Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

Embed Size (px)

Citation preview

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    1/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + , +

    -$./0/* 12(3.4 5.*06.3

    789: 793 :8. 5(2. (; .409 ?@)0/* :8. A)9B

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    2/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + M +

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    3/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + Y +

    (@) .H04./=. 3@**.3:3 :89: $(20:0=92()*9/0K9:0(/3 9/4 0/40H04@923 @3.47.3:.)/ /."3 30:.3 [ 3@=8 93 :8. PP19/4 1DD [ :( 3$).94 =).40B2.0/;()69:0(/ :( :8.0) 3@$$():.)3 :8)(@*8:8. ).H(2@:0(/9)I $.)0(4# &8. ).3@2: "93:89:F BI @30/* 40*0:92 :.=8/(2(*0.3F4.6(=)9=I 94H(=9:.3 =).9:.4 9;)..4(6 6.6. :89: :((L (/ 9 20;. (; 0:3("/ 9/4 3$).94 04.93 9B(@: 20B.):I 9/4).H(2@:0(/ :( 9 3@)$)030/*2I 29)*. /@6B.)

    (; $.($2.# %/:.).3:0/*2IF /(: 9 30/*2.S*I$:09/ $(20:0=92 7.B30:. ". 69$$.420/L.4 :( ).*0(/92 /."3 3(@)=.3 3@=8 93A2 ]9K..)9 9/4 A2 A)9B0I9 B.;(). :8.).H(2@:0(/#

    6-)(1.&'*'$/ 8-' 1'(1+ 1-'#-9(+:% (1*#0'

    )(19-#$*% (1$'(;%-1'/#-)-.-.',*

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    4/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + _ +

    .X$.=:9:0(/3 ;() 3@==.33 (; $(20:0=92@$)030/*#

    &"0::.) (;;.)3 @3 :8. =2.9).3: .H04./=.(; "8.). 0/40H04@923 ./*9*0/* 0/4.6(=)9:0= =(/H.)39:0(/3 ".). 2(=9:.44@)0/* :8. ).H(2@:0(/3# 7. ;0/4 :89::8.). ".). (H.) MFMNN :"..:3 ;)(6A2*.)09F P98)90/F S*I$:F >()(==(F 9/4 Q.6./ 9B(@: P./ A20V3 ).30*/9:0(/ (/:8. 49I 8. 3:.$$.4 9304.# -H.) :8.

    =(@)3. (; 9 "..L B.;(). >@B9)9LV3).30*/9:0(/F :8. :(:92 )9:. (; :"..:3 ;)(6S*I$:d9/4 9)(@/4 :8. "()24d9B(@:

    $(20:0=92 =89/*. 0/ :89: =(@/:)IB922((/.4 ;)(6 MFYNN 9 49I :( MYNFNNN9 49I# %/:.).3:0/*2IF :8. ).29:0H.=(/:)0B@:0(/ (; $.($2. /(: 20H0/* 0/ :8.).*0(/ 4060/038.4 30*/0;0=9/:2I (H.) :803$.)0(4# -/ :8. 49I >@B9)9L 2.;: (;;0=.FJ.B)@9)I ,,F :8.). ".). 6(). :89/MMaFNNN &"..:3 (@:304. :8. =(@/:)I:89: 3$).94 :8. /."3 (; 803 4.$9):@).#%/ :8. :"( "..L3 9;:.) >@B9)9LV3).30*/9:0(/F :8.). ".). 9/ 9H.)9*. (;

    YF_NN :"..:3 9 49I 9B(@: :8. $(20:0=92=)0303 0/ S*I$: BI $.($2. 20H0/* 0//.0*8B()0/* =(@/:)0.3#

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    5/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + a +

    -$./0/* 12(3.4 5.*06.3789: 793 :8. 5(2. (; .409 ?@)0/* :8. A)9B 0442. S93:#

    P.:"../ ]9/@9)I 9/4 A$)02 MN,, $@B20=4.69/4 ;() $(20:0=92 ).;()6 =93=94.4;)(6 &@/03 :( 190)(F 9/969# &803 0/3$0).4 $.($2. 0/1939B29/=9F ?9693=@3F &)0$(20 9/44(K./3 (; 36922.) =0:0.3 :( :9L. :( :8.3:)..:3 :( 4.69/4 =89/*.# PI >9IF :8.$(20:0=92 =93@92:0.3 ".). 30*/0;0=9/:Z&@/0309V3 \0/. S2 AB040/. P./ A20 9/4S*I$:V3 E(3/0 >@B9)9LF :"( (; :8.).*0(/V3 6(3: ).=92=0:)9/: 40=:9:()3F".). *(/.e U0BI9 "93 2(=L.4 0/ 9 =0H02

    "9)e 9/4 3.H.)92 =(/3:0:@:0(/926(/9)=83 894 39=L.4 :8.0) =9B0/.:39/4 =(660::.4 :8.63.2H.3 :(=(/3:0:@:0(/92 ).;()63# -:8.)*(H.)/6./:3 3(@*8: :( [email protected] @/).3: BI$)(6030/* H93: .X$./40:@).3 (/0/;)93:)@=:@). $)(O.=:3F @/.6$2(I6./:B./.;0:3F ;((4 [email protected] 9/4 3929)I

    , J)..4(6 E(@3.F J)..4(6 0/ :8. 7()24F MN,NS40:0(/#

    0/=).93.3 ;() =0H02 3.)H9/:3 9/4 6020:9)I$.)3(//.2#

    >()(==( 9/4

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    6/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + h +

    3:)(/* 0/=./:0H. :( :@)/ :( :8. %/:.)/.:;() =).40B2. 3(@)=.3 (; 0/;()69:0(/#%/:.)/.: @3. 0/ B(:8 =(@/:)0.3 03 923(30*/0;0=9/:# AB(@: Ma $.)=./: (; :8.$($@29:0(/ 0/ &@/0309 9/4 ,N $.)=./: (;:8. $($@29:0(/ 0/ S*I$: 893 @3.4 :8.%/:.)/.: 9: 2.93: (/=.F "0:8 6@=8 (; :8.@3. =(/=./:)9:.4 96(/* I(@/* $.($2.#@3206P)(:8.)8((4F ;() .X96$2.F @3.4 :8.%/:.)/.: :( 389). 0/;()69:0(/F ()*9/0K.

    >1'*.. % (1'%('-1*4+ 13'

    0(:13'/-(/+-'%('(#3*1 ?-&'

    %-)21(+(30'2*$';*) + %*%-.'

    %2-'3#(@ 13'/*#% ) /*% (1'(;'

    @(,-1' 1'/(+ % )*+'

    )(19-#$*% (17'

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    7/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + R +

    3@$$():.)3F 9/4 =(/4@=: (:8.) 9=:0H0:0.3:89: 8.2$.4 0: =8922./*. 3.=@29)9@:8()0:0.3#

    %/ ).3$(/3.F :8. *(H.)/6./:3 0/ &@/03099/4 S*I$: 9)).3:.4 B2(**.)3F :)9=L.4(/20/. =(/H.)39:0(/3F 9/4 38@::.).47.B30:.3 9/4 %/:.)/.: 9==.33# J().X96$2.F 0/ MNNa S*I$:09/ B2(**.)AB4(2L9)06 D9B02 (H.6./:F ".).9)).3:.4 9/4 ;9=.4 $8I30=92 9B@3.#

    S*I$:09/ B2(**.)3 $)(H.4 $9):0=@29)2I).3020./: 0/ =(/:0/@0/* :( $@B2038 =)0:0=920/;()69:0(/ (/20/.# P@: 0/ B(:8 &@/03099/4 S*I$: 9 =(::9*. 0/4@3:)I (; B2(**.)39/4 9=:0H03:3 @3.4 :8. %/:.)/.: :( .H94.*(H.)/6./: =./3()380$ BI =).9:0/*92:.)/9:0H. /."3=93:3 9/4 B@0240/*3$9=.3 (/20/. "8.). 0/40H04@923 =(@24$@B2038 0/;()69:0(/ =)0:0=92 (; :8.*(H.)/6./: "0:8(@: 9::9=80/* :8.0)/96.3 :( 0:# -/20/. 9=:0H03:3 9/4B2(**.)3F 40*0:92 /."3 ()*9/0K9:0(/3F

    9/4 $(20:0=92 $9):I 7.B30:.3 ;()6 9H0):@92 .=(2(*I (; =0H02 3(=0.:I *)(@$3:89: 4.B9:. =(/:./:0(@3 [email protected]# %/69/I =93.3F :8. B(@/49)0.3 B.:"../:8.3. ()*9/0K9:0(/3 9). B2@)).4 ;()06$():9/: ).93(/3# J() .X96$2.FB9//.4 $(20:0=92 $9):0.3F 3@=8 93 S*I$:V3>@3206 P)(:8.)8((4F 89H. ).20.4 (/B2(**.)3 "8( 690/:90/ 3.)H.)3 2(=9:.4(@:304. (; :8. =(@/:)I 9/4 :8.).BI

    =(@24/V: B. :9L./ (;;20/. BI :8.*(H.)/6./:#

    S*I$: 893 9 /@6B.) (; 9=:0H. $(20:0=92$9):0.3F 69/I (; "80=8 690/:90/7.B30:.3 9/4 (/20/. /."32.::.)3 :(=(66@/0=9:. "0:8 :8.0) 3@$$():.)3 9/4=(/3:0:@./:3F B@: 923( "0:8 .9=8 (:8.)#A26(3: 922 69O() $9):0.3 $@B2038 (/20/./."3$9$.)3F 3@=8 93 :8. D." 79;4'9):IV3 5+ A*;. B*"+0 F :8. D9:0(/92

    ')(*).330H. G/0(/03: '9):IV3 5+C52*+"  /."3$9$.)F :8. A)9B ?.6(=)9:0=D933.)03: '9):IV3 5+C5#*4"  "..L2IF 9/4:8. &(6())(" '9):IV3 5+ D2*. "..L2I#%/ 9440:0(/ :( :8. 403=@330(/ 3$9=.3;(3:.).4 BI /."3$9$.)3F $9):I+$@B20=9:0(/3 20L. :8.3. 922(" ;() 9=:0H.($$():@/0:0.3 ;() =)(33+$9):IF $(20:0=92/.*(:09:0(/# &8. >@3206 P)(:8.)8((4894 B../ B9//.4 BI :8. *(H.)/6./:FB@: /(/.:8.2.33 @3.4 A)9B0= 9/4S/*2038 29/*@9*. $@B20=9:0(/3 :(

    690/:90/ 9/ .W@92F 0; /(: 6().$)(60/./:F $).3./=. 0/ (/20/. S*I$:09/$(20:0=3 :89/ 69/I 2.*922I 39/=:0(/.4$9):0.3#

    P.;(). :8. A)9B

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    8/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + f +

    ?902I>(:0(/ ;() 9/ .X:./4.4 $.)0(4 9/40/ MNNf 0: B2(=L.4 J9=.B((L ;() 96(/:8# %/ B(:8 =93.3F (B3.)H.)33@3$.=:.4 :89: :8. ).*06. "93 ).9=:0/*:( ;.9)3 :89: 3(=092 6.409 ".).3:)./*:8./0/* :8. B(/43 (;=(66@/0=9:0(/ B.:"../ =0:0K./3 0/"9I3 /(: .9302I 6(/0:().4 9/4 69/9*.4BI :8. 3:9:.#

    7.3:.)/ /."3 6.409 ".). W@0=L :( 29B.2

    :8. $(20:0=92 @$)030/*3 93 b&"0::.)c 9/4bJ9=.B((Lc ).H(2@:0(/3# &( $).$9). :803).$():F ". 3(@*8: :8. 29:.3: 49:9 (/:)./43 0/ :.=8/(2(*I @3. :( 8.2$ 38.420*8: (/ :8. 9=:@92 )(2. (; :8. %/:.)/.:9/4 3(=092 6.409 0/ &@/0309 9/4 S*I$:#

    Tunisia – From Oppressionto Resistance to Spark forthe Region-/ ?.=.6B.) ,RF MN,NF >(896.4

    P(@9K0K0 3.: 8063.2; (/ ;0).# &803 I(@/*3:)..: H./4() 894 :)0.4 0/ H90/ :( ;0*8:9/ 0/3$.=:()V3 36922 ;0/.F 9$$.920/* ;0)3::( :8. $(20=.F :8./ :( 6@/0=0$929@:8()0:0.3F 9/4 :8./ :( :8. ).*0(/V3*(H.)/()# A: .9=8 9$$.92 8. 894 B../$8I30=922I B.9:./ BI 3.=@)0:I (;;0=0923#P)@03.4F 8@60209:.4 9/4 ;)@3:)9:.4 BI 9/@/).3$(/30H. B@).9@=)9=I 9/4 9:8@**038 3.=@)0:I 9$$9)9:@3F P(@9K0K03.: 8063.2; 920*8: 0/ ;)(/: (; 9 2(=92*(H.)/6./: (;;0=.# PI :8. :06. 8. 40.4

    0/ 9 8(3$0:92 (/ ]9/@9)I _F $)(:.3:3 8943$).94 :( =0:0.3 :8)(@*8(@: :8. =(@/:)I#%: 03 /(: ./(@*8 :( 39I :89: /."3 (;P(@9K0K0V3 :)9*.4I :)9H.22.4 W@0=L2IFB.=9@3. :8. 3:9:.+)@/ 6.409 404 /(:=(H.) :8. :)9*.4I () :8. 3066.)0/*9/*.) (H.) $(20:0=92 ($$).330(/ 0/ :8.=0:I (; (:0(/ 9/4 Q(@&@B.# P@: "0:80/ 9;." 49I3F 3(=092 6.409 /.:"()L3 ".).:8. ()*9/0K0/* :((2 (; =8(0=.# U.33 :89/MN $.)=./: (; :8. (H.)922 $($@29:0(/

    9=:0H.2I @3.4 3(=092+6.409 7.B30:.3FB@: 926(3: .H.)I(/. 894 9==.33 :( 96(B02. $8(/.# -@:304. :8. =(@/:)IF :8.89=L.) =(66@/0:0.3 (; A/(/I6(@3 9/4&.2.=(60X 8.2$.4 =)0$$2. *(H.)/6./:($.)9:0(/3 "0:8 :8.0) b-$.)9:0(/&@/0309c 4./092+(;+3.)H0=. 9::9=L3F 9/4BI B@0240/* 3(;:"9). 9=:0H03:3 @3.4 :(*.: 9)(@/4 3:9:. ;0)."9223#

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    9/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + g +

    &8. *(H.)/6./: ).3$(/4.4 "0:8 9=(@/:.)+0/3@)*./=I 3:)9:.*I 9*90/3: 0:3:.=8+39HHI ($$(/./:3 :89: 0/[email protected] O9020/* 9 *)(@$ (; B2(**.)3 0/ .9)2I]9/@9)I# J() :8. 6(3: $9):F 8(".H.)F:8. $(20:0=92 @$)030/* "93 2.94.)2.33 3(:8.). "93 /( 2(/*+3:9/40/*).H(2@:0(/9)I ;0*@).8.94F :)940:0(/92($$(30:0(/ 2.94.)F () =89)0369:0=3$..=869L.) "8( =(@24 B. 9)).3:.4#

    P@: :8.). ".). $)(60/./: /(4.3 0/ :8.40*0:92 /.:"()L3F $.($2. "8(3.=(/:)0B@:0(/3 8.24 3"9I 9/4 6(B020K.4:@)/(@:# 9@)0:9/09F

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    10/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + ,N +

    =(/3.W@./:2IF ($0/0(/ 2.94.)3 ;() "8(6&"0::.) 3.)H.4 93 9/ 06$():9/: 6.9/3(; =9))I0/* (/ 9/ .X:./4.4 =(/H.)39:0(/9B(@: :8. $)(3$.=:3 ;() 20B.):I 9/4 :8.2(*03:0=3 (; 3(=092 9=:0(/#

    %/ :(:92F :8.). ".). ,YFMhM &"..:3@30/* :8. 8938:9* 6(3: $)(60/./:2I933(=09:.4 "0:8 &@/0309V3 $(20:0=92@$)030/*dk3040B(@K04# -/ 9H.)9*.F:8)(@*8(@: :8. 3:@4I $.)0(4 (; ]9/@9)I

    ,_ :( >9)=8 ,hF ,f $.)=./: (; :8.&"..:3 9B(@: :8. &@/0309/ @$)030/*=96. ;)(6 0/304. &@/0309F f $.)=./:;)(6 /.0*8B()0/* =(@/:)0.3F 9/4 YM$.)=./: ;)(6 (@:304. :8. ).*0(/# &8.).690/4.) (;;.).4 /( 2(=9:0(/0/;()69:0(/# &8. 49I P./ A20 ).30*/.4FMFMNN :"..:3 ;)(6 A2*.)09F P98)90/FS*I$:F >()(==(F 9/4 Q.6./ =(/=.)/.4:8. @$)030/* 0/ &@/0309# >9/I &"..:30/H(2H.4 $.)3(/92 3:()0.3 (; 3@;;.)0/* 9::8. 89/43 (; 9 :(@*8 9/4 0/=(6$.:./:

    ).*06.#

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    11/30

     

    """#$%&'% #()* + ,, +

    J0*@). , :)9=L3 :8. )8I:86 (; &"..:3 (/

    :8. :($0= (; $(20:0=92 =89/*.# %: 923(

    ).H.923 :8. 6(6./:3 "8./ :8. 3.)H0=.

    "93 .0:8.) (H.)2(94.4 () 6(B02./.:"()L3 ".). @/4.) 9::9=L ^() B(:8`#

    P.;(). P./ A20 ).30*/.4F 6(). :89/ 9

    :8(@39/4 $.($2. 0/ &@/0309 9/4 9)(@/4

    :8. "()24 ".). &"..:0/* .9=8 49I 9B(@:

    $(20:0=92 =89/*. 0/ :89: =(@/:)I#

    %66.409:.2I 9;:.) 803 ).30*/9:0(/F

    &"0::.) 3.)H0=. 4.=20/.4 $).=0$0:(@32IF

    "0:8 9=:0H03:3 0/ :8. =(@/:)I ).$():0/*

    :89: 3.=@)0:I ;()=.3 ".). 0/:.);.)0/* "0:8

    =(66@/0=9:0(/ /.:"()L3# 78./ :8.

    3.)H0=. ).:@)/.4 :( /()692F &"0::.)

    :)9;;0= $.9L.4 9*90/F "0:8 9 :8(@39/4&"..:3 9 49I 0/ &@/0309 9/4 3:)..:

    $)(:.3:3 4)9"0/* :./3 (; :8(@39/43 (;

    $.($2.# &"..:3 9/4 $)(:.3:3 293:.4 ;()

    3.H.)92 "..L3F @/:02 :8. 293: H.3:0*.3 (;

    :8. )@20/* .20:. ".). ).6(H.4 ;)(6

    $(".)#

    J0*@). ,Z U(**.4 D@6B.) (; & ..:3 (/ k3040B(@K04F BI U(=9:0(/ 

    D(:.3Z b-@:304. 1(@/:)Ic ).;.)3 :( &"0::.) $)(;02.3 :89: 894 2(=9:0(/3 (@:304. B(:8 :8. =(@/:)I 9/4 :8. ).*0(/F

    bD( 2(=9:0(/c ).;.)3 :( $)(;02.3 :89: .0:8.) 894 /( 2(=9:0(/ 49:9 () 894 89H. B../ 4.2.:.4 () 3@3$./4.4 30/=.

    9)=80H0/* B.*9/# &8. B2@. B9) 0/40=9:.3 :8. $.)0(4 0/ "80=8 O(@)/9203:3 B.*9/ ).$():0/* :89: $)(:.3:3 894 ).9=

    :8. 2.H.2 (; b:8(@39/43c (; $9):0=0$9/:3#

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    12/30

     

    """#$%&'% #()* + ,M +

    J0*@). M :)9=L3 30X (; :8. 6(3:

    06$():9/: L.I"()43 0/ :8. &@/0309/

    B2(*(3$8.).# ]@3: 93 &"0::.) :)9;;0=

    $.9L.4 "0:8 3:)..: $)(:.3:F :8. :($0=3

    [email protected] 0/ :8. &@/0309/ B2(*(3$8.).

    =2(3.2I :)9=L.4 "0:8 $@B20= 0/:.).3: 0/

    $(20:0=92 ;)..4(6# A/92I303 (; :8.3:)@=:@). (; =(/:./: 9/4 20/L3 0/ :8.

    &@/0309/ B2(*(3$8.). B.:"../

    D(H.6B.) MN,N 9/4 >9I MN,,

    0/40=9:.3 40).=: $9)922.23 B.:"../ (/20/.

    $(20:0=92 =(/H.)39:0(/3 9/4 (;;20/.

    .H./:3# '9):0=@29)2I 9;:.) ?.=.6B.) ,RF

    MN,NF "8./ P(@9K0K0 3.: 8063.2; (/ ;0).F

    :8. &@/0309/ B2(*(3$8.). .X$.)0./=.4 9

    3$0L. 0/ :8. ;).W@./=I (; (/20/.

    =(/H.)39:0(/3 9B(@: 20B.):IF ).H(2@:0(/F

    9/4 ').304./: P./ A20V3 2.94.)380$# %/

    :803 "9IF :8. H(2@6. (; 40*0:92

    =(/H.)39:0(/3 $.9L3 "0:8 :8. 30K. (;

    3:)..: 4.6(/3:)9:0(/3F 9/4 :8. =(/:./:

    (; :8.3. =(/H.)39:0(/3 40).=:2I ).;2.=:3

    $@B20= 3./:06./:3#

    &@/0309/ B2(**.)3 894F ;() 3.H.)92 I.9)3

    B../ 96(/* :8. 6(3: =)0:0=92 ($$(/./:3

    (; P./ A20V3 ).*06.# PI 3=9//0/* :8.

    3:)@=:@). (; =(/:./: 9/4 20/L3 (; :8.

    &@/0309/ B2(*(3$8.).F ". =9/ =89): :8.

    $)(*).33 (; :8. 04.9 (; $(20:0=92 ).;()6#

    >9/I &@/0309/ B2(**.)3 ")(:. 0/ J)./=8

    9/4 A)9B0=# >().(H.)F 403:0/=:

    J0*@). MZ '.)=./: (; &@/0309/ P2(*3 70:8 '(3:3 (/ '(20:0=3F PI i.I ()4 

    D(:.Z J0*@). ).$).3./:3 :8. $.)=./: (; 922 B2(* $(3:3 =(/:90/0/* 9: 2.93: (/. (; 30X L.I"()43# P93.4 (/ 49:9

    =9$:@).4 :8)(@*8 .190)/ B.*0//0/* D(H.6B.) MNF MN,N#

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    13/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + ,Y +

    L.I"()43 9/4 :8.6.3 ).*9)40/*.=(/(60= *)0.H9/=.3 9/44.6(=)9:0K9:0(/ 9)(3. $).=.40/* :8.$($@29) @$)030/*#

    A6(/* &@/0309V3 40*.)9:0F .=(/(60="(.3 9/4 P./ A20V3 2.94.)380$ 9). L.I:($0=3 ;)(6 D(H.6B.) :( ?.=.6B.)#P@: "0:8 P(@9K0K0V3 4.9:8 0/ .9)2I]9/@9)I =96. 9 3$0L. 0/ =(/H.)39:0(/9B(@: 803 $20*8:F 9/4 38():2I :8.).9;:.) 9

    *)(":8 0/ :8. /@6B.) (; =(/H.)39:0(/39B(@: ;)..4(6 9/4 ).H(2@:0(/# %3296F93 9 $(20:0=92 :8.6.F :)9=L3 (/ (/2I 9;." B2(*3 9/4 :8. 0/:.).3: 0/ .=(/([email protected] 4060/038.3 (H.) :06. ).29:0H. :(:8.6.3 (; ;)..4(6 9/4 ).H(2@:0(/#

    &92L 9B(@: ).H(2@:0(/ =(/:0/@.4 .H./9;:.) P./ A20 ;2.4 :8. =(@/:)IF [email protected] ).$29=.6./:F >(896.4T89//(@=80F "93 H0.".4 BI 69/I 93$9): (; :8. (24 ).*06.# 1(/3.W@./:2IF

    :8. $.)=./: (; B2(* $(3:3 "0:8 :8.L.I"()43 b).H(2@:0(/c 9/4 b20B.):Ic$.9L.4 9;:.) P./ A20 894 92).94I 2.;:(;;0=.# PI :8. :80)4 "..L (; ]9/@9)IF ,f$.)=./: (; 922 &@/0309/ B2(* $(3:3 :92L.49B(@: ).H(2@:0(/e ,N $.)=./: [email protected].):I# &89: "..L 69)L.4 :8. =2069X (;$)(:.3:.) :@)/(@: "0:8 .3:069:.3 )9/*0/*;)(6 _NFNNN :( ,NNFNNN $.($2. 0/ :8.3:)..:3#

    &8. $)069)I :($0= (; $(20:0=92

    =(/H.)39:0(/ 0/ &@/0309/ B2(*3 :8./B.=96. b).H(2@:0(/c @/:02 9 $@B20= )922I(; 9: 2.93: ,NNFNNN $.($2. (/ J.B)@9)IMRF 9;:.) "80=8 T89//(@=80 "93 ;()=.4:( ).30*/# %/ &@/0309F :8. B2(*(3$8.).9/:0=0$9:.4 "89: 89$$./.4 (/ :8.*)(@/4 BI 49I3# ?.69/4 (/20/. ;()20B.):I .H./:@922I 69/0;.3:.4 0:3.2; 0/:8. 3:)..:3#

    &8. ).29:0H. $)(60/./=. (;=(/H.)39:0(/3 9B(@: ;)..4(6 96(/*&@/0309V3 "0).4 60442. =2933 03=(/303:./: "0:8 9/.=4(:92 .H04./=. (;$@B20= 3./:06./: 4@)0/* :8. ;0)3: ;."49I3 (; :8. @$)030/*# ](@)/9203:3 9/4=(@/:)I .X$.):3 =(/303:./:2I .X$).33.43@)$)03. :89: :)940:0(/92 $(20:0=9204.(2(*0.3 9/4 $(20:0=92 $9):0.3 ".).9B3./: ;)(6 :8. $)(:.3:3# >9O()($$(30:0(/ $9):0.3 9/4 $(20:0=92 2.94.)3

    404 /(: ;.9:@). 93 $)(60/./:2I 93P(@9K0K0F 9/4 ".). /(: $9):0=@29)2I933(=09:.4 "0:8 =(/H.)39:0(/3 9B(@:20B.):I () :8. $)(3$.=:3 (; ).H(2@:0(/#A/4 =(/H.)39:0(/3 9B(@: 20B.):I 9/4;)..4(6 ".). 6(). 06$():9/: :89/=(/H.)39:0(/3 9B(@: %3296#

     Viral Democratic ValuesA)(@/4 :8. ).*0(/F $.($2. 0/=).930/*2I&"..:.4 9B(@: .H./:3 :89: ".).(==@))0/* 0/ :8.0) /.0*8B()8((4#

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    14/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + ,_ +

    :8(@39/43 ) $)(:.3:0/* m"0:8n :8. 396.=89/:3 93 :8. &@/0309/3#c %/ :8.9;:.)69:8 (; 9/ @/.X$.=:.42I 29)*.:@)/(@: 0/ S*I$: :89: 49IF >986(@4()(==(F &@/0309 () Q.6./#&8./ ". 03(29:.4 :8. &"..:3 @30/*8938:9*3 ;() =(@/:)0.3 9/4 ;)..4(66(H.6./:3 (:8.) :89/ :8. (/. :8.I".). 0/# %/ (:8.) "()43F :803 ;0*@).3$.=0;0=922I 403$29I3 :8. )9:. 9: "80=8$.($2. 0/ .9=8 =(@/:)I =9@*8: 9/4:)9/360::.4 :8. 6.6. (; $(20:0=92;)..4(6 ;)(6 (:8.) =(@/:)0.3# %/ :8.:"( "..L3 9;:.) >@B9)9LV3 ).30*/9:0(/F:8.). ".). 9/ 9H.)9*. (; YF_NN :"..:39 49I 9B(@: :8. $(20:0=92 =)0303 0/ S*I$:

    J0*@). YZ D@6B.) (; & ..:3 0/ :8. 5.*0(/ G30/* E938:9*3 ;() D.0*8B()0/* 1(@/:)0.3 

    D(:.3Z &8.3. 9). :8. 8938:9*3 :89: 6(3: $)(60/./:2I =96. :( B. 933(=09:.4 "0:8 $(20:0=92 @$)030/*3 0/ A2*.)09S*I$:F P98)90/F &@/0309F >()(==( 9/4 Q.6./# &8. 8938:9*3 9/92IK.4F 0/ ()4.)F ".). bk92*.)09cF bk.*I$:cFbk;.B,_cF bk6()(==(cF bk3040B(@K04c 9/4 bkI.6./#c

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    15/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + ,a +

    BI $.($2. 20H0/* 0/ /.0*8B()0/*=(@/:)0.3#

    &803 ;0*@). ).H.923 :89: 9: :8. $.9L (;.H./:3 0/ &@/0309F :8.). ".). MFMNN:"..:3 (@:304. &@/0309 B@: 0/ :8. ).*0(/9B(@: P./ A20V3 ).30*/9:0(/# %/ :[email protected]@./: 6(/:83F :8. 8938:9*3933(=09:.4 "0:8 =(/H.)39:0(/3 9B(@:$(20:0=92 =89/*. 0/ $9):0=@29) =(@/:)0.3".). (;:./ @3.4 BI $.($2. 0/

    /.0*8B()0/* =(@/:)0.3# %/ (:8.) "()43F$.($2. 0/ =(@/:)0.3 :8)(@*8(@: :8.).*0(/ ".). 4)9"/ 0/:( 9/ .X:./4.4=(/H.)39:0(/ 9B(@: 3(=092 @$)030/*# A33:)..: $)(:.3:3 9)(3. 0/ &@/0309 9/4S*I$:F :8./ Q.6./ 9/4 P98)90/F 9/4.H./:@922I A2*.)09 9/4 >()(==(F $.($2.9=)(33 :8. ).*0(/ :"..:.4 0/ ).92 :06.9B(@: B0* .H./:3# &803 03 30*/0;0=9/:B.=9@3. 0: ).H.923 8(" :8. 3@==.33 (;4.69/43 ;() $(20:0=92 =89/*. 0/ &@/03099/4 S*I$: 2.4 0/40H04@923 0/ (:8.)

    =(@/:)0.3 :( $0=L @$ :8. =(/H.)39:0(/9/4 :92L 9B(@: 8(" 0: "93 ).2.H9/: :(:8.0) ("/ 20H.3# %/ (:8.) "()43F 0: 8.2$.4=93=94. =(/H.)39:0(/ 9B(@: ;)..4(69=)(33 :8. ).*0(/#

    Egypt – The Freedom MemeSpreads Through SocialNetworksD."3 (; P./ A20V3 4.$9):@). 3$).94)9$042I 0/ S*I$:F "8.). 926(3: .H.)I(/.

    893 9==.33 :( 9 6(B02. $8(/. 9/4 :8.%/:.)/.:+@30/* $($@29:0(/ 03 :8. 29)*.3:0/ :8. ).*0(/ (@:304. (; %)9/# @3206P)(:8.)8((4o3 (/20/. /."3 3.)H0=.3".). B9//.4 0/ S*I$:F :8. ()*9/0K9:0(/6(H.4 0:3 3.)H.) 0/;)93:)@=:@). :(U(/4(/ 9/4 L.$: @$ 9 ;2(" (; $(20:0=923$0/# P@: 0: "93 /(: :8. .3:9B2038.4$9):0.3 9/4 @/0(/3 :89: =(/H.):.4 9/:0+>@B9)9L H0:)0(2 0/:( =0H02 403(B.40./=.#%: "93 :8. =96$90*/ :( 6.6()0920K. 9

    6@)4.).4 B2(**.)#

    79.2 T8(/06F 9 ).*0(/92 .X.=@:0H. 9:T((*2.F ($./.4 :8. J9=.B((L *)(@$b7. 9). A22 i892.4

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    16/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + ,h +

    3$.=0;0= $(20:0=92 04.(2(*I# &8.I ;(@/43(2049)0:I :8)(@*8 3(=092 6.409F 9/4:8./ @3.4 :8.0) 6(B02. $8(/.3 :( =922:8.0) 3(=092 /.:"()L3 0/:( :8. 3:)..:# %/9 3@)$)03. :( B(:8 *(H.)/6./: 9/92I3:39/4 (@:304.)3F 9 29)*. /.:"()L (;).29:0H.2I 20B.)92F 60442. =2933F $.9=.;@2=0:0K./3 W@0=L2I 6(B020K. 9*90/3:>@B9)9L# &8. :)940:0(/92 %329603:3F($$(30:0(/ $9):0.3F 9/4 @/0(/()*9/0K9:0(/3 ".). 0/ :8. 3W@9). :((F

    B@: 20B.)92 9/4 =0H02 3(=0.:I H(0=.34(60/9:.4 :8. 40*0:92 =(/H.)39:0(/9B(@: .H./:3# D."3 9/4 3$..=8.3 ;)(6>@B9)9LF ').304./: P9)9=L -B969F 9/4).*0(/92 2.94.)3 ".). 3:).96.4 20H. :(6(B02. $8(/.3 9/4 29$:($3 0/ :8.3W@9).#

    >@B9)9L :)0.4 :( 403=(//.=: 803 =0:0K./3;)(6 :8. *2(B92 0/;()69:0(/0/;)93:)@=:@). 0/ :8. 293: "..L (;]9/@9)I# %: "93 9 4.3$.)9:. 6(H. 9/4 0:

    ;902.4# A 36922 *)(@$ (; :.=8+39HHI3:@4./:3 9/4 =0H02 3(=0.:I 2.94.)3 3:9I.4=(//.=:.4 BI ()*9/0K0/* 39:.220:.$8(/.3 9/4 4092@$ =(//.=:0(/3 :( %3)9.29/4 S@)($.# &8.). 03 923( .H04./=. :(3@**.3: :89: 3(6. (; :8. $.($2.>@B9)9L ).20.4 (/ :( 38@: 4("/:.2.=(66@/0=9:0(/3 3I3:.634.20B.)9:.2I 9=:.4 32("2I :( =8(L. (;;%/:.)/.: 9==.33# &8. ;0)3: 29)*. %/:.)/.:3.)H0=. $)(H04.) "93 93L.4 :( 38@:4("/ (/ J)049IF ]9/@9)I MfF B@:

    ./*0/..)3 404/V: 9=: @/:02 (/49I#&8. 96(@/: (; B9/4"04:8 *(0/* 0/:(S*I$: 404 4)($ ;() ;(@) 49I3F B@: 0: "93/(: :8. 0/;()69:0(/ B29=L(@: >@B9)9L894 ()4.).4#

    789:V3 6().F :9L0/* 4("/ $0.=.3 (; :8./9:0(/V3 0/;()69:0(/ 0/;)93:)@=:@).

    =)0$$2.4 *(H.)/6./: 9*./=0.3# &8.$.($2. 6(3: 9;;.=:.4 ".). 60442.+=2933S*I$:09/3F "8( ".). =@: (;; ;)(6%/:.)/.: 3.)H0=. 9: 8(6.# @B9)9LV3 6(H. :(38@: (;; :8. $)(:.3:()3 69I 89H.B(23:.).4 :8.0) )9/L3 93 $.($2. ;022.4

    :8. 3:)..:3 :( ;0/4 (@: "89: "9389$$./0/*#

    A ;." 49I3 29:.)F :8. S*I$:09/ 3.=@)0:I3.)H0=.3 B.*9/ @30/* J9=.B((L 9/4&"0::.) 93 9 3(@)=. (; 0/;()69:0(/ ;() 9=(@/:.)+0/3@)*./=I 3:)9:.*I# &8.I @3.43(=092 6.409 92.):3 :( 9/:0=0$9:. :8.6(H.6./:3 (; 0/40H04@92 9=:0H03:3# &8.I9)).3:.4 T8(/06 (/=. 803 J9=.B((L*)(@$ :($$.4 YNNFNNN $.($2.# P@: BI:8./F :8. ).H(2@:0(/ "93 ".22 @/4.)"9I#

    SH./:3 0/ S*I$: /(: (/2I 8.2$.4 :( 3$9)L$)(:.3: 6(H.6./:3 0/ /.0*8B()0/*=(@/:)0.3F :8.I 923( 3..4.4 9 *2(B92=(/H.)39:0(/ 9B(@: :8. $(20:0=3 (;;)..4(6# &"0::.) "93 @3.4 :( 4)9" :8.0/:.)/9:0(/92 =(66@/0:I 0/:( S*I$:09/.H./:3# 5.92+:06. =(/H.)39:0(/3 9B(@:$)(:.3:.) :@)/(@:F ).*06. ).3$(/3.F 9/4>@B9)9LV3 $(20:0=92 ($:0(/3 404 /(: O@3:(==@) B.:"../ S*I$:09/3# J0*@). _:)9=L3 :8. 9=:0H. /@6B.) (; &"0::.)

    @3.)3 =(/:)0B@:0/* :( :8. $)069)I8938:9* 933(=09:.4 "0:8 :8. ;)..4(66(H.6./: 0/ S*I$:dk.*I$:#

    7. ;0/4 :89: 93 4(6.3:0= 9/40/:.)/9:0(/92 $).33@). ;() >@B9)9L :().30*/ "93 B@0240/*F :8.). "93 9/0/:.).3:0/* 380;: 0/ :8. *.(2(=9:0(/ 49:9(; $.($2. &"..:0/* 9B(@: $(20:0=92=89/*. 0/ S*I$:# &"( "..L3 $)0() :( 803

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    17/30

     

    """#$%&'% #()* + ,R +

    ).30*/9:0(/F ". ;0/4 :89: Y_ $.)=./: (;

    :8. &"..:3 (/ :8. :($0= (; $(20:0=92

    =89/*. 0/ S*I$: ".). =(60/* ;)(6

    $.($2. "8( 3.2;+04./:0;0.4 93 B.0/*

    (@:304. :8. ).*0(/ ./:0).2I# P@: 93

    $@B20= ./*9*.6./: "0:8 $(20:0=92 $)(:.3:

    *)." 0/ :8. "..L $)0() :( 803

    ).30*/9:0(/F :8. ).29:0H. =(/:)0B@:0(/ (;

    (@:304.)3 4"0/42.4 :( O@3: ,M $.)=./:#

    %/ (:8.) "()43F :8. H93: 69O()0:I (;

    &"..:3 ".). =(60/* ;)(6 $.($2. "8(

    ".). .0:8.) 0/ =(@/:)IF 0/ :8. ).*0(/F ()

    894 ).;@3.4 :( *0H. :8.0) 2(=9:0(/

    0/;()69:0(/ ^9 =(66(/ 3:)9:.*I ;()

    $(20:0=92 $)(:.3:.)3`#

    &8. ).*06.V3 0/:.);.)./=. "0:8 40*0:92

    /.:"()L3 0/:.))@$:.4 (/20/. :)9;;0= (/

    3(6. 49I3# Q.: 0/+=(@/:)I &"0::.) :)9;;0=

    $.9L.4 (/ :8. 49I 3:)..: $)(:.3:3

    ).9=8.4 0/:( :8. :8(@39/43 9/4 :8./

    $.9L.4 9*90/ 4@)0/* :8. 293: 49I3 (;

    >@B9)9LV3 8(24 (/ $(".)# -H.) :06.

    :8. /@6B.) (; S*I$:09/3 0/ S*I$:

    &"..:0/* 9B(@: $(20:0=3 3@)$933.4 :8.

    /@6B.) &"..:0/* ;)(6 .23."8.). 0/ :8.

    ).*0(/#

    J0*@). _Z U(**.4 D@6B.) (; & ..:3 (/ k.*I$:F BI U(=9:0(/ 

    D(:.3Z b-@:304. 5.*0(/c ).;.)3 :( &"0::.) $)(;02.3 :89: 894 2(=9:0(/3 (@:304. B(:8 :8. =(@/:)I 9/4 :8. ).*0(/F 9

    bD( U(=9:0(/c ).;.)3 :( $)(;02.3 :89: .0:8.) 894 /( 2(=9:0(/ 49:9 () 89H. B../ 4.2.:.4 () 3@3$./4.4 30/=.

    9)=80H0/* B.*9/# &8. B2@. B9) 0/40=9:.3 :8. $.)0(4 0/ "80=8 O(@)/9203:3 B.*9/ ).$():0/* :89: $)(:.3:3 894 ).9=

    :8. 2.H.2 (; b:8(@39/43c (; $9):0=0$9/:3#

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    18/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + ,f +

    Social Media’s Centrality toPolitical ConversationP.:"../ D(H.6B.) MN,N 9/4 >9I

    MN,,F :8. 96(@/: (; =(/:./: $)(4@=.4(/20/. BI 69O() S*I$:09/ $(20:0=92 9=:()30/=).93.4 30*/0;0=9/:2I 93 :8.I ).9=:.4:( .H./:3 (/ :8. 3:)..: 9/4 94O@3:.43:)9:.*I :( =(6$.:. ;() :8. 9;;0/0:0.3 (;/."2I ;)..4 S*I$:09/ H(:.)3# P`

    '9*.3G/[email protected]:.)/92

    U0/L3

    p(^>

    A$)02 h Q(@:8 >(H.6./:F h9$)02#()* ## ## ## YRf f _1(66@/03: '9):I (; S*I$:qF =$.*I$:#:L ,FMgR M_f hM YFYRg g ,S*I$:09/ T)../3F .*I$:09/*)../3#=(6 __, M ,h aMR M i.;9I9 >(H.6./:qF 89)9L9693)09#()* _FYRM gN M_ _FaMM Rf D9:0(/92 A33(=09:0(/ ;() 189/*.qF

    :9*8I..)#/.:,FgfY M Ya ## ##

    D9:0(/92 ?.6(=)9:0= '9):IF /4$#()*#.* ,FY_Y ,, _Y ## ## D." 79;4 '9):IF 92"9;4$9):I#()* Rf ## g MFN,a ,, ,

    ')(*).330H. D9:0(/92 G/0(/03: '9):IF 92+9892I#=(6

    ,FafY ,M MM YMY R

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    19/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + ,g +

    B.;(). :8. ).H(2@:0(/ 9/4 9;:.)# T)(@$3:89: ".). @/20=./3.4 BI >@B9)9LV3*(H.)/6./: 9). 0/40=9:.4 "0:8 9/93:.)03L ^q`# P(:8 :8. /@6B.) (; $9*.39/4 :8. H(2@6. ^0/ 6.*9BI:.3` 9). *((40/40=9:()3 (; :8. (H.)922 30K. (; :8.7.B30:.F :8(@*8 :8. ;0)3: 69I B. 9 *((4

    6.93@). (; :.X: =(/:./: 9/4 :8. 3.=(/49 6.93@). (; 6@2:06.409 =(/:./:# &8./@6B.) (; @/0W@. .X:.)/92 20/L3 03 9*((4 0/40=9:() (; 8(" 6@=8 9 $(20:0=92$9):I =(//.=:3 0:3 04.93 9/4 =(/:./: :(29)*.) $(20:0=92 =(/H.)39:0(/3#

    &8. /.:"()L 3:)@=:@). (; S*I$:V3 (/20/.$(20:0=92 $9):0.3 9/4 $).33@). *)(@$3F92(/* "0:8 :8. @/0W@. .X:.)/92 7.B30:.3

    ()0*0/9:0/* ;)(6 9 *)(@$V3 8(6.$9*.F 0369$$.4 0/ J0*@).3 a 9/4 h# &8. 3894.4=0)=2. 9)(@/4 9 *)(@$V3 ()0*0/ /(4.).$).3./:3 :8. H(2@6. (; $9*.3 "0:80/:89: 30:. ^:8. 4096.:.) (; .9=8 =0)=2.40).=:2I ).$).3./:3 :8. 96(@/: (;=(/:./:F 0/ 6.*9BI:.3F :89: .9=8 30:.

    8(3:3`# 1(6$9)0/* :8. )9:0( (; @/[email protected]:.)/92 $9*.3 :( 9 30:.V3 H([email protected]/40=9:.3 8(" 6@=8 9/I *0H./ 30:. 03).2I0/* (/ .X:.)/92 9/4 3.2;+$)(4@=.4=(/:./:# %/ :8. /.:"()L 69$ (; S*I$:V3(/20/. $(20:0=92 3$8.).F .9=8 4(:).$).3./:3 9/ .X:.)/92 20/L ()0*0/9:0/*;)(6 :8. $(20:0=92 $9):0.3V 7.B30:.3#78./ :"( 4(:3 =(//.=:F 0: 03 9 30:. :89::"( $9):0.3 20/L.4 :( 9/4 9/I 20/L3

    J0*@). aZ

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    20/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + MN +

    $(30:0(/ $(20:0=92 $9):0.3 =2(3.) :(*.:8.)B93.4 (/ :8. $)(*)96V3 92*()0:86# 7.=9/ 3.. :8. =2.9) 9))9/*.6./: 9)(@/4B2(*3 9/4 3:9:.+)@/ 6.409 30:.3#

    %/ >9I MN,,F 7.3:.)/ 3(=092 6.409 9/4/."3 (@:2.:3 9). 3:022 9: :8. =./:.) (; :8.(/20/. S*I$:09/ $(20:0=92 /.:"()L# &8.69O()0:I (; =(66(/ 20/L3 B.:"../S*I$:V3 $(20:0=92 $9):0.3 9). =(66.)=092F7.3:.)/ 30:.3# >(3: =./:)92F ". 3..ZJ9=.B((LF T((*2.F Q(@&@B.F 1DDF Q98((lF P2(**.)F PP1F J20=L)F &"0::.) 9/47()4$).33# D(:9B2IF /(/. (; :8.7.B30:.3 =)9"2.4 0/ D(H.6B.) MN,N

    20/L.4 :( 92 ]9K..)9F 9/4 :8.). ".). (/2I30X (@:*(0/* 20/L3 :( 92 ]9K..)9 "8./ :8.=)9"2 "93 ).$.9:.4 0/ >9I MN,,#

    &8. ).3@2:3 (; :8. >9I MN,, /.:"()L*./.)9:0(/ 38(" :89: :8. 396. 7.3:.)/6.409 9). 3:022 $).3./:F B@: 9). /("()0./:.4 92(/* :8. $.)0$8.)I (; :8.>@3206 P)(:8.)8((4V3 7.B30:.3# A/4"802. 20/L3 :( 7.3:.)/ 6.409 9). ;(@/4(/ 69/I S*I$:09/ 30:.3F :8. >@3206P)(:8.)8((4 $)(H04.3 9 3@)$)030/*96(@/: (; /." =(/:./: 0/ B(:8 0:3A)9B0= 9/4 S/*2038 29/*@9*. 30:.3# %/:.)63 (; $9*.3F :8. A)9B0= H.)30(/ *)."

    J0*@). hZ

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    21/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + M, +

    BI 926(3: hN $.)=./:F 9/4 0/ :.)63 (;30K. 0: 6(). :89/ :)0$2.4# 1(/304.)0/*8(" 29)*. :8. >@3206 P)(:8.)8((4V3A)9B0= 29/*@9*. 7.B30:. 03F 0: 030/:.).3:0/* :( /(:. 8(" ).29:0H.2I ;."20/L3 0: 69L.3 :( (@:304. /."3 3(@)=.3() =(/:./: ;)(6 (:8.) $(20:0=92 9=:()3#

    &8. D9:0(/92 ?.6(=)9:0= '9):Io37.B30:. m/4$#()*#.*n 03 /( 2(/*.) 0/3.)H0=.# &8. 293: $@B20=2I 9H9029B2.

    H.)30(/3 (; :8. 30:. ".). =9=8.4 0/T((*2.o3 3.9)=8 ./*0/. (/ J.B)@9)I MhFMN,,# &8.). 03 /( ).40).=:F 3( 0:9$$.9)3 :89: :8. 8(3: 3.)H.)3 89H.B../ :9L./ (;;20/.# &8. A$)02 h>(H.6./:F "80=8 894 9 =./:)92 )(2. 0/:8. @$)030/*F B9).2I .X03:.4 93 93:9/492(/. G5U 0/ D(H.6B.) MN,NB.=9@3. 6(3: (; 0:3 =(/:./: "93 /(: (/0:3 ("/ 7.B30:. B@: 926(3: [email protected](/ 3(=092 /.:"()L0/* $29:;()63 20L.J9=.B((L 9/4 &"0::.)# &8. D9:0(/92

    A33(=09:0(/ ;() 189/*. 9/4 :8. D9:0(/92?.6(=)9:0= '9):I =.93.4 :( .X03: 9;:.):8. @$)030/*#

    The Muslim Brotherhood’sChanging Online ContentSH./ :(49IF J9=.B((L ).690/3 (/. (;:8. 6(3: =./:)92 /(4.3 0/ S*I$:09//.:"()L3 (; $(20:0=92 0/;()69:0(/# %/D(H.6B.) MN,NF B.;(). :8. $(20:0=92@$)030/*F :8. 7.B30:.3 (; 69O() $(20:0=929=:()3 894 6(). 20/L3 :( J9=.B((L 9/4

    (:8.) 7.3:.)/ 6.409 :89/ :8.I 894 :(.9=8 (:8.)# PI >9I MN,,F J9=.B((L"93 3:022 =./:)92F B@: "0:8 >@B9)9LV34.$9):@).F :8. H(2@6. (; 40*0:92 =(/:./:$)(4@=.4 BI :8. >@3206 P)(:8.)8((4893 =(6. :( 4(60/9:. :8.3. /.:"()L3#

    &8. 6(3: 30*/0;0=9/: =89/*. 0/ 8("$(20:0=92 $9):0.3 ($.)9:. (/20/. 0/H(2H.3

    :"( (; :8. 7.B30:.3 (; :8. >@3206P)(:8.)8((4# %/ D(H.6B.) MN,N :8.3.:"( 7.B30:.3 894 ,NF_ga $9*.3F "0:8ghM (@:*(0/* 20/L3 9/4 YYY 6.*9BI:.3(; =(/:./:# PI >9I MN,, :803 894.H(2H.4 :( ,MFaMR $9*.3F fNh 20/L3 9/4f_a 6.*9BI:.3 (; =(/:./:# %/ (:8.)"()43F :8. /@6B.) (; 7.B $9*.3 894*)("/ BI ,g $.)=./:F :8. /@6B.) (;(@:*(0/* 20/L3 894 4060/038.4 BI ,h$.)=./:F 9/4 :8. H(2@6. (; =(/:./: 894

    *)("/ BI ,a_ $.)=./:#

    &8. >@3206 P)(:8.)8((4 $).3./=. (/S/*2038 9/4 A)9B0= 7.B30:.3 "934(60/9/: 0/ S*I$:V3 (/20/. $(20:0=923$8.). B.;(). :8. D(H.6B.) .2.=:0(/3B.*9/ 9/4 893 *)("/ 30*/0;0=9/:2I 30/=.:8./F $9):0=@29)2I "0:8 ).3$.=: :(=(/:./:# &8. P)(:8.)8((4o3 S/*2038 30:.20/L3 :( 6@=8 6(). .X:.)/92 =(/:./::89/ 0:3 A)9B0= 30:.F B@: 0: 03 9 36922.)30:. 0/ :.)63 (; 8(3:.4 =(/:./:# &803

    69I 0/40=9:. :89: "8./ 3..L0/* :(0/;()6 :8.0) S/*2038+3$.9L0/* 9@40./=.F:8. >@3206 P)(:8.)8((4 $)(H04.3 6().20/L3 :( .X:.)/92 =(/:./: :( B@0242.*0:069=I# &803 69I 923( 0/40=9:. :89::8.). 03 6(). S/*2038 =(/:./: :89/A)9B0= =(/:./: 9H9029B2. :( 20/L :(# &8.A)9B0= H.)30(/ (; :8. 30:. 893 ;.".).X:.)/92 20/L3 ^gN $.)=./: ;.".)` 9/46(). 8(3:.4 =(/:./: ^,ag $.)=./:6().` :89/ :8. S/*2038 H.)30(/#

    &8. >@3206 P)(:8.)8((4 03 9=:0H.2I4.H.2($0/* 0:3 ("/ 3(=092 6.409 3$8.).F"0:8 0L8"9/:@B.#=(6 9/4 0L8"9/B((L9/4 0L8"9/"0L0:@B.#=(6 d 7.B30:.3:89: (;;.) 6@=8 (; :8. ;@/=:0(/920:I (;7.3:.)/ /96.39L.3 20L. Q(@&@B. 9/4J9=.B((L# A3 ).*0(/92 .X$.):3 60*8:.X$.=:F :8. >@3206 P)(:8.)8((4 9/41(66@/03: '9):I (; S*I$: 389). 9/@6B.) (; 20/L3 :( :8. 396. L0/43 (;

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    22/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + MM +

    =(/:./:# P(:8 $9):0.3 ".). :8. 69O()($$(/./:3 :( >@B9)9LV3 )@20/* D9:0(/92?.6(=)9:0= '9):I#

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    23/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + MY +

    1(/=2@30(/3

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    24/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + M_ +

    0442. S93:F).29:0H.2I /." I(@:8 6(H.6./:3 89H.

    B../ 3@)$)03.4 BI :8. 3$..4F 30K. 9/43@==.33 (; $)(:.3:3 :8.I 89H. ()*9/0K.4(H.) 3(=092 /.:"()L0/* 7.B30:.3# -H.)3.H.)92 I.9)3 :8.I 89H. ;(@/4 :8.0)$(20:0=92 H(0=. (/20/. 9/4 89H. 8.24 :8.0)6..:0/*3 H0):@922I# S9=8 (; :8. 40=:9:()30/ :8.3. =(@/:)0.3 893 2(/* 894 69/I$(20:0=92 ./.60.3F B@: :8.I ".). 9;)9*6./:.4 *)(@$ (; ($$(/./:3# D(":8.3. ($$(/./:3 4( 6(). :89/ @3.B)(94=93: 6.409 :( 80*820*8: :8.0)=29063# &8.I @3. 3(=092 6.409 :(

    04./:0;I *(923F B@024 3(2049)0:IF 9/4()*9/0K. 4.6(/3:)9:0(/3# ?@)0/* :8.A)9B

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    25/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + Ma +

    >.:8(43 A$$./40X Analyzing Twitter Data&8. 49:9 ;() J0*@).3 ,F Y 9/4 a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

    9@:(69:.4 3=)0$:3 ;() 04./:0;I0/* :8.).2.H9/: :"..:3# A 30*/0;0=9/: /@6B.) (;:8. :"..:3 $)(H04. 2(/*0:@4. 9/429:0:@4. 0/;()69:0(/F 9/4 :89:0/;()69:0(/ "93 9@:(69:0=922I=(/H.):.4 0/:( =(@/:)I 2(=9:0(/# J0/922IF". 80).4 9 :)9/329:() :( 8.2$ "0:8 :.X:39/4 2(=9:0(/ 0/;()69:0(/ :89: 03 0/A)9B0=F J)./=8F E.B)." 9/4 &@)L038#

    &803 49:93.: "93 =).9:.4 @30/* :8.&"0::.) 9)=80H0/* 3.)H0=.

    &"9$$.)i..$.)^8::$Zrr:"9$$.)L..$.)#=(6r` :( =9$:@).:8. ;2(" (; :"..:3 ;)(6 :8. &"0::.)

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    26/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + Mh +

    &8. 8938:9* 9)=80H.3 0/[email protected] 9 "04.9))9I (; 6.:949:9 92(/* "0:8 .9=8:"..:F 0/=2@40/* :8. 9@:8()V3 /96.F :8.T>& :06. 0: "93 $(3:.4F 9/4 :8.9$$20=9:0(/ @3.4 :( 3./4 0:F 96(/* (:8.)0/;()69:0(/# E(".H.)F 9@:8()3V 3.2;+).$():.4 2(=9:0(/ ;0.24 "93 /(: 0/[email protected]#&( *9:8.) :803F 9 203: (; @/0W@. @3.)3;)(6 .9=8 8938:9* "93 =).9:.4 H09 9=@3:(6 'E' 3=)0$:# S9=8 203: "93 :8./@3.4 93 9/ 0/$@: 0/:( 9 3.=(/4 'E'

    3=)0$: "80=8 9@:(69:0=922I 39H.4 .9=8@3.)V3 2(=9:0(/ ;0.24 ;)(6 :8. &"0::.)5S9/@922I ).940/* :8. :)9/329:.42(=9:0(/3F ". ".). 9B2. :( 04./:0;I9440:0(/92 =0:I /96.3 "0:80/ :8. A)9B0=).*0(/ :89: ).=@)).4 (;:./F 3( ". 944.4:8.3. :( :8. "()4 ;02:.)#

    &8. 9B(H. $)(=.4@). ).3@2:.4 0/ 949:93.: ;() .9=8 9)=80H. :89: =(/303:.4(; .9=8 @/0W@. @3.)/96. 9/4 0:3=9:.*()I %? 93 4.:.)60/.4 BI :8. "()4;02:.)# &( =(6B0/. :8. =9:.*()I %?3 "0:8

    :8. ;@22 :"..: 49:9F .9=8 $90) (; 9)=80H.;02.3 ^=(/303:0/* (; (/. ;@22 :"..: 3.: 9/4(/. 203: (; @/0W@. /96.3 9/4 =9:.*()I%?3` "93 2(94.4 0/:( 9 >I

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    27/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + MR +

     Analyzing the TunisianBlogosphere&8. 49:9 ;() J0*@). M =(6.3 ;)(6 (@)9/92I303 (; :8. &@/0309/ B2(*(3$8.).#&803 49:93.: "93 =).9:.4 @30/* :8..190)/ 1(/H.)39:0(/ 9)=80H0/* 9/49/92I303 3.)H0=.# &8. :((2 "93 @3.4 :(=9$:@). :8. ;2(" (; 0/;()69:0(/ :8)(@*8B2(* $(3:3 ;)(6 59I ,aF MN,,# A :(:92 (; _Ra L.I&@/0309/ B2(*3 =(/:)0B@:.4 9 :(:92 (;MhFNNN $(3:3 4@)0/* :803 $.)0(4# A/@6B.) (; 29/*@9*.3 9). ).$).3./:.4 0/:8. &@/0309/ B2(*(3$8.).F 0/=2@40/*ZA)9B0=F J)./=8F 9/4 S/*2038# 7. ".).9B2. :( 9/92IK. B2(* =./:)920:I :8)(@*8.190)/ 1(/H.)39:0(/F 9/4 ,R (; _RaB2(*3 ".). 04./:0;0.4 93 :8. 690/0/;()69:0(/ *9:."9I3 ;() :8. &@/0309/B2(*(3$8.).# %/ ()4.) (; =./:)920:IF :8.I9).Z &@/030. P2(*3e 7922949eSX:)9H9*9/K9e &/+P2(**.)3e P(@L()/0/.e

      e p./@3 .: >(0e P9)B9=8e&@/0B2(*3e D(:.3e 19)$. ?0.6e

    UV@/0H.)3. 4. D9)"93e e

    ?.3./=89/:..e  e >(/>9330)e 9/4 P2(**.)# &8.3. ,R B2(*3^Y#h $.)=./: (; :8. &@/0309/ /9:0(/92B2(*(3$8.).` ".). 20/L.4 :( :8.).690/0/* 3$8.). (; _Ra B2(*3F (; "80=8Rh ^,h $.)=./:` ".). 2(=9:.4 0/ 96.40@6 2.H.2 (; /.:"()L =./:)920:IF MhM^aa#, $.)=./:` ".). 0/ 2(" /.:"()L=./:)920:Ie 9/4 ,MN ^Ma#M $.)=./:` ".)./.:"()L (@:20.)3 9/4 404 /(: 20/L :( ()389). 6@=8 4092(*@. "0:8 :8. ).3: (; :8.&@/0309/ B2(*(3$8.).#

    A26(3: 922 (; :8. ,R =(). B2(*3 0/ :8.&@/0309/ B2(*(3$8.). 89H. B../ 8(3:.4"0:80/ &@/0309# A==()40/* :( %'944).33.3F :8. =0:0.3 (; &@/03 9/4 92+

    E96698 89H. 894 :8. 6(3: $)(60/./:B2(**.)3# &8. 6(3: =./:)92 B2(*3 0/&@/03 ".). S2 J9/F &@/03=($.F 9/4&.L0/( ^922 894 6.40@6 /.:"()L=./:)920:I 0/ :8. 29)*.) &@/0309/B2(*(3$8.).`# &8. 6(3: =./:)92 B2(*3 0/92+E96698 ".). &@/030. P2(*3F &/+P2(**.)3F 9/4 P9)B9=8 ^922 894 80*8/.:"()L =./:)920:I 0/ :8. 29)*.) &@/0309/B2(*(3$8.).`# %/:.).3:0/*2IF 92+E96698"93 9 6(). =)0:0=92 2(=9:0(/ ;() :8.

    &@/0309/ B2(*(3$8.). :89/ &@/03# %/9440:0(/F :8.). 89H. B../ 3.H.)92$)(60/./: &@/0309/ B2(*3 690/:90/.4 BI$.($2. 0/ :8. &@/0309/ 4093$()9# J().X96$2.F :8. B2(*3

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    28/30

     

    """#$%&'%#()* + Mf +

    /.:"()L 8.:.)(*./.0:IF ".). =(6$(3.4(; 29)*.)F 6(). 40H.)3.F 9/4 6(). 80*8+2.H.2 0/;2@./=. B2(*3 4)0H0/* :8(3.=(/H.)39:0(/3# '@: 6(). 306$2IF :8./.:"()L3 (; B2(*3 "0:80/ :8. &@/0309//9:0(/92 B2(*(3$8.). :89: ".). 6().40H.)3.F =)(33+20/L.4 "0:8 (:8.)3F 9/4".). L.I 0/;()69:0(/ *9:.3F ".). 9B2.:( 4)0H. 40;;.)./: :($0=3 (; =(/H.)39:0(/6(). 3@==.33;@22I :89/ 36922.) 9/46(). 8(6(*./.(@3 B2(* /.:"()L3#

     Analyzing the Structure ofthe Egyptian Political WebA =(6$).8./30H. 203: (; S*I$:V3 $(20:0=92$9):I 9/4 $(20:0=92 $).33@). *)(@$ 49:9"93 B@02: @30/* B(:8 :8. 1./:)92%/:.220*./=. A*./=IV3 7()24 J9=:B((LF70L0$.409F 9/4 3(6. 3$.=0920K.4S*I$:09/ $(20:0=92 B2(*3 9/:0=0$9:0/* :89::803 =(6B0/9:0(/ (; b(;;0=092c 9/4b@/(;;0=092c 49:9 =(@24 B)0/* 69O() 9/460/()F /." 9/4 .3:9B2038.4 $9):0.3 :(:8. 203:# 9I ,h 9/4 MNF MN,,F :8.6(3: $)(60/./: H04.(3 2(94.4 0/:( Q(@&@B. "0:8 :8. L.I"()4 bS*I$:c ".).89/4 =(4.4 ;() 9@:8()F H0."0/*F 9/4=).9:0(/ 49:. 0/;()69:0(/# &8. 6(3:H0)92 H04.(3 (/ Q(@&@B. 9). 04./:0;0.4 0/

    &9B2. MF ()4.).4 BI /@6B.) (; H0."39/4 :8./ 49:. (; @$2(940/*#

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    29/30

     

    """#$%&'% #()* + Mg +

    &9B2. MZ p0)92 p04.( 1(/:./: J)(6 S*I$:09/3F PI G$2(94 ?9:. 9/4 D@6B.) (; p0. .)3

    &0:2. 189//.2 p0. 3 ?9:.

    ')(:.3: 0/ S*I$: + ]9/ MaF MN,, 2@L93O9L@B0=L9   hRhFRN, Ma+]9/+,,

    ?9I (; 9/*.) 0/ S*I$: 5.@:.)3p04.(  M,RFa,f Ma+]9/+,,

    S*I$:o3 ')(:.3:3 ?9I (; A/*.) 50(:3 Ma ]9/ MN,,

    ?.6(/3:)9:0(/3 59). 59" J((:9*.

    A@3D.:"()L ,,NF,hM Ma+]9/+,,

    &8. >(3: A>A\%DT H04.( (/ :8. %/:.)/.: kS*I$: kO9/Ma 8940,a  MF,MRFYf_ MR+]9/+,,

    >9/ @B9)9L (/.8(2I30//.)  MRaFYNM Mg+]9/+,,

    p04.( (; S*I$:o3 B2((4I =2938.3 93 $)(:.3:.)3 4.;I =@);."

    0/ 190)(

    5@3309&(49I MN_FRYh YN+]9/+,,

    p04.( (; ;0*8:.) O.:3 v =8($$.)3 (H.) 190)( 93 6020:9)I

    :)0.3 :( :9L. =(/:)(2

    5@3309&(49I ,hRF_MM YN+]9/+,,

    S*I$:09/ 5.H(2@:0(/ MN,, 1->'US&S# 7()24 >GG@B9)9L $)(:.3:.)3

    5@3309&(49I YMMFRNf M+J.B+,,

    J(@):8 E()3.69/ ̂ 4.9:8` S*I$:09/ )0(:3# J@22 -)0*0/92

    p04.(

    '@/L.)3&p  ,Faa,FRgh Y+J.B+,,

    &8. ;(@):8 8()3.69/ ̂ (; ?.9:8` 9: :8. S*I$: $)(:.3:3 J((2.4&(93:.)  ,aNFaYM Y+J.B+,,

    E(3/0 >@B9)9LF 9 =0:0K./ (; :8. $.($2. (; S*I$: 9: :8.

    ./4 (; "034(6

    389*8.28(6 ,YgFaMh _+J.B+,,

    50K i89/ + &9)0W 596949/ 9/4

  • 8/18/2019 Role of Social Media During the Arab Spring

    30/30

     

    AB(@: :8. ')(O.=:

    &8. ')(O.=: (/ %/;()69:0(/ &.=8/(2(*I 9/4 '(20:0=92 %3296 ^"""#$%&'%#()* ̀ 9: :8.

    G/0H.)30:I (; 79380/*:(/o3 ?.$9):6./: (; 1(66@/0=9:0(/ 0/H.3:0*9:.3 :8. $(20:0=3 (;

    0/;()69:0(/ 0/;)93:)@=:@).3 0/ >@3206 3(=0.:0.3F 9/4 :8. =0H0= 9/4 $(20:0=92 @3.3 (;

    40*0:92 6.409 0/ :8. >@3206 "()24# &8. ')(O.=: 03 ;@/4.4 BI :8. D9:0(/92