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Interim Summary Report (U)

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• /J. L. D ick, Lt Col, USAF, R esearch Group D irector H eadquarters, D efense Atomic Support Agency Washington, D .C .

. D. Shreve, Scientific D irector 3 Sandia Corporation

Albuquerque, New M exico

J . S. Ives on, Lt Col, UK, Deputy Scientific D irector Atom ic Weapons R esearch Establishm ent A lderm aston, England

Septem ber 1963

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This document is the author(s) report to the Chief, D efense Atomic Support Agency, of the resu lts of experim entation sponsored by that agency during nuclear weapons effects testing. The resu lts and findings in this report are those of the author (s) and not n ecessarily those of the DOD. Accordingly, reference to this m aterial m ustcred itthe author(s). This report is the property of the Department of D efense and, as such, maybe reclassified or with­drawn from circulation as appropriate by the De­fense Atomic Support Agency.

DEPARTMENT OF DEFENSEWASHINGTON 25, D.C.

ENTIAL

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DISCLAIMER

This report was prepared as an account of work sponsored by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency Thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, express or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. The views and opinions of authors expressed herein do not necessarily state or reflect those of the United States Government or any agency thereof.

DISCLAIMER Portions of this document may be illegible in electronic image products. Images are produced from the best available original document.

TIAL PO m -2500 (Volume 1)

OPERATION ROLLER COASTER

Interim Summary Report (U)

J. L. Dick, L tC ol, USAF, Research Group Director

Headquarters, Defense Atomic Support Agency Washington, D .C .

J .D . Shreve, Scientific Director Sandia Corporation Albuquerque, New Mexico

J. S. Iveson, Lt Col, UK, Deputy Scientific Director

Atomic Weapons Research Establishment Aldermaston, England

September 1963

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sponsored by that agency during ffects testing. The re su lts and

a re those of the author (s) andnot necessa rily tn H ||, of the DOD. Accordingly, re fe rence to th is m u stc red itth e author(s).This rep o rt is the p r f lK ty of the Departm ent of Defense and, as such, m^ B e reclassified or with­drawn from c ircu la tion a s^ |j ||ro p r ia te by the De­fense Atomic Support Agen

DEPARTMENT OF D'K'FENSE WASHINGTON 25, D .C .

TIALf a-

c i S m t i t J j A i

FOREWORD

O p era tio n R o l le r C o a ste r can be c o n s id e r e d a c o n t in u a t io n o f P r o je c t s 56 and 57^ O p era tio n Plumbbob^ b o th o f w h ich w ere i n i t i a l a ttem p ts to d e f in e th e prob lem s a s s o c ia t e d w ith s c a t t e r e d p lu to n iu m . A lth ou gh th e s e p r o j e c t s p ro v id ed a w e a lth o f v a lu a b le d a ta , th e v e r y u n iq u e n e ss and c o m p le x ity o f th e prob lem made i t im p o s s ib le to f o r e s e e a l l th e d a ta req u irem en ts and p ara m eters r e q u ir in g f i e l d s tu d y . As a r e s u l t , some c r i t i c a l d a ta p o in t s w ere q u e s t io n a b le when a p p lie d to o p e r a t io n a l s i t u a t i o n s .

As a r e s u l t o f th e c o m p le x ity o f O p era tion R o l le r C o a ste r and o f th e n e c e s s i t y to c o o r d in a te th e r e s u l t s of' th e v a r io u s e v e n t s , th e o r g a n iz a t io n o f t h i s r e p o r t i s somewhat d i f f e r e n t from th a t o r d in a r i ly a s s o c ia t e d w ith weapons t e s t s r e p o r t s . The form at u se d p r e s e n ts ea ch e v e n t as an in t e g r a t e d e f f o r t , a s i t was a cco m p lish e d in th e f i e l d , u s in g th e in d iv id u a l p r o j e c t c o n t r i ­b u t io n s as r e q u ir e d to p r e s e n t d a ta , r e s u l t s , and c o n c lu s io n s in th e l e a s t vo lum inous m anner. Each p r o j e c t r e p o r t i s p r o v id e d as an a p p en d ix , th u s exp an d in g th e d e t a i l s o f ea ch p a r t o f th e e n t i r e p r o j e c t .

Volume 1 c o n ta in s o v e r a l l r e s u l t s from O p era tio n R o l le r C o a s te r , and Volume 2 c o n ta in s in d iv id u a l r e p o r ts from a l l p r o j e c t s w hich p a r t ic ip a t e d in th e o p e r a t io n .

2

C O N F I D E N T I A L

COABSTRACT

' O p era tio n R o l le r C o a s te r , c a r r ie d ou t in th e w e s te r n s e c t o r o f th e Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range w ith j o i n t US/UK p a r t i c i p a t io n , was a r e s e a r c h program d e v o te d to th e s tu d y o f n o n -n u c le a r e x ­p lo s io n s o f p lu to n iu m -b e a r in g d e v ic e s i n d i f f e r e n t e n v ir o n s . The p r in c i p a l and s e v e r a l o b j e c t iv e s w ere to i n v e s t i g a t e by exp osu re o f a n im a ls to p r e c i s e l y m easured a e r o s o ls th e b i o l o g i c a l hazard o f p lu to n iu m s c a t t e r e d by n o n -n u c le a r e x p lo s io n s , t o e v a lu a t e th e e f ­f e c t i v e n e s s o f e a r th c o v e r e d s to r a g e s t r u c t u r e s in r e d u c in g th e r a d i o l o g i c a l h azard p rod u ced by a d e to n a t io n w i t h in th e s t r u c t u r e , and to im prove m a th e m a tic a l c lo u d m odels by w h ich to f o r e c a s t th e a r e a l e x t e n t o f p lu to n iu m d is p e r s e d , and th e m agn itude o f r a d io ­l o g i c a l ex p o su re l i k e l y from any g iv e n a c c id e n t s i t u a t i o n . Four s h o t s , c a l l e d DOUBLE TRACKS and CLEAN SLATE N o s. 1 , 2 and 3 w ere f i r e d .

Three s p e c ie s o f a n im a ls (d o g s , sh e e p , and b u rro s) w ere exp osed to measurable a i r c o n c e n tr a t io n s o f p lu to n iu m . On s i t e , p h y s ic a l in s tr u m e n ta t io n com p rised s u r fa c e and a ir c o l l e c t i o n s o v er areas w h ich v a r ie d sh o t t o s h o t from about 9 t o JO square milesr. On three of th e fo u r s h o t s , a la r g e b a llo o n -s u p p o r te d v e r t i c a l a i r sam plin g a rra y was o p e r a te d to a ttem p t d ir e c t q u a n t i f i c a t io n and c h a r a c te r ­i z a t i o n o f p lu to n iu m in th e c lo u d . Q u ite d e t a i l e d m ic r o -m e te o r o ­l o g i c a l d a ta w ere .c o l l e c t e d as w e l l .

P o s ts h o t s u r fa c e a c t i v i t y m easurem ents w ith a lp h a and gamma su rv ey in s tr u m e n ts and w ith a gamma sp e c tr o m e te r (v e h ic le -m o u n te d ) gave g r o s s e s t im a te s o f p lu to n iu m a c c o u n ta n c y . W ith in th a t p o r t io n o f th e l|j,g/M c o n to u r c o n ta in e d in th e in stru m en ted a r r a y (v a r ia b le from 9 to 65 s q . m i. ) in t e g r a t io n s gave th e f o l lo w in g : 206g onDOUBLE TRACKS, 65g on CLEAN SLATE N o .l , 275g on N o.2 and 202g on N o.3« F ie ld la b o r a to r y c o u n tin g o f c o l l e c t e d d e p o s i t io n p a n ch ets gave s im i la r a n sw er s . F i e ld c o u n tin g o f a i r sam p ler s t a g e s was done a l s o ; th e s e rough d a ta show th e v a r ia t io n in t o t a l and nom­i n a l r e s p ir a b le p lu to n iu m c o l l e c t e d as a fu n c t io n o f f i e l d p o s i t i o n .

The r e s u l t s o f t h i s s e r i e s o f ex p er im en ts sh o u ld s e r v e as a b a s is fo r agreem ent b etw een th e U n ite d S ta te s and th e U n ite d Kingdom on m u tual sta n d a rd s f o r th e s t o r a g e , t r a n s p o r t , and h a n d lin g o f p lu to n ix im -b ea r in g w eapons .

E N T I A L

G

PREFACE

The work and enthusiasm of the Referee Team for Radiochemical Analysis are warmly acknowledged. Their careful preparation of bidding specifications, evaluation of contract proposals, confirmatory analysis of qualification sam ples, and agreement to prepare spikes during the long foreseen analytical work were major contributions to Roller Coaster.

The Operation Roller Coaster staff acknowledges the invaluable contributions made to the scientific effort by members of the following military organizations:

UNITED STATES ARMY

502nd Chemical Co., Fort Braggj North CarolinaUSA Dispensary, Ft Sam Houston, Texas27th Ord Det, Tooele Army Depot, Tooele, UtahHq Troop Command, Ft McPherson, GeorgiaMedical Research Institute, Bethesda, MarylandHq 5th USA Army Vet Food Insp Sv, Chicago, IllinoisFort McArthur, San Pedro, CaliforniaU .S. Army, Ft Meade, MarylandXVniAbn Corps and Ft Bragg, North Carolina27th Ord DOT (ED), Ft McArthur, California53d Trans Co, Ft Irwin, California

Armed Forces Institute of Pathology, Washington, D .C .58th Ord DET (ED), Ft McArthur, California 50th Cl Det, Ft Polk, Lousiana1st Army Vet Food Insp Unit, 346 Broadway, New York City, New YorkFt Lewis, Washington101st Abn Div and Ft Campbell, KentuckyHq Dt, USAH, Ft Sill, Oklahoma3rd USA Element, Memphis Army Depot, Memphis, Tennessee24th Chemical Co., Ft Bragg, North CarolinaUSATC Inf, Fort Dix, New JerseyUSA Garrison, Boston Army B ase, M assachusettsUSA Hosp, Ft Leonard Wood, M issouriWalter Reed Army Medical Center, Washington, D.C.Hq 6th Army, Presidio of San Francisco, California170th Ord DET (ED), Ft Lewis, WashingtonHq USA Hosp Ft Hood, TexasPatterson Army Hosp, Ft Monmouth, New Jersey84th Chemical Co., Ft Bragg, North CarolinaFt Belvoir, Virginia (USAEC and FB)1352d Photo Gp, LmL, Los Angeles, California USASCC, Arlington Hall Sta, Arlington, Virginia USA Engr Center, Ft Belvoir, Virginia

T n m t w € # i ; i A i’ '-4

Hq, Ft Sheridan, IllinoisDugway Proving Ground, Dugway, Utah502d MP Co, 2d AD, Ft Hood, TexasUSA Armor and Arty Firing Center, Ft Stewart, Georgia1st Ord Co. GAS, Ft Chaffee, Arkansas

UNITED STATES AIR FORCE

8648th AF Recovery Gp R eserve, Alameda, California6th Weather Sq, Tinker AFB, OklahomaUSAF School of Aerospace Med, Brooks AFB, Texas4900th USAF Dispensary, Kirtland AFB, New MexicoAFMDC (ARSV) Holloman AFB, New MexicoHq. AF Logistical Command, WPAFB, Ohio6571st Aeromedical Rsch Lab, Holloman AFB, New Mexico6570th AMRL, WPAFB, Ohio6550th Support Wg, Patrick AFB, FloridaMed Sq Section, USAF Hosp, Eglin AFB, FloridaHq AFSC, Andrews AFB, Washington, D .C .Dugway Proving Ground, Dugway, Utah Brooks AFB Hosp, San Antonio, Texas Hq Trp 1st Recon Sq, 15th Cav 2d AD, Ft Hood, Texas

UNITED STATES NAVY

Naval Const Bn Center, Port Hueneme, California ComCB LANT, D avisville, Rhode Island USN M issile Facility, Pt Arguello, California Navy Medical Center, Bethesda, Maryland Navy Hosp, St Albans, Long Island, New York

Selected and specially trained m ilitary personnel collected from all sections of the United States and the United Kingdom were integrated directly into the scientific Project Agencies and comprised more than one-half of the assigned strength within the total effort. The quiet, efficient, and professional manner in which this m ilitary- civilian team carried out all phases of the scientific effort to achieve the outstanding success evident in Roller Coaster is a tribute to each man and the service he represented.

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T I A L

E N T I A L

CONTENTS

FOREWORD ----------------------------- _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---------------------------------- 2

ABSTRACT ---------- *----------------------- 3

PREFACE------------_ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ ---------------- 4

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION --------------------------------------------------- 131.1 Background------------------_ _ _ _ _ ---------------- 4 3

1.2 Objectives------------------------------------------------ 141.3 O rganization --------------------------------- 15

CHAPTER 2 DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT ---------------------------------- 172.1 L ocation s — 172.2 Experiment Motivations and D e s ig n s ------------------------------------------------------- 17

2.2.1 DOUBLE TRACKS--------- ---- ------- ------------------------------------------------ 172.2.2 CLEAN SLATE------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- 18

2.3 Weapons Requirements and M odifications ------------------- — 192.3.1 DOUBLE TRACKS------------------------------------------ 192.3.2 CLEAN SLATE--------- ---------------------------------------------------------------- 19

2.4 Safety Procedures -------- 192.5 Control Point ------------------ 20

CHAPTER 3 PROJECT STRUCTURE AND EXECUTION OF EXPERIMENTS- 323.1 Introduction---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 323.2 Projects -------------------------------- 32

3.2.1 Project 2.1, Special Soil Deposition Measurements,Eberline Instrument Corporation --------------------------------- 32

3.2.2 Project 2.2, Air Sampling Measurements, NuclearDefense Laboratory ---------- 33

3.2.3 Project 2.3, Fallout Sample Collections, Isotopes, I n c . --------- 333.2.4 Project 2.4, M icrometeorological Measurements, U. S.

Weather B u reau ---------------------------------------------------- 333.2.5 Project 2.5, Alpha Survey, Eberline Instrument Corporation------------ 333.2.6 Project 2.6a, Special Particulate Characteristics, U .S.

Naval Radiological Defense Laboratory---------------------------------------343.2.7 Projects 2.6b and 2.6c, Special Particulate Studies,

Isotopes, Inc., and T racerlab----------------- 343.2.8 Project 2.7, Balloon Support, Sandia C orporation----------------------- 353.2.9 Project 2.8, Off-Site Survey, U. S. Public Health S e r v ic e ------------------ 353.2.10 Project 4.1, Biomedical Studies, University of Rochester -------------353.2.11 Project 5.1, Sample Handling and Processing Facility,

T racerlab --------------------- 353.2.12 Project 5.2, Radiobiological Analysis ------------------------------------ 353.2.13 Project 5.3, Radiochemical and Physiochem ical--------------------------- , 35

N T I A L

CHAPTER 4 EVENT DOUBLE TRACKS------------------------------------------- 364.1 Description of the E v en t -------------------------- 36

4.1.1 Instrumentation and Animal A r r a y ------------------ 364.1.2 Balloon Arrays ----- 364.1.3 Preshot Events --------------- 364.1.4 Shot P h a s e --------- 374.1.5 Postshot P h a s e ---------------------------------------------------------------- 37

4.2 R e s u l t s ---------------- 374.2.1 Alpha S u r v e y --------------- 384.2.2 Air Concentrations --------------------- 384.2.3 Cloud Concentration and Dimensions ------------------------ 39

4.3 D isc u ss io n --------------------------- 39

CHAPTER 5 EVENT CLEAN SLATE NO. 1 --------------------------------------- 485.1 Description of the Event ----------------- 48

5.1.1 Instrumentation --------------- 485.1.2 Balloon Arrays ------ =----------- 485.1.3 Preshot E v e n ts-------------------------- 485.1.4 Shot P h a s e --------------------- 495.1.5 Postshot P h a s e ----------- 49

5.2 R e s u l t s ------------------------ 495.2.1 Alpha Survey R e s u lts -------------- 495.2.2 Air C on centrations---------------------------------------- 495.2.3 Cloud Concentrations and D im ensions------------------- 50

5.3 D isc u ss io n -------------------------------------------------------------- 50

CHAPTER 6 EVENT CLEAN SLATE NO. 2 --------------------------------------------- 586.1 Description of the E v e n t------------- ------------------------------------------------------- 58

6.1.1 Instrumentation--------------------------- 586.1.2 Balloon A r r a y s ---------------------- 586.1.3 Animal Array ------- 586.1.4 Preshot E v e n ts -------------------------------------------------------------------------------596.1.5 Shot P h a s e ------------- 596.1.6 Postshot P h a s e ----------- 59

6.2 R esults---------------------------------------------------------------------- ------------------------- 596.2.1 AJpha Survey R e s u lts --------------------------------------------- _ _ _ _ _ _ 596.2.2 Airborne Concentrations ------------------- 596.2.3 Cloud Concentrations and Dimensions ------------------------------ 59

6.3 D isc u ss io n ------------------------------- --------------------------------------------------------- 50

CHAPTER 7 EVENT CLEAN SLATE NO. 3 - - -------------------------------- 727.1 Description of the E v e n t------------------- 72

7.1.1 Instrumentation------------------------------------------------------ 727.1.2 Balloon A r r a y s -------------------------- 737.1.3 Preshot E v en ts------------------------------------- 737.1.4 Shot P h a s e ------------------------------------------------------ 737.1.5 Postshot P h a s e -------------------------------------------------------------------------- 73

7.2 R e s u l t s ------------------------------------------- 747.2.1 Alpha Survey-------------------------------------------- 747.2.2 Airborne Concentrations---------------------------------------------- 74

7.2.3 Cloud Concentrations and Dimensions ----------- 747.3 D iscussion -------- ------------------------------- -------------------- -------------— 74

CHAPTER 8 GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTUS ------- 878.1 Interpretive B asis ------------------ 878.2 Plutonium Accountancy ----- 888.3 Particulate Spectra ------- 898.4 Biophysical Factors ----- ______ 898.5 Hazard Evaluation ------ go

TABLES

8.1 Integrations of Alpha and Gamma Survey of GroimdDeposition of Plutonium---------- — — 92

FIGURES

1.1 Roller Coaster organizational chart ----- 162.1 Roller Coaster site plan ------------ 212.2 Fixed ground instrument array for DOUBLE TRACKS---------------- 222.3 Movable instrumentation array for DOUBLE TRACKS------------------------ 232.4 Animals and their normal field positions ---------------- 242.5 Nominal balloon array positions and intended instrum entation------------- 252.6 Sketch of first balloon c u r ta in ----------- 262.7 Typical instrumentation of intended Arc R balloons ---------- 272.8 Igloo detail for CLEAN SLATE No. 3 ----- 282.9 CLEAN SLATE No. 1 device array------------ 292.10 CLEAN SLATE research devices arra y -------------- 302.11 CP complex and trailer space a ssign m en ts----------- 314.1 Two views of DOUB LE TRACKS cloud at time of first

balloon intercept ------------------------ 404.2 High-speed DOUBLE TRACKS sequence from 1,500 feet

north of GZ ------------- 414.3 DOUBLE TRACKS deposition contours by alpha survey

in p g /m ^ - - ------------------------ 424.4 Deposition contours by alpha survey in fig /m \ DOUBLE TRACKS--------- 434.5 Total plutonium (in air sampler) during DOUBLE TRACKS

cloud passage ------------------------------------------------------------------------- 444.6 Respirable plutonium (in air sampler) during DOUBLE TRACKS

cloud p a s s a g e ---------------------------- 454.7 Comparative air concentrations measured by sticky cylinder

collections on DOUBLE TRACKS at 2,500 f e e t -------------------------- 464.8 C omparative air concentration by measurement of sticky

cylinder collections on DOUBLE TRACKS at13,000 f e e t -------------------------------------- 47

5.1 CLEAN SLATE No. 1 deposition contours by alpha surveyin Mg/m^---------------------- 51

5.2 Deposition contours by alpha survey in pg/m^, CLEAN SLATENo. 1 -------- 52

5.3 CLEAN SLATE No. 1 alpha survey meter readings (cpm) inGZ a r e a ------------------ 53

E N T I A L

in riiriiiiiiT iiiii5.4 CLEAN SLATE No. 1 alpha survey meter readings (cpm) in

GZ Areas A and B----------------------------- 545.5 Two views of CLEAN SLATE No. 1 cloud at time of balloon

curtain intercept ----------------------------------------------------- 555.6 High-speed CLEAN SLATE No. 1 sequence for 1,500 feet north

of GZ ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 565.7 Comparative air concentration measured by sticky cylinder

collection on C LEAN SLATE No. 1 ---------------------------------------------6.1 CLEAN SLATE No. 2 ground zero grid system showing

placement of air sam p lers-------------------------------------------- 616.2 CLEAN SLATE No. 2 array showmg placement of fixed array

for air sam plers -------------------------------------- 626.3 CLEAN SLATE No. 2 array showing placement of

movable array for air sa m p le r s------------- 636.4 Instrumentation and placement of ground zero balloon

array, CLEAN SLATE N o .2 ------------- 646.5 CLEAN SLATE No.2 deposition contours by alpha

survey in /xg/m ------------ 656 .6 Deposition contours by alpha survey in/ig/m^,

CLEAN SLATE No. 2 ------------- 666.7 Total plutonium (ptg) in air sampler uptake during

CLEAN SLATE No. 2 cloud p a ssa g e ----------------------------------------- 676 .8 Respirable plutonium (pig) in air sampler uptake during

CLEAN SLATE No. 2 cloud p a ssa g e --------------------------------------------- 686.9 High-speed CLEAN SLATE No. 2 sequence for 1,500

feet north of ground zero ------------------------------- 696.10 Two views of CLEAN SLATE No. 2 cloud at time of

balloon curtain intercept ------------------------------------- 706.11 C omparative air concentrations measured by sticky

cylinder collections on CLEAN SLATE No. 2 at2,500 f e e t ------------------ -------- 71

7.1 Instrument placement on air sampler array for CLEANSLATE No. 3------------------------------------------------------------------------------- 75

7.2 Final placemsmt of movable array of air samplers asfixed stations on CLEAN SLATE No. 3 --------------------------------------- 76

7.3 CLEAN SLATE No. 3 ground zero grid system showingplacement of both original and added air sam plers ------------ 77

7.4 Additional air-sampling stations on C LEAN SLATE No. 1array for CLEAN SLATE No. 3 -------- 78

7.5 Placement of pressure and acceleration instrumentationin and around the receptor igloo on CLEAN SLATE No. 3 --------------- 79

7.6 Instrumentation and placem ent of ground zero balloon array,CLEAN SLATE No. 3 ------- 80

7.7 CLEAN SLATE No. 3 deposition contours by alpha surveyin/xg/m^-------------------------- 81

7.8 Deposition contours by alpha survey in pg/m^, CLEANSLATE No. 3 --------------------------------------------------------------------------- 82

7.9 Total plutonium (pg) in air sampler uptake duting CLEANSLATE No. 3 cloud passage ------------------------------------------------------- 83

10

l i t o E N T f A l7.10 Respirable plutonium (/Ltg/mruWBBBBiPHr uptake

during CLEAN SLATE No. 3 cloud passage -------- 847.11 Two views of CLEAN SLATE No. 3 cloud at time of

balloon curtain in tercep t--------------------------------- 857.12 High-speed CLEAN SLATE No. 3 sequence for 1,500

feet north of ground z e ro --------------------------- 86

REFERENCES----------------------- — --------- 93

DISTRIBUTION---------------- 94

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12

• ' * *

(XnOTEITHAL

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1 .1 BACKGROUNDW ith th e a d ven t o f th e m an u facture o f p lu to n iu m a t H anford

in 19^ J co n cern fo r i t s b i o l o g i c a l e f f e c t was fo r e m o st in th e m inds o f in d iv id u a l s r e s p o n s ib le fo r th e h e a l t h and s a f e t y o f p e r s o n n e l w ork ing w ith th e m a t e r i a l . P h y s ic a l and b io m e d ic a l program s w ere c a r r ie d o u t and, su b s e q u e n t ly , r a d i o l o g i c a l s ta n d ­ard s in th e form o f maximum p e r m is s ib le l e v e l s (MPL) w ere e s t a b l i s h e d fo r body o rgan s c o n s id e r e d c r i t i c a l and o f maximum p e r m is s ib le c o n c e n tr a t io n s (MPC) in a ir and d r in k in g w a te r .

P lu ton iu m i s an a lp h a e m it t e r and t h e r e fo r e c o n s t i t u t e s an i n t e r n a l h azard o n ly . I t can e n te r th e body v i a i n g e s t i o n , in h a l ­a t io n , or th rou gh c u t s or a b r a s io n s . The mode o f e n tr y in t o th e body o f g r e a t e s t c o n cer n i s by in h a la t io n , s in c e p a s t r e s e a r c h program s have in d ic a t e d th a t th e up take o f p lu to n iu m by th e g a s t r o i n t e s t i n a l (G l) t r a c t or by wounds i s s m a l l . Any p a r t i c l e s m a ll enough to r e a c h th e lo w er r e s p ir a t o r y t r a c t h as an e x c e l ­l e n t chance o f a d h er in g t o a lv e o la r s u r fa c e s and c a u s in g lo c a l r a d ia t io n dam age. The r a t e o f rem oval i s low and i s c o n s id e r e d to have a b i o l o g i c a l h a l f - l i f e o f about one y e a r . Some o f th e p a r t i c u l a t e m a tte r so c a p tu r e d may, i f l o c a l l y s o lu b le (even o th e r w is e p e r h a p s ) , be t r a n s f e r r e d d i r e c t l y in t o th e b lo o d stream o v er a p e r io d o f s e v e r a l d a y s . Any n o m in a lly in s o lu b le m a te r ia l so t r a n s fe r r e d s t a y s as b lo o d burden u n t i l i t s t r a c e s o l u b i l i t y a llo w s e v e n tu a l a s s i m i la t i o n to th e e x t e n t o f some 70 p e r c e n t o f th e m a te r ia l c a r r i e d . T h is 70 p e r c e n t i s b e l i e v e d to be d i s t r i b ­u te d p r in c i p a l ly in th e b o n e , w here i t rem ains i n d e f i n i t e l y , as fa r as th e human l i f e s p a n i s co n cer n e d . There i s a l s o e v id e n c e th a t p a r t i c l e s in th e lu n g are tak en up by p h a g o c y te s and are

NTIAL

" n n i n n n i B i i i

d e p o s it e d in th e h y la r lymph n o d e s .The d evelopm en t o f p lu to n iu m -b e a r in g weapons o f modern d e s ig n

has c r e a te d a s i t u a t i o n w h ere in p o t e n t i a l a c c id e n t c o n d it io n s e x i s t in c o n ju n c t io n w ith t r a n s p o r t io n , s t o r a g e , and o p e r a t io n a l r e a d i n e s s , w hich c o u ld s u b je c t n o t o n ly r e s e a r c h and i n d u s t r i a l w ork ers b u t a ls o l o c a l i z e d segm en ts o f th e g e n e r a l p u b lic to some d eg ree o f p lu ton iu m e x p o s u r e . T h is c o n d it io n c o u ld r e s u l t i f th e d e v ic e a c c i d e n t a l ly burned or w ere a c c id e n t a l ly d e to n a te d . E x te n ­s iv e s a f e t y s t u d ie s co n d u cted in c o n ju n c t io n w ith th e d e s ig n o f n ew -ty p e w eapons d em on stra ted th a t th e d e s t r u c t io n w ould be e n t i r e l y n o n -n u c le a r . E v id en ce g a th e r e d from o th e r t e s t s ( e s p e c i a l l y by th e UK) and a c c id e n ts th a t have o ccu rred in d ic a t e s th a t prob lem s a s s o c ia t e d w ith b u rn in g weapons are much l e s s s e r io u s than th o se a s s o c ia t e d w ith a d e t o n a t io n .

The f i r s t t e s t s to d eterm in e e s t im a t e s o f th e p lu to n iu m co n ­ta m in a t io n problem w ere c a r r ie d ou t a t th e Nevada T est S i t e (NTS) in November 1955 and January 1956 . These s t u d ie s were fo l lo w e d by a seco n d f i e l d e x p e r im e n ta l program known as P r o je c t 57> O p era tio n Plum bbob. T h is was a cco m p lish ed in A p r il 1957•

The r e s u l t s o f th e s e s t u d ie s w ere u sed as a b a s is fo r s to r a g e and t r a n s p o r ta t io n c r i t e r i a o f p lu to n iu m -b e a r in g weapons th ro u g h ­o u t th e U n ited S t a t e s . H owever, when o v e r se a s s to r a g e s i t e s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d , p o p u la t io n d e n s i t i e s in th e v i c i n i t y o f th e s i t e s w ere on th e a v erage c o n s id e r a b ly g r e a t e r than in t h i s c o u n tr y . F u r th e r , a c u te l e v e l s o f a i r c o n c e n tr a t io n deemed p e r m is s ib le in th e UK w ere somewhat more r e s t r i c t i v e and a d d it io n a l d e l in e a t io n o f th e ex p o su re problem appeared n e c e s s a r y . These f a c t o r s le d to a m e e tin g on 12 J u ly 1962 o f r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s o f th e U n ited Kingdom, th e U. S. Atomic E nergy C om m ission, and th e U. S . D ep a r t­ment o f D e fe n s e . T h is m ee tin g r e s u l t e d in th e fo r m u la t io n o f a paper e n t i t l e d "C oncepts and O b je c t iv e s o f P roposed P lu ton iu m S c a t t e r in g T e sts" in w hich th e b a s ic o b j e c t iv e w as, " to i n v e s t i ­g a te th e b i o l o g i c a l hazard o f s c a t t e r e d p lu ton iu m and to e v a lu a te th e p lu to n iu m -sc a v e n g in g e f f e c t s o f th e e a r th -c o v e r e d s to r a g e s t r u c t u r e s ." T h is paper was u sed to fo rm u la te th e f i e l d t e s t p la n fo r O p era tion R o l le r C o a s te r .

1 .2 OBJECTIVESThe o b j e c t iv e s o f th e r e s e a r c h program w e r e :

14

m m m m(1 ) To o b ta in , by p h y s ic a l a n I P ifc l ' lo g le a l m easu rem en ts,

n e c e s s a r y d a ta on th e p lu to n iu m a ir b o r n e p a r t i c u l a t e to p erm it an a sse ssm e n t o f th e a c u te ( in h a la t io n ) h a za rd .

( 2 ) To m easure th e d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p lu ton iu m on th e ground to p erm it d e t a i l e d a c c o u n t a b i l i t y o f th e amount in v o Iv e d in th e f i e l d o f m easu rem en t.

(5 ) To e v a lu a te th e t o t a l e f f e c t i v e n e s s o f th e s t r u c t u r e s , in c lu d in g v a r y in g t h ic k n e s s e s o f e a r th c o v e r fo r r e d u c in g th e r a d i o l o g i c a l hazard from a r e a l a c c i d e n t .

{H) To o b ta in th o s e d a ta o f s p e c i a l im p ortan ce in f o r e c a s t ­in g th e h azard a r i s i n g from a r e a l a c c id e n t (c lo u d m o d e ls ) .

1 .5 ORGANIZATIONO p era tio n R o l le r C o a ste r was a j o i n t U . S. Atom ic Energy

C om m ission, U . S . D epartm ent o f D e fe n s e , U n ited Kingdom Atom ic E nergy A u th o r ity (AEC/DOD/UK) r e s e a r c h program . The d e t a i l e d o r g a n iz a t io n a l s t r u c tu r e i s shoxi/n in F ig u re 1 .1 . Key p erson n e 1 s e l e c t e d w e r e :

R esearch Group D ir e c t o r : Lt C ol James L. D ic k , USAFS c i e n t i f i c D ir e c t o r : D r . James D . S h r e v e , S an d ia C o rp o ra tio nD eputy S c i e n t i f i c D ir e c t o r ; Lt C ol J . S tu a r t I v e s o n ,

AWRE/UKAEA*ALOO C o o r d in a to r : Mr. E v e r e t t R. Mathews CHDASA Program A d v is o r : Lt C ol Jack C. B e n t le yS c i e n t i f i c P la n n in g and P o l ic y G roup:

D r. Gordon D unning, DOS/AEC D r. W illia m O t t in g , Hq/DASA D r. K enneth S te w a r t , AWRE/UKAEA

As t h i s was a j o i n t program w ith th e U n ited Kingdom, i t s r e p r e s e n t a t iv e s w ere c o n s id e r e d an in t e g r a l p a rt o f th e s c i e n t i f i c team . The UK was r e p r e se n te d by I k p e r so n n e 1 who w ere in t e g r a t e d in t o th e f i e Id a c t i v i t i e s . S u b se q u e n tly , UK la b o r a to r y p e r so n n e 1 are to perform a p o r t io n o f th e ch e m ic a l a n a ly s e s and p a r t ic ip a t e in th e e v a lu a t io n and in t e r p r e t a t io n o f th e e x p e r im e n ta l r e s u l t s .

* Atomic Weapons R e s e a r c h E s t a b l i s h m e n t , U n i t e d Kingdom Atomic E n e r g y A u t h o r i t y (AWRE, UKAEA).

ROLLER COASTER ORGANIZATIONAL CHART

D e v ic e P reparatitm , E m p lacem ent, A r m u ^ A EC TECH SUPPORT

P ro jec t 9.8 T im in g and F ir in g M r. D .S . Murphy

V e rrO R S BUREAU

JOINT O FFIC E OF INFORMATION

Mr. H. V erm illion Maj C. D . Shearin

C om m unications R adiation S afe^ ’ A irc ra ft

R equ irem en ts R eentry AEC /D O D

C oordination M onitoring

OPERATIONS

Lt C ol H .C . ThnxtonMr. p . A tkins (UK)

P r o je c t 9.61 F ie ld Support

ENGR Sl CONSTR

P ro jec t 9,7 E ngin eer ing S e r v ic e s

C ap i M. L . W altors

P r o je c t 9 .4 TECH LNFO BRANCH

R eports Mr. C. W. Isse lh a rd t

Ground SafetyT ransportationHousing

LOGISTIC SUPPORT

O ffice SpaceSupplyPow er

M aj A .B . Johnson M r. P . A tkins (UK) P ro jec t 9 .62

C L A S S m C A T m j AND SECURITY [-------

Lt D. ArniHtrong j

ADXUNISTRATION

Lt P . F , F eeney

P ro jec t 9 .2 D ocum entary - S t i ll PHOTOGRAPHY

P ro jec t 3 .3D ocum entary - M ovie

Pirojeci 9.^T ech n ica l

Maj E . E. Shelton

WASHINGTON P O U C Y COMMITTEE

D r. G. Duoning - AEC D r. W. O tting - DOD D r. K, S tew art - UK

P ro jec t 2.1 S o il D eposition M easurem ents

— —

Mr. Wm S . Johnson

P r o je c t 2.2 A ir Sam pling

—

Mr. J . C. M aloney

P ro jec t 2 .3Fallout C o llec tion

M r. K iilip W. K rey

P ro jec t 2. 4M lcro m eteo ro lo g ica lM easu rem en ts

-

Mr. R obert Tltu.v

P r o je c t 2 .5 A lpha Survey

PROJECT MANAGER M r. J . E. R e ev es

MILITARY DEPOTY C ol L eo A. KUey

ASST MILITARY D EPUTY C ol M. N iem ann

RESEARCH GROUP DIRECTOR LtCol J a m e s L . D ick

ASST RSCH GP DIR LCDR A . R ockm an

ALOO COORDINATOR Mr. E. K. l^ t h e w s

CHDASA PROGRAM ADVISC® LtCoI Jack C. B en tley

SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR D r. J . D. S hreve

D EP SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR LtCol J . S. Iveson (UK)

ASST TO SCI DIR FOR:

P h y sic a l M easurem ents Mr, G. H aberfield (UK)

F ield O oerations Mr. D. P alm er

B iom ed ica l S tudies Maj J . T err y

Laboratory A n alysis Dr. M. F. .Milligan

M eteorology *Mr. H. W. Church

PROOF AM 2

Mbj R . P . Kutarnia Maj D. J . h ^ 'ers M e s s r s E. C hatfleld and R. C a rter (UK)

PROGRAM 4

M a J J .L . T erry

PROGRAM 5

Mr. Wm S. Johnson

P ro jec t 4.1 B iom ed ica l S tudies

Mr. R. W ilson

.Maj R. P . Kutarnia

.Maj D. J . M yers Mr. D. T hom as (UK)

Ptxtject 2.6 Specia l P a rticu la te C h a r a c te r is t ic s

Mr. R. K. F u lle r 2 .6 a

P ro jec t 2.7 Balloon A r ra y s

Mr. H. G. t^ u r se n

P ro jec t 5.1 O n-Site L.aboratory

Mr. L. B a ie tti 3.1a

P ro jec t 5.2R ad iobiological.\rua lvsis

R EFEREE TE.AM

D r. M illigan D r. H arley Or. Sedlet D r. N ie lsen Mr. C urrie Mr. T hom as (UK) C cl R u sse ll

P ro jec t 2-8 O ff-S ite Survey

P rojec t 5.3 R adiochem ical and P h ysiochem ica l .\n a ly s is

M r. John Coogan

Figure 1.1 R oller C oaster organization''*! chart.

CHAPTER 2

DESCRIPTION OF EXPERIMENT

2 . 1 LOCATIONSO p e r a t i o n R o l l e r C o a s t e r was c o n d u c t e d on a p o r t i o n o f t h e

Las Vegas Bombing and Gunnery Range and S a n d i a C o r p o r a t i o n ' s Tonopah T e s t Range (TTR) i n s o u t h w e s t e r n Nevada . The b a s i c c r i ­t e r i o n f o r s i t e s e l e c t i o n was a r e l a t i v e l y f l a t a r e a f a i r l y re m o te f rom p o p u l a t e d a r e a s . F o u r t e s t s w ere p l a n n e d : DOUBLE TRACKSand CLEAN SLATE No. 1, No. 2, and No. J .

T h re e s h o t p o i n t s w e re c h o s e n i n C a c tu s F l a t and one i nS t o n e w a l l F l a t , a p p r o x i m a t e l y 20 m i l e s e a s t o f C o l d f i e l d , N e v a d a .The a p p r o x i m a t e t e s t a r e a i n S t o n e w a l l F l a t s t r e t c h e d from5 7 ° 5 3 'N t o 3 7 ° 5 0 'N and f rom 116°^6'W t o 117°05 .5 'W i n w h ic h g r o u n d z e r o f o r DOUBLE TRACKS was s e t a t 3 7 ° ^ 2 ' 2 2 . 5 3 " N ;116 °59 ' • 23 "W. The i n c l u s i v e c o o r d i n a t e s b o u n d in g t h eC a c t u s F l a t a r e a u s e d w ere 3 7 ° 3 3 'N t o 3 7 ° 5 0 'N and 116 ° 3 0 ' W t o 116 °^6 'W w i t h t h r e e g r o u n d z e r o s i d e n t i f i e d as f o l l o w s :CLEAN SLATE No. 1, 2 ’^0 . 92’’N ; 116 °39 ' 25 • 09"W; CLEAN SLATENo. 2, 37° i J5 ' l J0 .^ 3"N ; 116 ° 3 6 ' ^ 8 .58"W; and CLEAN SLATE No. 3 ,3 7 ° ^ 5 ' 5 3 • 22"N; 1 1 6 ° ^ 0 ' ^ 8 .88"W. The r e l a t i v e l o c a t i o n s , g r i d a r e a c o v e r a g e , and o r i e n t a t i o n s a r e shown i n F i g u r e 2 . 1 .

2 . 2 EXPERIMENT MOTIVATIONS AND DESIGNS

2 . 2 . 1 DOUBLE TRACKS. The DOUBLE TRACKS e v e n t was a r e s e a r c h s t u d y d e s i g n e d t o i n v e s t i g a t e t h e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s o f t h e p l u ­t o n i u m - b e a r i n g p a r t i c u l a t e m a t e r i a l , fo rmed from a o n e - p o i n t d e t o n a t i o n o f a d e v i c e l o c a t e d one f o o t above a s t e e 1 - f a c e d c o n c r e t e s u r f a c e . The s t u d y r e q u i r e d e l a b o r a t e m e a s u r e m e n t s , t h r o u g h o u t t h e f i e l d , o f t h e d u r a t i o n and i n t e n s i t y o f a e r o s o l ­i z e d p l u t o n i u m d u r i n g i t s d i f f u s i o n and s e t t l i n g from th e

E N T I A L

d e to n a t io n c lo u d . The c o r r e sp o n d in g ground d e p o s i t io n p a t te r n was a maj or i n t e r e s t as w e l l . F in a lly ^ DOUBLE TRACKS had th e a d d i­t i o n a l s p e c i a l i n t e n t o f e x p o s in g an im a ls and a i r sam p lers to th e same respirable c o n c e n tr a t io n s o f p lu to n iu m and uran ium .Thus5 th e a e r o s o l p a r t i c l e s i z e sp ectru m , i t s im m ediate tr a n s p o r t and f a l l o u t and i t s b i o l o g i c a l u p ta k e , o r i g i n a l body d e p o s i t io n , m eta b o lism and e v e n tu a l s i t e s o f r e t e n t io n w ere a l l p r in c ip a l aims o f t h i s e v e n t .

In th e f i e l d p u r s u it o f th e s e a im s , an e x t e n s iv e a rra y o f ground and b a llo o n -b o r n e a ir S am p les, f a l l o u t c o l l e c t o r s , o v e r ­la p p in g s t a t i o n s f o r th r e e s p e c ie s o f a n im a ls (b u r r o s , sh e e p , and d o g s ) and s p e c i a l in s tr u m e n ts ex ten d ed more th an 9 m ile s downwind o v er a 9 0 -d e g r e e s e c t o r and encom passed an a r e a o f about 70 square m i l e s . S t a t io n s and in stru m en t p o s i t io n in g on th e a rra y s are in d ic a t e d in F ig u r e s 2 .2 th rou gh 2.5* Many f e a t u r e s o f th e samp­l in g a rra y s w ere m ovable up to one hour b e fo r e sh o t t im e ; c e r t a in o th e r s w ere manned and m o b ile th rou gh th e p e r io d o f c lo u d p a s s a g e . V e r t ic a l c u r t a in s o f sam p lin g in s tr u m e n ta t io n , su p p o rted by la r g e b a l lo o n s , w ere p la c e d in th e downwind g r id . T hese to o were c a p a b le o f b e in g moved to a s s i s t in in t e r c e p t io n o f th e c lo u d (F ig u r e s 2 .6 and 2 . 7 ) •

2 . 2 . 2 CLEAN SLATE. The th r e e CLEAN SLATE s h o ts were d e s ig n e d to c o n t r a s t weapons a c c id e n t s , w ith r e s p e c t to hazard p er u n i t p lu to n iu m mass c o n ta in e d , fo r c o n d it io n s o f open s to r a g e , s to r a g e in a DASA i g l o o w ith 2 f e e t o f e a r th c o v e r , and s to r a g e in a p rop osed DASA i g l o o w ith 8 f e e t o f e a r th c o v e r (F ig u r e s 2 .8 and 2 . 1 0 ) . By U. S. s to r a g e c r i t e r i a , th e maximum q u a n t i ty o f p lu ­tonium p e r m itte d in a sta n d a rd ig l o o i s tw ic e t h a t a llo w e d fo r open s t o r a g e . Y et no s a t i s f a c t o r y t e s t d a ta c e r t i f i c a t i o n o f t h i s r u l in g has e v e r b een m ade.

In CLEAN SLATE N o. 1, n in e d e v ic e s w ere d e to n a te d in seq u en ce to s im u la te norm al p r o p a g a tio n (F ig u r e 2 . 9 ) • E x te n s iv e p h y s ic a l m easurem ents w ere made th ro u g h o u t th e a rra y as shown in F ig u re 2 .2 e x c e p t th a t th e a rra y was sh o r te n e d in le n g th to 55^000 f e e t (F ig u re 2 . 1 ) .

The h azard m o d era tio n by e a r th c o v e r was m easured in two ex p er im en ts co n d u cted in ig l o o s c o v e r e d by 8 ' f e e t (CLEAN SLATE N o. 3) and 2 f e e t (CLEAN SLATE No. 2) o f e a r t h , r e s p e c t i v e l y .

18

col

F ig u r e 2 .8 i s a r e p r e s e n t a t io n o f th e CLEAN SLATE No. 5 ig l o o j show ing two com p artm en ts , one o f w h ich was in str u m e n te d fo r b l a s t e f f e c t s . The GLEAN SLATE N o. 2 i g l o o c o n s i s t e d o f a s i n g l e com­p artm en t . Each i g l o o c o n ta in e d 19 d e v ic e s (F ig u r e 2 . 1 0 ) . One d e v ic e in e a c h i g l o o c o n ta in e d p lu to n iu m . The a rra y s fo r CLEAN SLATE N o s . 2 and 3 w ere a p p r o x im a te ly J m ile s in le n g th and 3 m ile s w ide a t th e d i s t a n t arc (F ig u r e 2 . 1 ) , w ith in s tr u m e n ta t io n and la y o u t s im i la r to th a t shown in F ig u r e 2 . 2 .

L im ited e x t e n t o f a l l a rra y s was a p r a c t i c a l m a t t e r ; c l e a r l y , some a c t i v i t y w ould t r a v e l f a r t h e r downwind in a l l c a s e s . O f f - s i t e , t h i s c o n t in g e n c y was m et th rou gh m easurem ents by th e U n ite d S t a t e s P u b lic H e a lth S e r v ic e (USPHS). S in c e e x t r a in s t r u - m ents and tim e w ere a v a i la b le on CLEAN SLATE N o. 3s a d d it io n a l rem ote s t a t i o n s w ere a c t iv a t e d . B a llo o n c u r ta in s w ere a l s o u sed in a l l CLEAN SLATE e v e n ts e x c e p t in CLEAN SLATE N o. 3s when no la r g e b a llo o n s w ere a v a i l a b l e .

2 .3 WEAPONS REQUIREMENTS AND MODIFICATIONSThe f o l lo w in g d ev ices,^ m o d if ie d as in d ic a t e d , w ere u s e d :

2 . 3 . 1 DOUBLE TRACKS. One d e v ic e was c o n ta in e d in an a lu m i­num c a s e and made s u i t a b le f o r o n e -p o in t d e to n a t io n a t one o f th r e e p r e i d e n t i f i e d d e to n a to r w e l l s . A l l o r a l lo y was removed and r e p la c e d w ith d e p le t a l lo y o f s im i la r m ass and c o n f ig u r a t io n . The d e v ic e d id n o t c o n ta in any form o f i n i t i a t i o n sy ste m .

2 . 3 . 2 CLEAN SLATE. Each o f th e two ig l o o e v e n ts (CLEAN SLATE N o s . 2 and 3 ) r e q u ir e d a t o t a l o f I 9 d e v i c e s . One d e v ic e in ea ch sh o t c o n ta in e d p lu to n iu m , th e o th e r 18 c o n ta in e d d e p le t a l lo y . The t o t a l m ass c o n te n t in ea ch was e q u iv a le n t to th a t c o n ta in e d in an u n m o d ified d e v i c e .

The open s to r a g e e v e n t r e q u ir e d one d e v ic e , m o d if ie d as o u t ­l in e d in S e c t io n 2.3*1^ and e ig h t HE s p h e r e s , m o d if ie d as o u t l in e d fo r th e i g l o o e v e n t s . No d e v ic e c o n ta in e d any ty p e o f i n i t i a t i o n sy ste m . D e t a i l s o f th e d e v ic e d e s ig n are c o n ta in e d in R e fe r ­en ce 1 .

2 . h SAFETY PROCEDURESD edudding o p e r a t io n s w ere deemed a d v is a b le and a cco m p lish ed

fo r b o th S to n e w a ll F la t and C actus F l a t . Both o f th e in te n d e d work a r e a s w ere u sed fo r m e r ly as gunnery and bombing r a n g e s . A l l

E N T I A L

i d e n t i f i a b l e HE h a z a r d s , as w e l l as scra p m e ta l bom bs, were

rem oved.I t was a n t ic ip a t e d th a t th e c o n c e n tr a t io n o f p lu ton iu m d i s ­

t r ib u te d beyond th e s i t e and a d ja c e n t governm ent lan d w ould n o t be h a z a r d o u s . Even s o , d e c i s i o n to f i r e ea ch s h o t in c lu d e d a s p e ­c i f i c e v a lu a t io n o f o f f - s i t e c o n ta m in a tio n i n l i g h t o f s h o t tim e m e te o r o lo g y . The d e v ic e s u sed in th e program w ere m o d if ie d to in s u r e no n u c le a r y i e l d .

An e x t e n s iv e R a d -S a fe p la n was p rep a red f o r a l l e v e n t s , c o v e r in g c r i t e r i a o f d r e s s , p r o t e c t iv e eq u ip m en t, r e s p ir a t o r y d e v ic e s , c o n ta m in a tio n l e v e l s , and p r o c e d u r e s . T h is p la n t r e a te d p r e s h o t t r a in in g , o p e r a t io n a l a s p e c t s o f R a d -S a fe , m o n ito r in g , p o s ts h o t e n v ir o n m e n ta l h e a l t h , d e c o n ta m in a tio n , and o f f - s i t e s a f e t y . The R ad -S afe p o l ic y was b a sed on a p h ilo s o p h y o fth e a b s o lu te minimum ex p o su re c o n s i s t e n t w ith o p e r a t io n a l s u c c e s s ; in no c a s e was an ex p o su re in e x c e s s o f p r e s e n t i n d u s t r i a l s ta n d ­ard s a n t ic ip a t e d . The d e t a i l s o f th e r a d i o l o g i c a l s a f e t y p la n are c o n ta in e d in A ppendix A.

O ther s a f e t y a s p e c t s su ch as v e h ic le o p e r a t io n , f i r e r e g u la ­t i o n s , i n d u s t r i a l s a f e t y , and m e d ic a l a id w ere e s t a b l i s h e d in con son ance w ith p r e s e n t ly a c c e p te d s ta n d a rd s and, in some c a s e s , made more r i g i d b eca u se o f u n u su a l o p e r a t io n s .

F o llo w in g th e c o m p le t io n o f th e o p e r a t io n , ad eq u ate decontam ­in a t io n a n d /o r r e c la m a t io n o f th e a rea was a c c o m p lish e d .

2 .5 CONTROL POINTA s p e c i a l c o n t r o l p o in t was e s t a b l i s h e d to p r o v id e a c e n te r

f o r th e r i g i d c o n t r o l o f th e d iv e r s e o p e r a t io n s . The CP c o n s is t e d o f t r a i l e r s w h ich c o u ld be q u ic k ly r e d e p lo y e d b etw een e v e n t s . The g e n e r a l la y o u t ap p ears a s F ig u re 2 . 1 1 .

\ k .'t,twill»Mill

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lofidi«e/ SANDIA SECURITY/

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Figure 2.2 Fixed ground instrument, array for DOUBLE TRACKS. (Maximum array u sed .)

22

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13 ,000'

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n o t e s ;1. DESIGNATED ARCS CONTAIN 11 TOTAL AIR SAMPLERS

AND 2 0 CASCADE IMRACTORS

2. TOTAL INSTRUMENTATION-99 TOTAL AIR SAMPLERS AND ISO CASCADE IMFACTORS

3 SAMPLERS SPACED l'/^ APART

4. ADDITIONAL INSTRUMENTATIONARC F-SEQUENTIAL AIR SAMPLERS-1 0 ARC L-SEQUENTIAL FALUDUT COLLECTORS-11

Figure 2.3 Movable instrumentation array for DOUBLE TRACKS .

C O N F

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1,750'>sJI,500'

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E 2 4 BURROS 3 6 SHEEP 2 4 DOGS

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Figure 2.4 Animals and their nominal field positions.

24

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ARC INSTRUMENTATION

B 6 0 CASCADE IMFACTORS 3 3 TOTAL AIR SAMPLERS 7 4 4 STICKY CYLINDERS 18 STICKY PLATES

H 4 4 TOTAL AIR SAMPLERS 165 STICKY CYLINDERS

R 16 CASCADE IMFACTORS 2 0 0 STICKY CYLINDERS

Figure 2.5 Nominal balloon array positions and intended instrumentation.

C O N F

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Figure 2.6 Sketch of first balloon curtain.

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1000 FT.

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F igu re 2 .7 T yp ical in stru m en tation of intended Arc R b a lloon s.

I D E N T I A L

Figure 2.8 Igloo detail for CLEAN SLATE No. 3.

INDICATES DETONATOR ORIENTATION

Figure 2.9 CLEAN SLATE No. 1 device array.

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a FIRING ORDER AND SCHEDULE I ZERO TIME 2 + 0 0 0 3 SEC.3 + 0 0 0 6 SEC.4 + 0 0 0 9 SEC

S E C T I O N A - A

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2. UNITS FIRED WITH DETONATORS IN HORIZONTAL PLANE ORIENTED AS SHOWN IN NOTE 3.

3 FIRING ORDER AND SCHEDULE I. ZERO TIME 2 + 0 0 0 3 SEC.3 + 0 0 0 6 SEC.4 + 0 0 0 9 SEC.

SCALE

12 16

FEET

Figure 2.10 CLEAN SLATE research dev ices array.

30

coi

33

SCIENTIFIC DIRECTOR AND STAFF

FC/DASAPROGRAMS

2 . 4 , 5

RADIO NETS1,3,8

OBSERVATIONAREA

WEATHER BUREAU RADIO NETS II, 12

CK

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PROJ MANAGER CONFERENCE ROOM

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PLATFORM AREA

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RSCH GP DIRECTOR

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FC/DASA HQ/DASA UNITED KINGDOM

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RADIO NETS 3,14

Figure 2.11 CP complex and trailer space assignments.

CHAPTER 3

PROJECT STRUCTURE AND EXECUTION OF EXPERIMENTS

3 . 1 INTRODUCTIONO p era tio n R o l l e r C o a ste r was a j o i n t Atomic Energy Commis­

s i o n , Department o f D e fe n s e , and U n ited Kingdom (AEC/DOD/UK) r e s e a r c h program co n d u cted i n a manner t o in s u r e t h a t th e th r e e a g e n c ie s were f u l l y s a t i s f i e d w i t h th e method o f e x e c u t i o n o f the e f f o r t . ( O v e r a l l r e s p o n s i b i l i t y was in v e s t e d in th e R esearch Group D i r e c t o r , th e S c i e n t i f i c D i r e c t o r , and D eputy S c i e n t i f i c D ir e c t o r , r e p r e s e n t i n g th e DOD, th e AEC, and th e U n ited Kingdom, r e s p e c ­t i v e l y , who fo rm u la ted th e d e t a i l s o f th e s c i e n t i f i c program in c lu d in g th e t e c h n i c a l w orth o f in s t r u m e n t a t io n , i t s c a l i b r a t i o n , f i e l d p o s i t i o n and o r i e n t a t i o n , sample r e c o v e r y and p a ck a g in g , d a ta r e c o r d in g , e t c . ) The f i e l d e x e c u t io n o f a l l ex p e r im e n ts was done by p r o j e c t a ss ig n m en t to s e l e c t e d c o n t r a c t o r s . The o r g a n iz a ­t i o n a l s t r u c t u r e was shown b e f o r e i n F ig u r e 1 . 1 .

3 . 2 PROJECTSSunimary l i s t i n g o f p r o j e c t s by form al t i t l e , c o n t r a c t o r , and

b r i e f s ta te m e n t o f o b j e c t i v e s i s g iv e n b e lo w . Each p r o j e c t p r e ­pared a form al in t e r im r e p o r t , w hich appears as an appendix to t h i s main t e x t i n Volume g.

3 . 2 . 1 P r o j e c t 2 . 1 , S p e c i a l S o i l D e p o s i t io n M easurem ents , E b e r l in e In stru m en t C o r p o r a t io n . The prim ary o b j e c t i v e s w e r e :(1) to e v a l u a t e in detail the d i s t r i b u t i o n and r e t e n t i o n o f p lu ton ium and uranium in m a t e r i a l s ( e . g . , c o n c r e t e , s t e e l , d e v ic e fragm en ts) a t and im m e d ia te ly around GZ; and (2 ) t o c o r r e l a t e , by c h em ic a l a n a l y s i s , r a d ia c m eter r e a d in g s o f p lu ton ium c o n ta m in a t io n w ith a b s o lu t e s u r fa c e l e v e I s o f p lu ton iu m d e p o s i t i o n ( s e e Appendix B ) .

3 - 2 . 2 P r o i e c t 2- 2„ A ir SampllngTBlKs.urements^ N u c lear■ frf Hr -i-.-T'-m

D efen se L a b o r a to r y . The o b j e c t i v e s w e r e : ( I) t o d e term in e thes i z e and a c t i v i t y o f p lu to n iu m -b e a r in g p a r t i c l e s and t h e i r s p a t i a l d i s t r i b u t i o n in th e c lo u d ( b a l lo o n -b o r n e i n s t r u m e n t s ) and n ea r the s u r f a c e ; and ( p) to d e term in e the v a r i a b i l i t y o f t h e s e m easu re­m ents w ith tim e ( s e e A ppendix C ) .

3 . 2 . 3 P r o j e c t 2 . 3 > F a l l o u t Sample C o l l e c t i o n s , I s o t o p e s ,I n c . The o b j e c t i v e s w e r e : (1) to d eterm in e s u r f a c e c o n c e n tr a ­t i o n s o f p lu ton iu m and uranium as a f u n c t io n o f p o s i t i o n r e l a t i v e to ground z e r o ; ( 2) t o m easure th e tim e o f a r r i v a l o f con tam in an ts and t h e i r a ccu m u la t io n r a t e w i t h tim e and p o s i t i o n from ground z e r o ; and (3 ) t o p r o v id e sam ples o f f a l l o u t m a t e r i a l in a form s u i t a b l e f o r s p e c i a l p a r t i c l e c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s s tu d y ( s e e Appendix D ) .

3 . 2 .^ P r o j e c t 2 . ^ , M ic r o m e te o r o lo g ic a l M easurem ents , U. S. W eather B ureau . The o b j e c t i v e s w e r e : (1) t o make a l o c a lc l i m a t o l o g i c a l su r v e y o f th e a rea s in v o lv e d so t h a t th e s p e c i f i e d c o n d i t i o n s f o r th e s h o t c o u ld be r e c o g n iz e d in advance from th e s y n o p t i c s i t u a t i o n ; ( 2 ) t o p r o v id e o b s e r v a t io n s and f o r e c a s t s fo r p r e e v e n t t e c h n i c a l o p e r a t io n s and f o r th e im p le m e n ta t io n o f the o p e r a t i o n a l s a f e t y program ; and (3 ) to make th e f o l l o w i n g m easu re­m ents d u rin g th e p e r io d o f i n t e r e s t o f e a c h event^ f o r u se in d e v e lo p in g a c lo u d mode 1 : (a) s u r fa c e wind v e l o c i t y a t p o s i t i o n sth rou gh out th e sa m p lin g a rra y (b) wind ve l o c i t y - h e i g h t p r o f i l e s , ( c ) t e m p e r a tu r e -h e ig h t p r o f i l e ^ and (d) t u r b u le n c e - h e i g h t p r o f i l e ( s e e Appendix E ) .

3 . 2 . 5 P r o j e c t 2 . 5 . A lpha Su rvey , E b e r l in e In stru m en t Corpo­r a t i o n . The o b j e c t i v e s w e r e : (1) to p r o v id e a l a r g e - a r e a r a d ia csu r v e y o f th e p lu to n iu m -c o n ta m in a te d a rea and e s t a b l i s h con tam in a­t i o n l e v e l c o n t o u r s ; (2 ) t o p r o v id e d a ta c o n c e r n in g approxim ate d i s t r i b u t i o n and c o n c e n t r a t i o n o f p lu ton iu m on th e ground in su p p o rt o f o th e r p r o j e c t s ; ( 3 ) to p r o v id e a h ig h e r sam pling d e n s i t y than was p r a c t i c a b l e by r a d io c h e m is tr y a l o n e ; and ) f i n a l l y t o a ttem p t c o r r e l a t i o n o f r e s u l t s by r a d ia c m eter r e a d ­in g s w i t h the more a b s o lu t e r e s u l t s from c h e m ic a l a n a l y s i s o f d e p o s i t i o n sam ples (A p p en d ices B and C) .

Secondary o b j e c t i v e s o f th e p r o j e c t were to i n v e s t i g a t e the f e a s i b i l i t y o f p o r t a b le and m o b ile lo w -e n e r g y gamma d e t e c t i o n

N T I A L

t e c h n iq u e s f o r uranium and p lu to n iu m and to r a p id ly d e l i n e a t e by t h e s e means s u r f a c e - c o n t a m in a t io n b o u n d a r ies to a s s i s t t h i s and o th e r p r o j e c t s in s t r a t e g i c equipm ent p lacem ent and r e c o v e r y ( s e e Appendix F ) .

3 ‘ 2 . S P r o j e c t 2 .6 a , S p e c i a l P a r t i c u l a t e C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ,U. S. N aval R a d i o lo g ic a l D e fe n se L a b o r a to r y . The o b j e c t i v e s we r e :(1) t o determ ine the p h y s i c a l and ch em ic a l n a tu r e o f th e f a l l o u t r e s u l t i n g from n o n -n u c le a r d e t o n a t io n s o f weapons c o n t a i n i n g p l u ­tonium . The prim ary m easurem ents w ere to i n c l u d e : ( a) the t o t a lmass o f f a l l o u t and th e amount o f p lu ton ium and uraniiam c o l l e c t e d per u n i t a r e a , (b) the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f the f a l l o u t mass among v a r io u s d e n s i t y f r a c t i o n s , ( c ) th e f a l l o u t p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u ­t i o n o f each d e n s i t y f r a c t i o n , and (d) the d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p l u ­tonium and uranium by p a r t i c l e s i z e and p a r t i c l e d e n s i t y . In a d d i t i o n , l i m i t e d s t u d i e s w i l l be made o f th e amount o f s o i l p r e s e n t as w e l l as th e c h e m ic a l s t a t e o f the p lu to n iu m and uranium and t h e i r l e a c h in g and exchange b e h a v io r i n s e v e r a l l i q u i d s ( see Appendix G ) .

3 . 2 . 7 P ro jec ts 2 .6b and 2 . 6 c , S p e c i a l P a r t i c u l a t e S t u d i e s , I s o t o p e s , I n c . , and T r a c e r la b , I n c . The o b j e c t i v e s in c lu d e d a tte m p ts to d e te r m in e : (1 ) d i s t r i b u t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s in terms o ft h e i r a c t i v e c o n s t i t u e n t s ; (? ) d i s t r i b u t i o n o f a c t i v e p a r t i c l e s in terms o f t h e i r m i c r o s c o p i c a l l y o b se r v e d s i z e s , g i v i n g mass and number d i s t r i b u t i o n s ; (3 ) sh apes o f i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s and v a r i ­a t i o n s i n shape in groups o f p a r t i c l e s ; (^ ) v i s l b l e c h a r a c t e r i s ­t i c s and comment g e n e r a l l y on c o l o r , n a tu r e o f s u r f a c e , e t c . ; ( 5 ) c o m p o s i t io n o f i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s w i th p a r t i c u l a r em ph asis on s i z e s a few m icrons and l e s s ; (6) approxim ate s p e c i f i c a c t i v i t y o f i n d i v i d u a l p a r t i c l e s and t h e i r v a r i a t i o n w it h p a r t i c l e s i z e ; ( 7 ) p r e s e n c e or n on p resen ce o f s i g n i f i c a n t a g g lo m e r a t io n e f f e c t s ; (8) g e n e r a l f r a n g i b i l i t y by n o t in g breakup o f p a r t i c l e s on im p actor s l i d e s ; ( 9 ) i n d i c a t i o n o f any d e t e r i o r a t i o n i n c a s c a d e sam pler perform ance due to o v e r lo a d in g or poor o p e r a t in g c o n d i t i o n s ; (10) p a r t i c l e s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n s in c l u d i n g n o n a c t iv e p a r t i c l e s on th e f i r s t s t a g e o f im p actors on a l l CLEAN SLATE c o l l e c t i o n s ; (11) a s im p le and b u lk d i s a g g r e g a t i o n or p a r t i c l e d i s i n t e g r a t i o n w ith tim e i n a i r and w a ter ; (12) by c h e m ic a l a n a l y s i s , f o l l o w i n g p a r t i - c l e a n a l y s i s , mass o f a c t i v e c o n s t i t u e n t s ; and ( I3 ) mass per u n i t

E N T I A L

a r e a on d e p o s i t i o n sampIg^-i3 . 2 . 8 P r o j e c t 2 . 7 , B a l lo o n S u pp ort, S an d ia C o r p o r a t io n . The

o b j e c t i v e was to p r o v id e s u p p o r t f o r v e r t i c a l a i r sam p ler c u r t a in s and ca b le -m o u n ted m e t e o r o l o g i c a l equipm ent on a l l R o l l e r C o a ste r e v e n t s ( s e e Appendix H ) .

3 - g . 9 P r o j e c t 2 . 8 , O f f - S i t e S urvey , U. S. P u b l ic H e a lth S e r v i c e . The o b j e c t i v e s w ere: to d e t e c t and document any d i s ­p e r s a l o f con ta m in a n ts beyond th e o p e r a t io n s area ( s e e Appendix

I) •3 . 2 . 1 0 P r o i e c t ^ . 1 , B io m e d ic a l S tu d ies^ U n i v e r s i t y o f

Roches t e r . The o b j e c t i v e s w ere: (1) to m axim ally e x p o se s e v e r a l s p e c i e s o f an im als to th e p lu to n iu m -r ic h a e r o s o l produced by non­n u c le a r d e to n a t io n o f a p lu to n iu m -b e a r in g d e v ic e ; (2 ) t o sample and have a n a ly ze d each t i s s u e (bone in c lu d e d ) th a t m ig h t c o n t a in p lu to n iu m as a r e s u l t o f i n h a l a t i o n ; and (3 ) to s tu d y p lu ton iu m d e p o s i t i o n j r e t e n t io n ^ and m etabolism ^ and c o r r e l a t e t h e s e w ith p h y s i c a l ex p o su re en v ironm en t by s p e c i e s ( s ee Appendix J ) .

3 . 2 . 1 1 P r o j e c t 5 - 1 ; Sample H a n d l i n g and P r o c e s s i n g F a c i l i t y , T r a c e r l a b . The o b j e c t i v e s w e re t o p r o v i d e : (1) s am p le r e t r i e v a l( from in s t r u m e n t s ) , h a n d l in g , and p a c k a g in g ; ( 2 ) o n - s i t e c o u n t in g o f s e l e c t e d s a m p le s ; ( 3 ) d e c o n ta m in a t io n o f in s t r u m e n t a t io n fo r s u b se q u e n t e x p e r im e n t s ; and ( ^ ) sample r e c o r d a t io n , s t o r i n g , and s h ip p in g fo r fu r th e r a n a l y t i c a l work ( se e Appendix K ) .

3 . 2 . 1 2 P r o j e c t 5 - 2, R a d i o b i o l o g i c a l A n a l y s i s , Hazelton Nuclear

Science Corporation (5.2A), T racerlab (5.2B), Eberline Instrument Corporation (5.2C),

and Isotopes (5.2D). The objective is to provide accurate laboratory an alysis of animal

tissu e , bone m aterial, fe ces , urine and other animal associated sam ples for plutonium

content. Uranium content analysis will be perform ed on five percent of all available

sam p les. With the exception of the long term animal sacr ifice program , it is expected

that the radiobiological analysis on all present sam ples will be com pleted on or before

1 April 1964.

3.2.13 Project 5.3, R adiochem ical and Physiochem ical A nalysis, Hazelton

Nuclear Science Corporation (5.3A), T racerlab (5.3B), Eberline Instrument Corporation

(5.3C), Isotopes (5.3D). The objective is to provide large sca le laboratory analysis of

so il, air sample filters , and fallout sam p les for plutonium content. Uranium content

analysis w ill be perform ed on five percent of all sam ples available. It is expected that

radiochem ical and physiochem ical an alysis w ill be com pleted on or before 1 April 1964.

35

G i f l m w i l L

CHAPTER

EVENT DOUBLE TRACKS

i l . l DESCRIPTION OF THE EVENT

^ . l . I I n s tr u m e n ta t io n and Animal A rra y . I n s tr u m e n ta t io n f o r DOUBLE TRACKS was in accordance w i t h th e e x p e r im e n ta l p la n , w ith the e x c e p t i o n o f f a i l u r e to a c h ie v e a l l th e b a l lo o n a rra y s w anted .

The an im al array was d iv id e d betw een Arcs E and I and^ each an im al r a ck was in s tr u m e n te d w i t h Case 11a MK I I im p actors and t o t a l a i r s a m p le r s . F u l l d e t a i l s o f an im al lo a d in g and p o s i t i o n ­in g are g iv e n i n Appendix J .

^ . 1 . 2 B a l lo o n A r r a y s . Due to b a l lo o n l o s s e s in the p e r io d from m id -A p r i l onw ards, i t proved im p r a c t i c a b le to mount the second b a l lo o n c u r t a i n . The main c u r t a i n on Arc B was i n s t r u ­mented as planned^ ap art from m inor e x c e p t i o n s . The a rra y o f i n d i v i d u a l UK b a l lo o n s p lan n ed to be lo c a t e d on Arc R was a l s o n e c e s s a r i l y m o d if ie d and moved to Arc J to form th e secon d c u r t a i n .

There were a l s o l o s s e s o f t h e s e i n d i v i d u a l b a l lo o n s i n th e p r e s h o t p h a s e . The number o f the l a r g e r typ e b a l l o o n s , c a p a b le o f c a r r y in g th e r e q u ir e d two c a sca d e im p a c t o r s , was reduced to t h r e e . The rem ain in g f i v e were o f a s m a l le r v a r i e t y and c a r r i e d o n lys t i c k y sam pling c y l i n d e r s a t 5 0 - f o o t h e ig h t i n t e r v a l s to 1000f e e t .

^. l . ~3 P r e sh o t E v e n t s . DOUBLE TRACKS was o r i g i n a l l y s c h e d u le d f o r 1 May 1965 but due to b a l lo o n f a i l u r e s , i t wasd e la y e d u n t i l 0 1 0 0 , IJ May. On 12 May, the array was i n s t r u ­m ented, and by 2500 the b a l lo o n a rra y s had been r ig g e d and r a i s e d . The e x p e c te d n o r t h e r ly d ra in a g e f lo w was n o t e s t a b l i s h e d . F a i r l y s t r o n g , s o u t h e r l y upper winds p r e v a i l e d to keep the r e s u l t a n t too fa r in th e e a s t . The sh o t was c a n c e l l e d a t O5OO and the b a l lo o n

36

^AL

a r r a y s w ere d e r ig g e d .On th e f o r e c a s t o f a th erm al tro u g h over th e a rea on 1 May

H-hour was r e s c h e d u le d f o r 0100;, 15 May. During I j May, h ig h w in ds up to ^0 k n ots o c c u r r e d , and on 1 May ch eck s w ere made f o r d e t e r i o r a t i o n o f in s t r u m e n t a t io n , f a l l o u t c o l l e c t o r s , e t c . w hich had rem ained in th e f i e l d ; f a u l t s found were r e c t i f i e d . Two o f th e o r i g i n a l th r e e b a l lo o n c u r t a i n s w ere a g a in in s tr u m e n te d and in p o s i t i o n by 2559-

^ . 1 . ^ Shot P h a s e . With th e e x c e p t i o n o f wind s p e e d , a c c e p t a b le m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s w ere e s t a b l i s h e d by 0 1 0 0 , and th e m ovable a rra y was a d j u s t e d t o l i n e up w ith th e w ind d i r e c t i o n . A tem p era tu re i n v e r s i o n o f about 2 . 5 °C a t 500 f e e t had d e v e lo p e d b u t w ind sp e e d s a t GZ w ere to o h ig h , i n the range IJ to 15 k n o t s . F u r th e r down th e a r r a y , h ow ever , th e y were in th e a c c e p t a b le range (b e low 10 k n o t s ) ( s e e Appendix E ) .

At 0 2 3 0 , a d e c r e a se i n w ind sp eed was a p p a r e n t . T h is tren d c o n t in u e d , and DOUBLE TRACKS was f i r e d a t 0 2 5 5 , 15 May I 9 6 3 . Wind sp e e d a t GZ was 11 k n o ts and o f d e c r e a s in g i n t e n s i t y f u r t h e r down th e a r r a y . Wind sh e a r o f some 25 d e g r e e s e x i s t e d w i t h i n th e v e r t i c a l e x t e n t o f th e c l o u d .

^ . 1 . 5 F o s t s h o t P h a s e . W ith th e e x c e p t i o n o f th e in c r e m e n ta l f a l l o u t sam p lers and a few o th e r m inor f a i l u r e s , a l l in s t r u m e n ta ­t i o n o p e r a te d c o r r e c t l y .

Cloud photograp hy u s in g a seq u en ce o f 5 0 " n i i l l io n c a n d le power f l a s h b u lb s was s u c c e s s f u l . D e t a i l s o f p h o to g ra p h ic equ ipm ent and i t s p o s i t i o n i n g are g iv e n i n Appendix L.

D e l i n e a t i o n o f th e f a l l o u t a r e a was a cco m p lish e d f i r s t by u se o f P r o j e c t 2 . 5 m o b ile gamma s c a n n e r . T his in fo r m a t io n was u se d to s t a r t th e a lp h a - s u r v e y teams i n o p t im a l l o c a t i o n s . T h is su r v e y was co m p le te d b e fo r e noon o f D -day ( s e e Appendix F ) .

Sample c o l l e c t i o n to o k p la c e under good w ea th er c o n d i t i o n s . A l l sam ples were c a r r i e d to P r o j e c t 5 - l j O n -S ite L a b o ra to ry , f o r i d e n t i f i c a t i o n , c o u n t in g , and p a c k a g in g .

^ .2 RESULTSAt th e tim e o f p r e p a r a t io n o f t h i s r e p o r t , th e o n ly r e s u l t s

a v a i l a b l e com prised :(a ) A lpha su rv ey d a ta(b) F i e l d a lp h a c o u n t in g o f :

N T I A L

J __(1) A p r o p o r t io n o f a i r s S ^ l e r s( 2) A p r o p o r t io n o f p la n c h e t s from f a l l o u t c o l l e c t o r

s t a t i o n s(5 ) The m a jo r i ty o f s t i c k y c y l i n d e r s from the b a l lo o n

a rra y s(c ) High sp eed f i l m o f the d e t o n a t io n and s t i l l s from c lo u d

p h o to g ra p h s . These s t i l l r e q u ir e d e t a i l e d a n a l y s i s bu t F ig u r e ^ .1 shows two v iew s o f the c lo u d about the tim e o f I n t e r c e p t o f th e f i r s t b a l lo o n c u r t a i n . A th r e e - fr a m e e x t r a c t from the h ig h sp eed m ovie appears as F ig u r e ^ .2 to show j e t e x t e n t and e a r l y f i r e b a l l d e v e lo p m e n t .

^■2 . 1 A lpha S u r v e y . Alpha su r v e y r e s u l t s have been p l o t t e d to show rough f a l l o u t c o n to u rs on F ig u r e s ^ . 5 and The PAC-JGs u rv ey m eter I s s e t by g a in a d ju stm en t t o read ^20 cpm on a s ta n d - ard so u rce e q u i v a l e n t to 1 p,gm/m~ and th e c o n v e r s io n o f s u rv ey d a ta to c o n to u r p l o t s has been based on t h i s r e l a t i o n s h i p . Due to th e e f f e c t s o f s e l f - a b s o r p t i o n , t h i s method u n d e r e s t im a te s the c o n c e n t r a t i o n by a f a c t o r w hich I s d ep en d en t on b o th down-wlnd and c r o s s -w in d p o s i t i o n s in th e f a l l o u t a r e a .

C e r ta in m icr o sc o p e s l i d e s from Arc H w ere s t u d i e d In the f i e l d by R. F. C a r ter o f UKAEAjusing an a u to r a d io g r a p h ic te c h n iq u e he d e v e lo p e d . D e s c r ip t io n o f t h i s s tu d y and d e t a i l e d r e s u l t s are g iv e n In Appendix M. E s p e c i a l l y I n fo r m a t iv e I s th e com parison o f a u to r a d io g r a p h ic r e s u l t s w ith l e v e l s deduced from a lp h a s u rv ey and c o u n t in g o f f a l l o u t p l a n c h e t s . On th e arc ch eck ed , H, the a c t i v i t y s e e n by a u to ra d io g ra p h y was a lm o s t a lw ays h ig h e r by a f a c t o r betw een 1 and 5 w ith an average o f 2 to 5•

I t w i l l be n o te d th a t th e f a c t o r r e f e r r e d to above v a r i e s c o n s id e r a b ly a c r o s s the a rc ; an a verage v a l \ ie l i e s betw een 2 and

5-^ . 2 . 2 A ir C o n c e n t r a t io n s . From th e c o u n t in g d a ta on a i r

sam pler s t a g e s , a n a s se ss m e n t has been made o f th e t o t a l a ir b o r n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n c o n t o u r s , F ig u re ^ . 5 , and o f t h a t p a r t o f the a ir b o r n e c o n c e n t r a t io n l i k e l y to be a r e s p l r a b l e hazard (F ig u r e ^ . 6 ) . The l a t t e r I s a broad ap p rox im ation and I s deduced by s u b t r a c t in g from the t o t a l Im pactor sample the m a t e r i a l on S ta g e s 1 and 2 o f both Andersen and C a s e l l a Im p actors .

J I A l

^ . 2 . 3 Cloud C o n c e n tr a t io n and D im e n s io n s . The c lo u d p h o to ­graph s a lr e a d y p r e s e n t e d as F ig u r e ^ .1 sh o u ld be v iew ed as a c o r r e l a r y o f th e d a ta from f i e l d c o u n t in g o f s t i c k y c y l i n d e r s ; t h e s e d a ta a re shown as F ig u r e U . J . The f a r t h e r b a l lo o n c u r t a in (Arc J a t 1 3 000 f e e t ) a l s o c o n ta in e d s t i c k y c y l i n d e r s whose m easured a c t i v i t i e s l e d to F ig u r e ^ . 8 .

h . 3 d i s c u s s i o nF i e l d c o u n t in g i s q u a l i t a t i v e l y s a t i s fy in g ^ , even u s e f u l to

g e t s e m i - q u a n t i t a t i v e in f o r m a t io n . U n f o r t u n a t e l y , u n t i l th e p r e ­c i s e r e s u l t s are a v a i la b le ^ the r e a l q u a l i t y o f d a ta now in hand ca n n o t be j u d g e d . T herefore^ c a u t io n m ust be e x e r c i s e d in a p p roach in g any c o n c l u s io n s as y e t .

The d e g r e e o f e x p e r im e n ta l s u c c e s s was c l e a r l y h ig h and good a n a l y t i c a l s t e p s to come w i l l produce a tremendous su p p ly o f d a ta h e r e t o f o r e u n a v a i l a b l e .

I A L

G

S rA T to /^ S "/ / y - /OS' DZ

7SO

ZSg.

Z60•il€. //*/

SOO /6«7

L /-•-. /

/os

7(ro ■

■‘-S - .-

::*23a':— :i__

Figure 4.1 Two view s of DOUBLE TRACKS cloud at tim e of f ir st balloon intercept. (Sandia Corporation photos)

40

H + 4 m illiseconds

H + 14 m illiseconds

H + 33 m illiseconds

Figure 4.2 High-speed DOUBLE TRACKS sequence from 1,500 feet north of ground zero. (Sandia C orporation photos) 41

TiAL

060

•!00

200 600

SCALE •• FEET

Figure 4.3 DOUBLE TRACKS deposition contours by alpha survey in pg/m^.

42

GO

0 2000 6000tOOO 4000

SCALE FEET

Figure 4.4 Deposition contours by alpha survey in pg/m ^ DOUBLE TRACKS.

0 2000 6000

1000 4 000E FEET

Figure 4.5 Total plutonium (in air sam pler) during DOUBLE TRACKS cloud passage, cloud passage.

O 2000 6000

1000 4000SCALE ftET

Figure 4.6 R esplrable plutonium (in air sam pler) during DOUBLE TRACKS cloud p assage. DOUBLE TRACKS cloud passage.

POS i * ^ . 6 «»Q I 0 0 2 OOlI 0 0 4 O O i 0 0 2 O O I O o . 3 O O 0 0 9 O O 0 0 8

4 o O < ►OS o O

^ O . l o O * K>4 o O

0 5 4>OI 4 » 0 9 4 p Z .

0.2 002 O S O O

0 9 < > 0 9 O O 0 0 2 <

0 4 O O

17 « f i .5

100 120 HOO

9 4 >(60 < >130

K) « >130 1 >50

............... - 131 1 1\ \ I

, - >120 ■« > 80 > 2 2 0 - >7 \ o

> 4 0 A >U

\ \• •• 4 >3

Z 5 < > 0 2 < >os

POS 24 i a r X o! I 2

} € - >90

}T 4 >e < >40

!Qp ^yl >120 4 > « y ^ >70 j - >2t'

U >92 - > 6 5 ^ >S0 - M90i - ‘•19 \ >Sy^4

>92 - >96 - >130 ' H io l^ >48 - >4^*» >€fesj ^

JS1 9 - > 0 9 4 1^1 -« >^IK

20 4^921 4 1 4*1 \ ►«32 f - >0 >28 * >!

4 >3 4 >49 4 >1

4 r O . 4 0 0 . 4 ^ 0 . 1

4 5 6

^ *r 0 0 . 4 4 ^ 0 7

02 <00

0 7 4 > 0 8 <£>0.1 - •

* > 0 9

>Ql <>0

4 > 9 .8 - > 0 7 ^ 0 < >4J

3 2 1 X o i 4 > 0 3 4 >01 4 >0J 4> Q S < > 0 2

0.1 4 ►ae7 4 > 0 2 < > 01 4 KU

8 4 > 0 4 4 > 4 8 4 > 0317 4 > 0 2

0 3 4 > 0 3 O v O 4 >0.3 < > 0 4 > 00.8 4 >3j

02 4 >8

4 >2.2 01 <>04 4 >38 <>05 OS O O O O O O

22 088 0224 >33 4 >12 4 >38 ^ 3 2

X 3 9 4 >11 4 >17 4 >6 0 7 0 4 4 0 4 0

< > 0 9 4 >9 , >4 4 > 4 6 4 >72 4 >L2

0 7 0 0

4 >41 4 1 4 > ^ > P23>4 >1.4 4 >18 4 >

4 >9 > 3 0 4 >25 4 > 2 7 ^ >21 4 >30 4 >5.6 0 4

1.2 X t ^ z X o z J t o X X s \2 13 14 3 5 17 18

UNES I TO 3! VIEWED PROM Gg

o oE8 2 9 3 0 31

LEGEND:o IONIZATION CHAMBER CURRENT i u u a ) O BACKGROUND M MISSING STICKY CYLINDER - NO READING TAKEN

i f l f i O

2 0 f i / i a

SO jl/lQwmmzoofifia

Figure 4.7 Comparative a ir concentrations measured by sticky cylinder collections on DOUBLE TRACKS at 2,500 feet.

HORIZONTAL POSITION

■0.6-rO .2 -rO.6,t O

- -0 .3 - -0 .4 - - I

--2 .3 - -0 B--0 .3 - - 0

OS --I .2

--0 .3 •0.7- - 0.6 --0 4.4

0.4 - - 0.6--3 .9

--2 .4■0.3 --0.--I.8

--0 .3 - - 1,8 - -0 .I

zoE

--0 .I- - 0■0.3

- .1 4 --3 .6 --0.3 - - 0.6- J4O 0.2 - -0t”q:UJ> 8.2 - - 0 2- -0

- - 0.2--8 .5 --0

--0 --3 .8 --0.I --0 .I

--3 .4 - -3 .6 --0

--0 .I --0.I- -0

--0 .4--0 - -0 --0

--0.2 0.2--0

- - 2.6 --0- - 0•2.S - -06S0*

-L-o ■0.820 -H.3LEGEND

^/lAMPERES 3 0 ^ / 1 AMPERES-5 > 4 ^ a m p e r e s not to scale-IS^AMPERES

Figure 4.8 Comparative air concentration by measurement ot sticky cylinder collections on DOUBLE TRACKS at 13,000 feet.

!

CHAPTER 5

EVENT CLEAN SLATE NO. 1

5 . 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE EVENT

5 - 1 . 1 I n s t r u m e n t a t io n . I n s tr u m e n ta t io n on th e array was as p la n n ed , w i t h th e f o l l o w i n g e x c e p t i o n s :

(a ) At 21 s t a t i o n s th rou gh ou t the a r r a y , w a t e r - f i l l e d t r a y s w ere ex p o sed to c o l l e c t sam ples s u i t a b l e f o r s o l u b i l i t y s t u d i e s .

(b) S in ce a d d i t i o n a l a i r sam pling equipm ent was a v a i l ­a b le , some f o r t y a d d i t i o n a l in s tr u m e n ts were p o s i t i o n e d th rou gh ou t the a rra y a t e x i s t i n g sam plin g s t a t i o n s ( s e e Appendix C ) . This w i l l e v e n t u a l l y a l lo w some e s t im a t e t o be made o f the r e l a t i v e sam p lin g o f d i f f e r e n t in s tr u m e n ts a t th e same l o c a t i o n .

( c ) S e v e r a l s t a t i o n s w ere eq u ip p ed w i t h double f a l l o u t c o l l e c t o r s to a l lo w a s i m i l a r com parison to be made on the v a r i a ­t i o n o f f a l l o u t on s e p a r a te c o l l e c t i n g s u r f a c e s a t th e same l o c a ­t i o n .

5 . 1 . 2 B a l lo o n A r r a y s . C o n tin u in g h ig h w inds betw een e v e n t s c a u sed f u r t h e r damage to P r o j e c t 2 .7 b a l lo o n s and i t a g a in proved im p r a c t i c a b le to r i g a secon d b a l lo o n a r r a y . T his e v e n t was t h e r e f o r e p lan n ed w ith th e b a l lo o n c u r t a in on Arc B o n ly . I t was n o t p o s s i b l e to u t i l i z e the i n d i v i d u a l UK b a llo o n S j s in c e t h e i r l i f t c a p a c i t y f l y i n g a t the r e q u ir e d minimum o f about 2pOO f e e t was in a d e q u a t e .

5 . 1 . 3 P r e sh o t E v e n t s . I t was a n t i c i p a t e d t h a t th e minimum l e n g th o f tim e betw een e v e n t s to a l lo w e f f i c i e n t sample c o l l e c ­t i o n , equipm ent d e c o n ta m in a t io n ,a n d red ep loym ent w ould be sev en d a y s . CLEAN SLATE No. 1 was t h e r e f o r e s c h e d u le d f o r 22 May. On 20 May, th e main b a l lo o n was damaged d u rin g i n f l a t i o n and had to '

be d e f l a t e d f o r r e p a i r . A 24-h ou r d e la y was t h e r e f o r e c a l l e d .On 22 May, th e a rra y was in s tr u m e n te d and th e b a l lo o n c u r t a in

r i g g e d .S u i t a b l e m e t e o r o l o g i c a l c o n d i t i o n s f a i l e d to occui^ and H-hour

was changed to 0 1 0 0 , 24 May. D uring 25 May, damage to a c a te n a r y c a b l e o f th e b a l lo o n a rra y c a u s e d a f u r t h e r d e la y , and H-hour was r e s c h e d u le d f o r 0 1 0 0 , 25 May. I n s t r u m e n ta t io n on th e array was i n s p e c t e d p e r i o d i c a l l y t o e n su re t h a t i t rem ained i n a s a t i s f a c ­t o r y c o n d i t i o n .

5 . 1 . 4 Shot P h a s e . On th e n i g h t o f 24 /2 5 May, w i t h n o r t h e r l y s y n o p t i c w inds su p p le m en tin g th e d r a in a g e f lo w , wind sp eed s were i n i t i a l l y t o o h ig h . At a p p r o x im a te ly 0 3 4 5 th e w inds commenced t o d e c r e a s e i n sp eed and i n th e f i r s t 2000 f e e t th e r e was an a lm ost c o m p le te a b sen ce o f d i r e c t i o n a l s h e a r . CLEAN SLATE No. 1 was f i r e d a t 0 4 1 7 j 25 M ay,w ith a w ind sp eed o f 12 k n o t s , a tem p eratu re i n v e r s i o n o f a p p r o x im a te ly 5°C 600 f e e t d eep , and w i t h v e r y s m a l l d i r e c t i o n a l wind sh e a r (Appendix E ) .

5 . 1 . 5 P o s t s h o t P h a s e . D e l i n e a t i o n o f th e f a l l o u t area was c a r r i e d ou t as d e s c r ib e d f o r th e DOUBLE TRACKS e v e n t . Sample r e c o v e r y was a cco m p lish e d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y .

The rem ote s w i t c h in g sy ste m f o r th e e a s t e r n h a l f o f Arc F f a i l e d t o o p e r a t e ,w i t h the co n se q u e n t l o s s o f a i r sam ples on t h i s h a l f - a r c . The in c r e m e n ta l f a l l o u t sam p lers w ere p a r t l y s u c c e s s ­f u l ; t h r e e s t a t i o n s o p e r a te d f u l l y .

5 . 2 RESULTSThe r e s u l t s a v a i l a b l e f o r t h i s e v e n t are on th e same b a s i s as

f o r DOUBLE TRACKS.5 . 2 . 1 A lpha Survey R e s u l t s . These are p r e s e n te d in

F ig u r e s 5 • 1 th rou gh 5 • ^ . As y e t no a u to r a d io g r a p h ic i n v e s -t i g a t i o n been c a r r i e d ou t on CLEAN SLATE No. 1 s a m p le s , and i t m ust be assumed a t t h i s s t a g e t h a t th e co n to u r s g iv e n by a lp h a s u r v e y are an u n d e r e s t im a te o f d e p o s i t e d m a t e r i a l by a f a c t o r o f b etw een 2 and 3 in g e n e r a l .

5 . 2 . 2 A ir C o n c e n t r a t io n s . A c o n to u r o f t o t a l a ir b o r n e co n ­c e n t r a t i o n was n o t p r e p a r e d ,b u t th e sam pler d a ta are g iv e n in Appendix C. No a ttem p t was made t o s i n g l e ou t th e r e s p i r a b l e a ir b o r n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n due to th e v e r y low t o t a l l e v e l s .

5 . 2 . 3 Cloud C o n c e n tr a t io n s and D im e n a io n s . T y p ic a l c lo u d p hotographs a t th e t im e o f p a ssa g e through th e b a l lo o n c u r t a in are shown as F ig u r e 5*5 w i t h s u i t a b l e d im en s ion s c a l e s . High speed seq u en ce i s a g a in g iv e n (F ig u r e 5 * 6 ) . C ounting r e s u l t s from b a l lo o n -b o r n e sam p lin g equipm ent are shown i n F ig u r e 5 - 7 .

5 . 3 DISCUSSIONWind speeds were higher than optimum but within the lim its adopted for the experi­

ment. Thus, the accountable percentage of total plutonium released will be lower than

expected. The intercept pattern on the balloon curtain is reassuring, however, and

quite a good source description will probably result.

50

C O !

o

a

060070050

'Cl

60002000

4 0 0 01000SC A L E F E E T

n o t e s :I. CONTO U RS IN / tg /m = ■'O'

62

Figure 5.1 CLEAN SLATE No. 1 deposition contours by alpha survey in n g / m ^ . survey in jug/m^.

0 6 00 5 0 0 7 0

ICXI

0_______ 400200 ■ 600

SCALE:FEET

F ig u r e 5 .2 D e p o s it io n c o n to u r s b y a lp h a s u r v e y in p g /m ^ , C L E A N S L A T E N o . 1 .

52

f A L

060 070

2505 00

20K 75 20010 K 5 0 0 275CP

125 1004 0 03 50 8 5 0 3 5 0CO

150 2002K 6 9 0 0 5 50 325CN

1254 0 0 8 5 04 5 K 3KCM

CLBOBNBM

BLBKBJ

100CK

100CJ

BHBGBFBEBOBCBB

CH

CG

02 03 0 4 05 06 07 08 09 10 H !2 13 14 !5CF

CE

CD

CC

CB

CA 02 0 3 0 4 0 5 0 6 07 08 09

Q 3 0 0 6 0 0 9 0 0

SCALE FEET

Figure 5.3 CLEAN SLATE No. 1 alpha survey m eter readings (cpm) in GZ area.

53

N T I A L

BO

BN

BM

500 200BL

BK

AK

AO

AH

A6

BH AF

AE

BG AO

AC

ABBF

BE

60

BC

BB

BA0 6 0 7 0 8 L I01 0 4 0 5 0 903

■00 toe FCCT

Figure 5.4 CLEAN SLATE No. 1 alpha survey m eter readings (cpm) in GZ Areas A and B.

54

C O N F I o i l l ^ ^

C^rA/v S l a -t-h X

J S O : ; . .

■ /sm-

I

7SO '

J W .

Ill II fflt 0tf

Figure 5.5 Two view s of CLEAN SLATE No. 1 cloud at tim e of balloon curtain intercept.

55

C O T I A L

H + 4 millisecondjS'

H + 14 m illiseconds

H + 33 m illiseconds

Figure 5.6 High-speed CLEAN SLATE No. 1 sequence for 1,500 feet north of ground zero. (Sandla Corporation photos)

C O N F I

POS I < 0 j ^ 7 *102

3 •

4 ■

5 - >1.3

6 •

7 •

8 •

9

10 ' >1.3

II '

12

13 ■

14 ■

15"

16 ■

17 •

18

19

20 <>16

21 •

22

23 >>05

24

>00o9

402 ->< >12

« >OI «>OiS

X X

« ^ . ' 5 ►M < *38 - >94 < ►«

■ .4 2 > > 39 < >60 < >eO < >S0 < >90

^ >30 < >92 . >66 1 >39 < >62

■*4T -- I 4’33 ■96 SO 4’*

8

LEGEND«• KHIZSnOW CHANKER OKRENT J u/iO) o B*CI«H»Ol!ND ■M MISSING STICKY CYUNI R - NO READING TAKEN-------l^fta

------- SO/i am2m!ai9c t/4a

40

4 *OS >0* * 0 . 9 * *

-< *i^< ISv --►2J -►7

M >9i4 4 *S416 4 l8 4 *U >21 140 403 4 o.a

4-1 4 n32 4 »9 9 4 > 5 9 4 SlT H7^ H .2

S I- I 4 ^ >24 4 *Z0 4 9 5i 4 »9 4 *42 - >2.7 « > IS

4 0 V >^4 >2.6 4 >U 4*3 4*22 4*Ld

10 II

■yftg ♦LS OO «0>9 ^ 0 7 OO OO '00.1 - r U 0 0 3

^0 4 >09_4 *oS ^ 4 *09 4 *04 4 *02 4*>o • * >03 >06

*!f^ *44 4 *56 4 *66 4 *45 # 0 3 S j ^ 0 3 ^ . | #1.1 «Vrri:

*9 0 4> il0 # 7 2 # 6 8 # 3 3 # 2 9 # 1 . 1 1*

# 4 2 # 5 4 # B 6 f M # 8 5 # 6 8 # 7 0 # 8 5 # l k # 1 . 5 N ►O.S

•OflJ 4 *0.1

4 * 0 4 ■ •

/

..y2 -&0. > 0 3 . > 0 9 < > 0 ^ m3 N ( > 0 9 4 > 0 ^ 0 8 ^ 0 2

+ 0 7 + 0 3 ■ 4 > 0 \ > 1 2 ^ 1 ^ O I

* l« V - -1-M i |

+ 1 4 0 + E S I R « B | 4 0 " >120 . >D0 . >190 . >72 . >46 . >36 < f 2 S

.^ 7 0 4 6 6 ^ P I S S l I s S ■ ^ O O + 1 2 9 4'M O ^ 9 0 4 ^ 2 .^ 7 0 + 4 2

+ 4 8 + 9 8 + 1 2 0 + 1 1 0 + 1 0 0 +IK > + 1 1 0 + 9 8 + 7 3 + 9 4 <

+ 4 4 + 3 8 + 3 6 + 6 0 + 1 0 0 + 9 2 < > 9 0 + 9 9 + 6 0 + 1 1 0 .

>32 . >46 - >48 • >18 . >32 . >92 . >78 . > 90 . >96 . >11^* ■:

■4 ^ . >82 . >18 . >37 . >13 « >80 . >96 < >63 . >lloV<| >. >12 . >S2y> >11.5 . >W . >18 . H 9 < > 0 . >14 > >26 > >29

A > ^ < > 3 2 ■ >72 . > 'e ^ x >90^^ > 3 8 . > T ^ >16 . > 9 2 . >13

I . > c J . >09 . > 7 ^ >K>''5 ^ . >16') . > 4 2 . > 2 2 ^ > I0 ,_ . M:

< >1.6 < > ^ < >22 . >30 . >11 . >2+1^ >3.4 > >2.7 . >4.8 . > 2 7 « > 38

< > 4 2 ^ .17 . > 24 . > 26 . >11 . >19 « ? l 2 y > 8 8 - > 9 8 - >K) . >7.4

< >3.8 . > 2 ^ > 34 . >62 > > 0 >>19 > >I 3 ! > >7.2 > >4.6 > >8 >>t. / •— - - y

1 >6.8 « > 6 5 . >88 . > 1 ^ . > 3 2 . >1 > >6.8 • >9.1 > > 2 3 > >

[9 + 2 4 ' + 9 4> 18 + 6 + 3 + 7 6 + 6 + 3 . 7 . >9 .6 . >

+ O t , + 3 2 + 2 7 + 2 6 + 4 9 + 1 .1 + 4 . 6 4 m + 9 6 . > 4 .4 . y

+ 0 9 1 + 2 3 + 1 " ' ^ k 3 ' . > J 2 ^ ^ > > 4 2 • >0® '4 < >'

. >08 . >02 J 'IjO. . >06 . >

. >09 . >02 I >12 . • -

20 M A 4-M •*•01 * 0 6 * 0 6 ^21 22 23 24 25 26 27

. >0.4

* *Q6 4 *0t6

K)««j >10 4 *19 4 *8.4 4 *03

4.8 * > Z \

3 4 *4.8 « *LO

4 4 *4

01 <>0J

^ai Z8 29

LINES I TO 31 VIEWED FROM 6Z

Figure 5.7 Comparative a ir concentration measured by sticky cylinder collection on CLEAN SLATE No. 1.

CHAPTER 6

EVENT CLEAN SIATE NO. 2

6 . 1 DESCRIPTION OF THE EVENT

6 . 1 . 1 In s t r i m e n t a t i o n . I n s tr u m e n ta t io n em ployed i n a d d i t io n to t h a t o r i g i n a l l y p lan n ed was as f o l l o w s :

( a) At 55 s t a t i o n s in the movable a r r a y and a t th e two m o b ile s t a t i o n s , w a t e r - f i l l e d t r a y s fo r th e c o l l e c t i o n o f s o l u b i l ­i t y sam ples were s e t ou t ( s e e F ig u r e s 6 . 1 and 6 . 5 ) .

(b) A ir sam plin g equipm ent n o t o r i g i n a l l y r e q u ir e d b eca u se o f th e l e s s e r a rea in s tr u m e n te d h ere was a s s i g n e d e i t h e r t o d u p l i c a t e p o s i t i o n s f o r in s tr u m e n t com parison s or s e t to i n t e n s i f y co v er a g e or e x te n d i t ( s e e F ig u r e s 6 - 1 , 6 . 2 , and 6 - 5 ) .

( c ) Two C a s e l l a MK I I im p actors were p la c e d on each o f two tow ers (F ig u r e 6 . 1 ) l o c a t e d c l o s e t o th e bunker door to o b ta in sam ples o f m a t e r i a l from th e f i r e b a l l s h o r t l y a f t e r i t i s s u e d from th e d o o r . One s e t o f im p a cto rs was mounted on a 5 0 - f o o t tow er, th e o th e r on a 6 0 - f o o t to w er . In ea ch s e t , one im p a cto r sampled f o r one second a f t e r z e r o t im e and th e o th e r f o r th r e e s e c o n d s .The im p actors w ere s u i t a b l y s h i e l d e d from the h e a t o f th e f i r e ­b a l l . D e t a i l s are g iv e n i n Appendix C.

6 . 1 . 2 B a l lo o n A r r a y s . The main b a l lo o n a r r a y was i n s t r u ­mented as p lann ed and lo c a t e d on Arc B. In a d d i t i o n , th r e e sm a ll UK b a l lo o n s were l o c a t e d w i t h i n 5OO f e e t o f GZ (F ig u r e 6 . ^ ) ; two were p la c e d to o b t a in e a r l y sam ples from the d i r t c lo u d produced by the v e n t in g o f th e bunker r o o f , and one was p la c e d to o b ta in an e a r l y sample o f th e f i r e b a l l i s s u i n g from th e bunker d o o r .

6 . 1 . 5 Animal A r r a y . No p a r t i c i p a t i o n o f P r o j e c t ^ . 1 was p lann ed fo r any o f th e CLEAN-SLATE e v e n t s . C e r ta in ap im als w ere , how ever, a v a i l a b l e and two g r o u p s , te n burros and te n sh e e p , were p o s i t i o n e d on Arc E . F u r th er d e t a i l s are c o n ta in e d in Appendix J .

C O

6 . 1 . ^ P r e s h o t E v e n t s . CLEAN SLATE No. 2 was s c h e d u le d f o r0 1 0 0 , 31 May. The a rra y was in s tr u m e n te d on 30 May and th eb a l lo o n c u r t a i n s u c c e s s f u l l y r ig g e d by 23OO.

6 . 1 . 5 Shot P h a s e . CLEAN SLATE No. 2 was f i r e d a t 03^7,31 May 1 9 6 3 * Mean wind sp eed w i t h i n th e c lo u d h e i g h t was a p p r o x i­m a te ly s i x knots^ w i t h some f o r t y d e g r e e s o f d i r e c t i o n a l s h e a r . A weak tem perature I n v e r s io n o f 2°C to 500 f e e t was fo l lo w e d by a deep I s o th e r m a l la y e r to o v er ^500 f e e t . Due to a w ind s h i f t o c c u r r in g a t s h o t t im e , a la r g e p o r t io n o f th e c lo u d p a sse d to the e a s t o f th e b a l lo o n c u r t a i n on Arc B, a l th o u g h th e f a l l o u t was c o n ta in e d w i t h i n th e a r r a y .

6 . 1 . 6 P o s t s h o t P h a s e . A lpha su rv ey on th e main array wascom p le ted by 1100 hou rs on J i l M ay,but p a r t s o f th e GZ g r id were n o t com p leted b e fo r e h ea v y r a in I n te r v e n e d . A l l a i r sam ples were s a t i s f a c t o r i l y c o l l e c t e d . At I3OO h o u r s , u n e x p e c te d heavy r a in commenced and c o n t in u e d f o r s e v e r a l h o u r s . Due to t h i s , a co n ­s i d e r a b l e number o f f a l l o u t sa m p le s , p l a n e b e t s , and m icr o sc o p es l l d e s were ren d ere d u s e l e s s . D e t a i l s o f f a l l o u t sam ples r e c o v e r e d b e fo r e t h i s r a i n are g iv e n In A ppendix D.

Both tow ers l o c a t e d In f r o n t o f th e bunker door c o l la p s e ddue. I t I s presum ed, to Impact o f heavy fragm en ts from th e bunker doors and f r o n t w a l l . The Im pactors were r e c o v e r e d and the s t a g e s c o u n te d . No a s s e s s m e n t o f th e sam pling t im e I s p o s s i b l e , b u t the sam ples w i l l be a n a ly z e d f o r q u a n t i t y o f plutonlvim and f o r p a r t i c l e s i z e and n a t u r e .

In g e n e r a l , the I n c r e m e n ta l f a l l o u t sam plers worked s a t i s ­f a c t o r i l y .

6 . 2 RESULTS

6 . 2 . 1 Alpha Survey R e s u l t s . Alpha su r v e y r e s u l t s are p r e ­s e n te d as F ig u r e s 6 . 5 and 6 . 6 . No r e s u l t s are a v a i l a b l e f o r the A g r id and p a r t o f th e B g r i d on the GZ array^ s i n c e t h e s e were n o t com p leted b e fo r e heavy r a i n o c cu rr ed .

6 . 2 . 2 A irb orn e C o n c e n t r a t io n s . T o ta l a ir b o r n e c o n c e n tr a ­t i o n s based on th e f i e l d a lp h a c o u n t in g o f Im pactor s t a g e s I s g iv e n as F ig u r e 6 . 7 - R e s p ir a b le a ir b o r n e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s were a s s e s s e d as p r e v i o u s l y d e s c r i b e d ; th ey are shown as F ig u r e 6 . 8 .

6 . 2 . 3 Cloud C e n tr a t lo n s and D im e n s io n s . P hotographs o f

C O f W E N T I A L

f i r e b a l l I s s u a n c e from th e bunker are g iv e n in F ig u r e 6 - 9 - Sh ots o f th e c lo u d a t th e tim e o f p a s s in g th e b a l lo o n c u r t a i n appear as F ig u r e 6 . 1 0 . As m en tio n ed , th e c lo u d m a in ly b y - p a s s e d th e c u r ­t a i n t o th e e a s t and o n ly th e a i r sam plers on th e e a s t e r n m o s t v e r t i c a l c a b le s showed any a c t i v i t y . I t w i l l n o t be p o s s i b l e t h e r e f o r e to i n d i c a t e c o n c e n t r a t i o n s over m ajor p o r t io n s o f th e c lo u d . F ig u r e 6 . 1 1 does p r o v id e s t i c k y c y l i n d e r c o u n t d a ta f o r th e i n t e r c e p t e d f r a c t i o n o f th e c lo u d .

6 . 5 DISCUSSIONThe low wind sp eed le d to h ig h e r than e x p e c te d a c c o u n ta ­

b i l i t y o f p lu ton iu m on th e red u ced a rea instrxamented d e s p i t e the u n fo r t u n a t e d i r e c t i o n a l w ind s h i f t t h a t cau sed m is s in g th e b a l lo o n c u r t a in . F i n a l d a ta sh o u ld perm it e x c e l l e n t docum enta­t i o n o f the sh o t from ground in s tr u m e n ts and p r o v id e ad eq uate com p arison w ith CLEAN SLATE No. 1 and 5 . In t h i s s h o t - t o - s h o t r e l a t i n g , c lo u d m odel c o m p u ta t io n s w i l l p la y a prime r o l e ( s e e Appendix N ) , s in c e th e r e i s r e a l l y no e x p e r im e n ta l s u b s t i t u t e fo r b a l lo o n c u r t a in d a ta .

60♦

lAL

r >

2 ,5 0 0

REPEAT FOR ARCS A,8 ,8 0

n o t e :SEE CS-2M0BILE ARRAY FOR COMPLETION OF INSTRUMENTATION

LEGEND.• TOTAL AIR SA M PL E R S-34 A CASELLA CASCADE IMPACTORS-25

0 ANDERSEN IMPACTORS-5■ WATER SOLUBILITY SAMPLERS-131 INSTRUMENT TOWER

4 0 0 1200

6 0 0FEET

Figure 6.1 CLEAN SLATE No. 2 ground zero grid system , showing placement of air sam plers.

^ 1 1

CLEAN SLATE 2 GZ

2,50d'

5,000' INSTRUMENTATIGN A 4 2 CASCADE JMPACTORS ® 4 7 TOrAl.AiR SAMPLERS?,500j

lopoo

000

OO110

020100

0 3 00 9 00 4 00 8 0

0 9 00 7 0 LEGENDa -N U M B E R iN STR U M EM IS

AT OWE posmow0 6 0

A MORE THAN ONE TYPE * SNSTRUMENT ATONE

POSITION

4 ,0 0 0

2,000SCALE

8,000F E E T

Figure 6.2 CLEAN SLATE No. 2 array, showing placement of fixed array for air sam plers.

c ENTMi

• TOTAL AIR S A m .E R ~ 6 6 & CASELLA M idi SylFACTORS~SO & AHf^RSEH mmCTORS-eO ® - SEQUENTIAL SAMPLERS-IO O -l« 0 ® L E STATIONS- £■ WATER SOLUBILITY SAMPLERS-20

CLE&W SLATE 8 8 i

SpOQ

REPEAT FOR ARCS B A f t F

^ADDITIONAL INSTRUMENTATION ^ FOR ARCS H 8 L

i-^5oo; ooo

OOno

030 REPEAT FOR ARCS^H,J,8L

too090

040080 050070 060

4 ,0 0 0

2,000SCALE

8,000FEET

Figure 6.3 CLEAN SLATE No. 2 array, showing placement' of movable array for air sam plers.

63

I D E N T I A L

On 700-foot balloons: Alternating Sticky Cylinders and D iscs at 50-foot intervals starting from top with Sticky Cylinder.

On 750-foot balloons: Casella Impactors at 700 feet and 350 feetSticky Cylinders at 50-foot intervals.

Figure 6.4 Instrumentation and placement of ground zero balloon array, CLEAN SLATE No. 2.

C O N

0 6 00 7 00 6 0

{.0

100

1.0

V

0_______ 400200 §55

SCALE*FEET

F ig u r e 6 .5 C L E A N S L A T E N o . 2 d e p o s it io n c o n to u r s b y a lp h a s u r v e y in / ig /r a ^

TIALCONFI

NOTESCONTOURS IN ^g/m2

400 2400SCALE FEET

Figure 6.6 D eposition contours by alpha survey in i x g / r r ? , CLEAN SLATE No. 2.

050 070

IQ-'

Figure 6.7 Total plutonium (pig) in air sam pler uptake during CLEAN SLATE No. 2 cloud passage.

050 070

Figure 6.8 R espirable plutonium (jxg) in air sam pler uptake during CLEAN SLATE No. 2 cloud p assage.

c AL

H + 1 m illiseconds

H +11 milliseconds-

H+ 47 m illiseconds

Figure 6.9 High-speed CLEAN SLATE No. 2 sequence for 1,500 feet north of ground zero. (Sandia Corporation photos)

69

C O N N T I AL

if > ; ; ^

Figure 6.10 Two v iew s of CLEAN SLATE No. 2 cloud at tim e of' balloon curtain intercept. (Sandia C orporation photos)

70

C O

I

POS 24

5 ♦ 0 .2 ♦ 0POS I 02 ♦0.6 ♦0.2

b. , »a4i ►O.T

♦ 0.2

6 « -1.6'.c;2 t. . »f.4\ < ►O.? ' *

♦ 0 .2 ♦ O ♦0.1 ♦O

♦ 0.21.5 *< ►0.5 - »0.2Q 1 i-ae « M.3 < *Z

t y : ^ \ 2.2 < »2.V

♦ 0 2 ♦ O •« *0.3 ♦ O 0.3 ♦ O ..5 <■ > 0 . \ • »0.32 .9 ♦ 3 . 8

4 .2 ♦ s . e t5tVK)2 2 ♦© 0.1 ♦©I! * ►2314 0.4 ♦ 0 .{ ♦ 0} ♦O0 . 7 ♦ © 0.9 ♦ © 0.4 ♦ ©

2 ♦ O ♦ 0.2 - •< >0.4 ♦ O ♦ 0 2 ♦ O ♦ O . OO.13 4>o214 ♦ o . ♦ 0 2 ♦0.1 ♦ O

♦ 0

>0. »i.4

♦ 0,3 ♦ O

♦0-1 - *03 yo 0.3 ♦ o . j ♦ ©

18

19 4>o7^ --♦ 0 .2 ♦ O ♦ 0.220- »to- ♦ o . i ♦ o . f

♦ 0 . ! ♦ O♦0.2 oO ♦0.1 ♦ 0 .2 ♦ 0 . 4 ♦ 0 2 ♦ O

1.5’

22 ‘ *22 ^ M ‘ *0.9 0.1 ♦ o

< *1.6 < *1?S. < *0, 0 3 -**0.1 0.5 ♦O .f ♦ 0.2

M '♦ 0 7 ♦ O ♦ 0.2 ♦ 0.1 0.2 ♦ O23 24

O O o o i O O 25 26 27

* 1 .4 . * 0 . 4as o * 2 2 * B 3 * 1 . 69 10 II I 2212 '-13 ■ 14 • 15

LINES I TO 3117 18 19 20

VIEWED FROM GZ

OQ OO29 30 31

LEGEND:* IONIZATION CHAMBER CURRENT o BACKGROUNDM MISSING STICKY CYLINDER - NO READING TAKEN

0 £ ^ / t AMPERES AMPERES 2/i/U. AMPERES 3/A/i AMPERES

F ig u r e 6 .1 1 C o m p a r a tiv e a i r c o n c e n t r a t io n s m e a s u r e d b y s t ic k y c y l in d e r c o l l e c t io n s on C L E A N S L A T E N o . 2 a t 2 ,5 0 0 f e e t .

C O N F

CHAPTER 7

EVENT CLEAN SLATE NO. 5

7 .1 DESCRIPTION OF THE EVENT

7 . 1 .1 I n s tr u m e n ta t io n . In s tr u m e n ta tio n added beyond th e b a s ic p la n was as f o l lo w s :

(a ) Due to th e w id esp rea d a c t i v i t y found a c r o s s the w hole 9 0 ° arc on CLEAN SLATE N o. 2 and th e d i f f i c u l t y o f p o s i ­t io n in g th e m ovable a rra y under l i g h t wind c o n d it io n s j i t was d e c id e d to d ou b le th e sp a c in g betw een in s tr u m e n ts . The m ovable a r r a y , t h e r e f o r e , c e a s e d to be m ovable and co v er ed th e w hole arc w ith in s tr u m e n ts a t 5 ° s p a c in g ; some e f f o r t was made to in te r w e a v e m ovable and f ix e d in s tr u m e n ts (F ig u r e s 7*1 and 7 * 2 ) .

(b) S o l u b i l i t y sam ples were c o l l e c t e d as fo r CLEAN SLATE No. 2 (F ig u r e 7 . 2 ) .

( c ) Over 150 a d d i t io n a l a ir sam p lin g d e v ic e s were sp read over th e a rra y (F ig u r e s J . l , 7 - 2 , and 7*5) and a number were lo c a te d on th e CLEAN SLATE N o. 1 arra y (F ig u r e 7*^) w hich la y to th e so u th o f th e CLEAN SLATE N o. 5 a r r a y . T h is e x te n d e d the sam p lin g a rra y by s e v e r a l m i l e s .

(d ) Tower-m ounted C a s e l la MK I I im p a cto rs w ere o p era ted in th e f i r e b a l l zone in th e same manner as fo r CLEAN SLATE No. 2.

(e ) S ix t e e n f a l l o u t c o l l e c t o r s t a t io n s had d u p l ic a te c o l l e c t o r s .

( f ) The CLEAN SLATE No. 3 ig l o o had a s e c o n d , s e p a r a te and d u p l ic a te com partm ent ( s e e F ig u re 2 .8 in C hapter 2) fo r e v a l ­u a t io n o f b la s t and a c c e le r a t i v e f o r c e s com m unicated to i t from th e u sed cham ber. T h is was a n o n - in t e r f e r in g e x p er im en t w ith m easurem ents ( p o s i t io n s and ty p e s in F ig u re 7 -5 ) made by the N aval Ordnance T est S t a t io n o f C hina L ake, C a l i f o r n i a . BRL and W iancko a ir p r e s su r e gau ges p lu s Wiancko a c c e le r o m e te r s and e a r th

com

T A lp r e s su r e g au ges w ere u s e d .

7 . 1 .2 B a llo o n A r r a y s . Due to c ir c u m sta n c e s d e s c r ib e d b elow , no m ajor b a llo o n c u r t a in was em ployed .

Two s m a ll b a l lo o n s c a r r y in g s t i c k y c y l in d e r s and d is c s were p o s i t io n e d to o b ta in e a r ly sam ples from th e d i r t c lo u d and f i r e ­b a l l (F ig u r e 7 - 6 ) .

7 .1 .3 P r e sh o t E v e n t s . CLEAN SLATE No. 3 was o r i g i n a l l y sch e d u le d f o r 0 1 0 0 , 7 J u n e , but due to an u n fa v o r a b le w eath er f o r e c a s t on 5 J u n e , a 2^-h ou r d e la y was c a l l e d .

The arra y was in s tr u m e n te d on 7 June^ and th e b a llo o n c u r ta in was r a i s e d by OO5O, 8 J u n e . At 0 1 0 0 , w ind d ir e c t io n s w ere s u i t ­a b le but v e e r in g s t e a d i l y . The m ovable a rra y w a s , t h e r e f o r e , re lo c a te d in th e w e s te r n h a l f o f the f ix e d a r r a y . The w inds v e e r e d o f f th e a rra y b e fo r e t h i s move was c o m p le te d . S h o r t ly b e fo r e f i r s t l i g h t a h o ld was called_^ w h i le c lo u d - tr a c k in g cam eras w ere c o n v e r te d fo r d a y l ig h t p h o to g ra p h y . T h is was a cco m p lish ed by 0 5 3 0 , but a t t h i s t im e , th e w inds backed r a p id ly to such an e x te n t th a t the m ovable a r r a y was a g a in w ron g ly p o s i t i o n e d . W ith th e tem p eratu re s t a b i l i t y r a p id ly d i s s i p a t i n g , th e s h o t was c a n c e l le d a t 0 6 0 0 ; a new H -hour o f 0 1 0 0 , 9 J u n e , was s e t .

T h is a d d i t io n a l 2^-h ou r d e la y gave s u f f i c i e n t tim e fo r th e r ig g in g fo r a seco n d b a llo o n c u r ta in to be c o m p le te d ; two b a llo o n s had been i n f l a t e d . D uring th e a fte r n o o n o f 8 J u n e , f a u l t s in th e b a l lo o n s , co u p led w ith l o c a l th u n d er sto rm s, ca u sed b o th b a llo o n s to r i p .

N o: fu r th e r b a l lo o n s were a v a i la b le w ith in a r e a so n a b le tim e and to a v o id a de la y of at least two or more weeks, it was d ec id e d to f i r e CLEAN SLATE N o. 3 as sc h e d u le d i f m e t e o r o lo g ic a l c o n d it io n s wereg o o d .

7 - 1 Shot P h a s e . M e te o r o lo g ic a l c o n d it io n s appeared to be v ery s u i t a b le e a r ly in th e e v e n in g , but H -hour was d e la y e d in ord er to en su re p e r s i s t e n c e in th e s e c o n d i t i o n s . At 0 3 3 0 , 9 June 1963 , CLEAN SLATE N o. 3 was f ir e d w ith mean w ind sp eed s w ith in th e c loud h e ig h t o f a p p r o x im a te ly f i v e k n o t s . The d eg ree o f w ind sh ea r was v a r ia b le but amounted to some ^5°^ th e m a jo r ity o f w hich was in the upper p a r t o f th e c lo u d . A s tr o n g in v e r s io n o f some 5 . 5 ° C had form ed to a h e ig h t o f ipOO f e e t .

7 - 1 . 5 P o s ts h o t P h a s e . Alpha su rv ey and sam ple r e c o v e r y were

k.73

C O N F I , ® MT I A L

co m p le ted under good w ea th er c o n d i t io n s .The 6 0 - f o o t tow er in th e f i r e b a l l zone was d estro y ed ^ b u t

sa m p lers w ere r e c o v e r e d r e a so n a b ly in t a c t so th e sa m p lin g s w i l l be a n a ly z e d . The J O -fo o t tow er was r e l a t i v e l y undamaged. F iv e o f th e tw e lv e in c r e m e n ta l f a l l o u t sam plers f a i l e d to o p e r a te c o r r e c t ly to some d e g r e e . W ith th e s e e x c e p t io n s , a l l in strx im en ta - t io n o p e r a te d s a t i s f a c t o r i l y .

7 -2 RESULTS

7 - 2 . 1 Alpha S u r v e y . The t o t a l a lp h a su rv ey was com p leted s a t i s f a c t o r i l y . D e p o s it io n p a t te r n s in fe r r e d from the su rv ey are shown in F ig u r es 7 -7 snd 7 - 8 • More d e t a i l e d r e s u l t s are ta b u la te d in A ppendix F .

7 - 2 . 2 A irborne C o n c e n tr a t io n s . T o ta l and r e s p ir a b le a i r ­borne c o n c e n tr a t io n s w ere a s s e s s e d as b e fo r e and are shown in F ig u r e s 7 -9 and 7*10.

7 - 2 . 3 Cloud C o n c e n tr a tio n s and D im en sio n s . P hotographs o f th e c lo u d a t H 4l29 seco n d s appear in F igu re 7*11- In F ig u r e 7 - 12 , th r e e fram es from h ig h -s p e e d m ovie co v era g e o f th e bunker are p r e s e n te d . Of co u rse no d i r e c t d e te r m in a t io n s o f th e c lo u d co n ­c e n t r a t io n s w i l l be p o s s ib l e due to th e ab sen ce o f b a l lo o n c u r t a i n s .

7 -3 DISCUSSIONThe r e a d in e s s o f r ig g in g s fo r two f u l l b a llo o n c u r t a in s fo r

th e f i r s t tim e in O p era tio n R o l le r C oa ster fo l lo w e d by a two- b a llo o n lo s s was p rob ab ly th e m ost s e v e r e s e tb a c k and d is a p p o in t ­ment fa c e d in the e n t i r e f i e l d o p e r a t io n . As in CLEAN SLATE No. P th e r e m ust be heavy r e l ia n c e upon th e e x c e l l e n t ground l e v e l m easurem ents co u p led w ith c a r e f u l com p u tation from th e m ath em ati­c a l c lo u d m od elin g te c h n iq u e s (A ppendix N ) . The e x t e n s io n o f the a ir sam p lin g netw ork on to th e CLEAN SLATE No. 1 g r id and e n v ir o n s became more im p ortan t than when c o n c e iv e d . Q u a n t if ic a t io n o f m a te r ia l d e p o s ite d fa r th e r downwind o b v io u s ly h e lp s th e p lu ton ium a c co u n ta n cy . More im p o r ta n t, i t s c h a r a c t e r iz a t io n w i l l p erm it more a c c u r a te in fe r e n c e o f th e p a r t ic u la t e spectrum o f th e sou rce a e r o s o l , o f w hich d ir e c t m easure was d en ied w ith th e lo s s o f b a l lo o n s .

7|'

CO

U A L

/CLEAN SLATE 3 GZ

S ,0 0 < ^

io ,o o a

B,00<

000

tic 010

100 020

0 9 0

TOTAL INSTRUMENTATION A CASELLA MKS CASCADE IMFAC7DRS 47

030TTrt

060040

0 5 0

k CLUSTERS OF 9 CASELLA IMFACTORS 27 • TOTAL AIR SAMPLERS 5 6

n o t e :FOR ADDITIONAL INSTRUMENTATION, SEE GROUND ZERO FIXED ARRAY

4 ,0 0 0

2,000SCALE

6,000FEET

Figure 7.1 CLEAN SLATE No. 3 array, showing placement of fixed array for air sam plers.

C O im p E M flA L

' m

flAt

CLEAN SLATE S 61

E.800 B REPEAT FOR ARCS A 00

8,000'

io.ooq^ REPEAT FOR ARC L

11,800^

IS.000J

17, 500^120 000

(10 CIOREPEAT FOR ARCS •4).F,H0J 020

03 0040

OSO

TOmL INSTRUMENTATION ® TOTAL AIR SAM PLERS-SSA CA SELU MKH CASCADE IMPACTORS-SO A ANDERSEN IMPACTDRS-SOe SOLUeiLITY SA M PL E R S-39o MOBILE STATIONS-2® SEQUENTIAL SAMPLERS-IO

4,0002,000

SCALE8,000FEET

Figure 7.2 CLEAN SLATE No. 3 array, showing placement of movable array for air sam plers.

1 ,

2 ,5 0 0 '

4i-

TOTU. msmmEMmnoN 9 TOTAL A » SAMPLERS-3 0 A CASGLLAMK a CASCADE IMPACTORS-23 A ANDERSEN IMPACTORS-31 ^ m STRUM ENT TOWER- 2 0 800 AOO 1200

FEET

Figure 7.3 CLEAN SLATE No. 3 ground zero grid system, showing placement of air samplers.

mE N TIA L

notes:TOTAL AIR SAMPLERS AT ALL SHOWN STATIONS

2. ARROWS SHOW LINE OF ACTIVATION AND DE-ACTIVATION

CS n ARRAY

scale: none

Figure 7.4 Instrumentation of the CLEAN SLATE No. 1 array for CLEAN SLATE No. 3

E N T I A L

VERTICAL ®

HORIZONTAL®

HORIZONTAL

VERTICAL

® VERTICAL

® HORIZONTAL

©I©

NOTES;1. THE LETTERS REFER TO THE INSTRUMENTS LISTED IN PARAGRAPH H 102 . SC A L E , NONE

Figure 7.5 P lacem ent of p ressu re and acceleration instrum entation in and around the receptor igloo on CLEAN SLATE No. 3.

C O N F T IA L

1

BUNKER

5 0 0

N

r-«-

3 0 0

---- 175'-----OBALLOON * \

hocH3-hocHBALLOON 2

100 200

5 0 1 50s c a l e

4 0 0FEET

1 SC sc2 SC SP3 SC sc4 SC SP5 sc sc6 sc SP7 sc sc8 s c SP

9 sc SC

10 sc SPII sc SC12 sc SP

13 sc sc14 sc SP15 sc —

n o t e ;POSITIONS 14815 LOCATED 10'ABOVE GROUND

SC-STICKY CYLINDER SP-STICKY PLATE

POS. I

6 5 0

3507 0 0

(4BALLOON # 2

so’o’-

POS, I

TOO

3 5 0 '

50*

ISBALLOON#!

7 5 0

Figure 7.6 Instrumentation and placement of ground zero balloon array, CLEAN SLATE No. 3.

C O N

OSO0 5 0 0 7 0

100

100

0_______ 400200 600

SCALE^FEET

F ig u r e 7 .7 C L E A N S L A T E N o . 3 d e p o s it io n c o n to u r s b y a lp h a s u r v e y in n g /m ^ .

DENTIAt

060 070.060

SCALE

GZ

crs

2£Z

Figure 7.8 D eposition contours by alpha survey in H g / m ^ , CLEAN SLATE No. 3.

00u

Figure 7.9 Total plutonium (pig) in air sam pler uptake during- CLEAN SLATE No. 3 cloud p assage .

060 070050

400SCALE

2400FEET

Figure 7.10 R espirab le plutonium (ug/m) in air sam pler uptake during CLEAN SLATE No. 3 cloud p assage.

fON

5 t A 7 /0 U S '

Sr/ / ■ ■ ■■'

'0y,>

Figure 7.11 Two v iew s of CLEAN SLATE No. 3 cloud at tim e of- balloon curtain in tercept. (Sandia Corporation photos)

C O N F I T IA L

H +1 m illisecond

H + 11 m illiseconds

%

H + 47 m illiseconds

Figure 7.12 High-speed CLEAN SLATE No. 3 sequence for 1,500 feet north of ground zero. (Sandia Corporation photos)

86

CON AL

_ . r .

c o i m a £ ^ i A i

CHAPTER 8

GENERAL CONCLUSIONS AND PROSPECTUS

8 . 1 INTERPRETIVE BASISC o n c e p tu a lly , th e R o l le r C o a ste r ex p er im en t com p rised fo u r

p a r t s , a l l to be c a r e f u l l y in terco m p a red - - a o n e -u n it open s h o t , a m u l t i - u n i t open s h o t , and two m u l t i - u n i t s h o ts in s to r a g e s t r u c t u r e s . D i f f e r e n t e n v ir o n s , d i f f e r e n t h ig h e x p lo s iv e y i e l d s , and d i f f e r e n t d e g r e e s o f p h y s i c a l co n fin em en t o f th e e x p lo s io n c o m p lic a te th e in te r c o m p a r is o n . I d e a l l y , e a ch s e t o f r e s u l t s i s t o be e x p r e s s e d in term s o f th e r a d i o l o g i c a l h azard t o man. To s t a r t , th e so u rce p lu to n iu m (and uranium ) m ust be a cco u n ted fo r and t h i s i s a d i f f i c u l t th in g t o do even w ith m easurem ents o v er te n s o f sq uare m ile s (DOUBLE TRACKS) . Then, d e t a i l i n g p lu to n iu m found in t o p a r t i c l e s i z e c l a s s e s i s n e c e s s a r y s in c e th e r a d io ­l o g i c a l h azard in t h i s c a s e i s a lm o st s o l e l y in h a la t io n in c u r r e d . D e s ig n a t io n o f r e s p ir a b le s i z e o r r e s p ir a b le s i z e range i s n o t a s s u r e d ly s im p le ; p a r t i c l e h o m o g en e ity , d e n s i t y , f r a n g i b i l i t y , and shape can r e a l l y in f lu e n c e r e s p i r a b i l i t y . C le a r ly , c h a r a c ­t e r i z a t i o n o f p a r t i c l e s , e s p e c i a l l y in th e s e p a r t i c u l a r s , i s e s s e n t i a l . C hem ical c l a s s i f i c a t i o n i s s im i l a r ly m andatory, p r im a r i ly w ith r e s p e c t t o l i k e l y s o l u b i l i t y in body f l u i d s . F i n a l l y , an im al u p ta k e , r e t e n t i o n or c le a r a n c e , m ig r a t io n , and m e ta b o lism or s im p le e x c r e t io n a re c l im a c t ic f a c t o r s in th e r a d i o l o g i c a l h azard from a e r o s o l i z e d p lu to n iu m .

It may well turn out that with quantification and physical and chemical characteri­

zation of the plutonium-bearing particles, these biological factors and thereby the

hazard can be satisfactorily estimated. Such estimates are even more acceptable if

they have been verified by field exposure of animals to the c'arefully measured

aerosol. To wit, Roller Coaster experimentation

EN T IA L

I S D m a u u j y i L

in c lu d e d a s iza b le^ , t h r e e - s p d c ie s aniima?l -exposure program .From th e fo r e g o in g , i t i s c l e a r th a t th e c o p io u s d a ta *-t

g a th e r e d m ust be p r e c i s e l y red u ced and in t e r r e la t e d b e fo r e f i n a l c o n c lu s io n s may be a tte m p te d . R e c o g n it io n and a c c e p ta n c e o f th e s e c o n c lu s io n s m ust f o l lo w a p r o c e s s o f w e ig h in g and r e f i n i n g o v er a p e r io d o f m onths o f a c t iv e e v a lu a t io n and c o n s id e r a t io n .M eanw hile , q u a l i t a t i v e , even s e m i- q u a n t i t a t iv e o b s e r v a t io n s are p o s s ib l e as are s ta te m e n ts o f th e c o m p le te n e ss and q u a l i t y o f d a ta g a th e r e d .

8 . 2 PLUTONIUM ACCOUNTANCYRather incomplete p lu ton iu m a cco u n ta n cy appears e v id e n t

from f i r s t in t e g r a t io n s o f ground l e v e l m easurem ents by a lp h a s u r v e y . Of c o u r s e , a lp h a su rv ey m eters g iv e r e s u l t s o f v a r ia b le q u a l i t y as age o f f a l l o u t , m ost abundant p a r t i c l e s i z e p r e s e n t , and n a tu r e o f s u r fa c e m o n ito r e d , v a r y . A reas e n c lo s e d by 1 , 10 , 100 \xgrn. d e p o s it io n i s o p le t h s drawn from th e a lp h a su rv ey d a ta are g iv e n in T able 8 . 1 ; th e same ta b le l i s t s an e s t im a te o f th e p lu to n iu m th ereb y a cco u n ted f o r . T h is a sse ssm e n t has had two f a c t o r s o f two a p p lie d . The f i r s t two tries to com­p e n sa te fo r g r e a t e r i n t e n s i t y everyw h ere w ith in th e co n to u r than on i t . The seco n d i s an a v erage c o r r e c t io n found n e c e s s a r y when some a u to r a d io g r a p h ic and a lp h a su r v e y in s tr u m e n t r e a d in g s o f th e same s u r fa c e s w ere compared a c r o s s a DOUBLE TRACKS arc (A ppendix M ). The o v e r a l l m u l t ip l i e r o f fo u r has much o f su rm ise in i t so one m ust ta k e th e answ ers as i n s t r u c t i v e , in d ic a t i v e o f o rd er o f m agn itude o n ly . GZ a rea e n t r i e s are u n en la rg ed q u a n t i­t i e s s in c e th e y w ere in f e r r e d p r in c i p a l ly from gamma su rv ey m easurem ents o f b o th p lu ton iu m and am ericium .

More com p reh en sive acco u n ta n cy w i l l grow from a u to r a d io g ­raphy o f p la n c h e ts and r a d io c h e m ic a l a n a ly s i s o f s t i c k y p ap ers b o th from P r o je c t 2 . 5 - The p r o m ise , from b e s t ground m easu re­m en ts , o f a c c o u n tin g fo r a much h ig h e r p e r c e n ta g e o f th e r e le a s e d amount than T ab le 8 .1 shows i s b e l i e v e d to be s m a l l .On DOUBLE TRACKS and CLEAN SLATE No. 1 , th e r e i s e x c e l l e n t chance o f n e a r ly co m p le te a cco u n ta n cy . E x tr a p o la t in g from th e p o r t io n cau gh t by th e c u r t a in on CLEAN SLATE No. 2 sh o u ld , w ith th e good, p h otograp hy o f th e v i s i b l e c lo u d , produce a c r e d ib le a c c o u n tin g ■ t o o . The v a r i a t i o n in p a r t i c u la t e sp ectru m w ith downwind

88

E N T IA L

cd is t a n c e from GZ (on a l l s h o t s ) sh o u ld im p ly th e n a tu r e o f th e so u r c e sp ectru m and in so d o in g a llo w d e d u c tio n o f o r i g i n a l so u r c e s t r e n g th and th e aerodynam ic c h a r a c te r o f p a r t i c l e s f l y i n g beyond in s tr u m e n te d a r e a s . On CLEAN SLATE No. 5^ t h i s w i l l be th e m ajor a cco u n ta n cy d e term in a n t s in c e no b a l lo o n d a ta w ere o b ta in e d .

8 .5 PARTICULATE SPECTRAA ir sam p lin g s r e a l l y e x t r a c t io n o f p a r t ic u la t e m a tte r from

a i r , n e a r th e ground and on th e b a l lo o n c u r t a i n ( s ) was done in m ost c a s e s w ith c a sca d e im p a c to r s . T hus, m ost sam ples or p a r t i c u l a t e e x t r a c t io n s are d i r e c t l y in d ic a t i v e o f mass or a lp h a a c t i v i t y d i v i s i o n s among s e v e r a l ( f i v e or s i x ) s i z e f r a c t i o n s . U n fo r tu n a te ly , th e in fo r m a tio n r e p o r te d from f i e l d c o u n tin g has variable quality. Large p a r t i c l e a c t i v i t i e s ( f i r s t and secon dsam pler s t a g e s ) are u n d e r e s t im a te d b eca u se o f s e l f s h i e l d i n g . S m a lle r p a r t i c l e s are i m p l i c i t l y more a c c u r a t e ly co u n ted b u t a l l b u t th e l a s t ca sc a d e im p actor s t a g e s w ere c o a te d to g e t h ig h p a r t i c l e s t i c k i n g c o e f f i c i e n t s ; v a r ia b le m asking and s i g n i f i c a n t m asking i s p r o b a b le . F in a l , o r m i l l ip o r e f i l t e r , s ta g e s g iv e th e m ost l i k e l y r e s u l t s from s im p le c o u n t in g . W ith th e s e p r o v i s o s , th e a i r sam p lin g r e s u l t s may be s tu d ie d fo r f i r s t i n d i ­c a t io n s . O b v io u s ly , th e p ic tu r e p o s s ib l e must be considered very incomplete.

U lt im a t e ly , h ow ever, th e a c c u r a te a s s a y o f th e s e sam ples ( f o r p lu to n iu m c o n te n t p er s ta g e and f o r th e (P r o je c t s 2 .6 a , b , c ) c h a r a c te r o f in d iv id u a l p a r t i c l e s or subgroups o f th e p a r t i c l e s ) p ro b a b ly w i l l be th e m ost im p o rta n t s i n g l e e lem en t in q u a n t ify in g th e r a d i o l o g i c a l h azard to man.

B.ij BIOPHYSICAL FACTORSF ie ld p o s i t i o n s o f th e th r e e s p e c ie s o f an im als w ere i n t e r ­

m eshed d u r in g ex p o su re and c o u n ta b le a i r sam ple c o l l e c t i o n s w ere found th ro u g h o u t th e a r r a y . The in a d e q u a c ie s o f s t r a ig h t c o u n tin g o f im p a cto r s t a g e s are e x a c t ly th o se j u s t m en tio n ed , ev en more extrem e p erh ap s b eca u se r e s p i r a b i l i t y i s th e added f a c t o r o f im m ediate im p o r ta n c e . R e s p ir a b le or s m a lle r p a r t i c l e s occu r in la r g e c o n c e n tr a t io n n ea r th e ground o n ly n ea r GZ and are co n ­t r ib u t e d a lm o st t o t a l l y from th e c lo u d stem w hich has th e s m a l le s t l a t e r a l e x t e n t . Thus, th e c r o s s -w in d g r a d ie n t i s e x tr e m e ly

89

C O N T ^ E N T I A L

COfWiMtHsh arp , much narrow er and sh a rp er than th e a c t i v i t y d e p o s it e d on th e gro u n d . H o p e fu lly , enough a n im als o f a l l th r e e s p e c ie s in h a le d and r e t a in e d enough p lu ton iu m to p erm it u n e q u iv o c a l i n i t i a l u p take d a ta and m ea n in g fu l m eta b o lism in fo r m a t io n , b oth e a r ly and lon g term ( sh eep o n l y ) . O nly th e p r e c i s e answ ers o f r a d io c h e m is tr y can s u b s t q h t ia t e th e r e a l d eg ree o f s u c c e s s in t h i s e x p e r im e n t .

8 .5 HAZARD EVALUATIONP a t e n t ly , th e r a d i o l o g i c a l hazard to man from th e s e v e r a l k in d s o f n o n -n u c le a r weapon a c c id e n ts t y p i f i e d by th e fo u r R o lle r C o a ster e v e n ts was th e p r in c ip a l prom pting o f th e O p era tio n .F i r s t , and s im p le s t ( though n o t s im p le ) i s th e DOUBLE TRACK s i t u a t i o n . One can reck on th e hazard from th e p h y s ic a l and c h em ic a l d a ta above v ia p ro ced u res n o rm a lly em ployed in r e s t r i c t ­in g in h a la t io n o f a lp h a e m it t e r s in in d u s t r y . The b io p h y s ic a l or b io m e d ic a l ex p er im en ts sh o u ld p ro v id e a s e p a r a te answer fo r e x t r a p o la t io n to man. I d e a l l y , th e s e two means to th e same answer can be r e c o n c i le d . T h is don e, d a ta from th e o th e r s h o ts w i l l be more d e f e n s ib ly t r a n s la t e d in t o r a d io l o g ic a l h azard te r m s , a l s o .The a d d it io n o f an im a ls to CLEAN SLATE No. 2 w i l l p ro v id e an a d d it io n a l and key p o in t o f c o r r e la t io n . A g a in , m easu rab le but low co u n ts w ere r e g i s t e r e d by a ir sam ples on th e an im al t r a i l e r s . The true measure (radiochemical) will be higher and can be much higher than these

values.

The p h y s ic a l m easurem ents o f f a l l o u t and a i r c o n c e n tr a t io n (g r o ss and s iz e - s e p a r a t e d ) seem to have been c o n s i s t e n t l y good . A lthough th e b a l lo n c u r ta in was h i t s o l i d l y , but two in th r e e t im e s , the in s tr u m e n ta l ground a r e a was n o t m issed l a t e r a l l y on any s h o t . A d m itte d ly , on CLEAN SLATE No. 2 th e c l o s e - i n p a t te r n ( in s id e

p

8000 f t . ) a t th e Ipg/m l e v e l as deduced from a lp h a su rv ey ap­peared to ex ceed th e 90° s e c t o r o f th e a r r a y . Even s o , th e m easurem ents encom passed n e a r ly th e e n t ir e a rea p o s s i b l e .

Thus, a v e r y h ig h d eg ree o f s u c c e s s can be c la im ed fo r th e o v e r a l l l i s t o f ex p er im en ts a t te m p te d . As im p ortan t as th e d ir e c t u n der­s ta n d in g o f c o n d it io n s w hich o b ta in e d fo r ea ch o f th e sh o ts f i r e d , i s th e u lt im a te in d u c t io n from e x p e r im e n ta l r e s u l t s to more g e n e r a l term s o f d e s c r ip t io n . I t was w ith t h i s in mind th a t immense ca re

TIAL

S O f M A y m A Lwas ta k en in m aking e x t e n s iv e m icro raa^e^orological m ea su rem en ts . E x is t in g US and UK c lo u d m od els have been e x e r c is e d a lr e a d y on th e m easured m e te o r o lo g y o f e a ch s h o t . The r e s u l t i n g grou n d - and a i r - c o n c e n tr a t io n s c a l c u la t e d (A ppendix N - Volume 3 ) comparefa v o r a b ly w ith t h e i r p r e l im in a r y c o u n te r p a r ts from su rv ey m eter d a ta and f i e l d co u n ted a i r s a m p le s . S im ila r com p arison s w i l l be made w ith more a c c u r a te d a ta and w ith b e t t e r in fo r m a tio n fe d in t o th e c lo u d m odels on a c t u a l p a r t i c l e s i z e and i t s r e l a t i o n to a c t i v i t y .

Im provem ents in th e a b i l i t y t o f o r e c a s t f a l l o u t and r e s p ir a b le p lu to n iu m fo r any re as o n a b le w ea th er s i t u a t i o n seem a s s u r e d . F u rth erm ore , th e in f lu e n c e o f s to r a g e s t r u c t u r e s o f th e typ e t e s t e d w i l l be b e l i e v a b ly ^ ^ s e s s i b l e fo r th e f i r s t t im e . More g e n e r a l a p p r e c ia t io n o f h azard m o d if ic a t io n ^ by s to r a g e s t r u c t u r e s o f more a r b it r a r y c h a r a c te r , is anticipated.

N T IA LC O N

TABLE 8 . 1 INTEGRATIONS OF ALPHA AND GAMMA SURVEY OF GROUND DEPOSITION OF PLUTONIUM

sh o t

D e p o s it io nC ontour(ug/M 2)

AreaE n c lo se d

I n fe r r e d Plutonium *

C on ta in ed ( g m)

DOUBLE: TRACKS GZ Area S t e e l P la te 211 5 -9 X 10‘ 156

10 7 .1 X 10^ 28100 2 .3 X 10^ 1

206 T o ta l

CLEAN SLATE NO. 1 GZ Area -----

1 8 .0 X 10^ 3210 7 .^ X 10^ 30

100 7 .3 X 10^ ?65 T o ta l

GLEAN SLATE NO. 2 GZ Area 2 .9 X 10^ 391 9 .^ X 10^ 38

10 2.>4 X 10^ 96100 2 .5 X 10^ 100

275 T o ta l

CLEAN SLATE NO. 5 GZ Area 1 .2 X lo" ^61 ^ .8 X 10^ 20

10 2 .0 X 10^ 80100 l . i i X 10^ 56

202 T o ta l

fo u r tim es th e in t e g r a t e d v a lu e from alpha, su rv ey c o n to u r s

92

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REFERENCES

1. “ Research Program for Evaluation of Storage, Handling, and Transportation

Criteria for Plutonium-Bearing Weapons, Operation Roller Coaster” ; 15 January 1963;

Secret Restricted Data.

93

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1

Number of Copies

1

1

2

32

12

1

3

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\ .DISTRffiUTION

ARMY ACTIVITIES

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The Surgeon General, Department of the Army, Washington 25, D.C. 20315 Commanding General, U. S. Army Combax Development Command,

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ATTN: J. C. Maloney, Edgewood A r^ n al, Maryland Chief, U. S. ArmyvNuclear Weapons w stem s Safety Group, Fort Belvoir,

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Laboratory, San Francisco 24, California 1 Commandant. Headquarters U.S. Marine Corps, Washington 25, D.C. 203801 Commander-In-Chief, Atlantic, Norfolk 11, Virginia

N T IA L

c | i m w « u 4 4 f '

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Commander, Field Command, Defense Atomic Support Agency, Sandia Base, Albuquerque, New Mexico

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