ROLE OF MICRO-MINERALS IN INFERTILITY IN DAIRY CATTLE

Presented by:Amir Sadaula

Roll no: 1

INFERTILITY

Infertility is the diminished or absent capacity to produce viable offspring.

When the function of the reproductive system is impaired, cows fail to produce a calf regularly.

It is multifactorial syndrome Economically important in Dairy industry Nearly 10-20 % of lactation is affected by

infertility Infertility leads to a loss of milk production, a

loss of income from calf sales and an increase in the replacement rate of cows with first-calving heifers 2

CAUSES OF INFERTILITY

Causes of infertility are many and can be complex

The major causes of infertility are(Roberts) Infectious: Trichomoniasis, Vibriosis, Brucellosis,

Granular venereal disease, IBR, TB Hormonal Disturbance: Cystic ovary, Anestrus Congenital conditions:

Nutritional causes: Obesity and Deficiency

Pathological causes of reproductive tract

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NUTRITIONAL CAUSES OF INFERTILITY

Dairy animal most commonly suffer with the nutritional deficiency due to high production and deficient feeding

The interrelationships between nutrition and reproduction are amongst the most important, and probably the least understood, factors that control reproductive performance.

Anovulatory anoestrus is a well-recognised consequence of deficiencies of both macro- and micronutrients which lead to infertility 4

Puberty, determined by plane of nutrition The most severe effect of inadequate

nutrition is the cessation of cyclical activity

Other less severe manifestations are silent oestrus, ovulatory defects, fertilisation failure and embryonic or fetal death

First-calving heifers are probably at the greatest risk of any class of cattle

However, both first calvers and adult cattle experience a significant reduction in pregnancy rates

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EFFECTS OF MICRONUTRIENTS Micronutrients (minerals and vitamins) have

significant effect upon fertility of cattle McClure (1994) suggests that most micronutrient

deficiencies exert their effects upon reproduction through depression of the activity of rumen microflora; reduction in enzyme activity affecting energy and protein metabolism and the synthesis of hormones; and the integrity of rapidly dividing cells within the reproductive system.

Lean et al. (1998) add the role of micronutrients as antioxidants, which are responsible for protecting cells from the effects of free radicals.

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Vitamins are essential organic nutrients, required in small amounts

Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.

Mineral are essential inorganic nutrients, required in small amounts

Required for growth, maintenance, reproduction and lactation.

Macrominerals are required at concentrations greater than 100 ppm of the diet

Phosphorus, Potassium, Sulfur, Magnesium, Sodium, and Chloride 7

I CuCo FeSe Mn Mozn!What’s that supposed to mean?

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The Microminerals

Iodine (I)

Cobalt (Co)

Copper (Cu)

Iron (Fe)

Selenium (Se)

Manganese (Mn)

Molybedenum (Mo)

Zinc (Zn)

I CuCo FeSe Mn Mozn!

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MICROMINERALS Microminerals are required at

concentrations less than 100 ppm (McDowell, 1992; NRC, 1996).

For optimum reproductive performance these mineral are essential

Micro minerals are involved in several biological processes, such as component of metalloenzymes and enzyme co factors.

In male animals it may change spermatogenesis and reduce libido

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COPPER Copper is vital component in many enzyme

system as cofactor. Cytochrome oxidase is cuproenzyme necessary for electron transport in mitochondria for energy metabolism of ATP dependent biosynthesis reactions. It is required for the production of RBC and absorption and transportation of iron necessary for hb Synthesis (Tuormaa,2000)

Cu is necessary for synthesis of melatonin and interaction of copper and estrogen are also observed (Hidiroglou, 1979)

Requirement: 5-7mg/kg DM11

Important sign related to reproduction due to deficiency of copper are changes in steroidal metabolism may lead to alter reproductive behaviour; such as nymphomania (Hidiroglou, 1979).

Copper along with Cobalt deficiency delayed onset of puberty, repeat breeding, low conception, early embryonic mortality and increased incidence of retention placenta (Nix, 2002).

Reproduction is hampered in a manner of depressed oestrus associated with anemia and increased days open due to inactive ovaries.

Infertility associate with delayed or depressed oestrus have been reported in cattle graze on copper deficient pasture 12

COBALT

Cobalt is an important component of Vitamin B12. the need of cobalt in thiamine synthesis which is required for DNA synthesis explains the biological role of cobalt for cell division, growth and reproduction

Infertility is likely to arise as a secondary consequence of debiliting condition such as severe cobalt deprivation. (Judson et. Al, 1997)

Sign of cobalt deficiency is include delayed uterine involution, irregular estrous cycle and decreased conception rate (Pulls, 1994, Satish Kumar, 2003). Dietary cobalt requirement for lactating cow is 0.1 ppm of the ration dry matter intake.

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IRON It is required for the synthesis of and myoglobin as

well as many enzymes and cytochrome enzymes of electron transport chain. Iron transport of oxygen to tissues,maintenance of oxidative enzyme system and is concerned with ferretin formation

Deficiency in adult animals is rare due to its ubiquitous presence in the feed stuffs. The reproductive performance of Iron deficient animals may be badly affected due to anaemia, reduced appetite and lower body condition. A deficient animal becomes repeat breeders and require increased number of inseminations per conception and occasionally may abort.

Requirement 500mg/d-400kg14

IODINE Necessary for synthesis of thyroid hormone, which

regulates energy metabolism. Iodine is important for the development of fetus

The thyroid gland is involved in stimulation of anterior pituitary gonadotrophin secretion.

The effect of iodine on secretion of thyrotropin-releasing factor, which in turn stimulates prolactin secretion, can also have effect on length of estrus cycle (Khillare, et al., 2007).

The reproductive disorders due to iodine deficiencyare thought to be steroid dysfunction.

Iodine deficiency in herds, leads to impaired fertility and an abnormally high rate (Hetzel, 1990). Incidence of retained placenta and post partum genital infections is also high (Hemken, 1960).

Requirement: 0.1mg/kg DM

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MOLYBDENUM

Molybdenum deficiency cause decreases libido, reduced spermatogenesis and causes sterility in males

Responsible for delayed puberty, reduced conception rate and anoestrus in females (Satish Kumar, 2003).

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MANGANESE Precise pathway of specific Mn involvement in

reproductive processes remain unknown, some evidence suggests that Mn plays a role in the activity of endocrine organs.

It is involved as co factor in cholesterol synthesis which is necessary for the synthesis of steroids like progesterone, estrogen and testosterone (Keen and Zidenburg-Cherr, 1990).

Deficiency cause poor fertility problem in both function male and female

Requirement: 16-36mg/kg DM

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ZINC Deficiencies have been associated with abortion,

fetal mummification, lower birth wt and prolonged labour.

The effect on prostaglandin synthesis suggests that Zn deficiency have profound effect on reproductive cycle and pregnancy.

Zinc has a significant role in repair and maintenance of uterine lining following parturition and early return of post partum estrus (Green et al., 1998).

Zn deficient animals have been shown to have lower concentrations of FSH and LH chiefly in males (Boland, 2003).

Requirement: 40 mg/kg DM18

EFFECT OF MINERAL MIXTURE THERAPY

Year No of selected

anoestrus animals

Heifers with delayed puberty

Post partum anoestrus

2001/02 51 30 21

2002/03 50 32 18

2003/04 60 39 21

Total 161 101 60

By Dr. Sadananda Deo and Dr. Keshav prasad Sah in Eastern Terai region of Nepal

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Year No of selected

anoestrus animals

No of animal exhibit oestrus

Percent

2001/02 51 31 61

2002/03 50 27 54

2003/04 60 32 53.33

Total 161 90 55.90%

The Selected animals were supplemented with mineral mixture @ 30gm/day for 40 days (Agriminforte®(Virbac))

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Category of animal

No of anoestrus animals

Condition of ovary No of animals exhibit oestrus

0 day 21 day 42 day

Heifer with delayed puberty

107 Small/ round smooth- 87

Palpable CL- 10Growing follicle-8

Hypoplasia of ovary -2

Inactive-52Active-55

Inactive-26Active-81

72

Post partum anoestrus

54 Flat/round smooth-26

Palpable CL-21Growing follicle-7

Inactive-18Active-36

Inactive-12Active-42

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Total 161 90

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REFERENCEArthur, G. H. (1975) Veterinary reproduction and Obstetrics 4th

edn. London: Baillière Tindall.

Arthur, G. H. and Abdul-Rahim, A.T. (1984) Proc. 13th World Congress on Diseases of Cattle, Durban, p. 809.

Erb, R. E., Gaverick, H. A., Randel, R. D., Brown, B. L. and Callahan, C. J. (1976) Theriogenology, 5, 227.

Hafez, E. S. E. (1975) In: Reproduction in Farm Animals, 3rd edn, ed. E. S. E. Hafez, p. 24. Philadelphia: Lea and Febiger.

Roberts, S. J. (1986) Veterinary Obstetrics and Genital Diseases, 3rd edn.Woodstock,V.T: published by the author.

Watson, A. (1988) Fertility and Infertility in Veterinary Practice, ed. J. A. Laing,W. J. B. Morgan and W. C. Morgan. London: Baillière Tindall.

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