BY GERMANIC SETTLERS (Angles,Saxons, Jutes) AND ROMAN TROOPS FROMNORTHERN GERMANY AND NETHERLANDS

LATIN WORDS IN THE LANGUAGE OF THEGERMANIC PEOPLE


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A short history of the origins

and development of EnglishArrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain

during the 5th century AD (Angles, Saxons and Jutes),who crossed the North Sea from what today isDenmark and northern Germany.

At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic

language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushedwest and north by the invaders - mainly into what isnow Wales, Scotland and Ireland.


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FORMS OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE OLD ENGLISH (450-1100 AD) Derived from the

dialect spoken by the Anglo-Saxons, later stronglyinfluenced by North Germanic and Norse, spoken bythe Vikings. The words be, strong and water, forexample, derive from Old English. Old English was

spoken until around 1100. MIDDLE ENGLISH (1100-1500) Norman French

(Anglo-Norman)

EARLY MODERN ENGLISH (1500-1800) developedin the period of Shakespeare (mid-late 16 c) withinfluence of Latin and Greek especially since theRenaissance

Late Modern English new vocabulary. IndustrialRevolution; technolo ; the British Em ire


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BRITISH PRE-HISTORY Some 10,000 years ago hunters and gatherers arrived

from the European continent to Britain. New findings claim its history started when it was part

of a bigger land mass. The separation from landhappened some 9,000 years ago. The earliest human

bones are dated from this period. In the New Stone Age period (8300 - 2000 BC) Iberians

from Spain and Portugal arrived and settled south-west England, Ireland, Wales, the Isle of Man and

western Scotland) Around 2,000 BC these stone-age people started

erecting huge monuments of giant rock possibly forreligious purposes, amongst which the most famous

one is Stonehenge


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STONEHENGE


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STONEHENGE


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STONEHENGE

Stonehenge at least 5 phases the first phase musthave begun 1800 years before the arrival of theRomans. Others have dated him from around the 5thcentury BC, and later in the XVII century, it has been

related to the druids, priests that the Romans have meton their arrival to Britain.

Stonehenge I built some 4500 5000 years ago is ofgreat astronomical and archaeological importance.

Stonehenge II (G. S. Hawkins DecipheringStonehenge), places the importance on the measuringof time and seasons.

Stonehenge III modified, related to funerals


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Roman Britain (c. 55 BC c. AD

440) Beginnings of British History- for 4 centuries Britain

was an integral part of a the Roman Empire a singlepolitical system that stretched from Turkey toPortugal, and from the Red Sea to Tyne.

written sources mostly as inscriptions on stones.

coined money (Roman coinage) which had aparticularly important part in the politics and

economics of the Roman world. Roman-British society was literate more than at any

other time till the end of the Middle Ages

Therefore, the Roman period can be defined as a

countrys emergence from prehistory to history.


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The Importance of the Roman

Presence in Britain The earliest records of British inhabitants come

from the Romans as they are the first ones who have

recorded their history. it is Rome that introduces Britain to Christianity

the development of coined money

road net, cities (London)


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FIRST ROMAN ARRIVALS First to arrive Julius Caesar 55, 54 BC

His British enterprise made a lasting impression on

Rome. Britain was a remote island across the Ocean.After conquering Gaul he found it attractive to try aninvasion on Britain. In none of his two attempts did hemanage to trigger a Roman settlement in Britain.However, in two briefs campaigns Caesar had putBritain on the Roman map. He imposed an annual taxto be paid to Rome.


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How did Britain look to Cesar? The people were Barbarinas, in war with each other,

fractioned.

The northern borders of England have never beenconquered by Romans, and a huge number of Celtsremained outside the borders.

Cesar arrived at Kent. More than 12 tribes are

identified during roman invasion. Romans met manyarmies led by women, Boadicea being the most famousone.


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FIRST CONQUEROR Claudius is the firs emperor to really conquer

Britain in AD 43.

Between this Caesars expedition and this invasion, thetrading ties between some of the British tribes andRome have strengthened (Trinovantes).

Much of the Roman mission was dedicated to

civilization or as Tacitus said, those uncivilizedpeople should give up for the sake of peace andtranquillity.


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Christianity was introduced in Britain in the II

century. Christianity was mainly present among asmall group of aristocrats but the majority remained

pagan and no big Roman church-like structures havebeen recorded.

Most famous the Hadrian wall started in 122 adlasting 6 years to keep away the Brits from the Uplands

Antonine Wall from Edinburgh to Glasgow separating North from South tribes


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Sequence of Events until the 8 cAD 213 and 342 peaceful period. Romans gave the

cities a cage like pattern.

IV century-golden age of Britain

395-423 during Honorie, the situation worsens whenthe Roman troops already withdrew to protect Italyfrom the Alarics Goths.

410-600 Arrival of Angles and Saxons

Theres a rich oral tradition of the Saxons. The GodsVotan and Tor gave the names to the days of the week,which remain as such until present times. Beowolf675-875, talks about the mean monsters, rings, beauty

and power of nature.


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SAXON NAMES OF GODS

Mona- Moon Tiu-War

Woden-Cunning God

Tor-Thuder

Freya- Love

Sunne- Sun

The first Saxon king we have a record of is Etelbert of

Kent who embraced Christianity.


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KING ARTHUR


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King Arthur is a legendary British leader who,according to medieval histories and romances, led thedefense of Britain against the Saxon invaders in the

early 6th century. The details of Arthur's story aremainly composed of folklore and literary invention,and his historical existence is debated and disputed bymodern historians

Malory, 1469 famous for his bookMorte dArthur(The Death of Arthur) Arthur was probably a Celticruler who fought the Anglo-Saxons.


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Invasions from the 8c. on 8 c. was a peaceful period of cultural vitality.

Late 8th c. 9th c. - attacks of Vikings starting from theNorth. (Nors people from the North - Norwegeanfirst, then Danish)

10th c. England falls under Danish rule

Viking a verb going off as a pirate 1066-Normans, mostly seen by historians as a triumph

of military method and equipment changes theBritish history forever


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EXERCISE PEOPLE DATE CHARACTER/ACHIEV.

1. Iberians 3000 B.C. Metal working/first civlisation

2. ..

3. ..

4. ..

5. ..


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1066 AND ALL THAT FOLLOWED 1066. The event?

The Battle of Hastings. The most famous date and themost famous battle in English history. The year thatWilliam Duke of Normandy crossed the Channel

William conquered only England

The Battle of Hastings didnt put him on the throne ofScotland, Ireland or Wales. Yet, the Norman Conquestchanged everything, for everyone.


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The Battle of Hastings

The Battle of Hastings was the decisive Normanvictory in the Norman Conquest of England.

The battle took place on 14 October 1066, between the

Norman army of Duke William of Normandy fromFrance, and the English army led by King Harold II.

Harold II is widely regarded as the last Anglo-SaxonKing of England before the Norman Conquest.

It seems likely that around 5,000 English and 3,000

Normans were killed during the battle.


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Norman Possessions in 12th c.


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Norman conquest consequences Norman conquest had social, political, and cultural

consequences on Britain.

The old English nobility had lost its land and hence,its influence, and a new, more adjustable aristocracy(French speaking followers), has ceased over thepower.

1100 at least 500 Norman castles were built -WindsorCastle stands as most prominent (the largestinhabited castle in the world, one of the official Royal

residences) Saxon bishops were thrown off their positions and

taken over by the Normans.

England also started its very close cultural

relationships with the other side of La Manche.


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WINDSOR CASTLE


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WINDSOR CASTLE


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LANGUAGE CHANGES


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LANGUAGE CHANGES This period was characterized by a lingual gap

between the local inhabitants and the new

landowners. Latin was the language of mysteries andthe Roman Catholic Church, the Norman French was alanguage of law and authorities.

Anglo-Norman (spoken by Norman kings and

nobility, a vernacular of the court, law, school,university, parliament) a variety of French, commonlyused for administrative purposes from the 13th untilthe 15th century in England. Knowledge only of the

written language. The English language underwent many changes and

remained the language of common people

Middle English literature (1350-1485) Geoffrey Chaucer, Sir

Thomas Malory, William Langland, Margery Kempe.


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THE DOMESDAY BOOK The Domesday Book was commissioned in December

1085 by William the Conqueror

DOMESDAY BOOK


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DOMESDAY BOOK The Domesday Book, a valuable albeit an incomplete

representation of the English country and its people. It

represented the habits of an old society rather thansome radical changes.

One of the main purposes of the survey was to find outwho owned what so they could be taxed on it, and the

judgment of the assessors was final whatever thebook said about who owned the property, or what itwas worth, was the law, and there was no appeal.

It was written in Latin, although there were some

vernacular words inserted for native terms.

"Domesday" (Middle English spelling of Doomsday) -to emphasize its definitiveness and authority (theanalogy refers to the Christian belief of a LastJudgment.


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FEUDALISMWilliam the Conqueror was crowned a king, thus

gaining a huge amount of land. The whole countrybelonged to the crown, and all the great landowners towho William had given lend were his vassals.

They received the land in exchange for their services asprotectors of the king, that is, knights. The historianswho interpreted the Norman society referred to thisperiod asfeudalism, used as a term for the first time in

theXVII century by the lawyers.

The system, in its most basic essence, is the granting

of land in return for military service.


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The center of the feudal system in medieval Europe was

the king - a warrior.

He needed knights. In return for providing the king with warriors, tenants-in-

chief (barons) were granted large holding of land. A grant

of land was known as a "feud" or a "fief": hence the term

"feudalism". The barons received their lands directly from the king

and, in turn, leased parts of their estates to the knights,

who in their turn gave leases to yeomen (minor

landowner).

Feudalism, by its very nature, gave rise to a hierarchy ofrank, to a predominantly static social structure in which

every man knew his place, according to whom it was that

he owed service and from whom it was that he received

his land


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THE LOSS OF NORMANDY Henry II (1106)was the first unquestioned ruler of the

English throne and his empire stretched from theScottish border to the Pyrenees.

Henry II followers - first his son Richard and then hisson John.

King John was very unpopular mainly because he was

very greedy. He was asking for high fees from feudallords when their daughter would get married, and alsofor an inheritance of land.

In 1204 England lost Normandy.

MAGNA CARTA


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MAGNA CARTA In 1215 King John was forced by his barons to sign a

new agreement - Magna Carta the Great Charter-a

symbol of political freedom. The Magna Carta requested that there be a

consent when raising taxes. It also promised that allfreemen would have the right to fair and legal trial (at

the time less than were freeman, so it gave no realfreedoms to the majority of people).

Nobles wrote the document and forced John to sign it,so that he does not go beyond his rights as a feudal

lord. Magna Carta - stage in the collapse offeudalism

later incorporated in the English constitutionalinheritance, as it contained clauses which could be

translated into the language of justice and freedom.


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EVENTS IN MEDIEVAL ENGLAND Origins ofParliament (started off by selecting

knights who represented Shires at meetings of theKing and Barons on administrative and financial issues

Edward I 1295 Model Parliament, where the

House of Commons resulted from the meeting of theknights

The Hundred Years' War - conflict between Franceand England, lasting 116 years (1337 to 1453). Fought bythe English kings for claims to the French throne

Ended in the expulsion of the English from France,

with the exception of the Calais.


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MAP OF THE 100 YEARS WAR

THE DAWNING OF THE MIDDLE


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THE DAWNING OF THE MIDDLE

AGES

(Black Death- plague) The dawning of the middleage started with the big epidemy of Black Death

It took place in 1348 and 1349. It occurred probably as aresult of the presence of the black rats coming overfrom continental Europe. The second wave of Black

Death took place in 1361. By the end of the century, thetotal population of England, which figured around 5million before the Black Death, was reduced to 2million.

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Roman Britain Map