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ROLE OF FOUNDATIONS IN
DEVELOPMENT
Safe, Sustainable Water for All
DEVELOPMENT
Jayamala Subramaniam
ARGHYAM
About Arghyam
Setup in 2005 by Rohini Nilekani. Focus on water
Safe, sustainable water for all
Charitable Trust
Vision
>90 projects in 22 States, rural and urbanReach
Knowledge Sharing
Grants, Research, Model development, Programs and
Advocacy
Activities
Why Water?
• Centrality of water for human well-being
• Entitlements for basic needs & challenges
• Domestic water focus – most immediate impact
• Understanding implications/impact of other
water uses
Water – the big picture
• Urbanisation and industrialisation will increase demand & competition for water; today, 82% of water is used for agriculture
• Industrial water consumption - 8% of total; 51% in rich, industrialised countries. (CSE: Excreta Matters)
• Earlier, large scale water infrastructure (canal systems). • Earlier, large scale water infrastructure (canal systems). Today, groundwater an important source
• In India, 60% of agricultural water and about 85% of drinking water is groundwater (Tushaar Shah, Census 2011)
• A growing number of conflicts between users (agriculture, industry, domestic) within and between states.
Water Management Issues-quantity, quality,
access� Water Quality Issues
� 1.2 lakh rural habitations affected by water quality problems
� 0.35 million children die from water-related diseases annually
� 80% of public health issues tied to poor water quality
� Fluoride – 66 million in 17 states at risk
� Arsenic - nearly 13.8 million in 75 blocks
� Equity issues
• Large percentage of rural households have no/poor access to sanitation facilities
• Huge variations in urban supply per person; the urban poor pay 20 - 400 • Huge variations in urban supply per person; the urban poor pay 20 - 400 times more for lifeline water
� Resource Degradation
� Groundwater Depletion, Contamination
� Pollution of Rivers and Lakes
� Water logging and salinity
� Water Conflicts
� Public vs. Economic Good, Industry vs. agriculture, Urban vs. rural
� Inter-state river sharing
� Polarization on
�Large Dams, Privatization, Interlinking of rivers, Bottled water
Water Management Issues-
Governance, Policy, Demand quality�Governance Issues
� Fragmented authority –Surface Water, Ground Water, Rain Water
� Lack of devolution & capacities at local level
� Lack of appropriate Institutional structures
� Poor O&M, lack of data, monitoring� Poor O&M, lack of data, monitoring
�Policy Gaps
• GW regulation, pollution, treatment, agricultural use
�Lack of awareness, demand quality lacking
• Toilets, hygiene, quality
Role of Foundations
• Bridge gap between what State and Markets can do to what Society needs
• Focus on poor and vulnerable
• Absorb risk – invest in new ideas, innovations, researchresearch
• Take a more systemic approach to problems –data, advocacy, governance issues, people’s participation
• Create networks, strengthen civil society
• Invest in people
Ultimately should fold into the country’s developmental agenda
Some guiding principles of our work
• Decentralized options
• Source protection
• Conjunctive use
• Closing the loop• Closing the loop
• Participatory
• Equity and fairness
Our approach
• “and” rather than “or”
– menu of options
Top down, bottom up and side ways
Central, State and Local GovernmentsCentral, State and Local Governments
Law makers and citizens
Technology and grass root
Lone rangers and large NGO’s
“It is a complex, wicked problem”
Arghyam Presence – 22 states, 43 CR
Our eco-systemURBAN
CBOsResearchers
CITIZEN
SURVEYS
LOCAL GOVT
STRENGTHENINGRESEARCH
Local Govts
GRANTS Knowledge
groups
NGOs Central, State Govts
Activists
Donors
Citizens
SchoolsMedia
PORTALS
ADVOCACY
TECHNOLOGYPARTNERSHIPS
Health
Sanitation
Financial
Revolving Fund
Ecological
Plantation
DrinkingDrinkingGender
ZONE OF INFLUENCE
Nutrition
GP+Depts
MGNREGA Springs
Hygiene
ZONE OF CONCERN
ELRS
THEMES
GovernanceVWSC
Livelihoo
d
Agri
Urbanization
Urban Watershed
Education
School DW
SocialDrinking
Water
ZONE OF CONTROL
Drinking
Water
ZONE OF CONTROL
Equity
Electricity
Irrigation
Water Basin Mgmt
Univ
Curriculum
Demand Reduction
Waste Reuse
SHGs
BCC
WCF
Some results of our work..• 4,500 villages
touched
• 22,000 water structures created or revived
• 13,500 toilets constructed
• 4,500 solid waste management efforts
• VWSC’s set up in possibly 500 villages
1:3 ratio of Arghyam:Govt/ot
her funds
1:3 ratio of Arghyam:Govt/ot
her funds
60% of our 60% of our
Helped influence aquifer mapping
initiative –4800CR allocated
Helped influence aquifer mapping
initiative –4800CR allocated
• WQF contributed to the water safety plan
Water Quality Framework
Water Quality Framework
3.5L direct beneficiaries, 42L indirect beneficiaries
3.5L direct beneficiaries, 42L indirect beneficiaries
•Through enabling WATSAN plans at habitations
60% of our partners in
various 12th Plan committees
60% of our partners in
various 12th Plan committees
Framework document, Book on sustainable
sanitation, ASHWAS survey
Framework document, Book on sustainable
sanitation, ASHWAS survey
• Unit of impact has largely been habitations and coverage in the 40-50% range. What will it
take to work at larger units of impact and increase coverage.
• VWSC’s set up in possibly 500 villages, 187 GP’s – has this been integrated into the local
governance structure?
GRANTS
Water Security
Village map
http://www.ted.com/ ANUPAM MISHRA
Desert Areas - Rajasthan
Back
Water Quality
Back
Participatory Ground Water Management
Back
Sanitation
• A multi channel mega-
campaign harnessing the
power of cricket &
Bollywood to promote
awareness & enact
behavioural change
around sanitation &
hygiene in India.hygiene in India.
• 160,000 attendees
• 96,000 prizes given
• 8414 school children
trained
• 401 newspaper articles
written
GAMES
MENSTRUAL
HYGIENE
LAB
Governance
IUWM – Integrated & Sustainable Model
Integration between all components
PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE
Water Resources
Surface sources,
Ground water
sources
Regional domain
GOVERNANCEPolicy,
Administration,
Community
Participation
Water Supplies
Reliable,
equitable
Sanitation
Toilet facilities,
Solid waste
management
Storm Water
Drains
Infrastructure,
maintenance
Wastewater
Domestic,
Industrial
City domain
Studying Urban groundwater:
Falling at the rim; Contaminated & Rising at the core
Scientific Studies: Granular & Contextual
Conducting Energy Audits Revealing significant sub-optimalities
Technology upgrades that can pay for themselves
Communicating the Change
Fostering a Vision of the future
Harvesting Rain Water in for non-potable uses
Reducing the load on piped water supply
Improving ground water quality by managing solid waste
Making Community
Toilets Work!Toilets Work!
Reviving Traditional water structures
A community-led effort
The picture now: August 2012
RESEARCH
Research & Advocacy
• Citizen surveys on WATSAN– A comprehensive people’s survey in all 29 districts of Karnataka , covering
17200 household
– For use as an awareness generation and advocacy tool
• Take reports back to the people to deepen the discourse & catalyze action
• Research on ECOSAN-product design, usage & awareness
• Advocacy opportunities with government, national and international institutions
Quality of water
20% have to go some
distance outside the house to
collect water
Survey Results & Dissemination
Working with Government
• Government partnerships
– For leverage and scale
– Government Programmes
• Suvarna Jala – Assessing a school rainwater harvesting •
scheme
• Sachethana – Scaling up a flouride mitigation scheme
• Mazhapolima – Partnering in district dug-well revival
– Local Government Strengthening
• Applying Organizational Development principles to
Panchayat Raj Institutions
Advocacy
• 12th Plan by Planning Commission – Civil Society Consultations, Working Groups
• National Water Policy, Alternative National Water Policy
• Department of Drinking Water and Sanitation Strategic Plan – 2022Strategic Plan – 2022
• State and District level advocacy inputs
• Bridging various players – Industry, Private, NGOs and Government
• Platforms for sharing best practices amongst practitioners
KNOWLEDGE SHARING,
DATADATA
India Water Portal www.indiawaterportal.org
• A web-based platform to share knowledge, tools & experiences
• Digital commons approach – open, neutral platform for the water
community
• Practitioners, Government, Media, Researchers, Citizens
• Social Media:
• Twitter, Facebook,
Youtube, Flickr, Slideshare,
…
• Hindi Water Portal
• India Sanitation Portal
• Schools Water Portal
• Water Conflicts Portal
SOME DATA STORIESSOME DATA STORIES
Pandutalab Hydrograph
300
305
310
100.00
120.00
140.00
Reduced water level in m. from msl
Rainfall in mm
Rainfall JD1 PD1 PD11 PD16 PD17 SED2
Kat.S
st.
Semi straight lines across the years
WLs show
One aquifer
and it is
“safe”
Understanding rock structures and mapping aquifers leads to better investments
and decisions=this aquifer while in an “overexploited” zone is “safe”.
270
275
280
285
290
295
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
Reduced water level in m. from msl
Rainfall in mm
Date
KANA
R
D
o
l
o
m
Chert
Intrusive
basement
Similar
recharge rate
Variation in groundwater quality
SA-4
DA-5
SA-6
Sodium Potassium Calcium
You can tell by the
composition of water
quality if the
hydrogeology of the
water is similar
Shallow aquifers can present similar characteristics as deep aquifers – understanding the rocks
makes for better management
0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 450 500 550 600 650
SA-1
SA-2
SA-3
Concentration in mg/l
Magnesium Bi carbonate Sulphate
Chloride Nitrate Fluoride
Key data and technology events
• Water Hackathon
• Mobile Phone Applications
– Sms-based crowd sourcing of groundwater data
• Data Project• Data Project
– Open data initiative- close touch with Govt efforts
– Collecting, correlating, analyzing and visualizing
large data sets
FOCUS FOR THE COMING YEARS
• Understanding and mainstreaming
Groundwater in water thinking
• Behavior Change Communication in
SanitationSanitation
• Citizen Engagement through data
stories, media partnerships ,volunteering
etc.
• Urban with focus on “census” townsSHIFT FROM PURE OPPORTUNISTIC GRANTS TO MORE
PROGRAMATIC, LONGER TERM GRANTS
Exploring new ideas..
• More Govt partnerships
• Innovation funding
• Networks-• Networks-
arsenic, fluoride, Participatory
Ground Water Management
• Co-donor funding
