Role of Technology Management in Construction Industry of … · Successful accomplishment of procurement configuration web service will boast the speed and efficiency of initial

International Journal of Engineering & Industry ISSN: 2191-3315, Volume 1, Issue 1, page 1 - 13

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Zambrut.com. Publication date, 30 November 2018.

Abbas, M. & Lodhi, M. S. 2018. Role of Technology Management in Construction ..................... 1

Role of Technology Management

in Construction Industry of

Pakistan

Muhammad Abbas1 & M Saeed Lodhi

2

1Muhammad Abbas

B-tech Civil Engineer, MS Project Management

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus-Pakistan

2Prof. Dr. M Saeed Lodhi

Assistant Professor, Faculty of Management Sciences

COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus-Pakistan

Abstract: The aim of this research is to introduce the findings of a recent study on the use of Technology

specifically that of information technology (IT) in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (KP) province; located in North-

West of Pakistan. The study was conducted through a structured questionnaire survey among 53

Government engineering construction departments executing most of the civil works in the province;

represent about 51% of the total number of departments in the province. The details extracted from this

study provided fruitful information about what information technology the engineers are using. What are

the perceived benefits and obstacles considered by the users in the Construction Industry (CI) were. The

survey finds that the Technology of IT had been widely used in CI organization of KP; it is mainly used

to support various individual tasks of the engineer’s services at a basic level, rather than to stimulate the

production of their services as whole through automation in the province CI. Most of the respondents

strongly agreed/agreed that IT play a vital role in the engineering profession; about (96%) respondents

agreed that IT can shorten the time of providing Quantity Survey (QS) but they had not taken complete

advantage of technology to improve their performance in the industry. They want change but they are

associated with the head of the organization. In addition, KP civil secretariat secretaries are the policy

makers for all the engineering organizations to date there was no comprehensive policy, to develop and

boost the use of IT within the organizations. It is recommended that the regional organization must

recognize the importance and adaptation of IT so that the secretaries may take appropriate actions to

meet challenges the organization are facing.

Keywords: Technology; Engineers, Quantity Surveying; Information Technology; Construction Industry;

Pakistan.


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1. INTRODUCTION

Sectors which are the main contributors to Pakistan Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and economy are

services, mining, construction, agriculture, and manufacturing respectively. Construction industry (CI)

plays an important social and economic role in country. While economic growth is analyzed through GDP

and use as an indicator to economic growth. CI of Pakistan has less contribution in the world list, 50th

in

the rank. Cost overrun, time delays, quality and safety issues are menace to the industry. In these

circumstances the industry should coup with issues from initiation stage of the projects tell closing stage.

With globalization as demand increases things become fast, CI also demanding efficiency and potency in

operational works. Technology especially of Information Technology (IT) is proved as a best assistance and a key

enabler to CI and using as a combating force which result in bringing economic boasting. Computers are

now a vital part of all effective industries. Quantity Survey (QS) a major function of Engineer in public

engineering departments it includes rough cost estimates, detailed estimates, bill of quantity formation,

tendering and evaluation of the work done etc. Through survey we look the context of Pakistan CI, and try

to find that how they are approaching toward Technology in QS. Because software applications, a useful

technology tool can help Engineers to speed up their daily works. The objective to the study is to

determine the level of usage in operating tasks. Identify technology software’s, the problems and benefits

in using IT. And further more that how Pakistani CI Engineers cum QSs is moving with time toward IT.

The aim of construction activities is to build artifacts such as ports, roads, bridges, tunnels, and

buildings etc. Civil Engineering artifacts differ from other manufacturing products, to be built in a location

which is specific, rather than in factories (Bjork, 1999). Managing construction activities from initial stage

of design through to the closing stage requires knowledge in each phase of the constructed facilities

(Olanrewaju and Anahye, 2015). Ghandour and Al-Hussein (2004) described the impact of the economic

reforms upon the CI, reveal the fundamental changes in the CI since the economic reform and explain the

leading role of the CI in the country’s economic development. Impressive progress has been made by the

CI and has developed at an amazing speed.

Technology management of IT has been given little attention within the CI in the past. As a result

numerous IT solutions have been developed to act as a driver in the construction and design process.

Remarkable changes have been experienced in past two decades in the CI of Australia and Asia-Pacific

due to changing in industry and Technology (Peter, 2010). IT adaptation is the major problem all over the

world in CI (Mastura eta al., 2007). Statistics shows that slowly but inevitably the industry will adopt these

Information Technologies. Technology of IT holds a lot of potential for the engineering and construction

industry because its purpose is to facilitate the exchange and management of information.

Information Technology can be defines as the ability of services provided by computer, rendering

information and understanding through software’s and telecommunications (Mohsen, 2003). Bjork (1999)

defines IT is the use of electronic machines and software’s for the processing, storage of data, transfer of

data, and presentation of knowledge and information. IT comprises many technologies such as computer

hardware, software and networks as well as telephone and fax machines (Hugues, 2000).

Notable research reports have been carried out in looking technology management of IT in CI at

various countries, such as New Zealand (Doherty et al., 1997); Saudi Arabia (O’Brian and Biqami , 1999);

Pakistan (Zubiar et al., 2012); Canada (Bjorks, 1999); Hong Kong (Qiping et al., 2003); Ireland (Thomas,

1999); and Malaysia (Mastura et al., 2007).However, a few studies are available in particular group of

construction skills. Hence, the information on the usage of IT in QS is scarce and only a fewer studies are

available (Qiping and Chung, 2007) and (Olukayode and Odusami, 2005). This study will fill the gap

through a report in Pakistani context.

2. LITERATURE REVIEW

In word today every country wants development in most of the sectors especially in those which

amass economic and social rising in country. Some countries fail in planning and investment for


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Technology in the sector. Malaysia government is working on that and nudging down individual towards

better management of technology of IT for achieving long term objectives to accomplish developing

country status in 2020(Mastura et al., 2007). Within the CI technology management of IT should be

developed and use as an enabler to the winder operational needs of the CI. IT use is growing rapidly and is

expected to become the leading Technology for communication between organizations in the near future

(Stewart et al., 2004).

Successful accomplishment of procurement configuration web service will boast the speed and

efficiency of initial selection of suppliers and integration service will improve analysis of bidding received

in order to select the best possible provider of services (Elena and Rimantas, 2008). Project managers

should effectively use these IT tools to support communications and collaboration among group players

and the owner. Project players should also use IT to integrate required information and support decision

making (Yang and Huang, 2016). Although the CI has conventionally been sluggish to accept new

technology, many users have now accepted superiority of the Internet and are prepared to invest in it.

Internet is facilitating effectively the construction communication in the industry. In addition the cost is

much cheaper than traditional approaches to communication (Tam, 1999). Usage of IT is high further the

organization is agreed to increase the use of it in the upcoming years (Thomas, 1999) and (Zaied et al.,

2014). The level of IT use, by the architects and engineers is very much the same although engineers have

a slight higher usage in Sweden CI (Samuelson, 2002). IT helps in sharing information effectively and it

does save the precious time (Zaied et al., 2014). If the technology application is strengthened the CI of the

Indonesian country will obtain greater benefits from it (Pamulu and Bhuta, 2004). Capacity of working

has been increase in most of the organization processes, generally in administration, project management,

and design. Technology has improved the quality of work, documents and speed of the work. Much better

control on cost is achieved. Good communication, easy and quick access to common data becomes

possible. Growth of IT is expected to be continued, the largest growth area, in general, is communication

through IT (Doherty, 1997). Bhuta and Pamulu (2005) find in a survey that general administration works

of the CI have been mostly computerized. Costing, scheduling, drawing, invoicing, and project

management tasks are well computerized. Problems in engineering construction industry can be managed

far better through new IT applications (Scheer et al., 2007). Research shows that there is an awareness of

advantages of the software available but there is unwillingness in the industry to make full use of the

software’s (Wilkinson, 2012). A government is supervisory body needs to strike the balance between

economic growth and social sustainable development. How the efficiency of the regulatory mechanism and

procedure will be improved is a pressing issue for any government (Gong et al., 2013). In terms of

spending in IT and technology tools is insufficient Kaplisnksi, (2009) most of the organizations 83% spend

fewer 10% of their whole expenditure on IT related budget (Bhuta and Pamulu, 2005).

3. AIM OF THE STUDY

Aim of the survey was to determine up to date information about the IT use in Pakistan government

construction organization (PGCO). As we know up gradation of technology and use of it for profession

become a basic need. In various studies findings most of the employees of the public organizations as well

as contractor employees are using technology such as computer and laptops. But they are facing issues in

their daily use of it. Problems during the use of IT are varying from organization to organization. This

study emphasis on the use of technology in public organizations, further the professionals which are using

technology in their daily operating tasks especially in quantity, cost predication, and evaluation at

completion of work.

4. PROBLEM STATEMENT

Novelty with emphasis on technology especially of IT is becoming a most important concern in the

CI internationally. As a result of modern technological advances all sectors including CI is on the

conception stage of a major upraising. There are some studies available in the context of IT use in CI but


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there are very few studies prvide in-depth information about sub-sector of CI profession. This study

investigates the current use of IT and its implications in context OF PGCO.

5. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY

a. To determine the level of technology use by the Engineers in operating tasks of their daily works.

b. To identify type of technology software’s the Engineers are using in construction industry.

c. To identify the obstacles Engineers are facing in use of technology in Pakistan construction industry.

d. To identify the benefits of technology use in construction industry organizations.

6. RESEARCH METHODOLOGY The research methodology includes a questionnaire survey supported by a pilot test. Pilot test was

undertaken by a small group of Engineers to validate the design of questionnaire prior to the questionnaire

survey. 104 organizations were selected from the 4 lists, namely: Communication and Works Department,

Public Health Engineering Department, Local Government and Rural Development Department, and

Irrigation Department. These organizations included almost all Engineers from the organizations of KP

province.

6.1 Questionnaire design This questionnaire consisted of multiple-choice questions which covered the areas of (i) organization

information, (ii) IT use, (iii) IT perception, and (iv) IT implementation. Respondents were asked to answer

these questions by choosing an appropriate rating on a five-point Likert scale. The questionnaire was

adopted from the study of (Shen, 2007). Respondents were also guaranteed anonymity to keep their

interests. The effective reponse rate was 51% which was higher than those of similar surveys conducted at

different countries (47/150) (Doherty, 1997); (46/500); (O’Brien, 1999); and (50/175) (Zubair et al., 2012).

With the use of SPSS and Microsoft Excel, various statistical methods such as descriptive statistics for

mean percentages and reliability analysis were used to evaluate and interpret the collected data.

6.2 Background of the respondents

Respondents of the study were Engineers and Sub-Engineers from various engineering departments

across KP. Table 1 shows the demographics of the study which includes designation, department, and total

number of skill full-time employees and year of experience using IT.

Table 1. Background of the respondents

Number of respondent’s %

Designation of the employees

SDO/Assistant Engineer 14 26.4

Sub-Engineer 39 73.6

Department/Organization

C&W 15 28.3

PHED 16 30.2

LG&RDD 17 32.1

Irrigation 05 09.4

Number/ Quantity of skilled employees (person)

1-49 45 84.9

50-99 02 03.8

100-149 01 01.9

Above 150 05 09.4

Year of experience using technology of IT (years)

<02 20 37.7


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≥2 and <4 13 24.5

≥4 and <6 04 07.5

≥6 and <8 05 09.4

≥8 and <10 04 07.5

≥10 07 13.2

As shown in table 1 in terms of designation (26.4%) employees were SDO’s or Assistant Engineers,

both these names are used alternatively in KP’s engineering departments and (73.6%) were Sub-Engineers.

In terms of department (28.3%) respondents were from C&W, (30.2%) were from PHED, (32.1%) form

LG&RDD and (9.44%) were from Irrigation. In terms of skilled full-time employees (84.9%) departments

had employees 1-49 and the rest (15.1%) had employees in the range from 50-99 and above 150 persons.

In terms of experience in using IT, departments (62.2%) had experience of 2 to 4 years and the rest of

organizations (37.8%) had experience ranging from 6 to 10 years.

6.3 Reliability

Reliability plays an important role in questionnaire surveys. Reliability was evaluated. The

Cronbach α value derived from the question items for the respective sections which were examined and

there results are presented in table 2.

Table 2 Reliability of the survey results

Section/ Construct Cronbach α

Use of IT in operating tasks 0.910

(16 items)

Advantages/Perceived benefits

of IT (4 items) 0.688

Department staff using IT (5 items) 0.786

Budget allocation (2 items) 0.464

Cronbach α value >0.7

The table shows values in the constructs of the perceived criteria for technology management of IT

in operating tasks and department staff using it was greater than the common threshold of (0.7) for similar

exploratory research. This gives stronger evidence supporting the reliability of survey outcomes. Further

discussions on these constructs will be given in the following sections.

7. RESEARCH FINDINGS

7.1 Extent use of IT in operating tasks.

In the modern era technology is generally used for many purposes. This section surveyed the use of

technology especially IT in operations, a total of 16 tasks including QS specific tasks, general purpose

tasks, and information exchange / communications tasks were listed in the questionnaire. Based on the

resources used, the respondents were asked to indicate to what extent technology application software’s/

computers are being used in these tasks by selecting the options of <20%, 20-40%, 40-60-%, 60-80%, and

>80%.

Fig 1 shows that the percentages of IT use ranged from around 49% to 82%. Only one out of the

range and the top of the list 98% were that of cost estimation. The tasks of cost estimation, bill of

quantities production (BOQ) and final account or final bill are reported on top of the list. The percentage of

BOQ is 82% and that of final account is 81%, tendering 78%, intermediate payment 75%, and that of

accounting is recorded 76%.


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Whereas for reporting the usage is 67%, for drawing management is 63%, for administration is 61%,

external communication 68%, external and internal data exchange is recorded as 64%. Use of IT is less in

internal communication with 56%, monitoring and controlling 51%, and training 49%.

% of IT application

Fig. 1 Extent of IT use in operation tasks.

7.2 Perceived benefits

A particular question asking to what extent the respondents agree that technology of IT can help the

Engineers. Fig. 2 illustrates that a great majority of the respondents generally agreed that IT can help them

providing quantity survey estimation. 89% of the respondents strongly agreed or agreed that IT can

improve the quality of QS; only 11% respondents preferred the option of neutral and disagree.

Further, 96% of the respondents strongly agreed or agreed that IT can shorten the time of providing

QS; just 4% disagreed that IT cannot. Furthermore, 76% strongly agreed or agreed that IT can reduce the

cost of providing QS. Only 24% of respondents in reducing the cost the cost of providing QS disagreed or

responded with the option of neutral. This finding clearly demonstrates that the application of IT is

beneficial to the Engineering works departments. The percentages of the perceived benefits in ascending

order are; (i) reducing the time of QS (ii) improves the quality of QS; and (iii) reducing the cost of QS.

Internal data exchange

External data exchange

Internal Communication

External Communication

Training

Human resource management

Administration

Accounting

Drawing Management

Reporting

Monitoring and Controlling

Cost Estimation

Final account/Payment

Intermediate payment

Tendering

Bill of quantity formation …

(<20) (20-40) (40-60) (60-80) (>80)


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% of respondents

Fig. 2. Benefits of IT in the provision of quantity survey.

7.3 Software packages

This section introduces the most commonly used software packages and what features led to their

selection in the QS. Information of the survey results in table 3.

In general Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word are mostly used as software. There is no use of

specialist QS software. Table 3 shows that Microsoft Excel is most commonly used technology tool and it

dominated the QS tasks including cost estimation with 92.5%, BOQ production with 86.8%, intermediate

payment with 90.6%, valuation of variance with 81.1%, and final account with 84.9%. Moreover, 90.6% of

the respondents agreed on the option of others in drawing management, the tool they are currently using

for drawing management is AutoCAD. For tendering, Microsoft Word is used 54.7% along with Microsoft

Excel with 43.4%.

0,0 20,0 40,0 60,0 80,0

Strongly Agree

Agree

Neutral

Disagree

Strongly Disagree

Information Technology can

improve the quality of Quantity

Survey


reduce the cost of providing

Quantity Survey


shorten the time of providing

Quantity Survey


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Table 3. Rankings of the software packages (percent [ranking])

7.4 Major factors in selecting software packages

Fig. 3 shows key factors used by engineering department’s engineers in selecting software tools. 81%

of the respondents preferred software’s which is user friendly. 64% of the respondents chose compatibility,

62% of them went them with the past experience while 51% selected training. Security and advice from

users were selected by 47% of the respondents; initial cost and flexibility were given equal weight age of

40% and 32% chose government policy. It is also interesting to note that organization policy was given

slight preference of 13%, whereas 17% of the respondents preferred advice from consultants, and 26%

preferred advice from the client.

% of respondents

Fig. 3 Major factors in selecting software packages

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90

Government policy

organization policy

Training

security

past experience

Advice from consultant

Advice from client

Initial cost

Compatibity

Flexibility

User friendly

MS Excel MS Word MS Project WinEst Others

Cost Estimation 92.5[1] 7.5[2] − − −

BOQ Production 86.8[1] 13.2[2] − − −

Tendering 43.4[2] 54.7[1] 1.9[3] − −

Drawing Management 3.8[2] 1.9[3] 1.9[3] 1.9[3] 90.6[1]

Valuation of Variance 81.1[1] − 3.8[3] 1.9[4] 13.2[2]

Intermediate Payment 90.6[1] 5.7[2] − − 3.8[3]

Reporting 17.0[2] 81.1[1] 1.9[3] − −

Final Account 84.9[1] 13.2[2] − 1.9[3] −


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7.5 User satisfaction

Fig. 3 shows the percentage of using IT by the Engineers of the engineering construction

departments of the province. From fig. 4 it is evident that around 72% of the respondents are highly

satisfied and remaining 28% are pleased with the performance of the IT tools. No one in the survey

showed mistrust in using IT. This finding indicates that as whole the performance of IT is extremely

satisfactory in the QS and daily works but there is space for further enhancement in the future.

% of respondents

Fig. 4. Satisfaction with the use of IT

7.6 Organization staff using information technology

Fig. 5 showed the percentage use of IT by various levels of staff in the organization. The survey

results indicate that the managerial staff (Executive Engineer/Assistant Director) uses IT about 90.6%,

Sub-Divisional Officer and technical staff (Engineer/Surveyor) uses IT 79.3%. While non technical staff

75.3% are using IT frequently in daily operations.

% values

Fig. 5. The percentage of using information technology

7.7 Obstacles to the use of information technology

They are the key obstacles that inhibit the use of IT in Engineers daily works. The survey had

successfully identified a shortlist of the obstacles, their details is summarized. Factor that of lack in

0

50

100

Highly SatisfiedSatisfied Neutral DissatisfiedHighly Dissatisfied

Satisfaction with the use of IT applications

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100

Non-Technical staff

Quantity surveyor/Sub-Engineer

Sub-Divisional Officer (SDO)

Executive Engineer (XEN)/Assistant Director


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technical support with 79%, lack of experience using IT 62%, high initial hardware cost 58%, and lack of

standards for the QS with 55% are the most significant barriers inhibiting the use of IT in the engineer’s

daily works.

They are followed by the factors of training problems with 43%, lack of suitable software for the QS

38%, high running cost 26%, security problem 19%, and high initial hardware cost with 15%.

% respondents

Fig. 6. Obstacles that inhibit IT implementation in daily works

7.8 Budget allocation

The survey findings report that best part of the respondents was extremely satisfied and loyal

towards the applications of technology in their daily routine works. 62% of the respondents agreed that last

year budget as less than two percent of the entire budget. 19% agreed on the budget that it was 2-<4% and

17% agreed in 4-<6% for last year.

Further, they want budget increase in next five years which is clearly evident from fig. 7 30% of

them want to increase it to 8-10%>, 13% want it to increase to 6-<8%, and 29% want it 4-<6%.

Fig.7. Budget

0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80

High intial software cost

High intial hardware cost

Lack of suitable software for QS

High running cost

Lack of standards for QS

Training problem

Security Problems

Lack of technical support

lack of experience in IT

0

5

10

15

20

25

30

35

(2-<4%)

(4-<6%)

(6-<8%)

(8-10%>)

(<2%) (2-<4%)

(4-<6%)

(6-<8%)

(8-10%>)

For next 5 years


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8. CONCLUSION

Based on the results to the survey, the conclusions are given in this section.

a. Respondents participated where from all four departments a positive point for survey point of view.

b. Most of the respondents in the survey have experience of Information Technology (IT) less than 4

years. Clearly indicates that if proper technology management of these employees did they may

contribute well in the future.

c. It is clear from the survey that technology is now an essential part of construction organizations. There

is an indication from the analysis that all the respondents replied in affirmation about the technology

availability and usage. The usage of IT is more in cost estimation, final account, bill of quantity

formation, tendering, intermediate payment and accounting. The usage is limited in training, monitoring

and controlling, internal communication, and human resource management. This level of technology

usage it is clear that most of the construction organizations are using IT.

d. A large majority of the users agreed that IT shorten the time of providing quantity survey, and also

agreed that it can reduce the cost also. Majority also affirm that IT can improve the quality of quantity

survey. Further all users of the organizations are satisfied with the use of IT in construction industry.

e. The use of different engineering software is a critical is a critical part of implementing technology

packages for construction organizations. Software packages Microsoft Excel and Microsoft Word were

generally used in the engineering construction departments; Microsoft Excel were the most commonly

used IT tool and had dominated the engineer specific tasks including cost estimation, BOQ production,

intermediate payment, and final account about 90%. There was no use of special software packages in

the industry. In reporting and valuation of variance respondents were agreed that both Microsoft Word

and Excel were used. For drawing management the software used in the industry was AutoCAD. The

use of software also helps the construction organizations in keeping the record of past works in

electronic form for the future reference. While making tender they were preparing it in Microsoft Word

and then they operate them after advertisement in newspaper on their online Web page though which,

the registered contractor if want to apply for tender receive online bid form and apply for tender bid.

f. Factors of user-friendless, compatibility, past experience, and training were on the top of the list in

selecting software packages. Other major factors in selecting software packages were security, advice

from users, initial cost, and flexibility of the packages. It was exciting to note that the factors of

organization policy, advice from users and advice from government which were normally believed to be

critical only played the slight role in the process of selecting software packages.

g. Managerial staff (Executive Engineer/Assistant Director, and SDO/Assistant Engineer), technical staff

(Sub-Engineer/Surveyor), and non-technical staff used IT frequently in daily operations. Results

suggest that IT had effectively penetrated to all employees levels in the construction organizations.

h. Obstacles which inhibit IT in the engineers works was lack of technical support, lack of experience

using IT, high initial hardware cost, and lack of standards for the quantity survey. They were followed

by the factors of training problems, lack of suitable software for quantity survey, high running cost,

security problems, and high initial software cost.

i. Respondents often agreed on the last year budget that it was less than two percent. This was supported

by the studies produced in the UK and Australia in which some major organization had not considered

IT a suitable area of proper budget allocation. Respondents want to increase budget for IT in the next

years.

9. GENERAL OBSERVATION

Observation from the survey that age is a major factor behind the use of IT in these government

organizations. Employees appointed before the year 2000 rarely used IT. In response to the questionnaire

non users were negating the questionnaire. In some offices they asked their colleagues to give response to

the questionnaire who already work on it and know about IT. Some employees (non users of IT) verbally

said if government gives proper training of IT, they will also use it and may get fruitful results.


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10. RECOMMENDATION

Technology playing a major role in construction industry of Pakistan, further there is an immense

need of technology especially IT strategy plan both in district level and provincial level which can improve

the current practices in construction industry of Pakistan. The implementation of IT strategic plan will help

in providing and utilizing modern tools of IT and proper training in IT, through which the productivity,

speed of work, accuracy and general administration work, can be improved.

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