Role of Foreign Aid in Africa

7/28/2019 Role of Foreign Aid in Africa

1/22

Running head: THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AID IN AFRICA 1

The Role of International Aid Politics in Africa, Is it Helping or Hurting progress in Africa on

Development, or Both.

Ahmed Ali

Azeem Bari

Faraz Faisal

Fatima Syed

Hiba Kamran

Syed Sameer Rehman

Usama Nasir

Ziad Bashir

Lahore School of Economics

Section E

June 4, 2013

Sir Faisal Yaqoob


2/22

THE ROLE OF INTERNATIONAL AID POLITICS IN AFRICA 2

Abstract

This paper aims to provide an overview of African economy in terms of the current and past

issues they are facing with regard to foreign assistance from developed economies. It focuses on

the development it had made in Africa through policies being adopted by government through

the foreign aid. The thesis for our research paper would be effects of foreign aid on the

development of Africa. Moreover, it will identify the reasons for the failures of low level of

gross domestic product, increasing poverty along with high inflow of foreign aid and much more.

In addition, it shall enable us to have an idea of effects of massive grants flowing into

Africa and ending up going nowhere. At the same time, the thesis will also bring to surface some

of the main issues in Domestic Policies that call for some serious attention and intervention from

the government. Some specialists allege that aid has bloated bureaucracies, bring about bad

governments, supplement the elite in relatively poor countries, or get wasted. By the end of this

paper some recommendations are been suggested to uplift the downward trend of growth in

African economies. The reasons for failure of foreign aid and the crisis African economy are

facing through aid dependence are discussed. Also, we have highlighted the factors that

influence aid usefulness followed by the relationship between foreign aid and development.

Lastly, policies are being recommended for the effectiveness of foreign aid along with a general

conclusion drawn after analyzing the situation.


3/22


The role of International Aid Politics in Africa, Is it Helping or Hurting progress in Africa on

Development, or Both

Introduction

Africa is the world second largest continent with second largest population after Asia.

African nations are considered to have a very low level of income per captia and a recent

statistics from the United Nation shows that 22 out of 24 nations has been marked as Low

Human Development. Moreover due to high level of population growth and declining trend in

income per captia there is huge influx of capital inflow in Africa in the form of foreign assistance

around the global especially from the developed economies. There basic aim is to help the under

developed African economies to overcome their problems and recent crisis. This paper aims to

provide an explanation and relationship of foreign aid and development in Africa with help of

case studies and their likely outcomes.

Many nations of Africa have GDP per capita of less than $200 per year, with majority of

population living on much less than that. Moreover, Africa's income share has been dropping

consistently over the past century.

Besides this, I will do an in depth analysis of the policies being adopted by the Africa in

the past and recent years and critically examine their findings. This paper would further highlight

both the drawbacks and positive aspects of foreign aid and discus the major reason and

background besides every approach. The most alarming fact is though the level of foreign aid is

increasing every year in the African economies but theirdestinies dont change much because

they still lag behind in every economic as well as social aspect. From 60 years more than $1

trillion of development aid has been given from rich countries to Africa. But still real per-capita

income of Africa today is lower than it used to be in the 1970s, and over 350 million people that


4/22


accounts for more than 60% of the population is living on less than one dollar a day, a figure that

has doubled in past two decades. As in comparison to the past two decades the real per captia has

decreased rather than having a positive increase.

The most important yet most obvious issue raised regarding aid is its links to

uncontrolled corruption. The foreign aid flows into Africa destined to help poor African

economy and its population end up going into the bank accounts of the bureaucrats in the form of

donor funded NGOs and poor country governments.

This suggests that African problems cannot only be resolved through foreign assistance

but other aspects also need to be address. It has been estimated in the Wall Street Journal that

western economies has nearly spent $50 billion yearly and $60 trillion has been provided in past

60 years in Africa in the form of aid but yet it is deprived of basic infrastructure, level of income

and standard of living. Due to this, some states like Somalia have been collapsed.

Who gives aid to Africa and why?

In history aid is usually given as bilateral support from one country to the other. Donors

at times also give aid indirectly as multilateral assistance, which combine resources together

from more than one donor. Major multilateral institutions that provide the assistance include the

International Monetary Fund and the World Bank and several United Nations agencies. Australia

is one of the largest donors of aid to Africa. Australian Government gave a development

assistance to Africa of around $1652 million (Smith 2010a), which was 40 percent more than the

previous year. In addition to this the Australian government is determined to give further $346.9

million over the period of next four years (AudAID 2010a).Most countries of Africa i.e.

Tanzania are counted as the poorest countries in the world. Many countries of Africa previously

had fine education and health systems but unfortunately economic mismanagement and over-


5/22


borrowing has resulted the country trap into severe debt. The war that took between Eritrea and

Ethiopia 1998-2000 caused the lives of thousands, damage of infrastructure and the further

danger to life from land mines. Famine has been a constant threat to Africa that leads to first

word countries providing aid in times of crisis.

From a more practical prospective, Africa is very rich as far as natural resources are

concerned. There are vital economic opportunities in resource sector such as mining. And

providing bilateral aid to particular African countries can be very advantageous for the donor

country in terms of commercial interests. From a typically political point of view growing

Official development assistance to parts of Africa can be Australias strategy for profound

appointment because continuing a policy of benevolent neglect towards a quarter of the worlds

countries is no longer enough to meet Australias long term national interests (Ungerer 2009).

Reasons of failure of aid in Africa

Overall, it has been generally viewed that foreign aid is short term rather than a long-term

solution for the band-aid problems of Africa as this aid doesnt particularly aim to have a

structural transformation to change into an independent developed economy. It could be only

made effective if the donor countries plan some long term projects such as in

telecommunications, highways and power plants. In the past and even in recent year many

theorists such as Amin, Peter Bauer and Andre Frank argued that global economic structure is

held responsible for under development in countries like Africa. Most recently Parh(2002)

acknowledge the fact that Africa itself should be held responsible for its weak economy due to

terrible dictatorships and practices such as corruption hence the problem is a mixture of both

internal and external affairs whereas Calderisi gives a different point of view. According to him


6/22


African economy has inherited problems thus it cannot blame globalization and international

trade.

The root problem of all the issues are the same as donor countries are inefficient in

providing a proper guideline for government of Africa that how, where and in which sector it is

best to allocate the aid. As the donor countries are much aware that there is high level of

corruption, cultures issues and political problems but unable to guide them where there are going

wrong. Thus strict foreign aid policies should be adopted and should focus on five serious

countries, namely, Uganda, Ghana, Mozambique, Tanzania and Mali. Moreover, a Zambian

economist wrote in her new book, Dead Aid: Why Aid is Not Working and How There is

Another Way for Africa, and suggest that foreign aid is an unmitigated political, economic and

humanitarian disaster. Furthermore, in New York Times it has been stated that foreign

investments, trade and microfinance opportunities can help to provide a better hope for African

economy.

Kosack (2003) discovered that aid has positive effects on Human Development Indicator

growth but only in democratic countries. He estimated that aid will definitely have an adverse

effect on HDI growth in dictatorship (p6).Foreign aid is meant to promote development in low-

income states. However it is proved of doing the opposite in case of Africa. Aid is very volatile

and its volatility grows with the degree of aid dependence (Bulir and Hamann, 2001). The extent

of dependency on aid is growing from the past two decades in Africa. In the period 198089,

there were total of 25 African countries in the list of aid-dependent countries. We can see the

adverse effects of this dependence under an old saying we cannot bite the fingers that feed us,

leaders of recipient countries are unable to converse when unwanted goods come out to their

markets. It give the impression that aid is not destined to make sure that recipients become self-


7/22


sufficient since if it is the case; influential states can no more show off about who is giving more

than other. We can deduce from here that because aid is not a joystick through which donor can

maneuver political outcomes or macroeconomics (Edgren, 2002)

Sub-Saharan Africa is referred as a classic example of the vicious political effects of aid.

Africa today is very much aid dependent because hardly a small number of its states can bear

its routine functions or provide basic services without external funding. Table1 below clearly

shows that Sub-Saharan Africas receipts of aid amounts $ 26 billion i.e. $ 35.8 per capita which

is 5.3% of GNI.

Table1. Official Aid receipts by region, 2004

Billion USD $ Percent of GNI $ per person

Sub-Saharan Africa 26.0 5.3 35.8

South Asia 6.8 0.8 4.7

East Asia 6.9 0.3 3.7

Central Asia 11.9 0.7 25.1

North Africa 10.5 1.7 35.0

Caribbean 6.9 0.4 12.6

Source: World Development Indicators

Dambisa Moyo, in her article on African Aid mentioned that despite the fact that Africa

is receiving enormous grants from other countries but the question is are they really helping

Africa?

She basically raised the point that in Africa, thus far history exhibits that aid has made

the poor poorer, and has slowed down the growth. She added that the dangerous aid tradition

has made African countries debt-laden, more defenseless in currency market, more inflation-


8/22


prone, and more unappealing to higher-worth investment. It's enlarged the threat of unrest and

civil conflict. Aid undoubtedly is an utter economic, political and social disaster. According to

her, even after1990s firm debt-relief campaigns, The African countries still pay around $20

billion in repayments of their debt per annum, a harsh reminder that aid is not free. To keep

things going, debt has to be repaid which is done at the expense of health care and education

which are necessities.

She also mentioned that in May 2004, Jeffrey Winters, a professor at Northwestern

University professor argued in a trial before U.S. Senate Committee, that the World Bank had

contributed in the corruption of $100 billion of its loan funds projected for development. In

2002, the African Union made an estimate that corruption was costing Africa $150 billion

each year, as foreign donors were innocently assuming a straightforward fact that aid money

was unintentionally fueling graft. With almost no strings attached, it has been all too trouble-

free for the funds to be used for any purpose.

Moyo makes it clear in her article that the corruption issue is one big problem for Africa

when it comes to foreign aids effectiveness.

The government could not find a much easier and more transparent way of raising

development finance because they got stuck in apparently so simple world of aid. This aid

culture supports African government in a sense that they can simply pick up phone and ask

donor countries for next transfer. It is no surprise that across Africa, more than 70% of the

public finance comes from foreign aid. In Ethiopia, aid comprises of more than 90% of the

government budget, and no wonder only 2% of the Ethiopias population has mobile phones.


9/22


Another moral hazard is to take no notice of the human resources set out directly by

foreign donors in Africa. Emigrants help run many foreign aid projects. According to a UN

survey, 40,000 international technical recruits are inhabitant in Africa.

Development and democracy aid

Development aid was more effective than democracy aid, at encouraging democratic

evolution during the 1990s in African countries. The most successful result observed was

through the work out of force by donors who more and more began to put together political

conditionalitys to development aid. Factors that increased the efficiency of leverage were a

countrys extent of dependence on aid, donors coordination level, and the simultaneous survival

of domestic dissatisfaction. Democracy and Development aid also display dissimilar results on

main clauses of consolidation, including the escaping of democratic corrosion and the

improvement of answerability. With respect to democratic corrosion, donors threatened to cut the

aid in various occasions where media liberty has been reduced. Still, donors are conflicting in

timing and the scale of their involvement, aiming for greater understanding why they decide to

use leverage in only few countries. Development support can have some accidental and

roundabout effects on party systems, mainly by increasing benefits for the incumbent.


10/22


Democracy Aid to Sub-Saharan African by DAC and Multilateral Donors

Fig.1

African Economy crisis of aid dependence

Apart from the failures of foreign aid, it is viewed that African economy are heavily

dependent on the foreign aid as without it nearly half of the yearly budget issues cannot get

resolved. For example, in 1992 foreign aid resulted to be 12.4% of gross national product (GNP)

and 50% of total imports. (Ampaw, 2000). The development assistance and foreign aid has led to

dependency in African society as they are becoming lazy, mindless and forming of various

0

200

400

600

800

1000

1200

1400

1600

1995 1997 1999 2001 2003 2005 2007 2009

Democracy Aid as

share of total Aid (%)

Total, constant 2009

USD (millions)


11/22


cultures across the society. Basically, the people of Africa have lost faith in them and actually the

will to achieve their desirable goals.

For instance an economy can only develop if they have the willingness, ability and

knowledge with regard to it. But, African nation seems to be a mere puppet of Western

economies to tailor their needs. Moreover, modernization school of thought suggests that

historical background of Africa is not a result of current situation. Moreover, even if there is a

logical implementation of national economic policies in Africa in accordance with structural

adjustments program will not drive it out of debt rapidly. It is a long process and requires

patience and stability. Even though such long term loans and aid will further worsen the

condition.

It has been observed that Official Development Assistance has been declined since the

1980s as the aid that aims to reduce poverty in Africa is now working on the global issues but

donors still represent a positive trend in aid. Due to armed conflicts in the places like Congo,

Sumalia, Angolo, Ruwanda, Burndi and Sudan the development is adversely affected. As the

flood gates of foreign assistance will keep on increasing yearly it will not show a long term

impact. The strategy of Machiavellian Prince can be adopted to address the unresolved complex

problems of Africa.

We cannot say that democracy is key for the progress neither we can predict where these

countries would have been without dictatorship. For example China being the third largest world

economy but still it experience Human Rights violations and high level of inequality. So there is

a doubtful conclusion about dictators as one individual cannot drive billion people out of

poverty, corruption, inequality and low gross domestic product. Hence, it requires a separation of


12/22


needs and wants to make aid influence effective and lead the economy on the road of

development.

Factors that influence aid usefulness in Africa

It has been argued in IMF seminar in 1995 that even though the destiny of Africa lies in

their hand but still they need international foreign assistance to overcome the macro-economic

imbalances. The encouragement and desire from the donor countries can positively integrate the

economy as it beacons the hope of ownership and control. Furthermore, World Bank six guiding

principles could also been taken in account such as client orientation, cost benefit analysis, result

analysis, partnership agreements and allocation of financial resources.

Moreover, the donor countries should also consider certain things to make aid more

effective such as an overview of public expenditure and investments, fiscal and monetary

programs and most importantly there must be counter check for transparency. Even after the ten

years of implementation of policies being suggested by IMF it doesnt show a positive result.

But, it further makes the situation complex as whether foreign aid should be increased or

decreased in Africa. Thus, policies mentioned above requires long run time frame to be useful to

present an increasing trend on real growth due to aid.

However, if there is efficient and effective governance, competent bureaucracies and

honesty rather than corruption then problems might get resolved in Africa. To make a develop

African economy a strict and an honest ruler is required as it has been observed in the past that

many African leaders were selfish in nature and accumulate the state wealth for the sake of their

own luxurious life styles and comfort. Therefore, they require foreign aid from wealthy nations.

Hence there must be proper check and accountability. As there so many international

organizations such as United Nations, World Trade Organizations and IMF who support Africa


13/22


through foreign aid they could be more effective if they all make a collaborative decisions on

how to allocate the aid in Africa such which region and department requires greater attention.

Besides this, foreign aid is not the only concern for underdevelopment but there are low

of savings and investment as well along with high level of population growth. Moreover,

countries like Bostwana with 1.9 million population and 1.2% annual growth rate has moved

towards the strong healthy economy even though it is in worse condition then African economies

thus a reliable dictatorship is needed with an eager to resolve the issues. Huge number of African

economy could easily develop if they work at fullest to provide quality results. Moreover, Africa

is enriched with resources it just needs to exploit them and make effective allocation of

resources. Thus, a well-organized and equipped labor force can bring a remarkable change.

African citizens require a driving force to wake them from awful effects of foreign aid in their

economy.

Relationship between foreign aid and development in Africa

Now, the most important question is whether foreign assistance is of any help for Africa.

Even, if it does then how it is measured either in terms of GDP growth rates, poverty level or

basic standard of living. But, unfortunately it is difficult to answer this question as Rostow

(1990) sees the foreign assistance the the external intrusion by more advanced societies for the

sake of development. Apart from this, Hayter (1971) gives different point of view according to

him foreign aid is a form of imperialism which cannot result a success of an economy. Foreign

support in form of aid can only be helpful if it is provided in sound and healthy environment. A

paper by Burnside and Dollar( 1997) used a sample of 56 countries and four time frames which

shows when aid is coincided with good policies it resulted a positive impact on growth rates.


14/22


But every individual has different approach as some argued that there is no significant

correlation among policies and development as some poor countries are unable to meet the

criteria. However, Sachs (2005) thinks that rising level of aid has the possibility to end the

poverty by 2025. But it is in reality difficult to draw down the conclusion that aid is always

useful for recipients as many countries like Africa are still facing huge amount of foreign aid but

still lie below the poverty line. So therefore, it is important to consider the cultural values for the

development of a nation as Africa is divided among various cross cultural societies.

According to Rostow if Africa wants to progress then it requires modernizing their

society by giving up their traditional cultural values and bring forth the euro centric ideology. As

a comparison between Ghana and South Korea in 1960s both the countries where developing but

in the span of thirty years South Korea has experienced rapid growth due to the strong cultural

values but Ghana progress is a still a question despite the foreign assistance.

Policies recommendations for African Economy

To lead African economy towards development it needs well organized civil services but

they are mostly run by bureaucrats so it should be corruption free. In Cameroon, it takes 426

days for a potential investor to get a business license which involves 15 steps which is clearly a

discouragement. In this case policy of South Korea should be adopted where it requires 17 days

(10 steps) to get such a license. Moreover, due to fertile African land it should grow food in their

respective countries rather than taking food aid to create employment opportunities for local

farmers.

Furthermore, there is a problem of Dutch Disease it leads home prices to increase due

to huge inflow of foreign aid which adversely affect the home country exports by forcing

home prices to be high and thus making their goods relatively expensive and hence


15/22


uncompetitive for export in international market. Aid has similar effects. Large amount of aid

in dollar cause the domestic currency to build up against foreign currencies. This surely is

disastrous for employment sector because jobs get affected in the poor country where people's

source of revenue depends largely on being more competitive in the international market.

Thus, employment is not generated due to high level of competition in the international

market. To overcome this problem of aid-led inflation African economy should issue bonds to

create surplus from the money injected in economy through foreign aid. Lets talk about

example of Uganda her, in 2005 Uganda was required to issue these bonds to clean up surplus

liquidity to the air of $700 million. The payments of interests on this were alone shocking

$110 million, to be paid yearly.

Africa is unstable due to civil wars since 1996 thus an effective military and law and

order should prevail in the economy. Moreover, Africa should move towards free market

economy to earn high amounts of profit and low prices due to variety of products and exports

to foreign market.

In a related streak has been the approach to food-aid, which traditionally has not done

much to support African farmers. Under the support of the U.S. Food for Peace program, every

year millions and millions of dollars are spent on American-grown food which is shipped to

different parts of the world. One doubt how a structure of filling foreign marketplace with

American food, which drive local farmers out of the business, in fact helps in betterment of

Africa. An even better policy would be to utilize aid money to purchase food from local

farmers, and then allocate or distribute that food to the needy local citizens.


16/22


The dishonor linked with countries depending on aid should also not be ignored. Its the

unusual financier that risks money in such a country which is unable to stand on its own feet

and handle its own affairs in a controlled manner.

Africa can be said to as the most unsound continent of the world, overwhelmed by civil

trouble and war. 11 countries have been entangled in civil wars since 1996. According to the

SIPRI (Stockholm International Peace Research Institute), Africa in the 1990s had more wars

than the rest of the world combined. Although, Zambia, has not had the ill-fated practice of an

utter civil war,

Civil clashes are most of the times encouraged by the perception that by grabbing the

seat of power, the victor gets almost unregulated right of entry to the package of aid that

comes with it. There have been major three political mayhems across the Africa i.e. in

Mauritania, Guinea and Guinea Bissau (each one of which runs on foreign aid). Madagascar's

government was removing from power in a revolution recently. The constant political

instability across the continent serve up as an aide memoire that aid which is called for efforts

to forcefully feed democracy to economies suffering from uncontrollable poverty and rigid

economic prospects remain insecurely helpless and defenseless. Long-term political

accomplishment can only be achieved once a firm and solid economic course has been

established.

Besides this, a book written by Calderisi named as The Trouble with Africa: Why Aid

Isnt Working, is a useful tool to critically assess the Africa in past and present days. The book

provides an insight that the current civil war on the religious basis should be controlled as it is

due to poverty, lack of education and health services. Moreover at the end of book ten

recommendations are being provided for the effectiveness of foreign aid in Africa. Basically he


17/22


suggests throughout his book that new ideas, leaders, approaches, access to latest technologies

are need rather than inflow of aid. In his opinion foreign aid further slows down the process of

political changes in Africa. Thus rather than foreign aid there is dire need of domestic structural

transformation to gather the nation in one unit and to end inequality, war on terrorism and

slavery.

Conclusion

In my opinion, the foreign aid in Africa has generally hurt the economy rather than

helping them to achieve their goals. The foreign assistance has made the African nation

dependent and mindless. Due to heavy reliance of African economy on foreign trade has resulted

in African economy being much more dependent on this help by donor countries. It seems that

now its getting difficult for African economy to prosper on their own without the inflow of

heavy financial reserves from countries from around the world. Hence, it can be well concluded

that African economies do need foreign aid but in a controlled way through a structure of proper

measures and effective policies along with clearness and counter check from the donor countries.

They have lost the hope for better future with ever increasing poverty level, downward trend in

real GDP per captia, lesser Purchasing Power Parity, low standard of living, black marketing,

health issues, weak courts and law and order. Despite the fact that population is increasing every

year but the large labor force is unemployed and unable to reap the fruitful result for the

economy and has failed to produce efficient labor force and this is further causing the problem of

unemployment Africa. Hence, it is safe to conclude that African economies need foreign aid but

through proper channel of effective policies, transparency and counter check from the donor

countries. A strong democratic government with efficient policies is required to exploit the

natural resources, to eradicate basic social, cultural, ethical, development and religious issues.


18/22


Moreover, African economies have made progress in education and health but there are so

minute to discuss. Apart from this, a freedom of expression and liberty should be granted to end

the trend of slavery from under develop nations like Africa. For instance, the international

organizations should plan certain short term policies in the form of aid to help Africa achieve

macroeconomic objectives in the long run. Lastly, I have discussed certain policy

recommendations in my paper and if they are implemented then there is hope of success.


19/22


References

Academia edu.(2009), Foreign aid and development in Africa: What the literature says and what

the reality is,

http://ualberta.academia.edu/NathanAndrews/Papers/127276/Foreign_aid_and_developm

ent_in_Africa_What_the_literature_says_and_what_the_reality_is

Aercafrica. (2009), Foreign Aid, Accountability and Service Delivery in Africa,

http://www.aercafrica.org/documents/isd_workingpapers/SamuelWangweForeignAidAcc

ountabilityServiceDelivery.pdf

Clement Lecture Series. (2005), Can Foreign Aid save Africa,

http://www.csbsju.edu/Documents/Clemens%20Lecture/Clemens2005.pdf

Council on Foreign Relations. (2012), Islam and Politics,

http://www.cfr.org/region/143/africa.html

International Organization. (2001), Foreign Aid and Statehood in Africa,

http://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/lloyd-ellis/econ835/readings/statehood.pdf

JEL Classifications. (2007), The Effect of Foreign Aid on Economic Growth in Developing

Countries, http://www.aabri.com/OC09manuscripts/OC09003.pdf

New York University of Law. (2007), Foreign Aid to Africa: A Hollow Hope,

http://www.law.nyu.edu/ecm_dlv/groups/public/@nyu_law_website__journals__journal_

Religion Online. (2000), Foreign Aid: Does It Harm or Help,

http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2035

The Wall Street Journal (2009). Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa.

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123758895999200083.html
http://ualberta.academia.edu/NathanAndrews/Papers/127276/Foreign_aid_and_development_in_Africa_What_the_literature_says_and_what_the_reality_ishttp://ualberta.academia.edu/NathanAndrews/Papers/127276/Foreign_aid_and_development_in_Africa_What_the_literature_says_and_what_the_reality_ishttp://www.aercafrica.org/documents/isd_workingpapers/SamuelWangweForeignAidAccountabilityServiceDelivery.pdfhttp://www.aercafrica.org/documents/isd_workingpapers/SamuelWangweForeignAidAccountabilityServiceDelivery.pdfhttp://www.csbsju.edu/Documents/Clemens%20Lecture/Clemens2005.pdfhttp://www.cfr.org/region/143/africa.htmlhttp://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/lloyd-ellis/econ835/readings/statehood.pdfhttp://www.aabri.com/OC09manuscripts/OC09003.pdfhttp://www.law.nyu.edu/ecm_dlv/groups/public/@nyu_law_website__journals__journal_http://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2035http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123758895999200083.htmlhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB123758895999200083.htmlhttp://www.religion-online.org/showarticle.asp?title=2035http://www.law.nyu.edu/ecm_dlv/groups/public/@nyu_law_website__journals__journal_http://www.aabri.com/OC09manuscripts/OC09003.pdfhttp://qed.econ.queensu.ca/pub/faculty/lloyd-ellis/econ835/readings/statehood.pdfhttp://www.cfr.org/region/143/africa.htmlhttp://www.csbsju.edu/Documents/Clemens%20Lecture/Clemens2005.pdfhttp://www.aercafrica.org/documents/isd_workingpapers/SamuelWangweForeignAidAccountabilityServiceDelivery.pdfhttp://www.aercafrica.org/documents/isd_workingpapers/SamuelWangweForeignAidAccountabilityServiceDelivery.pdfhttp://ualberta.academia.edu/NathanAndrews/Papers/127276/Foreign_aid_and_development_in_Africa_What_the_literature_says_and_what_the_reality_ishttp://ualberta.academia.edu/NathanAndrews/Papers/127276/Foreign_aid_and_development_in_Africa_What_the_literature_says_and_what_the_reality_is


20/22


UCD School of Economics. (2010), The Effects of Foreign Aid in Sub Saharan Africa,

http://www.edge-

page.net/jamb2010/papers/The%20Effects%20of%20Foreign%20Aid.pdf

United Nations University. (2011), Foreign aid and democracy in Africa,

http://unu.edu/articles/development-governance/foreign-aid-and-democracy-in-africa

World Views Guide. (1997), Emergency Relief Aid Meeting whose needs,

http://worldviews.igc.org/awpguide/foodaid.html

Moyo, D. (2009, March 21). Why Foreign Aid Is Hurting Africa. Retrieved April 8, 2012 from

http://online.wsj.com/article/SB123758895999200083.html

Resnick, D. (2011, March 3). Foreign aid and democracy in Africa, Foreign aid and democracy

in Africa Retrieved April 8, 2012 from

http://unu.edu/articles/development-governance/foreign-aid-and-democracy-in-africa

Arthur A. Goldsmith (2001).Arthur A. GoldsmithForeign Aid and Statehood in Africa. London:

IO Foundation. p123-148.

Dr. William Easterly (2005). Can foreign Aid save Africa. New York: Saint Johns University.22.

World Bank, Can Africa Claim the 21st

Centuary? Washington D.C., 2000.

Sachs, Jeffrey D. The End of Poverty: Economic Possibilities for our Time, New York: The

Penguin Press, 2005.

Simone Dietrich and Joseph Wright. (February 2012). WP/020 Foreign Aid and Democratic

Development in Africa. WIDER Working Paper. 2012/20 (1), p34-37.

Samuel Wangwe (2007).Foreign Aid, Accountablity and Service Delivery Africa. Tanzania:

Tanz Press. p17-18.
http://www.edge-page.net/jamb2010/papers/The%20Effects%20of%20Foreign%20Aid.pdfhttp://www.edge-page.net/jamb2010/papers/The%20Effects%20of%20Foreign%20Aid.pdfhttp://unu.edu/articles/development-governance/foreign-aid-and-democracy-in-africahttp://worldviews.igc.org/awpguide/foodaid.htmlhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB123758895999200083.htmlhttp://online.wsj.com/article/SB123758895999200083.htmlhttp://worldviews.igc.org/awpguide/foodaid.htmlhttp://unu.edu/articles/development-governance/foreign-aid-and-democracy-in-africahttp://www.edge-page.net/jamb2010/papers/The%20Effects%20of%20Foreign%20Aid.pdfhttp://www.edge-page.net/jamb2010/papers/The%20Effects%20of%20Foreign%20Aid.pdf


21/22


Azam, Jean-Paul and Serphin Fauda. The Economic Impact of Aid on Recepients, Framework.

Paper for AERC Project on Aid Dependence, Nairobi, 1998.


22/22
