““Roll-Back”Roll-Back” In reality In reality – never happened – never happened Rather than “roll-back” Rather than “roll-back” Ike developed a Ike developed a

policy of containment called the “New policy of containment called the “New Look”Look”

Meant preventing the extension of Meant preventing the extension of Soviet Communism Soviet Communism Believed that if Believed that if the USSR had no the USSR had no

opportunity to expand – the Soviet system opportunity to expand – the Soviet system would collapse in on itselfwould collapse in on itself

Eisenhower’s “New Look”Eisenhower’s “New Look” Ike Ike Containment (New Look) By: Containment (New Look) By:

Setting up alliances to encircle the USSR Setting up alliances to encircle the USSR

(ex. SEATO)(ex. SEATO) Using military power to protect vulnerable Using military power to protect vulnerable

areas areas (ex. West Berlin)(ex. West Berlin) Assisting forces fighting Communism Assisting forces fighting Communism

(ex. Diem’s govt. in South Vietnam)(ex. Diem’s govt. in South Vietnam) Using the CIA for covert operations more Using the CIA for covert operations more

extensively than beforeextensively than before

Eisenhower’s “New Look” Eisenhower’s “New Look” (cont’d)(cont’d)

SymbolizedSymbolized by the appointment of by the appointment of John Foster Dulles John Foster Dulles secretary of secretary of statestate

Ike and Dulles felt there was a need Ike and Dulles felt there was a need for for massive retaliation massive retaliation and and “brinkmanship”“brinkmanship”

Both were determined not to let the Both were determined not to let the US get pulled into another US get pulled into another conventional war like Koreaconventional war like Korea

Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation Strategy:Strategy: In case of attack from an In case of attack from an

aggressor, a state would retaliate with aggressor, a state would retaliate with force disproportionate to the size of the force disproportionate to the size of the attackattack

The Aim: The Aim: to deter an adversary from to deter an adversary from initially attackinginitially attacking

For it to work: For it to work: Must be made public knowledgeMust be made public knowledge Must believe have a second-strike capability Must believe have a second-strike capability Adversary(s) must believe the defending Adversary(s) must believe the defending

state is willing to use nuclear weapons on a state is willing to use nuclear weapons on a massive scalemassive scale

Massive RetaliationMassive Retaliation

MADMAD(Mutually Assured (Mutually Assured

Destruction)Destruction) Massive retaliation Massive retaliation works on the works on the same principles as same principles as mutually assured mutually assured destructiondestruction

But includes the caveat (warning) But includes the caveat (warning) that that even a minor conventional even a minor conventional attack attack on a nuclear state could on a nuclear state could conceivably result in conceivably result in all-out nuclear all-out nuclear retaliationretaliation

BrinkmanshipBrinkmanship Term originally coined by Term originally coined by DullesDulles Theory of pushing the military Theory of pushing the military to the to the brinkbrink of war in order to convince of war in order to convince another nation to follow your another nation to follow your demands. demands.

Policy was usedPolicy was used to to coerce the USSR coerce the USSR into backing down militarily and was into backing down militarily and was based on the beliefbased on the belief the US nuclear the US nuclear superiority would force concessionssuperiority would force concessions

Dulles’ quote from Dulles’ quote from LifeLife

Ike Ike Containment (New Look) Containment (New Look) By: By:

Despite the aggression of Despite the aggression of brinkmanship, Ike aware of the brinkmanship, Ike aware of the dangers of nuclear war dangers of nuclear war

Also negotiated w/ the Soviets Also negotiated w/ the Soviets US-Soviet Summits in 1955 & 1960US-Soviet Summits in 1955 & 1960

The USSR’s “New Course”The USSR’s “New Course” BeriaBeria executed as a traitor (Dec. 1953) executed as a traitor (Dec. 1953) Malenkov Malenkov idea of a idea of a “New Course” “New Course” w/ w/

the West – the West – KhrushchevKhrushchev later adopted later adopted and renamed it and renamed it “peaceful coexistence” “peaceful coexistence”

Move away from the Leninist doctrine Move away from the Leninist doctrine of the inevitability of warof the inevitability of war

Meant that Meant that Communism & capitalism Communism & capitalism should accept the continuing existence should accept the continuing existence of one anotherof one another, rather than using force , rather than using force to destroy each otherto destroy each other

A “New Course” (cont’d)A “New Course” (cont’d) KhrushchevKhrushchev believed that if believed that if

capitalism was deprived of further capitalism was deprived of further opportunities for expansion, it would opportunities for expansion, it would die out due to its own inherent die out due to its own inherent weaknessesweaknesses

Thus, no need to risk nuclear warThus, no need to risk nuclear war