Role of President Comparative Analysis With Us President

8/18/2019 Role of President Comparative Analysis With Us President

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DAMODARAM SANJIVAYYA NATIONAL LAW UNIVERSITY

VISAKHAPATNAM, A.P., INDIA

PROJECT TITLE: ROLE OF PRESIDENT: COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS WITH US

PRESIDENT

SUBJECT: CONSTITUTIONAL LAW- II

NAME OF THE FACULTY: MR. A. NAGESHWRA RAO

Name ! "#e Ca$%&%a"e: KUMARI SAUMYA

R'' N.()*+)) Seme"e/-VI"#

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CERTIFICATE

This is to certify that my Project Work entitled “ROLE OF PRESIDENT !O"P#R#TI$E

#N#L%SIS WIT& 'S PRESIDENT( S)*mitted *y k)mari sa)mya is the record of +ork

carried o)t d)rin, semester-$I of third %ear ./#/ LL/./ !o)rse for the academic year 0123-

0124 )nder my S)5er6ision and ,)idance in conformity +ith the sylla*)s 5rescri*ed *y

Damodaram Sanji6ayya National La+ 'ni6ersity/

Place $isakha5atnam/

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

Firstly7 I +o)ld like to thank my 8)ide and fac)lty of constit)tion7 "r #/ Na,esh+ara Raofor ,i6in, an o55ort)nity to )ndertake this +ork and s)ccessf)lly accom5lishin, the same/

I +o)ld also like to thank him for his 6al)a*le ,)idance and for *ein, a sol6ency of

ins5iration and enco)ra,ement ena*lin, the +ork and to com5lete the +ork s)ccessf)l/

Last *)t not the least I +o)ld like to thank all the *ack,ro)nd s)55orts +ho ha6e s5ent their

6al)a*le time to s)55ort me thro),ho)t my 5roject +ork/

Place $isakha5atnam

TABLE OF CONTENTS

CHAPTER I...................................................................................................................8

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3) eha! Sin"h v. Union of India

#) u$jeet Sin"h v. %t. &ove!no!

') &. !i(hna &oud v. State of ndh!a P!ade(h

*) +,u!u Sudha-a! v. &ovt. of .P

) State of Punjab v. Jo"inde! Sin"h

/) Ma!u Ram v Union of India0) hananjoy hatte!jee a$ia( hana v State of e(t 4en"a$

15) Ran"a 4i$$a ca(e

11) eha! Sin"h v Union of India

12) .M. 6anavati v State of 4ombay

13) 4ha"at Sin"h v. in" +m,e!o!

1#) %a-hi 6a!ayan v. State of 4iha!

1') in" +m,e!o! v. 4enoa!i %a$

1*) S..&. Su"a! %td. v. State of 4iha!

1) 4an- 6ationa$i(ation ca(e

1/) .. Roy v. Union of India

10) R.. &a!" v. union of India25) .. adhwa v. State of 4iha!

21) $inton v. ity of 6ew 7o!-

22) United State( v. 6i8on

23) $inton v. Jone(

2#) Mohamed v. Je,,e(en ata,$an

2') P!e(identia$ Po$$

2*) 9Rame(hwa! P!a(ad : O!( v( Union Of India : n!

2) United State( v. 6i8on

ABSTRACT

The *est +ay to com5are 'S Presidential election +ith India9s Lok Sa*ha elections is

analysin, *oth co)ntries election 5rocesses/India is the +orld9s lar,est democratic co)ntry and the Election !ommission is the a5e: *ody

that cond)cts the elections/ .oth the ,eneral and the assem*ly elections in India are held in

accordance +ith the clear r)les laid do+n *y the Election !ommission of India/

The citi;ens of India are tr)sted +ith the res5onsi*ility to choose the head of the co)ntry as

+ell as of the state/ There are *oth 8eneral and State elections that are held in the co)ntry

*ased on the Federal str)ct)re of the Indian Re5)*lic/

India follo+s a *icameral le,islati6e str)ct)re/ The mem*ers to the “&o)se of the Peo5le( or

the Lok Sa*ha are elected thro),h the 8eneral elections/ These mem*ers are chosen from the

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5arliamentary constit)encies/ The n)m*er of 5arliamentary constit)encies in a state de5ends

)5on the si;e and the 5o5)lation of the state/ The e:ec)ti6e alon, +ith the !o)ncil of

"inisters is chosen from amon, the mem*ers of the +innin, 5arty or the r)lin, coalition7 as

the case may *e/

The *asic 5rocess of selectin, the President of the 'nited States is s5elled o)t in the '/S/

!onstit)tion7 and it has *een modified *y the 20th7 00nd7 and 03rd amendments/ 'nited

States Presidential Election Process is mainly carried o)t *y the electors +ho are the 5eo5le9s

re5resentati6es in 6ario)s states/ The first ste5 is the selection of the


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hel5 of the !o)ncil of "inisters/ The President of India resides in an estate in Ne+ Delhi

kno+n as the Rashtra5ati .ha6an/0

The President of the 'nited States is considered one of the +orldBs most 5o+erf)l 5eo5le7

leadin, the +orldBs only contem5orary s)5er5o+er/ The role incl)des *ein, the commander-

in-chief of the +orldBs most e:5ensi6e military +ith the lar,est n)clear arsenal and leadin,

the lar,est economy *y real and nominal 8DP/ The office of the 5resident holds si,nificant

hard and soft 5o+er *oth in the 'nited States and a*road/

#rticle II of the '/S/ !onstit)tion 6ests the e:ec)ti6e 5o+er of the 'nited States in the

5resident/ The 5o+er incl)des e:ec)tion of federal la+7 alon,side the res5onsi*ility of

a55ointin, federal e:ec)ti6e7 di5lomatic7 re,)latory and j)dicial officers7 and concl)din,

treaties +ith forei,n 5o+ers +ith the ad6ice and consent of the Senate/ The 5resident is

f)rther em5o+ered to ,rant federal 5ardons and re5rie6es7 and to con6ene and adjo)rn either

or *oth ho)ses of !on,ress )nder e:traordinary circ)mstances/3 The 5resident is lar,ely

res5onsi*le for dictatin, the le,islati6e a,enda of the 5arty to +hich the 5resident is enrolled/

The 5resident also directs the forei,n and domestic 5olicy of the 'nited States/

CHAPTER II

POWERS AND DUTIES OF INDIAN AND US PRESIDENT

2.1 INDIAN PRESIDENT:

2.1.1 Duties

The 5rimary d)ty of the President is to 5reser6e7 5rotect and defend the constit)tion and the

la+ of India as made 5art of his oath =#rticle C1 of Indian constit)tion>/ The President is the

common head of all inde5endent constit)tional entities/ #ll his actions7 recommendations

2 %a!(on; &e!a$d Jame(


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=#rticle 37 #rticle 2227 etc/> and s)5er6isory 5o+ers =#rticle 4 c7 #rticle 2147 #rticle 2227

etc/> o6er the e:ec)ti6e and le,islati6e entities of India shall *e )sed in accordance to )5hold

the constit)tion/ There is no *ar on the actions of the President to contest in the co)rt of la+/A

2.1.2 Legis!ti"e #$%e&s

Le,islati6e 5o+er is constit)tionally 6ested *y the Parliament of India of +hich the 5resident

is the head7 to facilitate the la+ makin, 5rocess as 5er the constit)tion =#rticle 47 #rticle 4C7

etc/>/ The President s)mmons *oth the &o)ses =the Lok Sa*ha and the Rajya Sa*ha> of the

Parliament and 5roro,)es them/ &e can dissol6e the Lok Sa*ha/ C #s 5er #rticle 7 the

President shall a*ide *y the aid and ad6ice of the !o)ncil of "inisters headed *y the Prime

"inister7 5ro6ided the ,i6en ad6ice is in accordance +ith the constit)tion/ #rticle 23 ,a6e

5o+er to the 5resident to cons)lt the S)5reme !o)rt a*o)t the constit)tional 6alidity of any

iss)e/

#ll *ills 5assed *y the Parliament can *ecome la+s only after recei6in, the assent of the

President/ #fter a *ill is 5resented to him7 the President shall declare either that he assents to

the .ill7 or that he +ithholds his assent from it/ #s a third o5tion7 he can ret)rn a *ill to

Parliament7 if it is not a money *ill or a constit)tional amendment *ill7 for reconsideration/

When7 after reconsideration7 the *ill is 5assed and 5resented to the President7 +ith or +itho)t

amendments7 the President cannot +ithhold his assent from it/ The President can also

+ithhold his assent to a *ill +hen it is initially 5resented to him =rather than ret)rn it to

Parliament> there*y e:ercisin, a 5ocket 6eto/

When either of the t+o &o)ses of the Parliament of India is not in session7 and if the

,o6ernment feels the need for an immediate 5roced)re7 the President can 5rom)l,ate

ordinances +hich ha6e the same force and effect as la+s 5assed *y Parliament/ These are in

the nat)re of interim or tem5orary le,islation and their contin)ance is s)*ject to

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5arliamentary a55ro6al/ Ordinances remain 6alid for no more than si: +eeks from the date

the Parliament is con6ened )nless a55ro6ed *y it earlier/

2.1.' E(e)uti"e #$%e&s

#s 5er #rticle A37 the e:ec)ti6e 5o+er of the co)ntry is 6ested in the President and is

e:ercised *y President either directly or thro),h officers s)*ordinates to him in accordance

+ith the !onstit)tion/ 'nion ca*inet +ith Prime "inister as its head7 sho)ld aid and ad6ice

the President in 5erformin, his f)nctions/ #s 5er #rticle =0>7 the co)ncil of ministers or

Prime "inister are not acco)nta*le le,ally to the ad6ice tendered to the President *)t it is the

sole res5onsi*ility of the President to ens)re com5liance +ith the constit)tion in 5erformin,

his d)ties/

The S)5reme !o)rt has o*ser6ed in M!*+!" R!$ S)i,*i! ". UOI-


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Follo+in, Ram ?a+aya7 the S)5reme !o)rt has held that the ,o6ernment can 5rescri*e te:t

*ooks for schools in the e:ercise of its e:ec)ti6e 5o+er so lon, as it does not infrin,e the

ri,hts of any one/

2.1.4 A##$i,te,t #$%e&s

The President is res5onsi*le for makin, a +ide 6ariety of a55ointments/ These incl)de21

• 8o6ernors of States

• The !hief ?)stice7 other j)d,es of the S)5reme !o)rt and &i,h !o)rts of India

• The !hief "inister of the National ca5ital territory of Delhi =#rticle 03G ## A of the

constit)tion>

• The #ttorney 8eneral

• The !om5troller and #)ditor 8eneral

• The !hief Election !ommissioner and other Election !ommissioners

• The !hairman and other "em*ers of the 'nion P)*lic Ser6ice !ommission

• $ice !hancellor of the central )ni6ersity and academic staff of the central )ni6ersity

thro),h his nominee

• #m*assadors and &i,h !ommissioners to other co)ntries =only thro),h the list of

names ,i6en *y the Prime "inister>/22

2.1.5 Fi,!,)i! #$%e&s

• # money *ill can *e introd)ced in the Parliament only +ith the President9s

recommendation/

• The President lays the #nn)al Financial Statement7 i/e/ the 'nion *)d,et7 *efore the

Parliament/

• The President can take ad6ances o)t of the !ontin,ency F)nd of India to meet

)nforeseen e:5enses/

• The President constit)tes a Finance commission after e6ery fi6e years to recommend

the distri*)tion of the ta:es *et+een the !entre and the States/20

10 uma!; Raje(h


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2.1.6 /u*i)i! #$%e&s

The President a55oints the !hief ?)stice of the 'nion ?)diciary and other j)d,es on the

ad6ice of the !hief ?)stice/ &e dismisses the j)d,es if and only if the t+o &o)ses of the

Parliament 5ass resol)tions to that effect *y a t+o-thirds majority of the mem*ers 5resent/23

#ccordin, to #rticle 23 of Indian !onstit)tion7 if the President considers a H)estion of la+

or a matter of 5)*lic im5ortance has arisen7 he can ask for the ad6isory o5inion of the

S)5reme !o)rt/

2.1.7 Di#$!ti) #$%e&s

#ll international treaties and a,reements are ne,otiated and concl)ded on *ehalf of the

President/ &o+e6er7 in 5ractice7 s)ch ne,otiations are )s)ally carried o)t *y the Prime

"inister alon, +ith his !a*inet =es5ecially the Forei,n "inister>/ #lso7 s)ch treaties are

s)*ject to the a55ro6al of the Parliament/ The President re5resents India in international

for)ms and affairs +here s)ch a f)nction is chiefly ceremonial/ The President may also send

and recei6e di5lomats7 i/e/ the officers from the Indian Forei,n Ser6ice/ The President is the

first citi;en of the co)ntry/

2.1.- Miit!&0 #$%e&s

The President is the S)5reme !ommander of the Indian #rmed Forces/ The President candeclare +ar or concl)de 5eace7 on the ad6ice of the 'nion !o)ncil of "inisters headed *y the

Prime "inister/ #ll-im5ortant treaties and contracts are made in the PresidentBs name/ &e also

a55oints the chiefs of the ser6ice *ranches of the armed forces/

2.1.8 P!&*$,i,g P$%e&s

#s mentioned in #rticle 0 of the Indian !onstit)tion7 the President is em5o+ered +ith the

5o+ers to ,rant 5ardons in the follo+in, sit)ations2

• P)nishment is for an offence a,ainst 'nion La+

• P)nishment is *y a "ilitary !o)rt

• Sentence is that of death

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The decisions in6ol6in, 5ardonin, and other ri,hts *y the President are inde5endent of the

o5inion of the Prime "inister or the Lok Sa*ha majority/ In most cases7 ho+e6er7 the

President e:ercises his e:ec)ti6e 5o+ers on the ad6ice of the Prime "inister and the ca*inet/

The S)5reme !o)rt of India7 in Ke+!& Si,g+ ". U,i$, $ I,*i!915 has 5referred to ado5t the

6ie+ 5ro5o)nded *y &olmes7 ?/7 in the conte:t of India/ Pathak7 !?7 has o*ser6ed on *ehalf of

a )nanimo)s !o)rt< The 5o+er to 5ardon is a 5art of the constit)tional scheme7 and +e ha6e

no do)*t7 in o)r mind7 that it sho)ld *e so treated also in the Indian Re5)*lic/ It has *een

re5osed *y the 5eo5le thro),h the !onstit)tion in the &ead of the State7 and enjoys hi,h

stat)s/ It is a constit)tional res5onsi*ility of ,reat si,nificance7 to *e e:ercised +hen occasion

arises in accordance +ith the discretion contem5lated *y the conte:t/<

The matter a,ain cro55ed )5 *efore the !o)rt in Kueet Si,g+ ". Lt. G$"e&,$&72C In a +rit

5etition7 it +as ar,)ed *efore the S)5reme !o)rt that )nder #rt/ 07 PresidentBs 5o+er is

co)5led +ith a d)ty and that it m)st *e e:ercised fairly and reasona*ly/ &as the 8o6ernment

form)lated any )niform standard or ,)idelines *y +hich the e:ercise of the constit)tional

5o+er )nder #rt/ 0 is intended to *e or is in fact ,o6erned The !o)rt said that the H)estion

+as of far-reachin, im5ortance and that it +as necessary that it *e e:amined +ith care/

In G. K&is+,! G$u* ". St!te $ A,*+&! P&!*es+

17

T+o 5ersons +ere sentenced to death for committin, m)rder in im5lementin, their ideolo,y of social j)stice thro),h terrorist

technolo,y/ The President ref)sed to comm)te the death sentence/ .efore the S)5reme !o)rt7

it +as ar,)ed on their *ehalf that their crime +as of a 5olitical nat)re +hich merited different

considerations/ Rejectin, the 5etition7 the S)5reme !o)rt descri*ed the nat)re of the 5o+er

as follo+s


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In E#u&u Su*+!!& ". G$"t. $ A.P1- Ja5adia ?/ in a conc)rrin, j)d,ment7 held that

considerations of reli,ion7 caste or 5olitical loyalty are irrele6ant and 5rohi*ited/ It +as also

held that the 5o+er of e:ec)ti6e clemency is not only for the *enefit of the con6ict7 *)t +hile

e:ercisin, s)ch a 5o+er the President or the 8o6ernor7 as the case may *e7 has to kee5 in

mind the effect of the decision on the family of the 6ictim and society and the 5recedent it

sets for the f)t)re/

The S)5reme !o)rt has r)led in St!te $ Pu,!3 ". /$gi,*e& Si,g+18 that the 5o+er )nder

#rt/ 0


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The S)5reme !o)rt in R!,g! Bi! )!se22 +as once a,ain called )5on to decide the nat)re

and am*it of the 5ardonin, 5o+er of the President of India )nder #rticle 0 of the

!onstit)tion/ In this case7 death sentence of one of the a55ellants +as confirmed *y the

S)5reme !o)rt/ &is mercy 5etition +as also rejected *y the President/ Then7 the a55ellant

filed a +rit 5etition in the S)5reme !o)rt challen,in, the discretion of the President to ,rant

5ardon on the ,ro)nd that no reasons +ere ,i6en for rejection of his mercy 5etition/ The co)rt

dismissed the 5etition and o*ser6ed that the term “5ardon( itself si,nifies that it is entirely a

discretionary remedy and ,rant or rejection of it need not to *e reasoned/

2.1.11 T=PES OF PARDON:

C$ut!ti$, comm)tation means e:chan,e of one thin, for another/ &ere it means

s)*stit)tion of one form of 5)nishment for another of a li,hter character for e:am5le ri,oro)s

im5risonment into sim5le im5risonment/

Reissi$,: it means red)ction of amo)nt of sentence +itho)t chan,in, its character7e/, a

sentence of one year may *e remitted to C months/

Res#ite: res5ite means a+ardin, a lesser 5)nishment on some s5ecial ,ro)nds7e/, the 5re,nancy of a +omen offender/

Re#&i"e: Re5ri6e means tem5orary s)s5ension of death sentence7e/, 5endin, a 5roceedin,

for 5ardon or comm)tation/

S)5reme !o)rt once a,ain in Ke+!& Si,g+ " U,i$, $ I,*i! reiterated its earlier stand and

held that the ,rant of 5ardon *y the President is an act of ,race and7 therefore7 cannot *e

claimed as a matter of ri,ht/ The 5o+er e:ercisa*le *y the President *ein, e:cl)si6ely of

administrati6e nat)re7 is not j)sticia*le/

In the early case of K.M. N!,!"!ti " St!te $ B$3!0 7 8o6ernor ,ranted re5rie6e )nder

#rticle 2C2 +hich +as held )nconstit)tional as it +as in contrast +ith the S)5reme !o)rt

r)lin,s )nder #rticle 2A/

22 IR 1003 S #53

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2.1.12 Ee&ge,)0 #$%e&s

The President can declare three ty5es of emer,encies national7 state and financial7 )nder

articles 3A07 3AC K 3C1 in addition to 5rom)l,atin, ordinances )nder article 203/

N!ti$,! ee&ge,)0

# national emer,ency can *e declared in the +hole of India or a 5art of its territory for ca)ses

of +ar or armed re*ellion or an e:ternal a,,ression/ 'nder #rticle 3A0 of the India

!onstit)tion7 the President can declare s)ch an emer,ency only on the *asis of a +ritten

reH)est *y the !a*inet "inisters headed *y the Prime "inister/ S)ch a 5roclamation m)st *e

a55ro6ed *y the Parliament +ithin one month/ S)ch an emer,ency can *e im5osed for si:

months/ It can *e e:tended *y si: months *y re5eated 5arliamentary a55ro6al-there is no

ma:im)m d)ration/

In s)ch an emer,ency7 F)ndamental Ri,hts of Indian citi;ens can *e s)s5ended/ The si:

freedoms )nder Ri,ht to Freedom are a)tomatically s)s5ended/ &o+e6er7 the Ri,ht to Life

and Personal Li*erty cannot *e s)s5ended/03

St!te ee&ge,)0

If the President is f)lly satisfied7 on the *asis of the re5ort of the 8o6ernor of the concernedstate or from other so)rces that the ,o6ernance in a state cannot *e carried o)t accordin, to

the 5ro6isions in the !onstit)tion7 he can 5roclaim )nder #rticle 3AC a state of emer,ency in

the state/ S)ch an emer,ency m)st *e a55ro6ed *y the Parliament +ithin a 5eriod of 0

months/

'nder #rticle 3AC of the Indian !onstit)tion7 it can *e im5osed from si: months to a

ma:im)m 5eriod of three years +ith re5eated 5arliamentary a55ro6al e6ery si: months/ If the

emer,ency needs to *e e:tended for more than three years7 this can *e achie6ed *y a

constit)tional amendment7 as has ha55ened in P)nja* and ?amm) and Jashmir/

D)rin, s)ch an emer,ency7 the President can take o6er the entire +ork of the e:ec)ti6e7 and

the 8o6ernor administers the state in the name of the President/ The Le,islati6e #ssem*ly

23 !o!a; 6.. ata Mc&!aw=Ai$$ +ducation.

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can *e dissol6ed or may remain in s)s5ended animation/ The Parliament makes la+s on the

CC s)*jects of the state list/0

Fi,!,)i! ee&ge,)0

#rticle 040 accords financial a)tonomy in s5endin, the financial reso)rces a6aila*le +ith the

states for 5)*lic 5)r5ose/

'nder article 3C1 of the constit)tion7 President can 5roclaim a financial emer,ency +hen the

financial sta*ility or credit of the nation or of any 5art of its territory is threatened/ &o+e6er7

)ntil no+ no ,)idelines definin, the sit)ation of financial emer,ency in the entire co)ntry or

a state or a )nion territory or a 5anchayat or a m)nici5ality or a cor5oration ha6e *een framed

either *y the finance commission or *y the central ,o6ernment/

S)ch an emer,ency m)st *e a55ro6ed *y the Parliament +ithin t+o months *y sim5le

majority/ It has ne6er *een declared/0A # state of financial emer,ency remains in force

indefinitely )ntil re6oked *y the President.

The President can red)ce the salaries of all ,o6ernment officials7 incl)din, j)d,es of the

S)5reme !o)rt and &i,h !o)rts7 in cases of a financial emer,ency/ #ll money *ills 5assed *y

the State le,islat)res are s)*mitted to the President for a55ro6al/ &e can direct the state too*ser6e certain 5rinci5les =economy meas)res> relatin, to financial matters/0C

2.1.1' O&*i,!,)e !i,g #$%e&

Iss)in, an ordinance has *een de6ised +ith a 6ie+ to ena*lin, the E:ec)ti6e to meet any

)nforeseen or )r,ent sit)ation arisin, in the co)ntry +hen Parliament is not in session7 and

+hich it cannot deal +ith )nder the ordinary la+/ Ordinarily7 )nder the !onstit)tion7 the

President is not the re5ository of the le,islati6e 5o+er of the 'nion/ This 5o+er *elon,s to

Parliament/ .)t7 +ith a 6ie+ to meet e:traordinary sit)ations demandin, immediate

enactment of la+s7 the !onstit)tion makes 5ro6ision to in6est the President +ith le,islati6e

24 6ew IS+ Ai(to!y and ivic(. E!an- 4!othe!(. ,. 3.

25 Sha!ma; anhaiya$a$


17/35

5o+er to 5rom)l,ate ordinances/ #n ordinance is only a tem5orary la+/ The e:ec)ti6e in

.ritain or the '/S/#/ enjoys no s)ch 5o+er/

#rticle 203 em5o+ers the President to 5rom)l,ate s)ch ordinances as the circ)mstances

a55ear to him to reH)ire +hen

=2> .oth &o)ses of Parliament are not in session and

=0> &e is satisfied that circ)mstances e:ist +hich render it necessary for him to take

immediate action/

In B+!g!t Si,g+ ". Ki,g E#e&$&927 Lord D)nedin o*ser6ed


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In S.K.G. Sug!& Lt*. ". St!te $ Bi+!&'; the S)5reme !o)rt stated as re,ards 8o6ernorBs

satisfaction to make an ordinance )nder #rt/ 023 =+hich is similar to #rt/ 203> that Ordinance7 2GCG7 +as challen,ed/ .y this

ordinance7 the !entral 8o6ernment nationalised a n)m*er of 5ri6ate *anks/ It +as ar,)ed that

the Ordinance +as in6alid *eca)se the condition 5recedent to the e:ercise of the 5o+er )nder

#rt/ 203 did not e:ist/ It +as ar,)ed that #rt/ 203 does not make the President as the final

ar*iter of the e:ercise of the conditions on +hich the 5o+er to 5rom)l,ate an ordinance may

*e e:ercised/ On the other hand7 the 8o6ernmentBs ar,)ment +as that


19/35

5o+er )nder #rt/ 203 is coe:tensi6e +ith ParliamentBs 5o+er to make la+s and7 therefore7 no

limitation can *e read into the le,islati6e 5o+er of the President so as to make it ineffecti6e to

alter or amend ta: la+s/ !on6ersely7 it +o)ld also mean that an ordinance cannot do +hat

Parliament co)ld not do *y enactin, an #ct/

S)5reme !o)rt in D.C. W!*+%! ". St!te $ Bi+!&/3 The !o)rt trenchantly criticised this

5ractice characterisin, it as anti-democratic/ The !o)rt insisted that the ,o6ernment cannot

*y5ass

the le,islat)re and kee5 ordinances ali6e indefinitely +itho)t enactin, their 5ro6isions into

#cts of le,islat)re/ Wadh+aBs case has *een taken note of in the disc)ssion on the ordinance

makin, 5o+er of the State 8o6ernments #rt/ 023M +hich is on all fo)rs +ith the ordinance

makin, 5o+er of the !entre/

2.2 UNITED STATE PRESIDENT:

2.2.1 A&ti)e I egis!ti"e &$e

The first 5o+er the !onstit)tion confers )5on the 5resident is the 6eto/ The Presentment

!la)se reH)ires any *ill 5assed *y !on,ress to *e 5resented to the 5resident *efore it can

*ecome la+/ Once the le,islation has *een 5resented7 the 5resident has three o5tions

2/ Si,n the le,islation the *ill then *ecomes la+/0/ $eto the le,islation and ret)rn it to !on,ress7 e:5ressin, any o*jections the *ill does

not *ecome la+7 )nless each ho)se of !on,ress 6otes to o6erride the 6eto *y a t+o-

thirds 6ote/3/ Take no action/ In this instance7 the 5resident neither si,ns nor 6etoes the le,islation/

#fter 21 days7 not co)ntin, S)ndays7 t+o 5ossi*le o)tcomes emer,e

• If !on,ress is still con6ened7 the *ill *ecomes la+/

34 IR 10*/ S 2520

19 | P a g e


20/35

• If !on,ress has adjo)rned7 th)s 5re6entin, the ret)rn of the le,islation7 the *ill does

not *ecome la+/ This latter o)tcome is kno+n as the 5ocket 6eto/

In Ci,t$, ". Cit0 $ Ne% =$& '5 the '/S/ S)5reme !o)rt r)led s)ch a le,islati6e alteration

of the 6eto 5o+er to *e )nconstit)tional/

2.2.2 A&ti)e II e(e)uti"e #$%e&s

W!& !,* $&eig, !!i&s #$%e&s

Perha5s the most im5ortant of all 5residential 5o+ers is the command of the 'nited States

#rmed Forces as its commander-in-chief/ While the 5o+er to declare +ar is constit)tionally

6ested in !on,ress7 the 5resident has )ltimate res5onsi*ility for direction and dis5osition of

the military/ The 5resent-day o5erational command of the #rmed Forces =*elon,in, to the

De5artment of Defence> is normally e:ercised thro),h the Secretary of Defence7 +ith

assistance of the !hairman of the ?oint !hiefs of Staff7 to the !om*atant !ommands7 as

o)tlined in the 5residentially a55ro6ed 'nified !ommand Plan ='!P>/ 3CThe framers of the

!onstit)tion took care to limit the 5residentBs 5o+ers re,ardin, the military/3

2.2.' A*i,ist&!ti"e #$%e&s

The 5resident is the head of the e:ec)ti6e *ranch of the federal ,o6ernment and is

constit)tionally o*li,ated to


21/35

5resident may make recess a55ointments/3G Recess a55ointments are tem5orary and e:5ire at

the end of the ne:t session of the Senate/

The 5o+er of a 5resident to fire e:ec)ti6e officials has lon, *een a contentio)s 5olitical iss)e/

8enerally7 a 5resident may remo6e 5)rely e:ec)ti6e officials at +ill/ &o+e6er7 !on,ress can

c)rtail and constrain a 5residentBs a)thority to fire commissioners of inde5endent re,)latory

a,encies and certain inferior e:ec)ti6e officers *y stat)te/

2.2.4 /u&i*i)! #$%e&s

The 5resident also has the 5o+er to nominate federal j)d,es7 incl)din, mem*ers of the

'nited States co)rts of a55eals and the S)5reme !o)rt of the 'nited States/ &o+e6er7 these

nominations do reH)ire Senate confirmation/ Sec)rin, Senate a55ro6al can 5ro6ide a major

o*stacle for 5residents +ho +ish to orient the federal j)diciary to+ard a 5artic)lar ideolo,ical

stance/ When nominatin, j)d,es to '/S/ district co)rts7 5residents often res5ect the lon,-

standin, tradition of Senatorial co)rtesy/ Presidents may also ,rant 5ardons and re5rie6es7 as

is often done j)st *efore the end of a 5residential term7 not +itho)t contro6ersy/1

S)5reme !o)rt r)led in U,ite* St!tes ". Ni($,72 that e:ec)ti6e 5ri6ile,e did not a55ly in

cases +here a 5resident +as attem5tin, to a6oid criminal 5rosec)tion/ When President .ill

!linton attem5ted to )se e:ec)ti6e 5ri6ile,e re,ardin, the Le+insky scandal7 the S)5reme!o)rt r)led in Ci,t$, ". /$,es70 that the 5ri6ile,e also co)ld not *e )sed in ci6il s)its/

These cases esta*lished the le,al 5recedent that e:ec)ti6e 5ri6ile,e is 6alid7 altho),h the

e:act e:tent of the 5ri6ile,e has yet to *e clearly defined/ In M$+!e* ". /e##ese,

D!t!#!,9 3 !ritics of the 5ri6ile,e claim its )se has *ecome a tool for the ,o6ernment to

co6er )5 ille,al or em*arrassin, ,o6ernment actions/

39 6ationa$ %abo! Re$ation( 4oa!d v. 6oe$ annin"; '2 U.S.


22/35

2.2.5 Legis!ti"e !)iit!t$&

The !onstit)tionBs Ineli,i*ility !la)se 5re6ents the President =and all other e:ec)ti6e

officers> from sim)ltaneo)sly *ein, a mem*er of !on,ress/ Therefore7 the 5resident cannot

directly introd)ce le,islati6e 5ro5osals for consideration in !on,ress/ &o+e6er7 the 5resident

can take an indirect role in sha5in, le,islation7 es5ecially if the 5residentBs 5olitical 5arty has

a majority in one or *oth ho)ses of !on,ress/ For e:am5le7 the 5resident or other officials of

the e:ec)ti6e *ranch may draft le,islation and then ask senators or re5resentati6es to

introd)ce these drafts into !on,ress/ The 5resident can f)rther infl)ence the le,islati6e

*ranch thro),h constit)tionally mandated7 5eriodic re5orts to !on,ress/ These re5orts may *e

either +ritten or oral7 *)t today are ,i6en as the State of the 'nion address7 +hich often

o)tlines the 5residentBs le,islati6e 5ro5osals for the comin, year/ #dditionally7 the 5resident

may attem5t to ha6e !on,ress alter 5ro5osed le,islation *y threatenin, to 6eto that

le,islation )nless reH)ested chan,es are made/

22 | P a g e


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CHAPTER III

'.1 ELECTION PROCESS OF INDIAN AND US PRESIDENT

'.1.1 INDIAN PRESIDENT

Whene6er the office *ecomes 6acant7 the ne+ President is chosen *y an electoral colle,e

consistin, of the elected mem*ers of *oth ho)ses of Parliament ="/P/s>7 the elected mem*ers

of the State Le,islati6e #ssem*lies =$idhan Sa*ha> of all States and the elected mem*ers of

the le,islati6e assem*lies ="/L/#/s> of t+o 'nion Territories =i/e/7 National !a5ital Territory

=N!T> of Delhi and 'nion Territory of P)d)cherry>/

The nomination of a candidate for election to the office of the President m)st *e s)*scri*ed

*y at least A1 electors as 5ro5osers and A1 electors as seconders/ Each candidate has to make

a sec)rity de5osit of 2A7111 ='S001> in the Reser6e .ank of India/₹ The sec)rity de5osit is

lia*le to *e forfeited in case the candidate fails to sec)re one-si:th of the 6otes 5olled/

The election is held in accordance to the system of Pro5ortional re5resentation *y means of

the Sin,le transfera*le 6ote method/ The 6otin, takes 5lace *y secret *allot system/ The

manner of election of President is 5ro6ided *y #rticle AA of the !onstit)tion/A

Each elector casts a different n)m*er of 6otes/ The ,eneral 5rinci5le is that the total n)m*er of 6otes cast *y "em*ers of Parliament eH)als the total n)m*er of 6otes cast *y State

Le,islators/ #lso7 le,islators from lar,er states cast more 6otes than those from smaller states/

Finally7 the n)m*er of le,islators in a state matters if a state has fe+ le,islators7 then each

le,islator has more 6otes if a state has many le,islators7 then each le,islator has fe+er 6otes/

The act)al calc)lation for 6otes cast *y a 5artic)lar state is calc)lated *y di6idin, the stateBs

5o5)lation *y 21117 +hich is di6ided a,ain *y the n)m*er of le,islators from the State 6otin,

in the Electoral !olle,e/ This n)m*er is the n)m*er of 6otes 5er le,islator in a ,i6en state/

E6ery elected mem*er of the 5arliament enjoys the same n)m*er of 6otes7 +hich may *e

o*tained *y di6idin, the total n)m*er of 6otes assi,ned to the mem*ers of le,islati6e

assem*lies *y the total n)m*er of elected re5resentati6es of the 5arliament/

44 +$ection to the ,!e(ident of India@


24/35

#ltho),h Indian 5residential elections in6ol6e act)al 6otin, *y "Ps and "L#s7 they tend to

6ote for the candidate s)55orted *y their res5ecti6e 5arties/C

In its ad6isory o5inion in I, &e9 P&esi*e,ti! P$7 the S)5reme !o)rt has r)led that the

election of the President can *e held +hen a State #ssem*ly has *een dissol6ed )nder #rt/

3AC and its mem*ers are )na*le to 5artici5ate in the election/

#rticle 2=> 5rotects PresidentBs election from *ein, challen,ed on the ,ro)nd of the

e:istence of any 6acancy for +hate6er reason amon, the mem*ers of the Electoral !olle,e

electin, him/ The lan,)a,e of this 5ro6ision is +ide eno),h to co6er 6acancies arisin, in the

electoral colle,e *eca)se a State #ssem*ly is dissol6ed/

'.1.2 ELECTION OF US PRESIDENT

The 5resident is elected indirectly/ # n)m*er of electors7 collecti6ely kno+n as the Electoral

!olle,e7 officially select the 5resident/ On Election Day7 6oters in each of the states and the

District of !ol)m*ia cast *allots for these electors/ Each state is allocated a n)m*er of

electors7 eH)al to the si;e of its dele,ation in *oth &o)ses of !on,ress com*ined/ 8enerally7

the ticket that +ins the most 6otes in a state +ins all of that stateBs electoral 6otes and th)s has

its slate of electors chosen to 6ote in the Electoral !olle,e/

The +innin, slate of electors meets at its stateBs ca5ital on the first "onday after the second

Wednesday in Decem*er7 a*o)t si: +eeks after the election7 to 6ote/ They then send a record

of that 6ote to !on,ress/ The 6ote of the electors is o5ened *y the sittin, 6ice 5resident actin,

in that roleBs ca5acity as President of the Senate and read alo)d to a joint session of the

incomin, !on,ress7 +hich +as elected at the same time as the 5resident/

P)rs)ant to the T+entieth #mendment7 the 5residentBs term of office *e,ins at noon on

?an)ary 01 of the year follo+in, the election/ This date7 kno+n as Ina),)ration Day7 marks

the *e,innin, of the fo)r-year terms of *oth the 5resident and the 6ice 5resident/ .efore

e:ec)tin, the 5o+ers of the office7 a 5resident is constit)tionally reH)ired to take the

5residential oath.

46 4a$ance of ,owe! in ,!e(identia$ !ace@. 6>C. 22 May 255. Ret!ieved * Ma!ch 251*

47 IR 100# S ##'

24 | P a g e


25/35

CHAPTER of

the constit)tion/ 'nder #rticle 3C2 of the constit)tion7 tho),h 5resident cannot *e s)mmoned

for H)estionin, e:ce5t on his 6ol)ntary +illin,ness to testify in the co)rt in s)55ort of his

contro6ersial deeds7 the )nconstit)tional decisions taken *y the 5resident +o)ld *e declaredin6alid *y the co)rts/ The case +o)ld *e decided *y the co)rts *ased on the facts f)rnished *y

the )nion ,o6ernment for the 5residentBs role/

48 !tic$e '*


26/35

#s clarified *y the S)5reme !o)rt in the case >R!es+%!& P&!s!* ? O&s "s U,i$, O

I,*i! ? A,& $, 0 ?an)ary 011CB7 tho),h 5resident cannot *e 5rosec)ted and im5risoned

d)rin, his term of office7 he can *e 5rosec)ted after his term of office for the ,)ilty

committed d)rin, his term of 5residency as declared earlier *y the co)rts/ No 5resident has

resi,ned on im5ro5riety to contin)e in office for declarin, and n)llifyin, his )nconstit)tional

decisions *y the co)rts till no+/ No criminal case at least on the ,ro)nds of disres5ectin,

constit)tion is lod,ed till no+ a,ainst former 5residents to 5)nish them for their

)nconstit)tional acts tho),h many decisions taken d)rin, the term of 5residency had *een

declared *y S)5reme !o)rt as )nconstit)tional7 mala fides7 6oid7 )ltra 6ires7 etc/

4.1.2 U.S. P&esi*e,t

The la+ of 5residential 5o+ers and d)ties is ill-defined/ ?)stice Ro*ert &/ ?ackson +rote in

2GA0 that there is


27/35

The Water,ate scandal *e,an d)rin, the 2G0 Presidential cam5ai,n *et+een Democratic

Senator 8eor,e "c8o6ern of So)th Dakota and President Ni:on/ On ?)ne 27 2G07 a*o)t

fi6e months *efore the ,eneral election7 fi6e *)r,lars *roke into Democratic headH)arters

located in the Water,ate *)ildin, com5le: in Washin,ton7 D/!/

In "ay 2G37 Ni:onBs #ttorney 8eneral7 Elliot Richardson7 a55ointed #rchi*ald !o: to the

5osition of s5ecial 5rosec)tor7 char,ed +ith in6esti,atin, the *reak-in/ In Octo*er 2G37

Ni:on arran,ed to ha6e !o: fired in the Sat)rday Ni,ht "assacre/ &o+e6er7 5)*lic o)tra,e

forced Ni:on to a55oint a ne+ s5ecial 5rosec)tor7 Leon ?a+orski7 +ho +as char,ed +ith

cond)ctin, the Water,ate in6esti,ation for the ,o6ernment/ !hief ?)stice .)r,er deli6ered

the )nanimo)s decision/ #fter r)lin, that the !o)rt co)ld indeed resol6e the matter and that

?a+orski had 5ro6en a


28/35

CHAPTER <

5.1 INDIAN ". U.S. PRESIDENT

The f)nctionary at the head of the Indian 'nion7 like that of the '/S/#/7 is called the

President7 *)t IndiaBs form of ,o6ernment is 6ery different from that of the '/S/#/ India has

5arliamentary7 and not 5residential7 form of ,o6ernment/ IndiaBs form of ,o6ernment differs

s)*stantially from that of #merica/ .eyond the identity of names *et+een the Indian and the

#merican Presidents7 there is not m)ch in common *et+een them/

The 5osition of the President of India is more akin to the .ritish monarch rather than the

#merican President/ &e is the head of the state and only a formal7 not an effecti6e7 head of

the E:ec)ti6e/ The effecti6e re5ository of the e:ec)ti6e 5o+er is the !o)ncil of "inisters/ On

the other hand7 the '/S/ President is *oth the head of the state as +ell as the effecti6e head of

the E:ec)ti6e/ The system is kno+n as the 5residential form of ,o6ernment *eca)se the

President is the chief e:ec)ti6e/ The administration of the co)ntry is 6ested in him/

The '/S/ !onstit)tion makes the President res5onsi*le for ens)rin, that the la+s of the

co)ntry are faithf)lly e:ec)ted/A

&e alone is 6ested +ith the 5o+er to a55oint and remo6e e:ec)ti6e officers and7 th)s7 caneffecti6ely control the ,o6ernment de5artments/ The President has )nder him Secretaries of

State in char,e of different e:ec)ti6e de5artments +ho are a55ointed *y him and +ho are his

5ersonal ad6isers/ &e is not *o)nd to acce5t the ad6ice tendered *y them he enjoys )ltimate

5o+er of decision and therefore7 has com5lete 5olitical res5onsi*ility for all e:ec)ti6e action/

The President dominates the !a*inet com5letely as the Secretaries of State hold their offices

entirely at his 5leas)re and are acco)nta*le to him/ They are merely the instr)ments thro),h

54 h. HIIIF 4.. a(; Im,eachment of India9( P!e(identD Study of the P!ocedu!e; C JPS 2#'


29/35

+hom the PresidentBs 5olicy is carried o)t/ #s has *een a5tly said7


30/35

years le,islati6e 5o+er is 6ested in the !on,ress7 and the j)dicial 5o+er is 6ested in a system

of co)rts +ith the S)5reme !o)rt at the a5e:/ #n im5lication of the doctrine of Se5aration is

that each of the three *ranches of ,o6ernment o),ht to *e com5osed of different 5ersons/

Neither the President nor any of his Secretaries of State can *e a mem*er of the !on,ress/ #

mem*er of the !on,ress can join the ,o6ernment only after resi,nin, his mem*ershi5

therein/

While *asically the '/S/ !onstit)tion is desi,ned on the *asis of the 5rinci5le of Se5aration

of Po+ers7 the framers of the '/S/ !onstit)tion also introd)ced7 to some e:tent7 the 5rinci5le

of checks and *alances/ The framers ado5ted *oth these strate,ies +ith a 6ie+ to ens)re a

+eak ,o6ernment so that the ,o6ernment may not act in an ar*itrary manner/ The doctrine of

Se5aration +eakens the ,o6ernment *y di6idin, its 5o+ers7 for a di6ided ,o6ernment is

intrinsically +eaker than a ,o6ernment ha6in, all 5o+ers concentrated therein/ The 5rinci5le

of checks and *alances f)rther limits ,o6ernment 5o+er/ The )nderlyin, idea is that if one

or,an of ,o6ernment is left free to e:ercise the 5o+er assi,ned to it +itho)t any control7 it

may r)n amok +ith its 5o+er and act ar*itrarily in e:ercisin, its assi,ned 5o+er/ For

e:am5le7 if the !on,ress is left free to make any la+ it likes7 it may make harsh or )nj)st

la+s/ Therefore7 the doctrine of checks and *alances en6isa,es that one or,an of ,o6ernment

*e controlled7 to some e:tent7 *y the other t+o or,ans/ For e:am5le7 the President may 6eto a

*ill 5assed *y the t+o &o)ses of !on,ress and7 th)s7 the President controls the !on,ress so

that it may not 5ass ar*itrary or discriminatory le,islation/

.)t PresidentBs 6eto may *e o6erridden *y the t+o &o)ses 5assin, the *ill in H)estion a,ain

*y a 0@3 6ote in each &o)se/

#lso7 the S)5reme !o)rt has 5o+er to declare an #ct 5assed *y the !on,ress as

)nconstit)tional7 *)t the ?)d,es of the S)5reme !o)rt are a55ointed *y the President +ith the

consent of the Senate/ The !on,ress thro),h its committees contin)o)sly 5ro*es into the

f)nctionin, of the ,o6ernment de5artments/ Similarly7 the Secretaries of State are a55ointed

*y the President +ith the consent of the Senate/ In the '/S/#/7 the E:ec)ti6e and Le,islati6e

or,ans are ke5t se5arate from each other/A4 The 5arliamentary system7 on the other hand7 is

*ased on an intimate contact7 a close liaison7 or coordination7 *et+een the E:ec)ti6e and the

Le,islati6e +in,s/ India reco,nises no doctrine of Se5aration *et+een them/ #s the S)5reme

!o)rt

58 4iman . 4o(e v. A.. Moo-e!jee; '* 6 *'1.

30 | P a g e


31/35

has stated7 there may *e in India a differentiation and demarcation of f)nctions *et+een the

Le,islat)re and the E:ec)ti6e7 and7 ,enerally s5eakin,7 the !onstit)tion does not contem5late

that one or,an sho)ld ass)me the f)nctions *elon,in, essentially to the other or,an7 yet7

ne6ertheless7 there is no se5aration *et+een them in its a*sol)te ri,idity/AG

The Indian !onstit)tion itself does not indicate a se5aration of 5o+ers as is commonly

)nderstood/ There is7 to a lar,e e:tent7 a 5arallelism of 5o+er7 +ith hierarchies *et+een the

three or,ans in 5artic)lar fields/ It is this *alance of hierarchies +hich m)st *e maintained *y

each or,an s)*ject to checks *y the other t+o/ To ill)strate this is the reH)irement for the

e:ec)ti6e to fill the le,islati6e 6ac))m *y e:ec)ti6e orders/ Where there is inaction e6en *y

the e:ec)ti6e for +hate6er reason7 the j)diciary can ste5 in and in e:ercise of its o*li,ations

to im5lement the !onstit)tion 5ro6ide a sol)tion till s)ch time as the le,islat)re or the

e:ec)ti6e act to 5erform their roles either *y enactin, a55ro5riate le,islation or iss)in,

e:ec)ti6e orders to co6er the field/ Similarly +hile the le,islat)re and e:ec)ti6e may reject a

j)dicial decision *y amendin, the la+7 the j)diciary may in t)rn test that la+ a,ainst the

to)chstone of the !onstit)tion/

The '/S/ E:ec)ti6e does not de5end for its s)r6i6al on a majority in the !on,ress as the

President has a fi:ed ten)re of fo)r years/ &e cannot *e dismissed *efore the e:5iry of his

term *y an ad6erse 6ote in the !on,ress/ &e can *e remo6ed only *y the rare 5rocess of

im5eachment/ !orres5ondin,ly7 the President has no 5o+er to dissol6e the !on,ress/ The

&o)se of Re5resentati6es has a fi:ed term of t+o years/ The #merican system 5rod)ces a

sta*le ,o6ernment ha6in, a fi:ed ten)re *eca)se it is inde5endent of the le,islati6e +him/ It

has ha55ened often that the President may *elon, to one 5olitical 5arty7 *)t the majority in

either &o)se or *oth &o)ses7 may *elon, to another 5olitical 5arty/ "em*ers of !on,ress

enjoy a ,ood deal of freedom to o55ose or s)55ort the 5ro,ramme and 5olicies 5ro5osed *y

the President e6en +hen the majority in the &o)ses of !on,ress may *elon, to the same

5arty as the President/

On the other hand7 the distincti6e feat)re of the 5arliamentary system is that the !a*inet

de5ends on the majority in the Lok Sa*ha7 and holds office so lon, as it enjoys the

confidence of the majority in the &o)se +hich can de5ose the !a*inet at its 5leas)re7 *)t the

!a*inet has the corres5ondin, ri,ht to dissol6e the &o)se/ In a 5arliamentary system7 the

59 Rao 4i!inde! Sin"h v. Union of India; IR 10*/ Punj; ##1F Madhav Rao Scindia v. Union of India; IR 101S '35 D


32/35

,o6ernment has no fi:ed ten)re as it may ha6e to ,o o)t any moment the majority in

Parliament +ithdra+s its s)55ort/

The 5arliamentary system +orks *est +ith t+o stron, and disci5lined 5olitical 5arties +ith

one 5arty ha6in, a clear majority/ If the Le,islat)re is fra,mented into many small ,ro)5s7

the !a*inet has to *e *ased on a coalition of 5arties and the !a*inet *ecomes )nsta*le as it is

constantly e:5osed to the dan,er of disinte,ration d)e to disa,reements amon,st the

mem*ers of the coalition7 or the constantly chan,in, ali,nments of 6ario)s 5arties in the

Le,islat)re7 or *eca)se of the dan,er of defection of mem*ers from one 5arty to another7 and

e6en the E:ec)ti6eBs 5o+er to dissol6e the &o)se may not *e effecti6e to create the necessary

disci5line for a sta*le ,o6ernment in s)ch a sit)ation/

The #merican E:ec)ti6e not *ein, directly acco)nta*le to the Le,islat)re7 tends to *ecome

less res5onsi*le to it than the 5arliamentary ,o6ernment +hich has constantly to seek the

majority s)55ort/ In #merica7 the res5onsi*ility of the E:ec)ti6e is assessed *y the electorate

once in fo)r years +hen election is held for the Presidential office/ In India7 on the other

hand7 the res5onsi*ility of the E:ec)ti6e is assessed daily *y the Le,islat)re thro),h

resol)tions7 H)estions7 de*ates7 etc/7 and 5eriodically *y the electorate thro),h ,eneral

elections/ Tho),h the E:ec)ti6e in the '/S/#/ is constit)tionally not directly acco)nta*le to

the Le,islat)re7 yet it +ill *e +ron, to s)55ose that the Le,islat)re has a*sol)tely no control

o6er the E:ec)ti6e/ The !on,ress can *rin, indirect 5ress)re o6er the E:ec)ti6e thro),h its

5o+ers to le6y ta:es7 make a55ro5riations for ,o6ernment e:5enses7 enact le,islation7

in6esti,ate e:ec)ti6e +ork and 5olicies thro),h its committees and the SenateBs 5o+er to

confirm treaties and a55ointments/ On the other hand7 the President also is not com5letely

5o+erless in relation to !on,ress/ Tho),h he cannot dissol6e the !on,ress yet he does

e:ercise some infl)ence o6er it thro),h his 5o+er to send messa,es and 6eto le,islation the

efficacy of his 6eto7 ho+e6er7 is limited as it can *e o6erridden *y the 6ote of 0@3rd mem*ers

in each &o)se of !on,ress/ On the +hole7 therefore7 le,islati6e control o6er the E:ec)ti6e

and 6ice 6ersa is m)ch +eaker in the '/S/#/ than it is in India +here the Le,islat)re and the

E:ec)ti6e can dissol6e each other/ Since7 in a 5residential system the life of the !a*inet no

lon,er de5ends on 5arliamentary majority/ The President is elected directly *y the 5eo5le and

holds office for a fi:ed ten)re/ This res)lts in sta*ility of the ,o6ernment/

In the 5residential system7 the President enjoys a fi:ed ten)re and he does not de5end on

majority s)55ort in the Le,islat)re7 and this res)lt in ,o6ernment sta*ility/ The President may

*e freer to ado5t 5olicies on their merits rather than ado5t 5o5)list meas)res/ The Le,islat)re

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also has more say in the ,o6ernance of the co)ntry and may ha6e more control o6er the

administration/

&o+e6er the 5residential system as it 5re6ails in the '/S/#/ has its o+n 5ro*lems7 the major

5ro*lem *ein, lack of coordination *et+een the E:ec)ti6e and the Le,islat)re res)ltin, in

fra,mented 5olicies/ #lso7 in a Parliamentary system7 different interests may ha6e an

o55ort)nity to 5artici5ate in the ,o6ernment/

The ,eneral 5)*lic o5inion =and e6en of 5olitical 5arties> *y and lar,e does not fa6o)r a

chan,e from 5arliamentary to the 5residential system/ If India seeks to ado5t the 5residential

system7 the system +ill ha6e to *e so de6ised as to 5romote *etter coordination *et+een the

E:ec)ti6e and the Le,islat)re than +hat e:ists in the '/S/#/ This means that the system has

to incor5orate some feat)res of *oth the 5residential and 5arliamentary systems/

CONCLUSION

There are some fi:ed D)ties K 5o+ers of the President of India +hich he has to e:ec)te for

the +elfare of the co)ntry/ These d)ties K 5o+ers are conferred )5on the President to

5reser6e7 5rotect and defend the Indian !onstit)tion/

The Indian President has to a55oint the Prime "inister of India/ The President also a55oints

the !o)ncil of "inisters and +ith the Prime "inisterBs ad6ice he@she distri*)tes the 5ortfolios

to the !o)ncil of "inisters/ The President is also acco)nta*le to make a +ide ran,e of

a55ointments/

The President of India has E:ec)ti6e7 ?)dicial and Le,islati6e 5o+ers/ Some of the E:ec)ti6e

5o+ers of the Indian President are

The Indian President can a+ard a 5erson or decrease the 6erdict of an offended 5erson7

chiefly in cases concernin, 5)nishment of death/

The 5resident can assi,n ,o6ernors of States7 #ttorney 8eneral7 !hief ?)stice7 !hief Election

!ommissioner7 #m*assadors and &i,h !ommissioners to other co)ntries/

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