Rohingya Conflict in Western Burma - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

7/27/2019 Rohingya Conflict in Western Burma - Wikipedia, The Free Encyclopedia

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8/25/13 Rohingya conflict in Western Burma - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma

Rohingya insurgency in Western

Burma (1947)

Part of the internal conflict in Burma

Date 1947 present

Location Arakan and Burma-Bangladesh

border

ResultArmed struggle ongoing

Belligerents

Government of

Burma

Burma Army

Western

Command of

Burma Army in

Arakan

Mujahideen

Itihadul Mujahideeof Arakan (IMA)

RohingyaLiberation Party (RLP)

Rohingya PatrioticFront (RPF)

Rohingya Solidarity

Organisation (RSO)Arakan Rohingya

Islamic Front (ARIF)Arakan Rohingya

National Organisation(ARNO)

Rohingya NationalArmy (RNA)

Commanders and leaders

Brigadier Aung Gy i Omra Meah

Rohingya conflict in Western BurmaFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

he Rohingya conflict in Western Burma hasbeen waged by different Rohingya Muslim militantgroups since 1947. Their initial ambition duringMujahideen movements (1947-1961) was toseparate the Rohingya-populated Mayu frontierregion of Arakan from western Burma and annexthat region into newly formed neighbouring East

Pakistan (present-day Bangladesh).[2]

In the 1970s, their uprisings appeared againduring the period of the Bangladesh Liberation Warin 1971. Recently, during the Arakan State Riots,the aspiration of the Rohingya militant groups,

according to various media reports, is to createnorthern part of Arakan an independent or

autonomous state.[3][4]

Contents

1 The Mujahideen separatist movements

(1947-70)

1.1 The Mujahideen insurgency in

Arakan (1947-1961)

1.2 Military operations against the

Mujahideen

1.3 Decline and fall of the Mujahideens

(1962-1970)

2 Rohingya Islamist Movement (1971-present)

2.1 Radicalist Movements (1971-1988)

2.2 Military Expansions and

connections with Taliban and Al-Qaeda

(1988-2011)

2.3 Rohingya rebels during the Arakan

State riots (2012)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myanmar-Loc-Rakhine-State.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myanmar-Loc-Rakhine-State.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myanmar-Loc-Rakhine-State.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myanmar-Loc-Rakhine-State.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Myanmar-Loc-Rakhine-State.pnghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Internal_conflict_in_Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Rohingya_rebels_during_the_Arakan_State_riots_.282012.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Military_Expansions_and_connections_with_Taliban_and_Al-Qaeda_.281988-2011.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Military_Expansions_and_connections_with_Taliban_and_Al-Qaeda_.281988-2011.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Military_Expansions_and_connections_with_Taliban_and_Al-Qaeda_.281988-2011.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Radicalist_Movements_.281971-1988.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Rohingya_Islamist_Movement_.281971-present.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Rohingya_Islamist_Movement_.281971-present.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Decline_and_fall_of_the_Mujahideens_.281962-1970.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Decline_and_fall_of_the_Mujahideens_.281962-1970.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Military_operations_against_the_Mujahideenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Military_operations_against_the_Mujahideenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#The_Mujahideen_insurgency_in_Arakan_.281947-1961.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#The_Mujahideen_insurgency_in_Arakan_.281947-1961.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#The_Mujahideen_insurgency_in_Arakan_.281947-1961.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#The_Mujahideen_separatist_movements_.281947-70.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#The_Mujahideen_separatist_movements_.281947-70.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Rakhine_State_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Rohingya_rebels_during_the_Arakan_State_riots_.282012.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Military_Expansions_and_connections_with_Taliban_and_Al-Qaeda_.281988-2011.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Radicalist_Movements_.281971-1988.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Rohingya_Islamist_Movement_.281971-present.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Decline_and_fall_of_the_Mujahideens_.281962-1970.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Military_operations_against_the_Mujahideenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#The_Mujahideen_insurgency_in_Arakan_.281947-1961.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#The_Mujahideen_separatist_movements_.281947-70.29http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-BD-2-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-BD-1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2012_Rakhine_State_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh_Liberation_Warhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Muslimhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_Gyihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mujahideenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Myanmar_Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Government_of_Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_Statehttp://en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en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma 2

General Tin Oo

Maj-Gen Mya Thin

Maj-Gen Win Myint

Maj-Gen Tun Nay

Lin

KassemMuhammad Jafar

HabibMuhammad Yunus

Nurul Islam

Strength

1,100 (in 1947-

1950)[1])

2,000-5,000 (in 1947-

1950)[1]

2,000 (in 1952) [1]

Casualties and losses

Unknown Unknown

3 First cause of May Riots

4 June riots

5 Commentary upon the Rohingya

insurgency

5.1 Demographic factors

5.2 Academic discussion of the

Mujahideen insurgency

5.3 Perceptions of the conflict

6 References

The Mujahideen separatist

movements (1947-70)

he Mujahideen insurgency in Arakan (1947-1961)

A widespread armed insurgency started with the formation of a political party Jami-a-tul Ulema-Islam led by the Chairman Omra Meah with the material support of Ulnar Mohammad Muzahid

Khan and Molnar Ibrahim.[5] The ambition of the Mujahideen insurgency was to merge the Mayufrontier district of Arakan into East Pakistan (now Bangladesh). Before the independence ofBurma, in May 1946, some Muslim leaders from Arakan addressed themselves to Mohammad Al

Jinnah, the founder of Pakistan, and asked his assistance in annexing of the Mayu region toPakistan which was about to be formed.[2] Two months later, the North Arakan Muslim Leaguewas founded in Akyab (modern: Sittwe, capital of Arakan State). It demanded annexation to

Pakistan.[2]

he Burmese central government refused to grant a separate Muslim state in the Mayu regionwhere two townships (Buthidaung and Maungdaw) lie. As a consequence, the Mujahids from

Northern Arakan declared jihad on Burma.[6] The Mujahid militants began their insurgentactivities in the Buthidaung and Maungdaw townships (Mayu region) of Burma that lies on Burma

East Pakistan border. One of the major figures in the insurgency was Abdul Kassem.[7]

Within a few years, Mujahid rebels made rapid progress and banished the Arakanese villages. ThArakanese inhabitants of Buthidaung and Maungdaw were forced to leave their homes. In June1949, the Burmese government's control was reduced to Akyab city only, while the Mujahidswere in possession of all of northern Arakan. The Burmese government accused the Mujahids of

encouraging illegal immigration into Arakan of thousands of Bengali people from East Pakistan.[

Military operations against the Mujahideen
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-yegar-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bengali_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arakanese_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maungdawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthidaunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jihadhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maungdawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthidaunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sittwehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Akyabhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=North_Arakan_Muslim_League&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohammad_Ali_Jinnahhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yebaw-1-5http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Omra_Meah&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Jami-a-tul_Ulema-e_Islam&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Perceptions_of_the_conflicthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Academic_discussion_of_the_Mujahideen_insurgencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Demographic_factorshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#Commentary_upon_the_Rohingya_insurgencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#June_riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#First_cause_of_May_Riotshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tin_Oohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/General


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A Mujahideen leader surrendered

arm to Brigadier Aung Gyi as part

of the government's peace proces

in Buthidaung, Arakan, on 4 July

1961

Martial Law was declared in November 1948 as the rebellion greatly intensified and the rebelseven surrounded the towns in the Mayu region. The 5th Battalion of Burma Rifles and 2nd ChinBattalion were immediately sent to the surrounded area. the Mujahid insurgency collapsed andthe Muslim insurgents fled to the jungles of northern Arakan.

he Burmese army launched major military operationsagainst the Mujahideens in Northern Arakan between 1950

and 1954.[9] The first operation was in March 1950, the

second was the "Mayu Operation" in October 1952.[5] In thesecond half of 1954, Mujahids again renewed their action andagain reinstated their superiority over Maungdaw, Buthidaungand Rathedaung.

Arakanese Buddhist monks protested in a hunger strike in

Rangoon (now: Yangon) against the Mujahids.[8] As a resultof this pressure, the government launched "Operation

Monsoon" in October 1954.[5] The major centres of theMujahids were captured and several of their leaders werekilled. Since then, their thread had been vastly reduced. Theirranks broke up into small units of armed groups whichcontinued to loot and terrorize local people in the remote

regions of Northern Arakan.[1] In 1957, 150 Mujahids led byShore Maluk and Zurah Than surrendered. On 7 November1957, 214 Mujahids under the leadership of Rashid

surrendered their arms.[10]

On 4 July 1961, 290 Mujahids of the southern region ofMaungdaw surrendered their arms in front of Brigadier Aung Gyi, then Deputy Commander-in-

Chief of the Burmese Army.[11] In the beginning of 1960s, the insurgents felt that there was nolonger any hope for their rebellion due to negotiations between Burma and Pakistanigovernments on handling of the rebels on border areas. On 15 November 1961, the remainingfew hundreds Mujahids surrendered before Brigadier Aung Gyi in the eastern region of

Buthidaung.[8]

Decline and fall of the Mujahideens (1962-1970)

After the coup d'etat of General Ne Win in 1962, the Mujahideen activities were less active and

almost disappeared. After the final surrender of Mujahideens in 1961, strength of insurgentsreduced to a couple of dozens in numbers. Zaffar led the remaining Mujahids. At the same time,

Abdul Latif's Mujahideen group of 40 rebels and Annul Jauli's faction of 80 insurgents also playeseparately in Burma-East Pakistan border. Their activity ended up on the borderline as rice

smugglers.[10]

Rohingya Islamist Movement (1971-present)
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-pho-kan-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ne_Winhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generalhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coup_d%27etathttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-yegar-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthidaunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_Gyihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Armyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burmahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aung_Gyihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brigadierhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-pho-kan-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakhine_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yebaw-1-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-yegar-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yangonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rathedaunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthidaunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maungdawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yebaw-1-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-yegar-3-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burma_Rifleshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthidaunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:Mujahid-Rohingya.jpg


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Radicalist Movements (1971-1988)

During Bangladesh's Libration War in 1971, Rohingyas who resided in the borderline gotopportunity to collect weapons from the war. On 15 July 1972, the remained Mujahid rebelleader Zaffar founded the Rohingya Libration Party (RLP) after mobilizing the scattered Mujahidfactions. Chairman of RLP was Zaffar, Vice-Chairman & in-charge for military affairs was AbdulLatif and Secretary was Muhammad Jafar Habib, a graduate from Rangoon University. Their

strength increased from 200 in the beginning to 500 in 1974. RLP based in the jungles ofButhidaung. After Military Operation conducted by the Burmese Army in July 1974, Zaffar and

most of his followers fled to neighboring Bangladesh and the role of Zaffar disappeared.[10]

After the failure of RLP movements, Muhammad Jafar Habib (the former Secretary of RLP)

founded the Rohingya Patriotic Front (RPF) in 1974 with a strength of 70 guerrillas.[10][12] RPF'sChairman was Muhammad Jafar Habib, Vice-Chairman was Nurul Islam, a Rangoon-educated

lawyer, and CEO was Muhammad Yunus, a medical doctor.[10]

In March 1978, Ne Win's Burmese government launched a campaign called Operation King

Dragon in Arakan with an intention to check illegal immigrants residing in Burma. As theoperation was extended to other parts of Arakan, tens of thousands of Rohingyas crossed theborder to Bangladesh. As a result, Rohingyas from Burma sprung up along the Burma-Bangladesh border. Radical Rohingya militant group RPF took this opportunity in recruiting man

Rohingya Muslims who were sprung up along the Bangladesh-Burma border.[12][13][14]

In the early 1980s, more radical elements broke away from the Rohingya Patriotic Front (RPF)and formed the Rohingya Solidarity Organisation (RSO). It was led by Muhammad Yunus, theformer CEO of RPF. It soon became the main and most militant faction among the Rohingyas onthe Burma-Bangladesh border. RSO based itself on religious ground; and as a result, it obtained

various support from the groups of the Muslim world. These included JeI in Bangladesh andPakistan, Gulbuddin Hekmatyars Hizb-e-Islami (HeI) in A fghanistan, Hizb-ul-Mujahideen (HM) inthe Indian State of Jammu and Kashmir (J&K) and the Angkatan Belia Islam sa-Malaysia (ABIM),

and the Islamic Youth Organisation of Malaysia.[12][14]

Another Rohingya militant group, Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front (ARIF) was founded in 1986 bNurul Islam, the former Vice-Chairman of Rohingya Patriotic Front (RPF), after uniting the

remnants of the old RPF and a handful of defectors from the RSO.[12]

Military Expansions and connections with Taliban and Al-Qaeda (1988-

2011)

he military camps of the Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) were located in the Cox'sBazaar district in southern Bangladesh. RSO possessed a large number of light machine-guns, A47 assault rifles, RPG-2 rocket launchers, claymore mines and explosives according to a field

report conducted by a famous correspondent Bertil Lintner in 1991.[15] Arakan Rohingya IslamicFront (ARIF) was mostly equipped with UK-made 9mm Sterling L2A3 sub-machine guns, M-16
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-B-report-15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cox%27s_Bazaarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohingya_Solidarity_Organization&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-BL-1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Nurul_Islam_(Burmese_politician)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arakan_Rohingya_Islamic_Front&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-BL-2-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-BL-1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Islamic_Youth_Organisation_of_Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Angkatan_Belia_Islam_sa-Malaysia&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb-ul-Mujahideenhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hizb-e-Islamihttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gulbuddin_Hekmatyarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=JeI&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-BL-2-14http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-BL-1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Dragon_operation_in_Arakanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-pho-kan-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-BL-1-12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-pho-kan-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-pho-kan-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthidaunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rangoon_Universityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rohingya_Libration_Party&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladesh


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Rohingya Militants

assault rifles and point-303 rifles.[15] Afghan's Taliban instructors were seen in some of the RSOcamps along the Bangladesh-Burma border, while nearly 100 RSO rebels were reported to be

undergoing training in the Afghan province of Khost with Hizb-e-Islami Mujahideen.[12][14]

Among the more than 60 videotapes obtained by CNN from Al-Qaeda's archives in Afghanistan August 2002, one video showed that Muslim allies from "Burma" got training in Afghanistan.

Some video tapes were shot in RSO camps in Bangladesh.[14] These videos which show the

linkage between Al-Qaeda and Rohingya insurgents were shot in 1990s.[12][14][16]

Besides, RSOrecruited many Rohingya guerrillas. According to Asian intelligence sources, Rohingya recruitswere paid 30,000 Bangladeshi taka ($525) on joining and then 10,000 taka ($175) per month.he families of recruits killed in action were offered 100,000 taka ($1,750). Rohingya recruits,

believed to be quite substantial in numbers, were taken to Pakistan, where they were trained andsent on further to military camps in Afghanistan. They were given the most dangerous tasks in

the battlefield.[12][14]

he expansion of the RSO in the late 1980s and early 1990s made the Burmese government tolaunch a massive counter-offensive to clear up the Burma-Bangladesh border. In December 1991

Burmese troops crossed the border and attacked a Bangladeshi military outpost. The incidentdeveloped into a major crisis in Bangladesh-Burma relations, and by April 1992, more than

250,000 Rohingya civilians had been forced out of Arakan, western Burma.[12] During thesehappenings in April 1992, Prince Khaled Sultan Abdul Aziz, commander of the Saudi ArabianMilitary, visited Dhaka and recommended to wage a military action against Burma like Operation

Desert Storm in Iraq.[12][17]

In April 1994, about 120 members of RSO militant groupentered Maungdaw Township by crossing the Naf River whichmarks the border between Bangladesh and Burma. On 28

April 1994, nine out of 12 time bombs planted in 12 differentplaces in Maungdaw by RSO militants exploded. One fireengine and some buildings were damaged, while four civilians

were seriously wounded in the explosions.[18]

On 28 October 1998, Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO)and Arakan Rohingya Islamic Front (ARIF) combined togetherand the Rohingya National Council (RNC) was founded. TheRohingya National Army (RNA) was also established as itsarmed wing; and, the Arakan Rohingya National Organization (ARNO) appeared to organize all

the different Rohingya insurgents into one group.[19]

According to US Embassy Cables revealed by Wikileaks, the alleged meeting of ARNO members

and Al-Qaeda representatives is reported as follows:[19]

Five members (names still under inquiry by the GOB) of ARNO attended a high-

ranking officers' course with Al Qaeda representatives on 15 May 2000 and arrived

back in Bangladesh on 22 June. During the course, they discussed matters relating

to political and military affairs, arms and ammunition, and financing with Osama
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Bin Laden. Mohamed Arju Taida and Mohamed Rau-Sheik Ar-Mar Darsi from the

Taliban were present with them at the meeting. Ninety members of ARNO were

selected to attend a guerrilla warfare course, a variety of explosives courses and

heavy-weapons courses held in Libya and Afghanistan in August, 2001. Thirteen

out of these selected members participated in the explosives and heavy-weapons

training.

As Wikileaks noted, there was also connection between Talibans and ARNO Rohingya

militants:[19]

Arrival of Two Talibans at ARNO Headquarters:

Al Ha-Saud and Al Ja-hid, two members of Taliban group, arrived at ARNO'sheadquarters in Zai-La-Saw-Ri Camp on 2 November 2001 from the RohingyaSolidarity Organization's (RSO) Kann-Grat-Chaung camp. They met with Nur Islam

(Chairman), ZaFaur-Ahmed (Secretary) and Fayos Ahmed (acting Chief-of-StaffArmy), ARNO, and discussed the reorganization of RSO and ARNO. It was learnedthat ARNO/RSO and Taliban groups planned to hold a meeting on 15 November2001. Nurul Islam, Chairman of ARNO, also declared that the Arakan RohingyaIslamic Front (ARIF) and the Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) had agreed toreorganize as integrated members of ARNO. However, Mullah Dil-Mar from RSOdid not agree with this re-organization and resigned with his entourage ofinsurgents.

In March 2011, between 80 to 100 Rohingya Muslim men in Maungdaw Township of Burma-Bangladesh border were arrested by Burma Frontier Forces accusing them of belonging to a

terrorist ring linked to the Taliban.[20][21] According to the source, a Taliban militant known asMoulivi Harun had given the group training in combat and bomb making deep in the jungles of

northern Maungdaw on the Bangladesh border in February, 2011.[20] Among the suspectedpeople allegedly linked to Talibans, 19 people were brought before the court in March and April,

2011.[22] Twelve of the 19 suspects in associating with the Taliban and other Islamic militant

groups were sentenced to various jail terms on 6 September 2011.[23]

Rohingya rebels during the Arakan State riots (2012)

Further information: 2012 Rakhine State riots

First cause of May Riots

On the evening of 28 May, a group of men robbed, raped and murdered an ethnic Rakhinewoman, Ma Thida Htwe, near the Kyaut Ne Maw village. Mentionable is that Ma Thida Htwe wasraped and murdered by a group of three Muslim youths near her village Tha Pri Chaung on May
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Nurul Islam (ARNO President) and

Mohammad Yunus (RSO

Chairman)

28 in 2012, when she was returning home from Kyauk Ni Maw Village of Rambree township.[24]

he locals claim the culprits to have been Rohingya Muslims. The police arrested three suspects

and sent them to Yanbye township jail.[25] On 3 June,[26] a mob attacked a bus in Taungup,

apparently mistakenly believing those responsible for the murder were on board.[27] Ten Muslim

were killed in the attack,[28] prompting protests by Burmese Muslims in the commercial capital,angon. The government responded by appointing a minister and a senior police chief to head a

investigation committee. The committee was ordered to find out "cause and instigation of the

incident" and to pursue legal action.[29] As of 2 July, 30 people had been arrested over the killinof ten Muslims.[30]

June riots

he June riots saw various attacks by Buddhist Rakhines and Rohingya Muslims on each other's

communities, including destruction of property.[31]

In 2012, there have been a series of ongoing conflicts between ethnic Arakanese and Rohingya

Muslims in northern Arakan State, Burma. In January 2012, six months before Arakan StateRiots, a Bengladeshi newspaper reported about the merge of different Rohingya militant groupsin Bangladesh. According to the news, Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO), ArakanMovement, Arakan Peoples Freedom Party and Arakan Rohingya National Organization (ARNO)decided to group into alliance and work together. Top leaders included are Muhammad Yunus

(Chairman of RSO) and Nurul Islam (ARNO President).[32]

During the beginning days of the riots, Bangladeshi foreignMinister Dipu Moni alleged that Bangladesh extremist partyJamaat-e-Islam patronized the Rohingyas for arm activities.

According to BanglaNews24, Dipu Moni, while addressing atthe parliament, said that the Burmese government informedBangladesh High Commission by accusing the involvement ofJamaat-e-Islam in creating racial clash in Arakan State,

Western Burma.[33] In September 2012, according to the DailyStar Newspaper, the activities of Rohingya militant outfitJamaatul A rakan, believed to be an offshoot of JamaatulMujahideen Bangladesh (JMB), a banned militant outfit inBangladesh, was surfaced by Bangladeshi police in Cox's Bazaar

district, Bangladesh-Burma border.[34]

During these days, Bangladeshi News Agencies reported about the unification of Arakan RohingyUnion (ARU) after the combination of about a dozen Rohingya and Bangladeshi militant groups.News reported about their dream to create an new state by the name of "Independent Neurosia"

by accusing them to have connection with some Pakistani based terrorist groups.[3][4]

Riots in Arakan happened for the second time in the last week of October 2012. Just a few weekafter the riots, military activities of Rohingya rebels appeared again. On 7 November 2012, onesoldier from the Burmese Army was reportedly killed and three others were captured by theMuslim rebels, supposedly an armed group of the Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO), in
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their guerrilla offensive against the Burmese army in northern Maungdaw township on the Burma

Bangladesh border.[35] On 11 November 2012, fighting between the Burmese army and anunknown armed group, widely suspected as the Muslim rebels, was again taken place near

Maungdaw on the western frontier of Burma.[36]

Commentary upon the Rohingya insurgency

Demographic factors

During the Bangladesh Liberation War and after its independence in 1971, there was an extent ofillegal immigration in Arakan due to the impact of political turmoil in Bangladesh. In 1974,

Arakan State was formed according to the new constitution of Burma. In the same year,"Emergency Immigration Act" was endorsed and reaction against illegal immigration were carrieout by the Burmese government. In 1975, migration of several thousand Muslims to Bangladesh

happened.[1]

It is difficult to know if they were recent immigrants from Bangladesh or Rohingyas who havelived in Arakan long time before the independence of Burma. In 1978, Operation King Dragonwas launched to "scrutinize each individual living in the State and taking action against foreignerswho have filtered into the country illegally". Arrests of illegal migrants during this Operationinvolved by the Burmese army creates unrest in Arakan and; as a result, a mass exodus ofMuslims (around 252,000 refugees) to Bangladesh happened. Between August 1978 andDecember 1979, repatriation was led by the UNHCR and most of them resettled again in western

Burma.[12][14][37] On 15 October 1982, Burmese Citizenship Law was introduced and most of th

Rohingyas were denied to be Burmeese citizens.[38]

On 18 September 1988, the Burmese military seized power by crushing the pro-democracyuprisings in Burma and formed a military regime by the name of SLORC - State Law and OrderRestoration Council. After a few years of the introduction of military rule, in 1991-92, forcedrelocation of Muslims and creation of new Buddhist settlements in Buthidaung and Maungdawtownships by SLORC provoke another mass exodus of Rohingya Muslims to Bangladesh, making270,000 Rohingya refugees. In 1993, most of them were repatriated due to UNHCR interventionhowever, around 20,000 registered refugees still remained in some camps along the Bangladesh

Burma border.[39]

Academic discussion of the Mujahideen insurgency

Moshe Yegar, an Israeli historian, argues that Mujahideen separatist movement in Arakanoccurred because of the government's discrimination and oppression on Rohingya Muslims. Yega

argues the roots for the appearance of Mujahideen insurgency as follows:[8]

After Burma's independence, Muslims were not accepted for military service; the

Burmese government replaced Muslim civil servants, police and headmen by

Arakanese who increasingly discriminated against the Muslim community; Muslims
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were arbitrarily arrested by police and soldiers; and, the immigration authorities

imposed limitation of movement upon Muslims.

Mari Lall argues that one of the reasons of the Mujahideen Muslim uprisings in Arakan was due tthe government's declaration of Buddhism as the official religion of Burma. This declarationquestioned the rights of the Muslim Rohingya, Christian Karen, Chin, Kachin and led the

secessionist movements of those minority groups.[40] Her argument was supported by Syed

Serajul Islam. Syed writes:[41]

Immediately after declaring Buddhism as the state religion of Burma, the

government took a number of specific measures to dismiss a great many Muslim

officers and replace them with Buddhists. An all-out effort was made to

transmigrate Buddhists from Burma proper to Arakan in order to diminish the

Muslim majority.

However, above arguments contradicted the authentic events that happened within the historicaltime-line of Burma. Moshe Yegar's arguments on the possible causes of Mujahideen insurgency

was criticized by a reviewer on Yegar's book: "Muslims of Burma".[42]

[Yegar's] arguments seem to be anachronistic. Firstly, we have to note that Muslim

separatist movements in Arakan had already begun before Burmas independence

together with an idea of separating the Mayu region of Arakan from Burma and

creating an independent Muslim state. In May, 1946, Muslims of Arakan asked

Mohammad Ali Jinnas assistance in the annexing of this region to forthcoming

Pakistan. Secondly, the Mujahidden rebellion (1947-1961) happened under U Nus

parliamentary democracy rule. Available records for this democratic period do not

show any trace on the discrimination against Muslims even Muslim ministers were

holding high positions within U Nus democracy government. Thirdly, such

discrimination and oppression were only carried out by Burmese authorities under

the military dictatorship of General Ne Win (1962-1988). It seems that Moshe

Yegar anachronistically utilized the Muslims conditions under the Ne Win regime asthe roots of the Mujahidden separatist movements.

Second argument on the Mudjahideen insurgency in relationship to the declaration of Buddhismas the State Religion of Burma also does not match with the historical authenticity. Buddhism wadeclared as the official religion of Burma on 26 July 1961, more than a decade after the start of

Mujahideen insurgency in 1947.[43]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-43http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-42http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-syed-41http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-40http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kachin_Statehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chin_(people)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karen_peoplehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buddhism


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Aye Chan, a historian at the Kanda University, suggests that the roots of Mujahideen movementsin Arakan (1947) originated from the communal violence between Arakanese and Rohingya

Muslims during World War II in 1942.[44] On 28 March 1942, Rohingya Muslims from NorthernArakan massacred around 20,000 Arakanese in Buthidaung and Maungdaw townships. At thesame period, around 5,000 Muslims in Minbya and Mrauk-U Townships were also killed by the

Arakanese.[45] Such violence happened because the British armed Muslim groups in northern

Arakan to create a buffer zone from the Japanese invasion when they retreated [46] and Muslims

were promised by the British that if they supported the Allies they would be given their own"national area".[47]

However, as a consequence of acquiring arms, Rohingyas tried to destroy the Arakanese villagesinstead of resisting against the Japanese during World War II. And, Rohingya-Arakanese conflict

occurred in 1942 leading to casualties on both sides.[44] When a new Islamic country of Pakistanwas about to be formed, Rohingya Muslim groups, who already possessed arms in their handsand wanted to obtain a "national area" according to the promise given by the British, demandedthe secession of the Mayu region of Western Burma so as to combine that area with East PakistanMujahideen uprisings in A rakan occurred due to an impact of World World II and its aftermath,

the creation of a new Islamic State, East Pakistan, in the neighboring area of the Rohingyasettlements in western Burma.

Perceptions of the conflict

Burmese Military Regime's policy on Rohingyas as seen by the Amnesty International:[48]

The Rohingyas freedom of movement is severely restricted and the vast majority of

them have effectively been denied Burma citizenship. They are also subjected to

various forms of extortion and arbitrary taxation; land confiscation; forced eviction

and house destruction; and financial restrictions on marriage. Rohingyas continue

to be used as forced labourers on roads and at military camps.

he interpretation of the Burmese junta's attitude by the Rohingyas: [49]

Juntas policy towards the Muslims of Burma: the ruling military junta practices two

pronged de-Islamisation policy in Burma: physical extermination through genocide

and ethnic cleansing of Rohingya Muslims of Arakan and cultural assimilation of

Muslims living in other parts of Burma. Their main objective is to turn strategic

Muslim Arakan into a Burmanised Buddhist region by reducing the Muslims into

insignificant or manageable minorities.

Jane's World Insurgency and Terrorism subscription service's remark on the causes of Rohingya

militant movements:[50]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-50http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-49http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-48http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mayuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-aye-chan-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-Howard-47http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-46http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-45http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Townshiphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mrauk-Uhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minbyahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maungdawhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buthidaunghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-aye-chan-44http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/World_War_II


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The Rohingya Solidarity Organization (RSO) aimed to prevent the repression of

ethnic Rohingyas in Burma and Rohingya refugees in Bangladesh. The group also

aimed to establish an Islamic autonomous Arakan state, uniting the Rohingya

people of Burma and Bangladesh, by expelling the Burmese military through

harassment and the classical tactics of guerrilla warfare.

"A Hand Book of Terrorism and Insurgency in Southeast Asia" suggests that human rightsviolations on Rohingyas by the Burmese junta such as restriction on mobility, Rohingyas' lnadconfiscation and evictions, settlement of non-Rohingya model villages near the Muslim areas,extortion and arbitrary taxation, registration of births and deaths, and restriction of marriage are

the causes of the Rohingya insurgency.[41]

But, in early 1970s, it is found that the Rohingya militant movements re-appeared during theBangladesh Liberation War along with the formation of a new country of Bangladesh like theemergence of Mujahideen movements in 1947-1950s along with the formation of East Pakistan.In the beginning of the 1970s during Bangladesh Liberation War, there was an extent of illegal

immigration from Bangladesh to Western Burma and reaction against illegal immigration werecarried out by the Burmese government. Such kind of initial reactions later led the Ne Wingovernment towards the oppression against Muslims in western Burma not only illegalimmigrants but also on local Rohingyas in late 1970s (See: Operation King Dragon)) campaign oRohingyas in 1978). After 1988, new military regime which took power in Burma committedvarious kinds of human rights abuses and violations against different ethnic groups of Burma;

and, as a bitter result, Rohingyas also became victims like many other Burmese ethnic groups.[5

References

1. ^ ab c d e Yegar, Moshe (2002). "Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the

Southern Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar"

(http://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false).Lanham

(Lexington Books). p. 37,38,44. ISBN 0739103563. Retrieved 2012-10-21.

2. ^ ab c Yegar, Moshe (1972). Muslims of Burma. Wiesbaden: Verlag Otto Harrassowitz. p. 96.

3. ^ ab " (Some Arakan and Bangladeshi militants target of

Independent State)" (http://www.dainikpurbokone.net/index.php?

option=com_content&view=article&id=47174:2012-09-07-21-41-19&catid=6:2011-05-26-03-32-

28&Itemid=1). Dainik Purbokone Bangladesh. Retrieved 2012-10-22.

4. ^ ab " (11 secessionist group is organizing to create a new

state in Burma)" (http://www.the-editor.net/bangla/index.php/2012-06-24-03-58-28/2012-06-11-07-22

53/3608-2012-09-08-09-12-10). The Editor, Bangladesh. Retrieved 2012-10-22.

5. ^ ab c Thit Maung, Yebaw (1989). Civil Insurgency in Burma. Yangon: Ministry of Information. p. 30.

6. ^ Aye Chan (June 23, 2011). "On the Mujahid Rebellion in Arakan" read in the International Conference

of Southeast Asian Studies at Pusan University of Foreign Studies, Republic of Korea.

7. ^ Thit Maung, Yebaw (1989). Civil Insurgency in Burma. Yangon: Ministry of Information. p. 28.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yebaw-1_5-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yebaw-1_5-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yebaw-1_5-0http://www.the-editor.net/bangla/index.php/2012-06-24-03-58-28/2012-06-11-07-22-53/3608-2012-09-08-09-12-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-BD-2_4-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-BD-2_4-0http://www.dainikpurbokone.net/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=47174:2012-09-07-21-41-19&catid=6:2011-05-26-03-32-28&Itemid=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-BD-1_3-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-BD-1_3-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yegar-1_2-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yegar-1_2-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yegar-1_2-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0739103563http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://books.google.co.uk/books?id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=falsehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yegar-2_1-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yegar-2_1-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yegar-2_1-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yegar-2_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_ref-yegar-2_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-51http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/King_Dragon_operation_in_Arakanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East_Pakistanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bangladeshhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rohingya_conflict_in_Western_Burma#cite_note-syed-41


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8. ^ ab c d Yegar, Moshe (1972). Muslims of Burma. pp. 98101.

9. ^ Yegar, Moshe (2002). "Between integration and secession: The Muslim communities of the Southern

Philippines, Southern Thailand, and Western Burma/Myanmar" (http://books.google.co.uk/books?

id=S5q7qxi5LBgC&pg=PA23#v=onepage&q&f=false). Lanham (Lexington Books). pp. 4445.

ISBN 0739103563. Retrieved 2012-10-21.

10. ^ ab c d e Pho Kan Kaung (May 1992). The Danger of Rohingya. Myet Khin Thit Magazine No. 25.

pp. 87103.

11. ^Khit Yay Tatmaw Journal. Yangon: Burma Army. 18 July 1961. p. 5.

12. ^ ab c d e fg hij "Bangladesh Extremist Islamist Consolidation"

(http://www.satp.org/satporgtp/publication/faultlines/volume14/Article1.htm). by Bertil Lintner. Retrieved

2012-10-21.

13. ^ Lintner, Bertil (1999). Burma in Revolt: Opium and Insurgency Since 1948,. Chiang Mai: Silkworm Book

pp. 3178.

14. ^ ab c d e fg "Bangladesh: Breeding ground for Muslim terror"

(http://www.atimes.com/atimes/South_Asia/DI21Df06.html). by Bertil Lintner. Retrieved 2012-10-21.

15. ^ ab Lintner, Bertil (October 19, 1991). Tension Mounts in Arakan State,. This news-story was based oninterview with Rohingyas and others in the Coxs Bazaar area and at the Rohingya military camps in 1991

Janes Defence Weekly.

16. ^ "Rohingyas trained in different Al-Qaeda and Taliban camps in Afghanistan"

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id=2902). Narinjara News. Retrieved 2012-10-22.

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