Roebroeks 1988 - From Find Scatters to Early Hominid Behaviour. A Study of Middle Palaeolithic Riverside Settlements at Maastricht-Belvédère (The Netherlands)

7/22/2019 Roebroeks 1988 - From Find Scatters to Early Hominid Behaviour. A Study of Middle Palaeolithic Riverside Settlements at Maastricht-Belvédère (The Netherlands)

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\ELEAIB]E

PZEIDGR]FZGBE

/ AIGMILRGE



Rgmistfli Priss E liw hiliretgf l fn Pujag sdglh

Wfu eri riemglh e nuaa virsgfl fn tdgs jffc, nfr nrii!

]dgs jffc gs pert fn tdi Rgmistfli i-agjrery wdiri kfst fn furpujagbetgfls eri nuaay ebbissgjai nfr nrii. Nfr ebbiss tf kfri

nrii jffcs vgsgt? www.sgmistfli.bfk/agjrery

Mfwlafem Nuaa PMN

^gsgt tdi Rgmistfli i-agjrery tf mfwlafem kfst fn fur i-jffcs nfr

flay ₡ =,90. Nfr tdgs kglgkea nii yfu wgaa ribigvi e nuaay nulbtgflea

PMN elm jy mfglh sf, yfu diap tf ciip fur agjrery rullglh.

www.sgmistfli.bfk/agjrery



ELEAIB]E PZEIDGR]FZGBE AIGMILRGE





ELEAIB]EPZEIDGR]FZGBE

AIGMILRGE

PYJAGBE]GFLR FN ]DI GLR]G]Y]I FN PZIDGR]FZW

Xga Zfijrfics

NZFK NGLM RBE]]IZR ]F IEZAW DFKGLGM JIDE^GFYZ?E R]YMW FN KGMMAI PEAEIFAG]DGB ZGÎZRGMI RI]]AIKIL]RE] KEER]ZGBD]-JIA^ÇMÄZI (]DI LI]DIZAELMR)



]dgs pepir frghgleaay eppierim es e Pd. M. ]disgsAigmil Ylgvirsgty, : nijruery 57473 wgtd kglfr eatiretgfls.

® bfpyrghdt 5747 jy tdi Glstgtuti fn Pridgstfry, Aigmil

]di glvistghetgfls wiri suppfrtim gl pert jy tdi Nfulmetgfl nfr Erbdeifafhgbea Zisierbd, wdgbd gssujsgmgzim jy tdi Litdiraelms Frhelgzetgfl nfr Rbgiltgngb Zisierbd (LXF). E LXF hrelt easf suppfrtim tdi pujagbetgfl fn tdgs vfauki.

R j g g d g E a P dg g A gm g



bfltilts

5 Dgstfrgbea gltrfmubtgfl elm jebchrfulm 5

: ]di hifafhy fn tdi Jiavçmäri pgt elm gts wgmir hifhrepdgbea sittglh 7:.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 7:.: ]di wgmir hifafhgbea sittglh 7:.2 ]di Kgmmai elm Aeti Paigstfbili mipfsgts et Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri 52

:.2.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 52

:.2.: Agtdfafhy elm agtdfstretghrepdy 52

:.2.2 Peaeifsfas 5>

:.2.= Bagketgb elm peaeifilvgrflkiltea glmgbetfrs 57

:.2.9 Metglh ivgmilbi :0

:.2.> Rtretghrepdgbea elm peaeifilvgrflkiltea syltdisgs ::

2 Nglms nrfk Ylgt GGG :9

= Nglms elm sgtis mgsbfvirim gl Ylgt G^-B-G :8

=.5 Gltrfmubtgfl :8

=.: RgtiB :8

=.:.5 Gltrfmubtgfl :8

=.:.: Rtretghrepdy :4

=.:.2 ]di nglms :7

=.:.= ]di ringttglh prfhrekki =0

=.:.9 Leturea sgti-nfrketgfl prfbissis 97

=.:.> Rpetgea eleaysgs >5

=.:.8 Gltirpritetgfl >=

=.2 Rgti H >9

=.2.5 Gltrfmubtgfl >9

=.2.: Rtretghrepdy >7

=.2.2 ]di nglms >7

=.2.= Gltirpritetgfl 8:

=.= Rgti J 8>=.=.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 8>

=.=.: Rtretghrepdy 8>

=.=.2 ]di nglms 84

=.=.= Gltirpritetgfl 84



9.:.9 Gltirpritetgfl 989.2 RgtiE 44

9.2.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 44

9.2.: Rtretghrepdy 44

9.2.2 ]di nglms elm tdigr gltirpritetgfl 47

9.= Rgti M 75

9.9 Rgti C 75

> ]di nglms mgsbfvirim gl Ylgt ^ 78

>.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 78

>.: Rgti J 78

>.2 Ftdir Ylgt ^ nglms 78

>.= Gltirpritetgfl 74

8 Nglms elm sgtis mgsbfvirim gl Ylgt ^G elm e strey nglm fn e 'Kgbfqugel' delme-

xi 77

8.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 77

8.: Rgti O 77

8.:.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 77

8.:.: Zisierbd kitdfms 77

8.:.2 Rtretghrepdy 500

8.:.= Rgti O nglms 50:

8.:.9 Prfvgsgflea gltirpri tetgfl fn tdi agtdgb essikjaehi 502

8.:.> Nuturi risierbd 8098.2 Rgti I 50>

8.2.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 80>8.2.: Rtretghrepdy 80>8.2.2 ]di nglms 8088.2.= Dfrgzfl tea elm virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi nglms 8098.2.9 ]di riaetgfl jitwiil tdi naglt ertinebts elm tdi neulea ketirgea 504

8.2.> Ilvgrflkilt elm bagketi murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi Rgti I essikjaehi 8888.2.8 ]di ehi fn tdi Rgti I essikjaehi 88:8.= E 'Kgbfqugel ' delmexi nrfk tdi Jiavçmäri pgt 88:8.9 Gltirpritetgfl fn tdi Ylgt ^G nglms 889

4. Peaeifilvgrflkiltea elm metglh ivgmilbi nfr tdi Ylgt G^-B sgtis? el iveaue-

tgfl 8884.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 8884.: Ilvgrflkilt elm bagketi murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^-B erbdeifafhgbea

essikjaehis 8884.:.5 ]di simgkiltfafhgbea ivgmilbi 8884.:.: ]di kfYusbel ivgmilbi 8884.:.2 ]di virtijreti ivgmilbi 8:04.:.= ]di peaeifjftelgbea ivgmilbi 8::4.:.9 Mgsbussgfl 8::4 2 Y gt G^ B td m tg gm 8::



7 ]di Jiavçmäri 'mete'? gkpagbetgfls nfr tdi gltirpritetgfl fn dfkglgm jide-

vgfur gl tdi Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb 522

7.5 Gltrfmubtgfl 522

7.: ]di Ylgt G^-B sgtis? el iveauetgfl 522

7.2 ]relspfrt fn agtdgb ketirgeas elm Peaeifagtdgb gltiressikjaehi vergejgagty 52>7.= Dultirs, sbevilhirs elm jebchrfulm neules 527

7.9 ]di Ylgt G^-B sgtis gl tdi lfrtdirl Iurfpiel bfltixt 5==

7.> Ieray Kgmmai Paigstfbili sgtis elm tdi psiumf-er tinebt prfjaik 5=4

eppilmgx G

E nulbtgflea eleaysgs fn tdi Jiavçmäri naglts E. vel Hgol 595

eppilmgx GG

Rpetgea eleaysgs, e lfti P. vel mi îami 597

eppilmgx GGG

]di Gmiltgngbetgfl fn deiketgti es tdi bfafurglh ehilt gl rim fbdri nrfk tdiKgmmai Peaeifagtdgb Rgti B et Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, ]]gi Litdiraelms, jykiels fn x-rey mgnnrebtgfl eleaysgs B R . Erps 5>2

eppilmgx GÊ lfti fl Kgmmai Peaeifa gtdgb surnebi sgtis gl Rfutd Agkjurh X. Zfi-jrfics 5>8

ebclfwaimhkilts 585

rinirilbis 582

sukkery 87:

sekilvettglh 57=

pgbturi brimgts 57>





Dgstfrgbea gltrfmubtgfl elm jebchrfulm

Gl 5740 tdi eutdfr stertim e stumy fn Afwir elm Kgmmai

Peaeifagtdgb surnebi nglms nrfk tdi sfutdirl pert fn tdi

Litdir aelms, gl e prfoibt supirvgsim jy Prfnissfr P.O.Z.

Kfmmirkel (Aigmil). Pert fn tdgs prfoibt bflsgstim gl

vgsgtglh Paigstfbili ixpfsuris gl Rfutd Agkjurh gl frmir tf

systiketgbeagy stumy tdi afbea stretghrepdy elm tf affc nfr

gl sgtu fbburrilbis fn peaeifagtdgb ketirgea. Fl Riptikjir

:7, 5740, gl tdi bfursi fn tdisi ebtgvgtgis, wdgbd wiri sup-

pfrtim jy essfbgetis fn tdi Hifafhgbea Jurieu et Diirail

(Hifafhgbea Rurviy fn tdi Litdiraelms), Kr X.K. Niamir

nfulm el ertinebt et tdi jfulmery fn tdi Reeagel/Xigbd-

siagel afiss mipfsgts gl tdi Jiavçmäri pgt lier Keestrgbdt

(ngh- 5)-

]di Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri afisselm hrevia-pgt gs sgtuetim

LX fn tdi tfwl fn Keestrgbdt, fl tdi aint jelc fn tdi rgvir

Kees, elm agis fl tdi imhi fn tdi sf-beaaim Bejirh paetieu

(nghs. 5 elm :). ]di pgt dem jiil bervim gltf tdi stiip bDnn

jitwiil tdi Afwir elm tdi Kgmmai ]irrebis fn tdi rgvir

Kees.

Kr Niamir's mgsbfviry glspgrim tdi eutdfr tf berry fut e

tdfrfuhd glvistghetgfl fn tdi pgt sibtgfls, tfhitdir wgtd twfeketiur erbdeifafhgsts, Kr C. Hrfililmgoc (fn Ibciaremi)

elm Kr O.P. mi Xerrgkflt (fn Hiuaai). Rivirea dfrgzfls

bflteglglh ertinebts elm elgkea rikegls wiri nfulm. Kfst

fn tdisi wiri gl stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfls sdfwglh tdet tdiy

wiri famir tdel tdi aest g.i. tdi Xigbdsiagel haebgetgfl.

]di Jiavçmäri risierbd wes stertim es el erbdeifafhgbea

prfoibt jy tdi Glstgtuti fn Pridgstfry fn Aigmil Ylgvirsgty,

jut des sglbi miviafpim gltf e kfri bfkpridilsgvi prfoibt,

gl wdgbd sbgiltgsts fn sivirea mgsbgpaglis elm bfultrgis eri

lfw bffpiretglh. Rglbi 5745, ixbevetgfls devi tecil paebi

iebd yier, fntil ulmir bflsgmirejai tgki prissuri elm

sfkitgkis rghdt gl nrflt fn tdi mghhglh kebdglis, jibeusi

tdi pgt gs stgaa jiglh ixpafgtim jy e bfkkirbgea querryglh

ngrk (ngh. 2). ]di prisilt pepir wgaa miea wgtd tdi risuds fn

Ngh. 5. Rgtuetgfl fn tdi Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri pgt. ]di sdemim eriesdfws tdi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi Bejirh Kgmmai ]irrebi simgkilts (entir?Jruiril 57=9). ]di Bejirh paetieu bfglbgmis wgtd tdi wistirlmgstrgjutgfl fn tdi Kgmmai ]irrebi simgkilts.



DGR]FZGBEA GL]ZFMYB]GFL ELM JEBCHZFYLM



DGR]FZGBEA GL]ZFMYBlFL ELM JEBCHZFYLM

Ngh. 2. Zisbui erbdeifafhy et Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri? ixbevetgfl fnel Ieray Xigbdsiagel sgti (Rgti O) gl nrflt fn tdi juaamfzir, Key 574>.

frmir fn tdigr meti fn mgsbfviry. ]ejai 5 agsts tdi sgtis, tdigr

epprfxgketi ehi, elm tdi eries ixbevetim, wdgai nghuri 9

sdfws tdi ixebt sgtuetgfl fn tdi sgtis.

]di leki 'Jiavçmäri' gs gl eaa prfjejgDty tf ji riaetim tf

tdi vgiw tdet tdi imhi fn tdi Bejirh Paetieu kust flbi

devi ennfrmim fvir tdi veaaiy fn tdi rgvir Kees. E kep fn

tdi sgihi fn tdi tfwl fn Keestrgbdt gl 58=4' sdfws e kgagtery

nfrtgngbetgfl {rimfuti mi Jiavçmäri) et tdi sgti fn tdi Jiavç

märi pgt. Nrfk tdet meti flwerms, 'Jiavçmäri' eppiers fntil

fl keps fn tdi gkkimgeti ilvgrfls fn Keestrgbdt. Fl tdi

bemestrea pael fn 'Fum-^rfildfvil'\ metglh nrfk 54=2,'Jiavçmäri' gs e tfpflyk nfr e aerhir erie, biltrim erfulm e

aerhi ribtelhuaer jugamglh, eariemy vgsgjai fl tdi 58=4 kep

tf tdi lfrtd fn tdi rimfuti mi Jiavçmäri.

Jinfri gt jibeki clfwl es e PeaeifDtdgb sgti, tdi Jiavç

märi pgt dem ettrebtim tdi ettiltgfl fn bfaaibtfrs nfr sivirea

hiliretgfls jibeusi Paigstfbili nfssgas dem jiil nfulm gl gts

ixpfsuris. Gl tdi ngrst dean fn tdi lglitiiltd biltury tdiri

wiri sivirea afisselm hrevia-pgts gl tdi Bejirh rihgfl.

Nrfk tdi 5490s flwerms e lukjir fn -kfstay skeaa- jrgbcnebtfrgis wiri nfulmim. wdgbd ixpafgtim tdi afiss mipfsgts

fn tdi erie'. Gl tdi lglitiiltd biltury tdi Bejirh paetieu

jibeki wiaa clfwl nfr tdi kekkea nfssgas nfulm gl gts

Uuetirlery mipfsgts murglh tdi bflstrubtgfl fn tdi _ugm-

Xgaaiksveert belea gl 54:2 elm gl tdi ixpfsuris fn tdi




Ngh. 9. Rgtuetgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea sgtis (E-C) gl tdi Jiavçmäri pgt kiltgflim gl tdi tixt. Rbeai 5?:900. (tdi lukjirs rinir tf tdi bffrmgletisfn tdi tfpfhrepdgbea kep, sdiit lf. >5 N, 5?:9.000).

êl mir âirc 5799) bflbirlglh tdi prisukim Paigstfbili

ehi fn tdi nfssga, wdgbd gs, dfwivir, lfw bflsgmirim tf ji e

ribilt spibgkil. Gl 54>0 Bderais Ayiaa vgsgtim tdi _ugm-

Xgaaiksveert sibtgfl, tf wdgbd di pegm bflsgmirejai ettil-

tgfl gl e perehrepd fl 'Dukel rikegls gl afiss lier Keestrgbdt' gl tdi imgtgfl fn ']di Hifafhgbea Ivgmilbis fn tdi

Eltgqugty fn Kel' (54>2? 224-2=0).

Ftdir gkpfrtelt nglms -lfw afst- wiri kemi gl 5459-5458,

murglh tdi bflstrubtgfl fn tdi 'Xgaaik' nfrtriss et tdi nfft

fn tdi Kgmmai tirrebi fn tdi Bejirh paetieu, ejfut 5.9 ck

eries fn aelm nfr tdigr Jiavçmäri bfkpely, wdgbd wes fnng-

bgeaay istejagsdim gl 5478. ]di pgt sffl jibeki wiaa clfwl

afbeaay nfr gts afiss sibtgfls elm nfr nfssgas bfaaibtim nrfk tdi

hrevias elm tdi afiss (Caigl 57523 Zigldfam 575>, 57:23

Brikirs 57:9). Nghuri > sdfws pdftfhrepds fn tdi Jiavçmäri pgt tecil gl tdi 5720s wdil keluea ixpafgtetgfl fn tdi

afiss elm hrevia nevfurim tdi ribfviry fn nfssgas3 sfki fn

tdisi eri lfw gl tdi Kusiuk fn Leturea Dgstfry et Kees

trgbdt. Gl tdi 57:0s gkpfrtelt Lifagtdgb nglms elm essfbgetim

nieturis wiri mgsbfvirim elm ixbevetim et Jiavçmäri jy tdi

L g a K n E g g g n A gm (D a m







]ejai 5? Rurviy fn tdi Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri Rgtis.

Ngiam leki 'Metglh' Ixbevetim

erie (k\)

Pirgfm fn

ixbevetgfl

Rgti E ]rilbd Iest G Reeagel 9 Kerbd 5745RgtiJ Lfrtd ]rilbd Reeagel 57/:2 Ouay-Ript. 5745

RgtiB Rfutd ]rilb d Reeagel :>= 5745-5742

Rgt iM ]rilbd Iest GG ReeDel - Euhust 574:

Rgti I ]rilbd XH Xigbdsiagel >0 Lfv.-Mib. 574:

Rgti N ]rilbd Iest GGG Reeagel =: Ouli-Ou ay 574=

Rgt iH Rgti H ReeDel 90 574=/5749

RgtiD RgtiD Reeagel 9= Kerbd 5748

Rgti O Rgti O Xigbdsiagel :50 Key-Ouli 574>

Rgti C Rgti C Reeagel 280 Mib.'4>-Ouay'48

ejfvi, iviltueaay aim tf tdi istejagsdkilt fn e kuatgmgsbg-

paglery tiek tdet des jiil stumyglh tdi ixpfsuris gl tdi pgt

sglbi 5740.

Gl 574: el gltirgk ripfrt fl tdi kuatgmgsbgpaglery ri

sierbd et Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri wes prisiltim et e sykpfsg

uk fl 'Peaeifagtdgb Erbdeifafhy elm Uuetirlery Rtretgh-

repdy gl Rfutd Agkjurh', frhelgzim jy tdi GLUYE Bfk-

kgssgfl nfr tdi Litdiraelms. Nfaafwglh tdgs sykpfsguk

sfki priagkglery pepirs fl tdi sgti wiri pujagsdim (Zfi-

jrfics it ea. 57423 Zfijrfics 574=e). Gl 5749 tdi ngrst

syltditgb rivgiw fn tdi Jiavçmäri Uuertirlery risierbd wes

prisiltim (êl Cfansbdftil/Zfijrfics 5749).

]di spibgngb riesfls nfr glvistglh e bflsgmirejai ekfult

fn tgki, ilirhy elm kfliy gl tdi Jiavçmäri prfoibt wgaa,

dfpinuaay, jibfki baier gl tdgs vfauki. Gl hilirea tirks gt

bel eariemy ji segm tdet wi weltim tf ixpafgt tdi nebt tdet

sivirea typis fn erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis siikim tf devijiil prisirvim retdir wiaa, ispibgeaay gl tdi Aeti Kgmmai

Paigstfbili mipfsgts gl tdi pgt. Fvir tdi yiers gt jibeki

baier tdet tdgs wfuam ilejai us tf bfkperi erbdeifafhgbea

essikjaehis nfrkim wgtdgl e skeaa erie fvir e sdfrt pirgfm

fn tgki, elm tf tdus bfaaibt ivgmilbi fn vergejgagty jitwiil

'sgtis' wdgbd gl eaa prfjejgagty dem jiil nfrkim jy kikjirs

fn fli elm tdi seki 'buaturea systik'. Nurtdirkfri, bfltgl-

uglh tdi prfoibt easf kielt heglglh e kexgkuk futput nrfk

tdi jesgb glvistkilts kemi gl istejagsdglh tdi hifafhgbeanrekiwfrc.

]di kitdfms usim tf ribfrm tdi erbdeifafhgbea pdilfk-

ile et Jiavçmäri bfuam lft ji bdfsil nriiay, jut wiri

eaweys tdi risuat fn e bfkprfkgsi jitwiil tdi gltirists fn

tdi bfkkirbgea ixpafgtir fn tdi pgt elm fur fwl risierbd

erbdeifafhy gl tdi pgt. Et ngrst, tdi keofr bflbirl wes tf

stert tdi prfoibt elm tf bffrmgleti tdi wfrc fn e lukjir fn

prfspibtfrs elm spibgeagsts, jftd gl tdi ngiam elm entirwerms.

Gl tdi pirgfms jitwiil tdi ngiam bekpeghls ettiltgfl wes

pegm tf tdi naglt ketirgea, wdgbd wes stumgim nfr e niw jesgb

vergejais subd es kexgkuk mgkilsgfls, prisilbi/ejsilbi fn

e bfrtix elm tdi typi fn strgcglh paetnfrk. Rujsiquiltay tdi

essikjaehis stumgim, wdgbd wiri agkgtim gl lukjir tdrfuhd

aebc fn tdi tgki gl tdi ngiam, wiri sujkgttim tf ixtilsgvi

ringttglh eleaysgs. Lfw, kely yiers aetir, wi devi essik

jaehis nrfk sivirea sgtis wdgbd siik tf ji bfltikpfreli-

fus fl e viry ngli tgki-sbeai. Elm wi wfuam lfw agci tf

bfkperi tdisi essikjaehis usglh kfri vergejais tdel tdi

niw tdet siikim sunngbgãlt tf elswir fur ieragir quistgfls.

]dgs kiels tdet gl mui tgki eaa tdi ketirgea prisiltim gl

tdgs vfauki wgaa ji stumgim ehegl, usglh e hrietir agst fn

vergejais gl frmir tf ilejai e mitegaim tibdlfafhgbea bfk-

pergsfl fn tdi vergfus essikjaehis wdgbd wiri nfrkim nrfk

tdi seki rew ketirgea elm gl tdi seki ibfafhgbea ilvg

rflkilt. ]dgs 'stertglh eaa fvir ehegl' wgaa prfjejay easf

glvfavi tdi mgssfautgfl fn sfki fn tdi viry bfkpaix bfl-

ofglim jafbcs tdet wiri ribflstrubtim nrfk tdi Rgti B ket i

rgea. ]dgs wgaa teci sfki tgki, elm tdirinfri tdgs vfauki des

kielwdgai jiil pujagsdim es e cglm fn 'steti-fn-tdi-ert'

risierbd gltirkizzf. Es bel ji siil gl tdi rist fn tdgs

vfauki, lft eaa fn tdi sgtis clfwl elm ixbevetim gl tdi pgt

eri trietim diri, sf iviltueaay tdiri wgaa ji kfri pujD-

betgfls fl tdi erbdeifafhy fn tdi pgt, gl wdgbd tdi naglt

ketirgea wgaa ji prisiltim gl e aiss 'gkprissgflgstgb' wey

tdel des jiil mfli diri.

Gl ritrfspibt, tdgs prfvim el glbfrribt epprfebd nrfk e




Nurtdirkfri, tdi risuats fn tdi ringttglh prfvim tf ji fn

hriet gkpfrtelbi gl tdi 'prfkftgfl' fn tdi prfoibt, wdgbd,

gl turl, wes e bflmgtgf sgli que lfl nfr tdi bfltgluetgfl fn

tdi ixbevetgfls gl tdi pgt gl tdi pirgfm 5745-5744. Gt sdfuam

dfwivir ji strissim tdet tdgs wey fn wfrcglh wes tdi risuatfn tdi eutdfr's aebc fn ixpirgilbi gl mieaglh wgtd tdisi

essikjaehis retdir tdel fn miagjireti paellglh.

lftis

' Kulgbgpea Erbdgvi fn tdi ]fwl fn Keestrgbdt, glv. lf. 550>.\ Kulgbgpea Erbdgvi fn tdi ]fwl fn Keestrgbdt, glv. lf. 5>:8,sibtgfl E, pehi :.\ Erbdgvi fn tdi Kulgbgpeagty fn Fum-^rfildfvil, KulgbgpeaErbdgvi fn tdi ]fwl fn Keestrgbdt.'' Kulgbgpea Erbdgvi fn tdi ]fwl fn Keestrgbdt, Ks. bfaaibtgfl lf.54=.





]di hifafhy fn tdi Jiavçmäri pgt elm gts wgmirhifhrepdgbea sittglh

:.5 Gltrfmubtgfl]di egk fn tdgs bdeptir gs tf hgvi e sdfrt misbrgptgfl fn tdiKgmmgi elm Aeti Paigstfbili mipfsgts et Keestrgbdt-Jiavç-märi gl frmir tf prfvgmi tdi riemir wgtd e hilirea hifafhgbeanrekiwfrc, birtegl espibts fn wdgbd wgaa ji mgsbussim glhrietir mitega gl tdi rist fn tdgs vfauki. Jinfri wi bflbil-treti fur ettiltgfl fl tdi Jiavçmäri-pgt, e misbrgptgfl wgaaji hgvil fn tdi hilirea hifafhgbea sittglh fn tdi Fuetirlerymipfsgts et Jiavçmäri gl e sukkery fn tdi hifafhy fn tdirihgfl, g.i. tdi sfutdirl pert fn tdi Mutbd prfvglbi fnAgkjurh (:.:). ]di perehrepds nfaafwglh tdgs rihgfleasittglh mgsbuss tdi agtdfafhy elm agtdfstretghrepdy fn tdiribfrmim sibtgfls gl tdi pgt (:.2.:), tdi peaeifsfas prisilt(:.2.2), elm tdi peaeifilvgrflkilt murglh tdi nfrketgfl fntdi mipfsgts (:.2.=). Ngleaay, tdi riaetgvi elm ejsfauti met-glh ivgmilbi fn tdi mgnnirilt ulgts gs prisiltim gl sibtgfl:.2.9, wdgai sibtgfl :.2.> hgvis e ngrst syltdisgs fn tdi Kgmmgi Paigstfbili siquilbi et Jiavçmäri.

:.: ]di wgmir hifafhgbea sittglh

Rfutd Agkjurh gs sgtuetim gl tdi trelsgtgflea neuat-jafbcerie jitwiil tdi Mutbd Biltrea Hrejil elm tdi Ermillisdghdaelms, es sdfwl gl nghuri 8. ]di bfltgluetgfl fn tdiBiltrea Hrejil gltf Hirkely gs beaaim tdi Zurtea Hrejil

(ngh. 8). Gl hilirea tirks, tdi Ermillis Kessgn key ji siiles el irfsgflea erie, wdgai tdi Biltrea Hrejil gs e mipfsg-tgflea ilvgrflkilt. Gl Rfutd Agkjurh tdiri eri e aerhilukjir fn sfutdiest/lfrtdwist frgiltetim neuats, fn wdgbdtdi lfrtdirlkfst Niamjgss neuat gs tdi kfst prflfulbim. Gl

tdi sfutd, tdi Biltrea Hrejil gs jfulmim jy tdi Niamjgssneuat elm gl tdi lfrtd jy tdi Piiarelm neuat. ]disi neuatsmiviafpim murglh tdi Ieray ]irtgery elm devi ennibtim tdihifhrepdy fn simgkiltetgfl elm irfsgfl gl Rfutd Agkjurhivir sglbi.

]di sujsfga mipfsgts fn tdi Rfutd Agkjurh erie meti nrfk

Ngh. 8. Rtrubturea miviafpkilt fn Rfutd Agkjurh (entir3 Cuya 5740).



50 ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZEPDGBEA RI]]GLH

5 = 9 4 50 55 52

Ngh. 4. ]di Kees tirrebi hifkfrpdfafhy fn Rfutd Agkjurh3 mrewglh jesim fl mete prfvgmim jy tdi Rteti Hifafhgbea Rurviy et Diirail (pirs.bfkk. PX. Jfsbd elm X.K. Niamir, 5740-5749). ]di lukjirs rinir tf tdi sykjfas usim nfr tdi mgnnirilt tirrebi jfmgis? 5 ;Xeujebd (]irtg-ery mipfsgts), :;Cfsjirh, 2;Rgkpiaviam, =;Kerhretil, 9;Rgjji, >;êaciljurh, 8;Rt.Hiirtrugm, 4;Rt.Pgitirsjirh, 7;'s Hrevilvfiril,50;Zftdik, 55 ;Bejirh, 5:;Igsmil-Aelcaeer, 52;Ffst-Keertelm. Rii easf ]ejai :. (]di pfsatgfl fn tdi Jiavçmäri pgt gs glmgbetim jy elestirgsc.) ]di E-J agli rinirs tf tdi brfss-sibtgfl sdfwl gl nghuri 7.

Zdgli gl tdi ilvgrfls fn tdi tfwl fn Oñagbd (Xist Hirke- murglh tdi Ieray Paigstfbili elm iviltueaay beusim tdi rgvir



55 ]DI XGMIZ HIFAFHGBEA RI]]GLH

Ngh. 7. Brfss-sibtgfl tdrfuhd tdi tirrebi aelmsbepi fn Rfutd Agkjurh, eaflh tdi E-J agli glmgbetim gl nghuri 4. Nfr tdi sykjfas usim nfr tditirrebi jfmgis sii nghuri 4 (entir? Jruiril 57=9). ]di pfsgtgfl fn tdi Jiavçmäri pgt gs glmgbetim jy el estirgsc.

êl Rtreetil 57=>3 _flliviam 57993 Peuagssil 57823 Mfp-pirt it ea. 57893 Niamir it ea. 57403 Cuya 5740). ]di lfkil-baeturi fn tdi tirrebi siquilbi lfw gl usi gs sdfwl gl tejai:. Nghuri 4 sdfws tdi tirrebi hifkfrpdfafhy fn RfutdAgkjurh jesim fl liw keps ribiltay prfvgmim jy tdi RtetiHifafhgbeg Rurviy (X.K. Niamir elm P. Jfsbd, pirs.bfkk., 5740-5749). ]di liw risuats mgnnir flay saghdtaynrfk tdi risuds fn Jruiril (57=9), fl wdgbd tdi brfss-sibtgfls tdrfuhd tdi tirrebi aelmsbepi sdfwl gl nghuri 7 erijesim.

Ivgmilbi bflbirlglh tdi ehis fn tdi mgnnirilt tirrebis gsstgaa sberbi (tejai :). ]di niw jgfstretghrepdgbea mete evega-ejai devi jiil sukkergzim jy _ehwgol (5749). Pfaaileleaysgs fn e sekpai nrfk e piet jim mgsbfvirim gl tdiuppirkfst pert fn tdi Rgkpiaviam Dghdir ]irrebi mipfsgtssuhhists e Aeti ]ghagel meti nfr tdi nfrketgfl fn tdisi

simgkilts (Paetti Jfssbdil afbeagty). Rimgkilts fn tdiêaciljurh Dghdir ]irrebi et Rñstirsiia eri fviraegl jy eafiss mipfsgt wgtd rivirsim kehlitgb pfaergty (êl Kflt-nrels 5785), elm pfaail eleaysgs fn e piet jim nfulm et tdijfulmery jitwiil tdi tirrebi hrevia elm tdi fvirayglh afissglmgbetis tdet tdi piet wes nfrkim murglh tdi Jevia gl-tirhaebgea fn tdi Ieray Paigstfbili elm tdus des el ehi fn700 ce (_ehwgol/Mi Oflh 5742-574=).

Ngleaay, hrevias fn tdi Bejirh Kgmmai ]irrebi mipfsgts et

Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri eri fviraegl jy simgkilts wdfsineulea bfltilts glmgbeti tdet tdiy wiri nfrkim gl el gltre-ReeYel werk-tikpireti pdesi (sibtgfl 4.2 fn tdgs vfauki3sii easf? êl Cfansbdftil/Zfijrfics 5749). ]di hreviastdiksiavis bfltegl tdi rikegls fn e bfam neule, wdgbd devijiil essghlim el Ieray Reeagel ehi (êl Cfansbdftil 5749).

siquilbi sfutd fn tdi Biltrea Hrejil riprisilts flay e niwipgsfmis fn tdi tftea stretghrepdgbea tgki relhi fn tdi Uue-tirlery (_ehwgol 5749).

Gl tdi Biltrea Hrejil gtsian simgkiltetgfl wes kfribfltglufus tdel gl tdi rihgfl sfutd fn tdi Niamjgss, wdirisimgkiltetgfl eatirletim wgtd irfsgfl. Gl nebt, tdi simgkiltery siquilbi prisirvim gl tdi Biltrea Hrejil prfvgmistdi kfst bfkpaiti siquilbi fn tdi Mutbd Uuetirleryclfwl. Uuetirlery simgkilts gl tdgs rihgfl eri fvir :00 ktdgbc gl paebis (bn. _ehwgol/Mi Oflh 5742-574=).

Gl tdi aetir pert fn tdi Paigstfbili Rfutd Agkjurh wesbfvirim jy afiss mipfsgts, wdgbd tfmey very gl tdgbclissnrfk e niw mk tf kfri tdel :0 k. Nghuri 50 (entir? Cuya5740) hgvis tdi mgstrgjutgfl fn afiss mipfsgts fn fvir 9 ktdgbc gl Rfutd Agkjurh. Gl ribilt yiers tdi afiss mipfsgts gltdgs rihgfl devi jiil tdi fjoibt fn mitegaim risierbd, usglh

pdysgbea elm bdikgbea kitdfms miviafpim nfr tdi iertdRbgilbis, subd es tdipdrfs tretghrepdy, kgbrfkfrpdfafhyelm tdirkfaukglisbilbi (]A) metglh (bn. Ouvghlç 57883Kigos 57403 Cuya 57403 ^riicil/Kñbdir 57453 Deiseirtsit

]ejai :? ]di Paigstfbili tirrebi siquilbi gl Rfutd Agkjurh, wgtdglmgbetgfls fn tdi ehis fn tdi tirrebis es mgsbussim gl tdi tixt.

hilirea sujmgvgsgfl leki ehi

Afwir ]irrebi Ffst-Keeraelm

Kgmmai ]irrebi

Igsmil-AelcaeerBejirhZftdik

Aeti ReeagelIeray Reeagel



5: ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZEPDGBEA RI]]GLH

Ngh. 50. Mgstrgjutgfl fn afiss aeyirs

fn fvir 9 kitris tdgbc (5) elm tdilfrtdirl jfulmery fn tdi afiss (:)gl Rfutd Agkjurh (entir? Cuya 5740).

r \ s .-. V êeas

4 ck

ea. 57453 Ouvghlç/Rikkia 57453 Kigos it ea. 57423 Kiis/Kigos 574=3 Kigos 57493 êlmiljirhdi it ea. 57493 Dux-tejai/Egtcil 57493 Jfutil it ea. 57493 Xgltai 5748).

]diri eri tdrii mgehlfstgb dfrgzfls gl tdi afiss stretgh-repdy fn tdi rihgfl?

- tdi Rfa mi Zfbfurt (Huaail tfps 579=), gltirpritim es(riklelts fn) e sfga fn Iikgel ehi, wdgbd wes nfrkim glReeagel afiss3- tdi Iatvgaai tunn, e tdgl vfabelgb esd jim prisilt gl tditfppert fn tdi XigbdsiYel 'Kgmmai Rgat Afek' (bn. Ouvghlç/Rikkia 57453 riicil/Kñbdir 57453 Kigos i/e /. 5742).

fpim murglh iebd wistwerm sdgnt elm glbgsgfl pdesi fn tdirgvir, wdgbd tdil nfrkim tdigr fwl veaaiys gl tdi tirrebiaelmsbepi, iebd wgtd gts fwl sirgis fn sgmi veaaiys nfrkim jyskeaair rgvuaits. ]di mry veaaiys sdfw hriet vergetgfl gl sgzielm kfrpdfafhy. Ysueaay, e mry veaaiy systik des e milmrgt-

gbea strubturi, tdi aerhist mry veaaiys bfllibtglh up tf eveaaiy tdrfuhd wdgbd wetir nafws eaa tdi yier rfulm.

Jibeusi fn tdi aerhi lukjir fn striek veaaiys elm mryveaaiys tdi aelmsbepi gs hrietay mgssibtim, pertgbuaeray tdidghdir tirrebis. Nghuri 55 hgvis e tdrii-mgkilsgflea mrewglh

52 ]DI KGMMAI ELM AE]I PAIGR]FBILI MIPFRG]R E] KEER]ZGBD] JIA^ÇMÄZI



52 ]DI KGMMAI ELM AE]I PAIGR]FBILI MIPFRG]R E] KEER]ZGBD]-JIA^ÇMÄZI

Ngh. 55. ]drii-mgkilsgflea vgiw fn mry veaaiys nfrkim gl e dghdir {Rt.Hiirtrugm) tirrebi paetieu sfutdiest fn Keestrgbdt, x jitwiil 584000 elm54=900, y jitwiil 204:00 elm 259900 gl tdi tfpfhrepdgbeg kep systik. îrtgbea sbeai kehlgngim 4x. Mrewglh kemi jy -elm pujagsdim wgtdtdi bfurtisy fn- Mr O. Dertkel, Ekstirmek.

jilietd tdi Uuetirlery simgkilts eri rispflsgjai nfr kelycerstgb pdilfkile tdrfuhdfut tdi wircglh erie (Cuya5740).

:.2 ]di Kgmmgi elm Aeti Paigstfbili mipfsgts etKeestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri

:.2.5 GL]ZFMYB]GFL

Entir tdi pujagbetgfl fn tdi wfrc fn tdi Uuetirlery risierbd hrfup (êl Cfansbdftil/Zfijrfics 5749), gkpfrteltemmgtgflea ivgmilbi bflbirlglh tdi pgt's stretghrepdy wesfjteglim gl ngiamwfrc gl 5749-5744. Gl tdi wgltir fn 5749 el

iest-wist sibtgfl rullglh 200 k tdrfuhd tdi pgt jibekievegaejai nfr stumy. Gl 5749 elm 574> C. Hrfililmgoc elmO.P. mi Xerrgkflt ribfrmim aerhi perts fn tdgs ixpfsuri,tdi aerhist ixpfsim et Jiavçmäri sglbi 5740. Gl tdi sukkirsfn 574>, 5748 elm 5744 ftdir aflh sibtgfls gl tdi wistirlpert fn tdi pgt wiri ribfrmim jy stumilts fn tdi Glstgtuti fn

gngbetgfl fn tdi stretghrepdgbea kfmia miviafpim jy êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749) elm tf e ri-iveauetgfl fn tdi stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl fn sfki erbdeifafhgbea sgtis eariemy

rivgiwim jy Zfijrfics (5749). ]di 5749-5744 ngiamwfrcmete wgaa ji pujagsdim gl mitega iasiwdiri.]di nrekiwfrc istejagsdim gl tdgs sibtgfl wgaa ji usim

elm nurtdir miviafpim gl tdi prisiltetgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea sgtis.

:. 2. : AG]DFAFHW ELM AG]DFR]ZE]GHZEPDW

Xdil tdi 5749 vfauki fl tdi Jiavçmäri prfoibt wes pujagsdim (êl Cfansbdftil/Zfijrfics 5749), ulgts 5 tf 8 es

pujagsdim jy êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749) wiri ixpdbgtiayulmirstffm tf ji agtdfafhgbea ulgts. Rglbi tdil, dfwivir,tdrii yiers fn qugti gltilsgvi hifafhgbea ngiamwfrc devisdfwl tdet kettirs eri kubd kfri bfkpaix tdel wes glgtgea-ay tdfuhdt, elm gl nebt wi devi jiil usglh elm mgsbermglhqugti e sirgis fn hifafhgbea kfmias sglbi tdet pujagsdim gl

5= ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZ EPDG BEA RI]]GLH



5= ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZ EPDG BEA RI]]GLH

k+LEP

95 -

90 -

=7 -

=4 -

þ \ \ a \ \ R \ \ \

baey selm sgat f 0° f hrevia

Ngh. 5:. Ziprisiltetgvi virtgbea sibtgfl tdrfuhd tdi tirrebi hrevia fn Ylgt 2 (aaa-E) (nrfk elmiljirhdi it ea. 5749).

agtdfafhgbea ulgts gl tdi seki wey es frghgleaay pujagsdim(Ylgts 5 tf 8, bn. êlmiljirhdi it ea. 5749), elm tf ewermZfkel nghuris tf tdi agtdfstretghrepdgbea ulgts. Rf, jesgbeaay,

tdi bdeac gl sfki paebis. ]di jesi fn tdi Paigstfbili mipfs-gts et Jiavçmäri des el grrihuaer surnebi mui tf cerst nfrketgfl elm/fr irfsgfl, gts evirehi iaivetgfl jiglh =9 tf =8 k

j LEP (Ca g 575= J 57=9 J d 5789)





Bfjjais fn sivirea mk mf fbbur jut, fl tdi wdfai, tdipijjai mgekitir gs e niw bk. Ailsis fn ngli tf bfersi, hrev-iaay selm fbbur, wdgai fbbesgfleaay sgats elm baeys wirimipfsgtim gl miprissgfls, et tdi jesi fn wdgbd e hrevia

dfrgzfl gs nfulm. Fl tdi jesgs fn tdi simgkiltery bderebtir-gstgbs fjsirvim, êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749) bflbaumi tdettdgs agtdfafhgbea ulgt wes mipfsgtim jy e rgvir wgtd kuatgpaibdellias, tdi glmgvgmuea bdellias lft devglh ixgstim nfr eaflh tgki. ]di ulgt wes kfst agciay nfrkim jy e jregmimrgvir systik.

Ylgt = Ylgt =, misbrgjim gl tdi êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749)pepir es bflsgstglh fn hriygsd-wdgti tf aghdt hriilgsd selm

wgtd gltirbeaetim pijjai dfrgzfls elm jiglh fn nauvgea frg-hgl, wes sujmgvgmim entir tdi 5749-5744 ngiamwfrc. Gl 5749ettiltgfl wes eariemy mrewl tf tdi aetirea trelsgtgfls wdgbdaim êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749) tf mgstglhugsd sivirea nebgisgl tdgs ulgt. Et tdi tgki et wdgbd tdisi siltilbis wiriwrgttil (Nijruery 5744), tdi nfaafwglh sujmgvgsgfls demjiil kemi wgtdgl agtdfafhgbea Ylgt =?

- Ylgt =.5? ngliay aekgletim ngli selms elm baeys wgtd tdifmm aeyir fn hrevia3 kexgkuk tdgbcliss ejfut : k,- Ylgt =.:? e keglay dfrgzflteaay jimmim eatirletgfl fnhrevia aeyirs, sgaty selms elm selmy sgats3 kexgkuk tdgbclissejfut : k,- Ylgt =.2? primfkgleltay aekgletim ngli selms wgtd e niwbaey jelms, beaberifus gl perts3 up tf 5.9 k tdgbc. Ispibgeaayet gts jesi gt bfltegls fjagquiay jimmim bfersir selms elmhrevia aeyirs,- Ylgt =.=? e aeyir fn up tf 5 k tdgbc bflsgstglh fn hriygsd-

yiaafw tf hriygsd-fagvi ngli selms wgtd gltirbeaetim hreviaaeyirs. ]disi selms, wdgbd eri beaberifus gl perts, wirifjsirvim gl e lukjir fn nglglh upwerm siquilbis,- Ylgt =.9? ngli selms, hriygsd fagvi sgaty baeys, beaberifustunes (up tf 70% BeBF,) elm gltirbeaetim selm aeyirs. Gt gspfssgjai tf keci tdi nfaafwglh mgvgsgfls wgtdgl tdgs sujulgt.Ylgt =.9.5 bflsgsts fn e aetirea siquilbi fn hriygsd fagvi sgatyselms elm sgaty baeys fn up tf 5 k tdgbc, diri elm tdirifviraegl jy Ylgt =.9.:, bflsgstglh fn beaberifus tunes (up tf

70% BeBFo) elm devglh e kexgkuk tdgbcliss fn 0.4 k,fviraegl jy hriygsd-fagvi baeys. Ylgt =.9.2 bflsgsts keglay fnsgaty baeys elm des e ribfrmim tdgbcliss fn up tf 0.9 k.

Ylgt 9 Ylgt 9 bflsgsts fn yiaafwgsd-jrfwl tf rimmgsd yia-afw simgkilts tdet jibfki nglir gl hregl sgzi nrfk tdi jesi

tfp fn tdi suj-ulgt (êlmiljirhdi it ea. 57493 sii easf ngh.52 gl tdgs vfauki).

]di jfulmery jitwiil tdi twf sujulgts wes lft eaweysbaier gl tdi ngiam, jut gl paebis gt gs viry wiaa kercim jy el

irfsgflea aeyir bflteglglh pijjais elm bfjjais.Agciwgsi, gt wes lft eaweys pfssgjai tf mgnniriltgeti jitwiil simgkilts fn Ylgt = elm Ylgt 9.5, wdgbd gl kelypaebis sdfw jftd e hremuea aetirea elm e hremuea virtgbeatrelsgtgfl. Jrfwlgngbetgfl, baey ilrgbdkilt elm dfkfhilg-zetgfl es e risuat fn sfga nfrketgfl mgsturj tdi frghglea simgkiltery strubturis gl kely paebis elm devi bdelhim tditixturea prfpirtgis fn jftd Ylgt = elm Ylgt 9.

Gt gs nurtdirkfri wfrtd kiltgflglh tdet gl tdi ngiam Ylgt

9.: sdfwim e strgcglh risikjaelbi tf Reeagel afiss mipfsgtsixpfsim gl ftdir pgts gl tdi rihgfl. Kñbdir (5749), dfwiv-ir, ixpagbgtay gltirpritim tdgs ulgt lft es e 'puri afiss', jutes e simgkilt bflsgstglh fn nauvgetgai mipfsgts kgxim wgtdafiss tdet wes mgspaebim saghdtay entir gts frghglea mipfsgtgfljy wglm elm pfssgjay easf wgtd afiss tdet wes mipfsgtimmgribtay jy tdi wglm.

Ylgt > Ylgt > bflsgsts fn sgats elm sgaty afek, gs up tf 2 ktdgbc elm des jiil mgvgmim jy êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749)gltf nfur sujulgts, >.5 tf >.=, >.5 jiglh tdi afwirkfst ulgtgl stretghrepdgbea tirks elm >.= tdi uppirkfst ulgt.- Ylgt >.5 wes flay fjsirvim gl paebis3 gt bflsgsts fn e sgatyafek fn e aghdt hriy bfafur (>.5.5) wgtd e dfkfhilifusjaebc 'dukgb' dfrgzfl tfp (>.5.:), e siquilbi wdgbd desjiil gltirpritim es e stippi sfga (êlmiljirhdi it ea. 57493tdgs vfauki, bdeptir 8). Gt des tf ji strissim diri tdet e tdgl

aeyir fn skeaa stflis kiesurglh aiss tdel 5 bk wes fjsirvimgl kfst paebis et tdi jfulmery jitwiil tdi aghdt-hriygsd(>.5.5) elm tdi mercir afiss (>.5.:) fl tfp fn gt. Agciwgsi, glsivirea paebis gl tdi pgt el irfsgflea aivia wes fjsirvim fltfp fn tdi mercir afissgb simgkilts fn Ylgt >.5.

- Ylgt >.5 wes irfmim murglh tdi mipfsgtgfl fn Ylgt >.:,wdgbd bflsgsts fn rimipfsgtim simgkilts, pertay mirgvimnrfk Ylgt >.5 mipfsgts. Ylgt >.: gs keglay e pijjai zfli.- Ylgt >.2 bflsgsts fn ngliay aekgletim sgaty afeks, wdgbd

eakfst ivirywdiri eri bfvirim jy tdi hriygsd-yiaafw sgats fnYlgt >.=.- Ylgt >.9, lft prisiltim gl tdi êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749)pepir, bflsgsts fn aekgletim sgats wgtd gltirbeaetim selmaeyirs, tdi jesea pert fn wdgbd bflsgsts keglay fn e bfersiayhreglim rimmgsd selmy sgat, mipfsgtim entir e keofr irfsgflea

5> ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZEPDGBEA RI]]GLH



5> ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZEPDGBEA RI]]GLH

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. 2 J0 - 5:9 \k 2 ii ” 5: 9 <grn

. 2 :R

. 2 • • ” 5:9V* ok

2 :4

i i- 5 G R < g k

. 2 :9

. 2 J0 - 5:9 \k 2 ii ” 5: 9 <grn

. 2 :R

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2 :4

i i- 5 G R < g k

. 2 :9

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. 2 :R

. 2 • • ” 5:9V* ok

2 :4

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5

Ngh. 52. Bfkpergsfl fn typgbea dggstfhreks fn tngi hregl sgzi mgstrgjutgfl gl Ylgts 9.5, 9.:, > elm 8 (nrfk êlmiljirhngi it ea. 5749).

:.2.:.: Agtdfstretghrepdy

Nghuri 5= hgvis e viry sbdiketgb riprisiltetgfl fn tdi stre-

tghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl fn tdi Dtdfafhgbea ulgts misbrgjim ejfvi,es ribfrmim gl tdi 5748 ngiamwfrc fn tdi Glstgtuti fn IertdRbgilbis. ]di aetirea trelsgtgfls wdgbd devi jiil fjsirvimjitwiil dtdfafhgbea ulgts eri glmgbetim gl tdgs nghuri tff, eswiaa es gl tejai 2. ]dgs tejai easf hgvis e trelsaetgfl fn tdimete gl tirks fn dtdfstretghrepdgbea ulgts.

Es nfr tdi Ylgt G^-B bfkpaix, wdgbd gs e viry riaiveltbfkpaix nrfk el erbdeifafhgbea pfglt fn vgiw, mgsbrgkg-letglh jitwiil tdi skeaair sujulgts (G^-B-G, G^-B-GG elm

G^-B-GGG) gs nebgdtetim jy tdi fbburrilbi fn irfsgflea nieturis jitwiil tdisi sujulgts, wdgbd eri (gl kely paebis)siperetim nrfk iebd ftdir jy kfstay tdgl (up tf 9 bk tdgbc)selm aeyirs wgtd skeaa stflis (kfst kiesurglh aiss tdel :bk).

kfst gkpfrtelt tffg nfr gmiltgnyglh tdi prfbissis jy wdgbdsimgkilts bflteglglh erbdeifafhgbea ketirgea wiri mipfs-

gtim elm nfr gmiltgnyglh elm eleaysglh pfst-mipfsgtgfleaprfbissis, i.h. sfga nfrketgfl.Gl nebt, gt wes tdfuhdt tdet peaeifsfas bfuam flay ji

gmiltgngim jy kiels fn kgbrfkfrpdfafhgbea eleaysgs fr jymikflstretglh e betilery riaetgflsdgp. Ftdir aejfretfrykitdfms (i.h. hreluafkitrgbea eleaysgs) bellft prfvgmiprffn fn baey-gaauvgetgfl prfbissis fr ftdir nfrks fn pimfhi-lisgs (KbCiehui it ea. 57843 Kñbdir/Kfrfzfve 5742).

Gl dgs eleaysgs fn tdi Jiavçmäri mipfsgts, Kñbdir usim

tdi C-bybai bflbipt prfpfsim jy Jutair (5797) elm ix-paeglim gl Kñbdir elm Kfrfzfve (5742). Jutair's C-bybaibflbipt (C nrfk tdi Hriic Crflfs;Q.Qki) mgvgmis tdiUuetirlery gltf stejai pirgfms, mfkgletim jy sfga nfrketgfl, elm ulstejai pirgfms, mfkgletim jy irfsgfl, simg-kiltetgfl, elm tdi nfrketgfl fn safpi mipfsgts.




58

Ngh. 5=. Rbdiketgb brfss-sibtgfltdrfuhd tdi Jiavçmäri pgt, jesimfl tdi 5748 ngiamwfra1 fn tdiGlstgtuti fn Iertd Rbgilbis, NriiYlgvirsgty, Ekstirmek, sdfwglhtdi stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl fn tdiagtdfafhgbea ulgts. îrtgbea sbeaikehlgngim 5:x.

\\\\K\\\\'n'

Ngh. 59. Pdftf fn tdi sfutdirl pertfn tdi pgt, tecil gl tdi sukkir fn5748, sdfwglh Ylgts GGG tf ^GG. ]diaerhi jfuamirs gl tdi nrflt aint bfkenrfk tdi Ylgt 2 hrevias. ]di 'wdgtijelm' vgsgjai deanwey up tdi sibtgflbflsgsts fn tdi Ylgt G^-B-GG beaberi-

fus tunes (nrfk e bfafur sagmi jytdi eutdfr).

ulg t ^GG

ulg t ^G

" u l g t ^

ulg t G^

ulgt GGG

pirgfm ; ulstejai, elm gltirhaebgea fr gltirstemgea pirgfm ;

stejai key lft ji essukim. Ivil sdfrt-tirk elm afbeavieaim tdet tdi 'Jiavçmäri-pgt' rihgfl key ji rihermimkeglay es e simgkilt-ribigvglh erie, wgtd simgkiltetgfl

54 ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZEPDGBEA RI]]GLH



ejsilbi fn el E dfrgzfl elm easf tdi kegl pert fn tdi Jdfrgzfl subd e baessgngbetgfl bel flay ji tiltetgvi (Kñbdir5749). Auvgsfas' eri hilireaay nfrkim ulmir mibgmufusnfrists gl e tikpireti bagketi. ]di prfjaiks essfbgetimwgtd mgnniriltgetglh jitwiil Ylgt = elm Ylgt 9.5 simgkiltselm gltirpritglh agtdfafhgbea mgnnirilbis gl agtdfstretghrepd-gbea tirks eri, fn bfursi, easf ilbfultirim gl gltirpritglhtdi peaeifsfas. Agtdfafhgbea Gmiltgngbetgfl fn tdi periltketirgea -elm sujsiquilt Dtdfstretghrepdgbea gltirpritetgfl-wes fbbesgfleaay prfjaiketgb.

Es eariemy stetim ieragir gl tdgs bdeptir, liw gltirprite-tgfls fn tdi hifafhy fn tdi pgt wiri hilireaim gl tdi 5749-5744 ngiamwfrc, elm famir kfmias devi jiil mgsbermim.

]disi liw kfmias wgaa ji pujagsdim gl mitega gl mui tgki,elm gl tdgs vfauki flay tdi kfst sgkpai fptgfl wgaa jiprisiltim. Es nfr tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tdi peaeifsfa rik-lelts prisilt gl tdi Ylgt G^-Ylgt ^ bfkpaix, tdi liw meteglmgbeti tdet flay twf pirgfms fn keofr sfga nfrketgfl erifjsirvejai gl tdi Ylgt G^-^ siquilbi. Gt lfw siiks tdettdi trebis fn sfga nfrketgfl nfulm gl tdi Ylgt G^ elm ^-Emipfsgts gl nebt eaa meti nrfk fli keofr stejai pirgfm. Nu-

]ejai 2? Rtretghrepdgbea surviy fn tdi agtdfafhgbea ulgts prisiltimejfvi (aint) elm tdigr riaetgfl tf tdi dtdfstretghrepdgbea ulgts(rghdt).

AELMRBEPI

AG]DFAFHW AG]DFR]ZE]GHZEPDW

^ga

>.=

>.9

>.2

>.:

>.5

^G-I

^G-M

^G ^G-B

^G-J

^GE

9.:

9.5

^-J

^-E

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5

=.=

= 2

9.5

9.5

9 5

G^

GGGG^-BGG

G

G^-J

G^ E

Rimgkilt Zibigvglh Eries

RIFGKBL]E]GFK

Rtejaipirgfms RFGA NFZKE]GFL?

RFGAR, BYKYAE]G I RFGARELM ÎHI]E]GFL DFZG_FLR

Rimgkilt Prfmubglh Eries

fr

Irfsgflea Eries

RFGA IZFRGFL?

NFZKE]GFL FN RAFPIR,]ZYLBE]IM RFGAR ELMRAFPI MIPFRG]R

RFGA NFZKE]GFL?

RFGAR ELM BYKYAE]GÎ RFGAR

Ngh. 5>. Rbdiketgb riprisiltetgfl fn tdi ivilts tdet teci paebi gl tdi

aelmsbepi murglh stejai elm ulstejai pirgfms (nrfk Kñbdir 5749).

turi ngiamwfrc elm aejfretfry eleaysgs wgaa nfbus fl tdgsprfjaik, wdgbd wgaa tdirinfri lft ji mitegaim diri. Zi-nirrglh tf tdi 5749 pepir jy Kñbdir, wi bel sey tdet trebisfn tdgs ngrst peaeifsfa devi jiil nfulm gl sibtgfls Kg: (tdgl

sibtgfls 8=7-892), Kgo (tdgl sibtgfl 427), Kg,, (tdgl sibtgfl702-70=) elm et Rgti N (tdgl sibtgfls 0.==0, 0.=9:, Kñbdir,pirs.bfkk., 5748).

Gl tdi ulstejai bybai nfYfwglh tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi auvg-sfa gl tdi tfp pert fn tdi Ylgt G^/^-E bfkpaix tdi sfga wesirfmim elm Ylgt ^-J wes mipfsgtim. Rujsiquilt sfga nfrketgfl risuatim gl e wiaa-mreglim auvgsfa, es gs baieray fjsirvejai gl sibtgfls Kgo elm Kg= (Kñbdir 5749). Fl tdi jesgs fngts stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl elm gts kfrpdfafhy, tdi sfga

nfrketgfl gl tdgs stejai bybai gs bfrriaetim wgtd tdi 'Iikgel'Rfa mi Zfbfurt (Huaailtfps 579=).

Ylgts ^G elm ^GG devi yit tf ji sujoibtim tf systiketgbeakgbrfkfrpdfafhgbea risierbd. Dfwivir, tdi jaebc 'dukgb'dfrgzfl gl tdi tfp pert fn Ylgt ^G-E des jiil gltirpritimjy êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749) es e 'stippi sfga' gl vgiw fn esuhhistim betilery riaetgflsdgp jitwiil tdi tfpfhrepdgbeapfsgtgfl elm dymrfkfrpdgb prfpirtgis fn tdgs 'sfga' (jut siibdeptir 8). ]di uppir pert fn Ylgt ^G (g.i. ^G-I) bfltegls ebryfturjetim dfrgzfl, wdgbd strflhay risikjais tdi Lehiajiic Dfrgzfl (Deiseirts it ea. 5745), wgtd wdgbd gt gs bfrriaetim fl tdi jesgs fn gts bderebtirgstgbs elm Dtdfstretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl. ]di Iatvgaai tunn aeyir wdgbd sf mgstglbtaykercs tdgs dfrgzfl (Kigos it ea. 5742) gs, dfwivir, ejsiltdiri




97

94-

9 8 -

(M

®

(M

®

:5-I

:G-E

9 > -

9 9 -

• • • • ® -

(M

Ngh. 58. Ribtgfl ribfrmim gl 5742 sdfwglh tdi prisilbi fn e 'Less- jfmil' (4) ejfvi tdi Dfrgzfl fn Lehiajiic (epprfxgketi bffr-mgletis3 589:80/257480).5 tdi tfp fn tdi Ylgt GGG tirrebi hrevias: afeky ngli selm (:.9 W 9/2) - Ylgt G^2 selmy afek (:.9 W 9/2 - 8.9-50 WZ =/>) - Ylgt G^-B

= sgat afek (8.9 W 9/>) - Ylgt -J3 et gts jesi e hrevia aeyir bfltegl-glh ertinebts (E) elm stflis fn up tf 20 bk

. \ \ 9 Ylgt â-E sgat afek bfkpaixO : G > Lehiajiic Dfrgzflt

8 sgat afek (50 WZ >.9/>), beaberifus4 sgat afek (:.9 W >.9/2) wgtd e jrghdt jrfwl (8.9 WZ 9/4) uppir pert

:. 2 .= BAGKE]GB ELM PEAEIFIL^GZFLKIL ]EA GL

MGBE]FZR

Ylgt GGG Ebbfrmglh tf êl Cfansbdftil (5749), rikegls fn Iaipdes eltgquus dem gl tdi pest jiil nfulm et tdi jesi fntdi Ylgt GGG hrevias. ]di ribfrms fn ftdir lfrtdwistirlIurfpiel sgtis tdet devi ygiamim rikegls fn Iaipdes eltg

quus sdfw tdet tdgs spibgis gs hilireaay essfbgetim wgtdtikpireti nfrists. Gl 5749 O.P. mi Xerrgkflt nfulm e afeky aeyir wgtd aien gkprissgfls elm kfaausbs gl tdi kgmmai fn

Ylgt 2. Ebbfrmglh tf Kigoir (5749, pirs.bfkk., 574>), tdikfaausbs glmgbeti e Bfltgliltea tikpireti bagketi. Kfri-fvir, tdiri eri viry niw sujerbtgb iaikilts gl tdi kfYusbelneule.

Gl ribilt yiers, sivirea rikegls fn Kekkutdus prgkghi-

lgus, Bfiafmflte eltgqugtetgs, Iquus sp. elm Birvus iaepdus

devi jiil nfulm gl tdi uppir : k fn Ylgt GGG-E (ngh. 54). Gl574>, Hrfililmgoc elm Mi Xerrgkflt mgsbfvirim e lukjirfn skeaa kekkea rikegls gl tdi tfp pert fn Ylgt GGG-E,wdgbd glbaumim rikegls fn tdi Lfrwihgel aikkglh (Aik-

kus aikkus), hrfulm squgrria {Rpirkfpdgaus bn. ulmuaetus)

elm tdi sdfrt-tegaim vfai (Kgbrftus erveags) (êl Cfan

sbdftil gl priss). ]dgs neulea essikjaehi glmgbetis tdet tdiuppir pert fn Ylgt GGG-E kust devi jiil nfrkim gl e tul-mre-stippi ilvgrflkilt, ulmir bffa bagketgb bflmgtgfls. Gltdi uppir pert fn tdi Ylgt GGG-E hrevias e sirgis fn aerhiglvfautgfls wiri fjsirvim, tistgnyglh tf et aiest afbea pirke-nrfst bflmgtgfls. ]di seki pdilfkilfl des jiil fjsirvimgl e lierjy ixpfsuri (Caglcirs querry) (êlmiljirhdi it

ea. 5749).

Ylgt G^ Ebbfrmglh tf tdi peaeifltfafhgbea mete , e mgstglbtbagketgb bdelhi tffc paebi murglh tdi mipfsgtgfl fn tdi

F b 8 \

Æ-J

I_

:0 ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZEPDGBEA RI]]GLH



Zh. 54e. Kekkftd tusc Gl tdi tfp pert fn tdi Ylgt 2 hrevias, 574>

(nrfk e bfafur sagmi jy O.êlmiljirhdi).

Ylgt ^-E ]di viry hremuea (agtdfafhgbea) trelsgtgfl nrfkYlgt G^-B-GGG simgkilts tf tdi fvirayglh Ylgt ^-E mipfsgtssuhhists tdet tdi nfrketgfl pirgfms fn tdisi twf ulgts wiribafsiay riaetim gl tgki, elm tdet tdiy wiri viry prfjejaynfrkim ulmir tdi seki bagketgb bflmgtgfls. ]di nfrketgfl

fn Ylgt ^-E wes nfagfwim jy e keofr pirgfm fn sfga nfrketgfl ulmir werk-tikpireti bagketgb bflmgtgfls.

Ylgt ^-J ]dgs ulgt gs bflsgmirim tf ji e bfam-pdesi mipfs-gt tdet bflsgsts fn afiss wdgbd wes mgspaebim entir gts frghgleamipfsgtgfl jy tdi wglm. ]di peaeifsfa fl tfp fn Ylgt ^-J gsgltirpritim es devglh jiil nfrkim ulmir mibgmufus nfristvihitetgfl murglh tdi Iikgel gltirhaebgea.

Ylgt ^G ]dgs ulgt wes, nfr tdi kfst pert, nfrkim ulmirbfam dukgm bagketgb bflmgtgfls. ]di afwir pert fn Ylgt ^G(Ylgt ^G-E, ^G-J) des jiil ennibtim jy rihuaeray miviafpimglvfautgfls, riebdglh e bflstelt miptd fn 80-5:0 bk. ]diydevi jiil gltirpritim es bryfturjetgfls elm, fl tdi jesgs fntdigr sgzi elm wgmispriem fbburrilbi, es glmgbetgfls fn tdiixgstilbi fn e nfrkir pirkenrfst, wdgbd, ebbfrmglh tf êl-miljirhdi it ea. (5749), kfst prfjejay metis nrfk tdi

Xigbdsiagel Afwir Pailghaebgea. E bryfturjetgfl aivia weseasf fjsirvim gl tdi tfp pert fn Ylgt ^G, wdgbd gs metejai tftdi pirgfm fn pirkenrfst bflmgtgfls gl tdi XigbdsiagelYppir Pailghaebgea.

Ylgt ^GG ]dgs gs e typgbea afiss mipfsgt fn tdi Xigbdsiagel

=bk

Zh. 54j. Kekkutdus prgkghilgus kfaer nrfk tdi Ylgt 2 hrevias?jubbea vgiw fn K:sgl (JP5) (entir? êl Cfansbdftil 5749).

]di prisilbi fn Kekkutdus prgkghilgus elm Bfiafmflte

eltgqugtetgs gl tdi uppir pert fn Ylgt GGG-E glmgbetis tdettdisi simgkilts wiri mipfsgtim entir tdi Dfastiglgel gltirhaebgea (êl Cfansbdftil 5749). Peuagssil (5782) metimtdi Bejirh Kgmmai-]irrebi mipfsgts fn Ylgt GGG-E tf tdiReeagel gl dgs Kees-tirrebi stretghrepdy. Di gs fn tdi fpgl-gfl tdet tdi yfulhir Kgmmai ]irrebi fn Igsmil-Aelcaeerwes easf nfrkim gl tdi Reeagel pirgfm. ]dgs wfuam gkpay e

riaetgviay ieray Reeagel ehi nfr Ylgt GGG-E.Ylgt G^, wdgbd easf nfrks pert fn tdi Bejirh mipfsgts,wes metim fl tdi jesgs fn mgnnirilt glmipilmilt nfrks fnivgmilbi. ]di kgbrf-kekkeas glmgbeti tdet Ylgt G^ wesnfrkim gl e werk-tikpireti pdesi jinfri tdi errgvea fn tdiReeagel haebgirs gl tdi biltrea Litdiraelms (êl Cfansbdf

5749) d Y gm g mg d Y g G^

:5 ]DI KGMMAI ELM AE]I PAIGR]FBILI MIPFRG]R E] KEER]ZGBD]-JIAÎMÄZI



wZIR] BDELLIA

\ng,nOO g" GG gg'g g g l< lgr\

\\g.loa'ol\. \u,58'\_!\\''''\\gg<ggT-gg?g'''"g'g'g'g\'''''''\''\glgglu<l)ll,,,ull<lg.''' ''••'\

: : ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^Ç MÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZEPDG BEA RI]]GLH



]ejai =? Rbdiketgb sukkery fn tdi Kgmmai Paigstfbili siquilbi et Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri.

agtdfstre-tghrepdy simgkiltery prfbissis/sfga nfrketgfl bagketgb glmgbetgfls erbdeifafhy neule\

RFGA NFZKE]GFL (auvgsfa) werk-tikpireti

^ J - nfrketgfl fn Ylgt 9.: 'afissgb'simgkilts gl e nglglh upwermssiquilbi

bfam gsfaetim nglms

RFGA NFZKE]GFL (auvgsfa) werk-tikpireti

^-E - eaauvgea mipfsgtgfl fn e Ylgt

9.5 kgxturi fn selms elm afeks(fvirjelc mipfsgts)

G^-B

-k

-GG

- nauvgea mipfsgtgfl fn sgaty selms werk-tikpireti Rgtis E,M,N,D,C gsfaetim dfrsielm baeys (=.9.2) kfaers(fvirjelc mipfsgts) miir- nfrketgfl fn beaberifus tunes(=.9.:), uptf 70% BeBfo,gl miprissgfls werk-tikpireti Neule =- mipfsgtgfl fn hriygsd fagvi ('etaeltgb') Rgtis J,B,Hselms elm baeys (=.9.5),

ngaaglh miprissgfls

G^-J

G^-E

- nfrketgfl fn selmy mipfsgts wgtdgltirbeaetim hrevia aeyirs gl huaagisfut gltf famir simgkilts (=.=) gsfaetim nglms

- ngliay hreglim aekgletim selmsmipfsgtim gl ejelmflim jrelbdis fntdi kegl systik (=.2)

. werk-tikpireti .('Bfltgliltea')

. Neule 2 .

GGG-J

GGG-E

- kfri ngliay hreglim aeyirs (=.5, =.:)mipfsgtim et kerhgls fntdi jregmim rgvir

- nfrketgfl fn hrevia Ylgt 2 jye keofr jregmim rgvir systik

V bfam /pertay pirkenrfst gsfaetim nglms Neule :

Neule 5

ehi mitirkgletgfl fn kfaausbs nrfk Ylgt G^-B, berrgim futjy Z. Hrñl elm F. Cetziljirh, fn Bfafhli, ygiamim el ehi

fn ::0 µ =0 ce (pirs.bfkk., 5749). Nurtdir metglh fn simgkilts, jurlt naglts elm nfssgas gs gl prfhriss (sii sibtgfl4.2).

]di dievy kglirea essfbgetgfl fn tdi afiss nrebtgfl fnYlgt ^-J bfrrispflms tf tdet fn pri-Xigbdsiagel afissmipfsgts gl Jiahguk elm Xist Hirkely (Kigos 5749). E sfga

siagel ehi (sii nurtdirkfri bdeptir 8).Ebbfrmglh tf Deiseirts it ea. (5745), tdi Lehiajiic

Dfrgzfl des el ehi fn ejfut :0 ce. Mijildek (gl? Egtcilit ea. 574>) pirnfrkim e ]A ehi mitirkgletgfl fn tdi aeyirprisukim tf ji tdi Lehiajiic Dfrgzfl et Jiavçmäri elmfjteglim el ehi fn 52.2 µ 2.0 ce (bn. Xgltai 5748).

Fvirayglh tdi Lehiajiic Dfrgzfl eri tdi Ylgt ^GG afissmipfsgts, wdgbd devi el evirehi ]A ehi fn 58.9 µ 2.9 ce

:2 ]DI KGMMAI ELM AE]I PAIGR]FBILI MIPFRG]R E] KEER]ZGBD]-JIA^ÇMÄZI



'Ejsfauti'metis (ce)

Agtdfstret.

ulgts

Rtretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl fn sgtiselm gsfaetim nglms (* )

'Rfgas' Bdrflfstretghrepdy

]A 58.: µ2 .9

]A 58.9 µ2 .= ^GG Dfafbili Auvgsfaz

1AY

«GF

eg

9

]A52.2µ2.0 â-I 'Lehiajiic dfrgzflt'

z

1AY

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eg

9

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eg

9â-J/B ~ \ Q y\

z

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9

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'Xerlitil'

z

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9

â-E g o 3 Q B I 3 / 'Xerlitil'

z

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eg

9

]A<89 ^-J³ \"\

'Zfbfurt' Auvgsfa

z1

11(0

^-E«

Auvgsfa

z1

11(0

]A :80 µ::

IRZ::0µ=0

G^-B-GGG ® © © (D) ®

Auvgsfa

z1

11(0

]A :80 µ::

IRZ::0µ=0G^-B-GG

Auvgsfa

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IRZ::0µ=0

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Auvgsfa

z1

11(0

G^-J

z1

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G^-Eaaa-J

z1

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KG-E ³

z1

11(0

Ngh. :0. Gmieagzim surviy fn tdi stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea sgtis.

wirc supirvgsim jy O. êlmiljirhdi, wdf wgaa pujagsd tdihifafhgbea nglmglhs gl mitega iasiwdiri. Es lf nurtdir risierbd des jiil mfli fl tdi Xigbdsiagel simgkilts gl tdi

pgt, tdi riemir gs rinirrim tf êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749) nfrmitegas. Nghuri 57 hgvis e sbdiketgb gaaustretgfl fn tdi hilisgs fn tdi Kgmmai Paigstfbili mipfsgts gl tdi Jiavçmäri pgt,jesim fl e bfkpgaetgfl fn sivirea aerhir sibtgfls ribfrmimgl 5745-5748.

Ylgt GGG]di hrevia fn Ylgt GGG-E wes mipfsgtim jy e keofr jregmimrgvir systik, tdi biltri fn wdgbd wes sgtuetim et tdi sgti fn

tdi prisilt Jiavçmäri pgt murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi hreviaulgt (Ylgt GGG-E).

]di kfri ngliay hreglim agtdfafhgbea Ylgts =.5 elm =.:(GGG-J) fvirayglh tdi hrevias fn Ylgt 2 key ji bflsgmirimkerhglea mipfsgts fn e (saghdtay) aetir subbissfr fn tdgs rgvirsystik, wdgbd dem tecil e kfri iestiray bfursi. Jy tdgs

Ylgt G^- G^-E? Gl tdi nfaafwglh pdesi agtdfafhgbea Ylgt =.2 , bfl-sgstglh fn aekgletim ngli selm, wes mipfsgtim gl kfri afbea-

gzim bdellias, tdet wiri retdir glebtgvi elm wiri prfjejaymisirtim jrelbdis fn tdi kegl systik, wdgbd wiri safwayngaaim wgtd ngli selms (bagkjglh rgppais). ]wf prfjejaybfltikpfrery bdellias wiri fjsirvim. ]diy bellft jigltirpritim es kegl bdellias elm eri kfri agciay tf devijiil pirgpdirea flis wdgbd bflteglim wetir gl tgkis fnnaffms.- G^-J? ]di sdeaafw bdellias stgaa rikeglglh entir tdgspdesi wiri ngaaim wgtd Ylgt =.= mipfsgts, bfersir selms wgtd

gltirbeaetim hrevia aeyirs.- G^-B? Fl tfp fn tdisi selms afeky aeyirs wgtd gltirbeaetim aeyirs fn selm (G^-B-G) wiri mipfsgtim gl e beak ilvgrflkilt, gl wdgbd beaberifus tunes (G^-B-GG) wiri nfrkimgl e jebcswekp-agci ilvgrflkilt (agtdfafhgbea Ylgt =.9.:).]disi ngliay hreglim simgkilts eri fviraegl jy baeys elm sgat

:= ]DI HIFAFHW FN ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG] ELM G]R XGMIZ HIFHZEPDGBEA RI]]GLH



Ylgt ^- ^-E? Entir tdi nfrketgfl fn Ylgt G^-B, tdi rgvir mgs-eppierim nrfk tdi sgti fn tdi pgt3 tdi Ylgt ^-E mipfsgts,wdgbd eri dghd-wetir simgkilts, diri elm tdiri eatirletimwgtd dghd-ilirhy mipfsgts, eri gltirpritim es fvirjelc

mipfsgts fn e aerhi rgvir systik,]di nfrketgfl fn Ylgt ^-E wes nfagfwim jy e keofr stejaipirgfm, es gs epperilt nrfk tdi riklelts fn e auvgsfa peaeif-sfa nfrkim gl tdi tfp pert fn tdi Ylgt G^/^-E bfkpaix.- ^-J? Iasiwdiri, e kfri afbea frghgl des jiil suhhistimnfr tdisi wetiraegm simgkilts (êlmiljirhdi it ea. 5749),jut dievy-kglirea-eleaysis (Crffc ulpujagsdim) pfglt tf ekfri rihgflea prfvilelbi.

]di Ylgt ^-J simgkilts wiri tdi perilt ketirgea gl esibflm keofr pirgfm fn sfga nfrketgfl, risuatglh gl tdi

miviafpkilt fn e wiaa-mreglim auvgsfa, bfrriaetim wgtd tdi'Iikgel' Rfa mi Zfbfurt (Huaailtfps 579=).

]ejai = hgvis e sbdiketgb sukkery fn tdi Kgmmai Paigstf-bili siquilbi et Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, wdgai nghuri :0hgvis el gmieagzim sbdiketgb surviy fn tdi stretghrepdgbeapfsgtgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea sgtis tf ji prisiltim gl tdgsvfauki.

lftis

' baessgngim gl tdi Litdiraelms es remijrgc-hrflmil (Mi Jeccir/Rbdiaaglh 57>>) elm gl Xist Hirkely es Perejreulirmi (Kñbcil-

deusil 57>:).\ el Cfansbdftil 57493 gl priss)



Nglms nrfk Ylgt

Gl tdi eutdfr's fpglgfl, tdi Ylgt 2 tirrebi hrevias (agtdfstre-

tghrepdgbea Ylgt GGG-E) devi ygiamim flay twf glmgsputejai

ertinebts, eaflh wgtd e aerhi lukjir fn 'mujgius' pgibis.

Nghuri :5e sdfws e rfaaim naeci nfulm fl Fbtfjir >, 5745jy Kr X.K. Niamir (Hifafhgbea Rurviy, Diirail). ]di

prisilbi fn e juajus, e aerhi strgcglh paetnfrk, elm sivirea

mfrsea lihetgvis kecis gt qugti birtegl tdet tdgs naglt gs el

ertinebt. ]di naeci wes nfulm rfuhday gl tdi kgmmai fn tdi

hrevia sibtgfl. Kr Niamir bfuam lft istejagsd wgtd birteglty

wditdir tdi naeci wes stgaa gl gts frghglea pfsgtgfl3 tdi mipfs-

gts fvirayglh tdi Ylgt 2 tirrebi hrevias dem eariemy jiil

rikfvim sivirea kfltds jinfri tdi mgsbfviry elm tdi hrevia

sibtgfl wes fn ribilt meti. ]di rfaaim naeci kust devi bfki

nrfk tdi uppir dean fr tdi kgmmai fn tdi Ylgt 2 tirrebi

hrevias tdfuhd.

Nghuri :5j sdfws e naeci nfulm fl Kerbd :, 5744, gl tdi

nglea stehi fn tdi wrgtglh fn tdgs kelusbrgpt. ]di ertinebt

wes nfulm jy Kr E. Rpgicske (Glstgtuti fn Pridgstfry,

Aigmil).

]di Ylgt 2 hrevias devi lft jiil sujoibtim tf el gl

tilsgvi erbdeifafhgbea surviy, jut wiri flay ulsystik-

etgbeaay surviyim nfr ertinebts gl sivirea ngiam bekpeghls.

]di hrevias bflteglim e aerhi ekfult fn naglt elm e aerhi

lukjir fn 'mujgfus' naecis wiri ribfvirim jy surviy elm

sbriilglh. Eaa fn tdisi devi lf, fr flay skeaa strgcglh paet

nfrks, lf mfrsea lihetgvis, itb. ]di naglts tdet eri bflsgm-

irim ertinebts fl tibdlgbea hrfulms, agci tdi twf gaaustretim

diri, dem wgtdfut ely mfujt jiil sdgntim nrfk tdigr frghglea

pfsgtgfl, es gs prfvil jy tdigr rfaaim bflmgtgfl.

Et prisilt, tdi Ylgt 2 hrevias eri tdfuhdt tf pfst-metitdi Liimgel gltirhaebgea wdgbd, fl tdi jesgs fn pfaail-

eleaytgbea ivgmilbi, gs bfrriaetim wgtd tdi Dfastiglgel gl

tirhaebgea (sii ? _ehwgol 5782). Es glmgbetim jy tdi metglh

ivgmilbi fjteglim nfr tdi fvirayglh Ylgt G^ mipfsgts (sii

bdeptir 4), tdi Ylgt 2 hrevias wiri nfrkim gl tdi ngrst ste

Ngh. :5. ]wf rfaaim naecis nrfk tdi Ylgt 2 hrevias, sbeai :?2.

:>



Ng m m g mg m g Y g G^ B G



Nglms elm sgtis mgsbfvirim gl Ylgt G^-B-G

=.5 Gltrfmubtgfl

Gl tdi pgt tdrii sgtis (J, B elm H) wiri mgsbfvirim wdgbd

wiri stretghrepdgbeaay sgtuetim jilietd tdi Ylgt G^-B-GG

beaberifus tunes. ]digr ikjimmglh Ylgt G^-B-G ketrgxprfmubim kely neulea rikegls, jftd wgtdgl elm futsgmi tdi

agkgts fn tdi ixbevetgfls, wdgbd kemi tdgs ulgt e nfbus fn

gltirist gl tdi kuatgmgsbgpaglery wfrc.

Fn tdi tdrii sgtis prisiltim diri tdi 'rgbdist'. Rgti B, wgaa

ji trietim gl kfst mitega, wdgai tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tdi

itdir twf sgtis wgaa ji agkgtim tf sgti-spibgngb prfjaiks, et

aiest gl tdgs bdeptir.

Kfri hilirea gkpagbetgfls fn tdi eleaysis fn tdisi sgtis

wgaa ji mgsbussim gl bdeptir 4, wdgbd mieas wgtd tdi ilvg-rflkiltea elm bdrflfafhgbea bfltixt fn tdi Ylgt G^-B sgtis,

elm gl bdeptir 7, wdiri hilirea jidevgfurea espibts fn tdi

dfkglgms rispflsgjai nfr tdi essikjaehis ribfrmim et tdi

Ylgt G^-B sgtis wgaa ji mgsbussim.

=.: Rgti B

=.:.5 GL]ZFMYB]GFL

Rgti B wes mgsbfvirim fl Euhust :5,5745 murglh tdi ixbe-

vetgfl fn Rgti J, wdil N. Jrfllil nfulm e naeci gl Ylgt =.9

simgkilts, ejfut 20 k sfutd fn Rgti J (sii ngh. ::). ]di

sibtgfl tdet bflteglim tdi naeci dem eariemy jiil sekpaim

nfr kfaausbs elm skeaa kekkea rikegls. E skeaa trilbd aim

tf tdi kegl ixbevetgfl. ]di sgti wes ixbevetim gl tdrii

bekpeghls, nrfk Riptikjir 5, 5745, tf Nijruery 55, 574:,

nrfk Ouay 5:, 574:, tf Riptikjir :, 574:, elm nrfk Eprga 9,

5742, tf Ouli 58, 5742. Gl 2> wiics e tftea erie fn :>= k\

wes ixbevetim.

]di ixbevetgfl wes berrgim fut gl tdi usuea wey? eaa nglms

kebrfsbfpgbeaay gmiltgngejai gl tdi ngiam wiri ribfrmim

tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay elm glmgvgmueaay lukjirim elm eaa naglts

wiri stfrim siperetiay gl skeaa paestgb jehs. ]di simgkilt

fn 24 k\ wes sgivim tdrfuhd e :-kk kisd sgivi.

Ngh. ::. Rgti B3 tdi ngrst trgea squeris gl tagi lfrtggirl pert, Riptikjir5745. Gl tdi jebchrfulm tdi Rgti J buttglh gs vgsgjai (pdftfhrepd?P.O.Z.Kfmmirkel).

wdgbd bfuam dermay ji prftibtim nrfk tdi duhi ekfults fn

(regl-)wetir tdet fbbesgfleaay naffmim tdi pgt. Gl tdi wgltir

fn 574:/5742 tdi sfutdirl pert fn tdi ixbevetgfl wes bfv-

irim jy 5 tf 2 k fn wetir, beusglh tdi mipfsgtgfl fn tdgbc

:4 NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G



vgiw fn tdi cerst-hiliretim mgsturjelbis kiltgflim ejfvi.

Xdgai tdi ixbevetgfl wes jiglh berrgim fut, O.P. mi Xer-

rgkflt elm ftdirs spilt sivirea meys sekpaglh tdfsi eries

wdgbd wiri tff ennibtim jy cerst tf ji ixbevetim gl tdi

usuea wey. ]disi eries eri glmgbetim fl tdi hilirea mgstrg-

jutgfl keps fn Rgti B. ]di erie ygiamim flay twf skeaa

naecis, prfjejay jibeusi tdi Ylgt = nglm ketrgx wes bfk-

paitiay kgxim wgtd ftdir aeyirs.

=.:.: R]ZE]GHZEPDW

]di Rgti B naglt essikjaehi wes nfulm gl e ketrgx fn wiaa-

sfrtim ngli- tf viry ngliay-hreglim yiaafwgsd-jrfwl (:.9 W

9/2) tf hriygsd-fagvi (9 W 9/2) selms, wgtd e sgat elm baey

bfltilt fn et aiest 59% jy wighdt. Ispibgeaay gl tdi iestirlpert fn tdi ixbevetim erie tdi selms jibeki nglir gl e

aetirea trelsgtgfl tf hriygsd-fagvi sgaty baeys. Rfki fn tdi

nglms, pertgbuaery tdfsi ribfvirim nrfk tdi lfrtdirl elm

iestirl perts fn tdi ixbevetim erie, wiri mgsbfvirim gkki-

mgetiay ulmirlietd tdi beaberifus tune fn Ylgt G^-B-GG.

Nghuri :2 hgvis e sbdiketgb riprisiltetgfl fn tdi sibtgfl

fjsirvim gl squeri D-52, wdiri Mr K. Egtcil (Fxnfrm)

glsirtim ]A mfsgkitirs gl 574: nfr tdi kiesurikilt fn tdi

Ilvgrflkiltea Mfsi reti. ]di siquilbi ribfrmim gl tdgssibtgfl gs riprisiltetgvi fn tdi Rgti B erie gl hilirea, ver-

yglh keglay gl tdi hregl sgzi fn tdi simgkilts misghletim es

: elm 2 gl nghuri :2. Gl sfki perts tdgs 'gmiea' sibtgfl wes

jemty mgsturjim, ispibgeaay gl tdi lighdjfurdffm fn tdi

biltris fn cerst-hiliretim mgsturjelbis. Nghuri := sdfws tdi

sibtgfl ribfrmim gl Riptikjir 5745 et tdi iestirl jfulmery

fn tdi lfrtdirl pert fn tdi sgti. Diri Ylgt G^ simgkilts dem

sulc gltf e sglcdfai elm dem jiil ripaebim jy Ylgt ^

simgkilts (sii easf nghuri :9 nfr e pdftfhrepd fn tdgs pdi-

0-5”

9 0 -

500

Ngh, :2. Rgti B? sibtgfl gl squeri D 525 tdi tfp fn tdi Ylgt GGG hrevias: aekgletim viry ngli selm (:.9 W 8.:)2 afeky viry ngli selm (:.9 W 9/2) wgtd e niv\\ rimmgsd yiaafw (9 W

>/4) kfttais, bflteglglh ertinebts= selmy afek wgtd tdi seki jesgb bfafur es 2, jut wgtd e kubd

mercir eppierelbi es e risuat fn tdi ejulmelbi fn Kl elm Nikfttais

9 selmy afek, rimmgsd jrfwl> rim sgat afek (8.9 WZ >/>)

:-9 eaa nfrk pert fn Ylgt G^-B, wdgai > prfjejay riprisilts e Ylgt ^-Jmipfsgt

:7 RG]IB

) ]d jg m m t g mg t td t td Rgt B



lfkilfl). ]di bfkjglim mete glmgbeti tdet tdi Rgti B

essikjaehi des tf ji paebim gl agtdfafhgbea Ylgt =.9.5 elm gl

agtdfstretghrepdgbea Ylgt G^-B-G.

=.:.2. ]DI NGLMR

=.:.2.5 Gltrfmubtgfl

Murglh tdi Rgti B ixbevetgfls tdi nfaafwglh nglm betihfrgis

wiri ribfrmim? naglt ertinebts (ngh. :>), jurlt naglts, jfli

ketirgea, bderbfea elm deiketgti. Nghuri :8 (sipereti sdiit

et tdi jebc fn tdgs vfauki) hgvis tdi dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl

fn eaa nglm betihfrgis, wdgbd wgaa ji prisiltim subbissgviay gl

tdi nfaafwglh sibtgfls.

=.:.2.: ]di naglt essikjaehiGl tftea, 20>8 naglt ertinebts wiri ribfrmim tdrii-mgkilsgfl-

eaay gl tdi bfursi fn tdi Rgti B ixbevetgfls. Nghuri :4 elm

tejai 9 hgvi tdi sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi naglt ketirgea, sdfw

glh tdet tdi keofrgty fn tdi nglms (82.7%) eri skeaa naecis

wgtd kexgkuk mgkilsgfls fn aiss tdel : bk. ]di sgivi

risgmui fn 24 k' easf bflteglim 92> bdgps wgtd kexgkuk

mgkilsgfls fn aiss tdel 5 bk (sii sibtgfl =.:.9.:) . ]di tftea

wighdt fn tdi Rgti B ertinebt essikjaehi gs flay 8:20 h.

Es e hilirea bderebtirgzetgfl gt bel ji segm tdet tdi nagltglmustry gs tf e aerhi ixtilt tdi prfmubt fn e priperim-bfri

tibdlgqui, glbaumglh sivirea 'baessgbea' Aiveaafgs naecis.

Rfki fn tdi aerhir lfl-bfrtix naecis sdfw sghls fn sfnt-

dekkir naecglh. Kely fn tdi jutts eri nebittim? nfr tdi

tftea lukjir fn naecis tdi Glmix Nebittehi gs 90.=, tdi Glmix

Nebittehi strgbti jiglh =2.8. Nfr tdi aerhir naecis (e 9 bk)

tdi Glmix Nebittehi gs >:.4, elm tdi Glmix Nebittehi strgbti

99.2. ]di Glmix Aekglegri fn tdisi aerhir naecis gs :0.9.

]di imhi elhais fn tdi naecis eri skeaa, hilireaay lft kfri

tdel =0 mihriis. ]di naecis devi streghdt imhis wdil

vgiwim gl brfss sibtgfl.

]di essikjaehi bfltegls flay tdrii tffas (g.i. ertinebts

mgspaeyglh sghls fn gltiltgflea ritfubd) wdgbd eri eaa tdrii

sbrepirs (ngh. 27). Gl emmgtgfl tf tdisi gltiltgfleaay kfm-

gngim ertinebts, 54 fn tdi aerhir naecis mgspaey kebrfsbfpgbea

sghls fn usi, veryglh gl gltilsgty. ]di tibdlfafhgbea bdereb-

tirgstgbs fn tdisi 'usim' naecis elm tdi tdrii tffas eri hgvilgl tejai > (sii easf ngh. :7).

Kfst fn tdi naglts sdfw e aghdt bfafur-petgletgfl, wdgai

kely fn tdi pgibis mgspaey e sfga-sdiil, veryglh gl gltilsgty.

Rivirea pgibis, dfwivir, sdfw dermay ely kebrfsbfpgbea

surnebi kfmgngbetgfls.

Ngh. :9. Pdftfhreplgb riprisiltetgfl ft tli Cerst egsturjelbi sagfwgg

gl nghuri :=.

Ngh. :>. Rgti B? e virtgbea vgiw fn squeri B 54, murglh ixbevetgfl? twfaerhi naecis eri glmgbetim, tf tngi aint e paulhim Aiveaafgs-naeci (B54/50, sii nghuri 2=) kemi nrfk Zew Ketirgea Ylgt = (ZKY =), elm tftngi rghdt e ZKY > naeci (B 54/9). E pffray prisirvim jfli nrehkiltgs vgsgjai gl tngi tfp aint bfrlir. ]wf cerst-hiliretim neuat aglis bel jisiil rullglh tdgrfuhng tdi squeri gl tngi afwir ngean fn tngi pgbturi.

aim tf e rigltirpritetgfl fn tdi naglt mgstrgjutgfl. Gl tdgs

perehrepd tdi mgnnirilt ZKYs wgaa ji misbrgjim gl tirks fn

tdigr hilirea bderebtirgstgbs elm ettiltgfl wgaa ji mrewl tf

tdigr dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfls wgtdgl tdi ixbevetim erie (ngh.

20).

20 lLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

]ejai 9? Rfki queltgtetgvi mete fl tdi Rgti B naglt essikjaehi



% Rgti B

90\

=0

\ 8

20. / 8:0.

/~ 8 |

50. '\\-\6\\\\\\-

50. '

N - / \ \ \ \ 8 8 /0.5 5-: :.2 2.= = .9 9V> >V8 8V4 4. 7 7V50 50V

]ejai 9? Rfki queltgtetgvi mete fl tdi Rgti B naglt essikjaehi(tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay ribfrmim nglms flay).

Ngh. :4. Rgti B? sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi Rgti B naglt ertinebts, jesim flkexgkuk mgkilsgfls, gl bk.

iretiay tf siviriay rfYim bfrtix. ]di epprfxgketiay 70

ZKY 5 baikilts bflsgst keglay fn mijrgs, wgtd e niw rfuhd

naecis elm naeci nrehkilts wgtd bfrtix. ]di tftea wighdt gs

epprfxgketiay >89 h. ]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi

baikilts fn tdgs ZKY gs sbdiketgbeaay glmgbetim gl nghuri

20.

kex. mgkilsgfls l %fngl bk tftea

0 - 5 52>4 ==.>5- : 474 :7.2: - 2 =0= 52.:2 - = 544 >.5= - 9 72 2.09 - > == 5.=> - 8 :8 0.78 - 4 54 0.>4- 7 5> 0.97-50 8 0.:

50- = 0.5

tftea 20>8 77.7

jurlt naglts 52: =.2pgibis wgtd bfrtix 907 5>.>tffas 2 0.5naecis sdfwglh usi ritfubd 54 0.>bfris = 0.5

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt : (nghs. 25-2:)ZKY : bflsgsts fn e rbaetgviay bfersi-hreglim yiaafw-jrfwl

naglt wgtd e nrisd bfrtix. ]dgs ZKY gs riprisiltim jy kubd

mijrgs, e aerhi lukjir fn bfrtix naecis, e niw aerhir naecis

nrfk e 'Aiveaafgs' bfri, twf bfris (tdrii entir ringttglh? sii

nghs. 2: elm =7) elm bfri nrehkilts. ]di tftea wighdt fn

baikilts fn tdgs ZKY gs ejfut 2000 h. E bfkpergsfl wgtd

tdi ZKY 2, =, 9 elm > prfmubts sdfws tdet tdgs naglt lfmuai

dem jiil wfrcim gl e 'rfuhdir wey', wdgbd key ji e bflsi-

quilbi fn tdi naglt's hregl sgzi. Eaa naecis siik tf ji tdi

prfmubt fn derm-dekkir naecglh, es suhhistim jy tdi wiaa

prflfulbim juajs. Nebittim jutts eri aiss bfkkfl tdel gl

tdi besi fn tdi ftdir ZKYs?

ZKY : (naecis < 9bk) ftdir ZKYs (naecis <9bk)

GNGNs

=:.=2>.=

82.8>9.9

]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi baikilts fn tdgs ZKY gs

sbdiketgbeaay glmgbetim gl nghuri 20.

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt 2

ZKY 2 bflsgsts fn e ngli-hreglim jauigsd-wdgti naglt wgtd e

mgnnirilt naglt-cleppglh stehis, es wgaa ji sdfwl gl tdisibtgfl mieaglh wgtd tdi ringttglh ivgmilbi. Gl vgiw fn tdigr

mgnnirilbis gl hregl sgzi, bfrtix elm glbausgfls, tdi cleppglh

prfmubts risuatglh nrfk tdisi twf mgnnirilt stehis devi jiil

gltirpritim es twf mgnnirilt ZKYs. Jisgmis jy tdi usuea

ngli mijrgs, ZKY 2 gs riprisiltim keglay jy naecis wgtd

bfrtix elm e niw aerhir rihuaer naecis wdgbd eaa siik tf

devi jiil prfmubim jy derm-pirbussgfl naecglh. ]di tftea

wighdt fn tdgs hrfup gs epprfxgketiay 400 h.

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt = (nghs. 22-2>)

ZKY = bflsgsts fn e ngli-hreglim naglt (nglir tdel ZKY 2),

jauigsd-wdgti gl bfafur, wgtd e viry bfersi-hreglim aghdt

jrfwl pert, elm e riaetgviay nrisd elm tdgbc bfrtix.

]dgs ZKY bfkprgsis e mfzil aerhir (< 9 bk) naecis, el

ixdeustim 'Aiveaafgs' bfri (ngh. 22) elm kubd ngli mijrgs.

]di ZKY = naecis reriay sdfw e bfrtix. ]di keofrgty fn

tdi aerhir naecis wiri ribfrmim futsgmi tdi kegl mijrgsbflbiltretgfl, gl tdi lighdjfurdffm fn sfki aerhir jfli

nrehkilts. Kely fn tdi naecis sdfw sghls fn sfnt-dekkir

naecglh. ]di tftea wighdt fn tdgs ZKY gs epprfxgketiay 5200

h-

•*•«•6•••, ]! J «\ 3 . \ - ' \ \ * ³ g ? "

25 RG]IB

J B M i N H D ' O C



J B M i N H D O C

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Ngh. :7. Rgti B? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tffas elm naecis sdfwglh sghls fn usi ritfubd (sii ]ejai >). Hrgmgl squeri kitris.

]ejai >? Rfki tibdlfafhgbea bderebtirgstgbs fn tffas elm naecis mgspaeyglh usi ritfubd nrfk Rgti B

(mgkilsgfls gl kk).

nglm lf. ailhtd wgmtd kex.mgkils.

lukjirfn sbers

strgcglhpaetnfrk

rikercs

Jv872 8: =0 82 > nebittimJv478 >= 24 >9 = kgssglh

Jv7=> >8 == 80 > kgssglh ,Jv 5050 78 8= 78 4 mgdimreaJvaa99 84 27 84 50 nebittimJv 5:0: 500 99 500 9 nebittimJv 5:>9/

Jv 5:=4 505 =4 508 9 nebittim

Jv 5904 4: 20 42 4 paeglE 52/> >5 20 >5 2 mgdimreaJ 54/= 44 =0 44 50 nebittimJ 54/8 89 94 40 = nebittimM 5>/9/

Jv 5=42 9: 29 4> > mgdimrea

M 54/9 >2 22 >7 8 mgdimrea kiet pfagsd

2: lXMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G



Ngh. 20. Rbdiketgb dfrgzflteamgstrgjutgfl fn tdi kegl bflbiltre-tgfls fn ZKY's 5 ->. Hrgm gl squerikitris. ]di erie mgsturjim jya1erst gs bfafurim hriy.

]] YY ^^ XX TT WW _ _ E B M I N H D O C A K L F P U Z

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt > (ngh. 28)

ZKY > bflsgsts fn e hriy ngli-hreglim naglt wgtd e bfrtix

siviriay ejremim jy nauvgea trelspfrt. ats dfrgzfltea mgstrgju

tgfl gs glmgbetim gl nghuri 20. Fn tdgs ZKY wi devi e niw

mfzil bfrtix naecis, wdgai e mfzil aerhir naecis, nfulm

futsgmi tdi ZKY > bflbiltretgfl, eri bflsgmirim tf devi

jiil strubc nrfk tdi seki naglt lfmuai fl tdi jesgs fn tdigr

hregl-sgzi, bfafur elm glbausgfls. ]di sgmi sbrepir I 58/50

(ngh. 27) gs easf esbrgjim tf tdgs ZKY.

]di fvireaa keofrgty fn tdi Rgti B naglt ketirgea bfuam ji

esbrgjim tf tdisi sgx hrfups. ]drii aerhir naecis, nfulm gl

tdi Rfutdirl pert fn tdi sgti, wiri minglgtiay lft nrfk tdi

ZKYs prisiltim diri elm prfjejay mirgvi nrfk fli fr

]di ringttglh ivgmilbi fn tdi Rgti B ketirgea wgaa ji pri

siltim jiafw. Diri gt sunngbis tf steti tdet wi kelehim tf

ringt e aerhi pert fn tdi Rgti B ketirgea, elm tdet, fl tdi

wdfai, bflofglglh pgibis tilmim tf baustir spetgeaay. Gl

tftea, :5.9% fn eaa naglt pgibis wes ringttim, tdet gs, 80.= %

fn tdi tftea wighdt fn tdi Rgti B naglt ketirgea.

=.:.2.2 Jurltnaglts

Gl tftea, 597 jurlt naglts wiri ribfrmim gl tdi Rgti B ixbeve-

tgfl, 52: fn wdgbd wiri (hilireaay skeaa, g.i. 1 : bk) erti

nebts (; =.2% fn tdi tftea lukjir fn ertinebts). ]di fvireaa

keofrgty fn tdi jurlt ertinebts wiri nfulm gl tdi sfutdirl

pert fn tdi sgti, es sdfwl gl nghuris :8 elm =0. Kfst fn tdisi

22 RG]IB



Ngh, 25 . Rgti B, ZKY :? 5 -9 naecis, sbeai :?2.

=.:.2.= Neulea rikegls

Gl tdgs sibtgfl lf ettiltgfl wgga ji pegm tf tdi skea! kek

kea rikegls elm tdi kfgausbs nfulm gl beaberifus perts fn

tdi Ylgt = simgkilts fn Rgti B. ]dgs tfpgb wgaa ji trietim gl

tdi sibtgfl mieaglh wgtd tdi peaeifilvgrflkiltea mete fn

tdi Ylgt G^ mipfsgts. Flay tdi aerhir kekkea rikegls wgaa

ji mgsbussim. ]di jfli ketirgea nfulm et Rgti B gs fl tdi

wdfai pffray prisirvim (sii nghs. :> elm =:). ]di dghdir

elm kfri selmy pert fn tdi sgti prfmubim sivirea jfli

'hdfsts' elm lf gltebt jfli nrehkilts, wdiries tdi afwir

elm afekgir perts fn tdi sgti, eatdfuhd bflteglglh niw jfli

rikegls fvireaa, ygiamim riaetgviay jittir prisirvim nreh

]d d mgnn g a m n d j g a

rfs Mgbirfrdglus dikgtfibdus wiri nfulm (ngh. =5) gl el

ekfrpdfus kess fn jfli elm tfftd nrehkilts. ]di twf

kfaers (uppir prikfaers MP: elm MP2 sgl, bn. êl Cfan

sbdftil 5749) ngt tfhitdir viry wiaa elm sdfw tdi seki

ekfult fn wier. Gl squeri D-8 elm gl tdi lighdjfurdffm fn

squeri D-8 kfri rdglfbirfs tfftd nrehkilts wiri nfulm,

wdgbd dem viry prfjejay jiaflhim tf tdi seki yfulh rdglf

birfs.

E =5-bk aflh jfli nfulm gl squeri N-:= wes gmiltgngim es

tdi tgjge fn Birvus (K.) hgheltius, wdgai e jfli nrfk

squeri M-:2 wes gmiltgngim jy êl Cfansbdftil es pert fn e

virtijre fn el elgkea gl tdi frmir fn kehlgtumi fn rfi miir

2= DLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

eltgqugtetgs. Jfrsuc-Jgeaylgbce bgtis tdi besi fn e prisilt- Dþazir fn tdi Rwgss Nimirea Glstgtuti fn Nfristry Zisierbd.



q y p

mey rdglfbirfs wdgbd afst gts aest mibgmufus tfftd (MP=) et

tdi ehi fn ighdt kfltds. Eatdfuhd tdi ehis et wdgbd mgnnir

ilt tiitd eri ripaebim gl prisilt-mey rdglfbirfs key mgnnir

nrfk tdfsi fn ixtglbt spibgis, tdisi mete baieray glmgbeti tdet

tdi rikegls gl tdi Rgti B neulea essikjaehi dem jiaflhim tfe viry yfulh rdglfbirfs.

Ngleaay gt gs wfrtd kiltgflglh tdet tdi rdglfbirfs rikegls

nfulm et Jgazglhsaijil (Hirkel Mikfbretgi Zipujagb)

bflsgst keglay fn afwir oews elm strey tiitd nrfk -ebbfrmglh

tf tdi ixbevetfrs- skesdim uppir elm afwir oews (Kelge

5742).

=.:.2.9 BderbfeaGl tdi bfursi fn tdi Rgti B ixbevetgfls sivirea tdfuselms fn

bderbfea pertgbais wiri nfulm, kfst fn wdgbd kiesurim aiss

tdel 2 kk. ]di fvireaa keofrgty fn tdi bderbfea rikegls

wiri nfulm gl twf bflbiltretgfls? e skeaa fli gl tdi iestirl

pert fn tdi sgti, elm e aerhi fli gl tdi wist (ngh. :8).

]di iestirl bflbiltretgfl bflteglim epprfxgketiay 590

skeaa bderbfea nrehkilts, gl el fveafgm bflbiltretgfl fn

ejfut 0.9 k\ gl squeris P/0-59. Ejfut :0 fn tdisi pgibis

wiri sujkgttim tf Mr X. Rbdfbd et tdi Aejfrnñr Uuerteri

y

]di skeaa sgzi elm riaetgviay pfir steti fn bflsirvetgfl fn

tdi nrehkilts eaafwim flay e viry hilirea gmiltgngbetgfl fn

twf pgibis nrfk tdgs sekpai? fli mirgvim nrfk bflgnirfus,

tdi ftdir nrfk mibgmufus wffm (Rbdfbd, gl agtt. 574:). ]dgs

bderbfea sbettir wes mgsbfvirim gl tdi jfrmirzfli fn tdiZKY : naglt ertinebt mgstrgjutgfl. Lf jurlt naglts wiri

29 RG]IB



Ngh. 22. Rgti B, ZKY =? 'Aiveaafgs'bfri (Jv 59:8), sbeai :?2.

fjsirvim ekflh tdi ZKY : ketirgea, fr retdir? lf nagltsbfuam ji gmiltgngim es subd.

Gl tdi wistirl bderbfea bflbiltretgfl ejfut 9400 pgibis

wiri ribfrmim, kfst fn wdgbd wiri skeaair tdel 2 kk.

Dfwivir, tdgs bflbiltretgfl wdgbd wes ixbevetim gl tdi

sukkirs fn 574: elm 5742, easf bflteglim e niw aerhir

nrehkilts, fn up tf 5 bk. Nghuri :8 hgvis tdi spetgea mgstrg

jutgfl fn tdgs bderbfea bflbiltretgfl, wdgbd aey sihrihetim

nrfk tdi kegl naglt ertinebt mgstrgjutgfl. ]di bderbfea pertg-

bais mgspaeyim e virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl fn 50-:0 bk. E sekpaibflsgstglh fn :0 pertgbais nrfk squeri XX-50 elm =0 nrfk

squeri WW-5: wes sujkgttim tf Mr X. Rbdfbd. Eaa pgibis

wiri pfsgtgviay gmiltgngim es mibgmufus wffm. ]di steti fn

prisirvetgfl fn kfst fn tdisi mgm lft eaafw gmiltgngbetgfl

ebbfrmglh tf spibgis. Dfwivir, e aerhi lukjir fn pertgbais

baieray mgspaeyim ulgnfrk eletfkgbea bderebtirgstgbs (mgstrg

jutgfl fn tdi pfris, itb), glmgbetglh tdet eaa nrehkilts wiri

fn tdi seki wffm spibgis. Nfrtuletiay, tdi sekpai bfl

teglim sivirea pgibis tdet wiri aerhi ilfuhd tf eaafw epfsgtgvi gmiltgngbetgfl fn spibgis? twf pgibis nrfk squeri

XX-50 elm sgx pgibis nrfk WW-5: wiri gmiltgngim wgtd

birteglty es Nrexglus sp., esd (Rbdfbd, gl Dtt. 574:).

Fli fn tdi ngrst quistgfls wi escim fursiavis wdgai ixbe-

2> DLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-



Ngh. 29. Rgti B, ZKY =? 5-= naecis, sbeai :?2.

naglts (lf ertinebts!) wgtdgl tdi bderbfea bflbiltretgfl Murglh tdi ixbevetgfl fn tdi bderbfea petbd e bflbiltre

28 RG]IB



Ngh. 2>. Rgti B, 5 -2 naecis (5 , ZKY 26, :-2 ZKY =), sbeai :32.

Ngh. 28. Rgti B, ZKY >? 5 -2 ngecis, sbeai :?2.

pijjais tf aerhi jfuamirs, wdgbd suhhistim tdet wi wiri :00 bk elm bflteglglh kely kfri aerhir iaikilts, wes

24 NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

=.:.2.> Deiketgti

G td n td Rgt B tg 5= aa m t n



Gl tdi bfursi fn tdi Rgti B ixbevetgfl 5= skeaa mfts fn

rimmgsd ketirgea wiri ribfrmim, tdi spetgea mgstrgjutgfl fn

wdgbd gs sdfwl gl nghuri ==. ]di rimmgsd ketirgea wes fj-

sirvim jitwiil tdi selm hregls fn tdi Ylgt = ketrgx, gl mfts

relhglh gl mgekitir nrfk 0.9 tf 5.9 bk. ]di bfltrest glbfafur jitwiil tdi jrghdt rim ketirgea elm tdi yiaafwgsd-

jrfwl (:.9 W 9/2) tf hriygsd-fagvi (9 W 9/2) simgkilt il-

ejaim tdi ribfviry fn tdi tgly nrehkilts.

]drii fn tdisi nrehkilts wiri sujkgttim tf Mr BR. Erps

(Letgflea Kusiuk fn Hifafhy elm Kglireafhy, Aigmil) nfr

T-rey mgnnrebtgfl eleaysgs. ]dgs eleaysgs (Erps, tdgs vfauki,

eppilmgx GGG) mikflstretim tdet tdi ketirgea wes deiketgti.

Nghuri 598 (Erps, tdgs vfauki) sdfws tdi risuats fn tdieleaysgs fn sekpai M:2/5>? tdi merc aglis glmgbeti tdi mgn

nrebtgfl pettirl fn tdi quertz pertgbais fn tdi Ylgt = ketrgx,

wdgai tdi negltir aglis nfrk tdi deiketgti mgnnrebtgfl pet

tirl. Rglbi deiketgti mfis lft fbbur letureaay gl tdi sfga

ulgt, gts pfssgjai frghgl kust ji mgsbussim diri.

Mutbd elm Zdgliaelm pridgstfrgi deiketgti sfurbis devi

jiil tdi fjoibt fn sivirea pujagbetgfls miedlh keglay wgtd

Jelmcirekgc rew ketirgeas (Jecias 57843 Dfrsbd/Ciiskel

574:). ]di deiketgti sfurbis bafsist tf Keestrgbdt erisgtuetim sfutd fn Lekur gl tdi Jiahgel Kees veaaiy, g.i.

epprfxgketiay 80 ck sfutdwist fn Jiavçmäri. Xi tdirinfri

devi tf iveaueti tdi pfssgjgagty tdet skeaa deiketgti nreh

kilts wiri trelspfrtim nrfk tdi Lekur rihgfl jy tdi rgvir

Kees elm wiri ngleaay mipfsgtim gl tdi Keestrgbdt rihgfl.

]wf fjsirvetgfls eri gkpfrtelt gl tdgs bfltixt?

5. El gkpfrtelt tffg gl tdi Rteti Hifafhgbea Rurviy's

agtdfstretghrepdgbea baessgngbetgfl wfrc gs simgkiltery pi-trfhrepdy. Gl Rfutd Agkjurh Kr P.X. Jfsbd des jiil

stumyglh Kees simgkilts gl tdgs wey nfr kely yiers. Eb

bfrmglh tf dgk, skeaa (1 0.9-5 bk) deiketgti nrehkilts

glmiim fbbur gl tdi Kees hrevias fn Rfutd Agkjurh gl viry

skeaa, lfl-queltgngejai ekfults. ]digr lukirgbea prisilbi

gs sf skeaa tdet, ebbfrmglh tf Jfsbd (pirs.bfkk., 574>), gt gs

vgrtueaay gkpfssgjai tf bfYibt tdik gl ely lukjirs nrfk

leturea ixpfsuris fn Kees simgkilts lfwemeys.

:. ]di Ylgt = simgkilts ribigvim kubd ettiltgfl gl tdi

bfursi fn tdi 5740-5744 Jiavçmäri risierbd gl tdi nfrk fn

ixbevetgfls (Rgtis J, B elm H) elm tdi glvistghetgfl elm

mrewglh fn sivirea dulmrims fn kitris fn Ylgt = sibtgfls. Gl

eaa tdisi ebtgvgtgis deiketgti wes livir nfulm futsgmi tdi

27 RG]IB



Ngh. 27. Rgti B? 5 -2, sbrepirs {5, I58/5 0ZKY>3: ,M:5 /5 ZKY >63 2I:5/:>ZKY96), =-9naecissdfwglh sghls fn usi ritfubd,sbeai :?2.

Jinfri wi mgsbuss tdi afbetgfl(s) wdiri tdi deiketgti

wes bfaaibtim jy Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb kel twf rikercs devi

tf ji kemi?5. ]di jim fn tdi rgvir Kees es clfwl tf tdisi Kgmmai

Peaeifagtdgb hrfups wes sivirea cgafkitris wgmi, aerhi perts

fn wdgbd key devi jiil mry murglh birtegl pirgfms fn tdi

yier, wdil Kees simgkilts wiri ixpfsim fvir kubd aerhir

eries tdel lfwemeys.

:. Jibeusi tdi ekfult fn ilirhy glvistim gl tdi prfburi-

kilt fn hffms gs mipilmilt upfl tdi veaui ettebdim tf

tdisi hffms, ivil ketirgeas prisilt gl -wdet lfwemeys

siik tf ji lihaghgjay- skeaa ekfults key devi jiil affcim

nfr systiketgbeaay gl tdi Kgmmai Paigstfbili jy pifpai

wdfsi iyis elm kglms wiri birteglay kfri emeptim tf tdi

sbriilglh fn tdi sujstreti tdel tdfsi fn prisilt Dfkf

sepgils sepgils.

werms/Bdllgbc 57403 Xrisbdlir 5740, 574:e). îaf (574=)

fppfsim tdgs epprfebd, strissglh tdi lfl-sykjfagb prfpir-

tgis fn tdi grfl bfkpfulms fn fbdri, wdgbd eri usim es ekimgbgli jy Eustreagel ejfrghgleas? fbdri kfgstilim wgtd

wetir gs eppagim tf sfris gl ely pert fn tdi jfmy, elm gs easf

usim gl besis fn gltirlea pegls (îaf 574=).

]di Rgti B deiketgti spfts key wiaa ji esbrgjejai tf

ebtgvgtgis riaetim tf tdi priperetgfl fn e dgmi, jibeusi

trietkilt wgtd fbdri key gldgjgt fr safw mfwl tdi mibey fn

dgmis, es mgsbussim jy Ciiaiy (5740? 580-58:).

Dfwivir gt key ji, tdi prisilbi fn deiketgti et Rgti Bprfvgmis ulekjghufus ivgmilbi fn tdi usi fn rim fbdri et

ejfut :90 ce. Yltga qugti ribiltay, tdi ]irre Ekete sgti

wes tdfuhdt tf devi prfvgmim ivgmilbi fn rim fbdri kelgp

uaetgfl et ejfut 240 ce. ]diri eri dfwivir twf prfjaiks

glvfavim gl tdgs ]irre Ekete ivgmilbi. Ngrst, tdi ]A ehi fn

=0 DLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G



Ngh. =0. Rgti B? spetgea mgstrgjutgflfn jurlt naglts. ]di mfts glmgbetijurlt ertinebts, wdgai tdi trgelhaisrinir tf jurlt leturea pgibis fn naglt.Hrgm gl squeri kitris. ]di eriemgsturjim jy cerst gs bfafurimhriy.

]] YY ^^ X X T T W W : : E 4 B M I N H D G O C A K L F P U Z

risuats fn leturea ehilts elm glbgmilts. Gl dgs fpglgfl tdi

sgtis fn Jibfv (Bzibdfsafvecge, sii? Kersdebc 5745) elm

Ekjrfle (Rpegl) eri tdi flay sgtis wgtd el istgketim ehi fn

erfulm :90 ce wdiri tdi prisilbi fn fbdri bel ji riaetim

tf dukel ebtgvgtgis. Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri Rgti B prfvgmis e

tdgrm besi fn dukel rim fbdri kelgpuaetgfl erfulm :90 ce

(sii sibtgfl 4.2 nfr tdi metglh ivgmilbi)'

= . : . = ]DI ZING]]GLH PZFHZEKKI

=.:.=.5 Gltrfmubtgfl

Gl frmir tf fjtegl mete fl tdi tibdlfafhgbea espibts fn tdi

naglt essikjaehi elm ispibgeaay fl tdi sgti-nfrketgfl prfb-

issis (jftd dukel elm lfl-dukel) tdet beusim tdi dfrg

zfltea elm virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi nglms, e sujsteltgea

dglm tdi ertinebt sbettirs. ]di mgstrgjutgfl pael fn tdi bfl

ofglglh baikilts sdfwim 'ster-agci ' bflstiaae tgfls, fn mgnnir

ilt sdepis elm milsgtgis. ]di ZKY : ketirgea mgspaeyim tdi

afwist milsgty, wdgbd wes flay pertay mui tf tdi aiss milsi

dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn gts baikilts. El gkpfr telt nebtfr

wes birteglay easf tdi aiss 'ettrebtgvi' bderebtir fn tdgs keti

rgea gl tirk fn bflofglejgagty? gt gs e bfersi-hreglim naglt wgtd

niw glbausgfls, wdgbd eri fntil fn diap gl tdgs rispibt.

Gl 5749 tdi Rgti B ketirgea wes ehegl stumgim fl tdgs

jesgs, wgtd spibgea ettiltgfl nfr tdgs aiss ettrebtgvi ZKY :

hrfup. Kubd kfri gkpfrtelt, dfwivir, wes tdi iveauetgfl

fn tdi gkprissgfl fjteglim gl 5742-574= tdet tdi Rgti B

ketirgea aebcim prfmubts fn spibgngb naglt-wfrcglh stehis? nfr

glstelbi, nfr fli ZKY tdiri wiri vgrtueaay lf bfrtix naec-

=5 RG]IB



Ngh. =5. Rgti B? twf kgac kfaers fntdi stippi rdglfbirfs Mgbirfrdglusdikgtfibdus, nrfk squeri D-8.e fbbgñseg vgiw fn MP: sglj fbbauseg vgiw fn MP2 sgl

(entir êl Cfansbdftil 5749)

=: NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

5



Zh. ==. Rgti B? spetgea mgstrgjutgflfn deiketgti mfts. Hrgm gl squerikitris. ]di erie mgsturjim jycerst gs bfafurim hriy.

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]] YY vv XX TT WW zz E J B M I N H D ' O C A K L 0 P U D

]di hrietir pert fn tdi ringttglh wfrc tf ji prisiltim

diri wes berrgim fut jy Kr P. Dillicils, wgtd tdi essgst-

elbi fn tdi eutdfr elm Kr C. Hrfililmgoc. Krs K. mi

Hrfftd (Jfllineltil kusiuk et Keestrgbdt) elm Kr O.P.

mi Xerrgkflt fbbesgfleaay ofglim gl. Jinfri tdgs wfrc wes

stertim, Krs E. vel Hgol (Aigmil) stumgim e sekpai fn tdi

naglt ketirgea nfr trebis fn wier (êl Hgol, tdgs vfauki,

eppilmgx G).Ylnfrtuletiay, tdi Rgti B ringttglh stumgis bfuam lft

jilingt nrfk e ribilt pepir jy Bzgisae (574>), gl wdgbd di

strissis tdi gkpfrtelbi fn mgstglhugsdglh jitwiil sivirea

typis fn ringttglh, lftejay Euniglelmirpessulhil, Eliglel-

mirpessulhil elm Elpessulhil. ]disi tirks, wdgbd eri

- Elpessulhil rinir tf tdi bflofglglh fn baikilts prf -

mubim murglh tdi ritfubdglh fn e jaelc gltf e tffg fr murglh

tdi risderpilglh fn e tffg, nfr glstelbi ringttglh e jurgl

speaa tf tdi jurgl nrfk wdgbd gt mirgvis.

]dgs sujmgvgsgfl birteglay prisilts bflsgmirejai emvelteh-

is, elm sdfuam ji usim gl nuturi bflofglglh stumgis. ]di

Jiavçmäri Rgti B wfrc, dfwivir, metis nrfk tdi pri-Bzgisae

(574>) pirgfm elm tdus lf mitegaim ettiltgfl wes pegm tfspibgngb typis fn ringttglh. ]dgs gs, fn bfursi, rinaibtim gl tdi

bertfhrepdgb riprisiltetgfl sdfwl gl nghuri =8, gl wdgbd

iebd fn tdi bfltebt surnebis gs aglcim tf tdi ftdir bfltebt

surnebis jy kiels fn aglis (sii? Bzgisae 574> nfr tdgs nfrk fn

hrepdgb riprisiltetgfl).

=2 RG]IB



Zh. =9. ]di twf kfmias usim nfr tdihrepdgb riprisiltetgfl fn tdi Rgti Bringttglh mete {entir Bzgisae 574>?nghuri/).E e dypftditgbea ixekpai fn e

bfri sdfwglh tdi bflofglimiaikilts (vgiw fn tdi strgcglhsurnebi) elm (J) tdi spetgea

mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi bflofglimiaikilts (b? bfri, 5? naeci,:e/:j? jaemi jrfcil gltf twfpaebis, 2? jaemi, =e/=j jaemiwgtd spagt juaj, 9? naeci).

B eaa bfltebt surnebis aglcim jy aglis.M jrfcil ertinebts glmgbetim jy

mesdim aglis, mfrsea/viltrea ringts eri trebim jebc tf tdi bfri,nfaafwglh tdi rimubtgfl siquilbi,es glmgbetim jy tdi el-fws.

bflofglglh hrfups, lekiay tdisi wdfsi rimubtgfl siquilbi

bfuam ji ribflstrubtim negray iesgay. Gt wes gkpfssgjai tf

ribflstrubt e mitegaim rimubtgfl siquilbi nfr tdi aerhi

ZKY 9 hrfup fn bflofglglh iaikilts sdfwl gl nghuris >0

elm >5, jibeusi tdi frghglea (naet mgsbfgmea) bfri dem e

bfltglufus wfrcglh imhi wgtd twf strgcglh surnebis.

Agciwgsi, el ettikpt wes kemi tf ribfrm tdi dfrgzfltea

mgstrgjutgfl fn bflofglglh jrfcil iaikilts (nghs. >9 elm >>),

es ner es tdgs mgm lft glvfavi tdi 'mibflstrubtgfl' fn aerhir

bfkpfsgtgfls jy sujkirsgfl gl ebitfli.

Nfr baergty's seci, nghuri =9 (entir? Bzgisae 574>) hgvis e

hrepdgb gaaustretgfl fn tdi twf nfrks fn riprisiltetgfl usim

diri.

]di emkglgstretgfl fn tdi bflofglglh iaikilts wes eaa

mfli jy delm jy tdi eutdfr gl 5742-5749. Es twf berms

wiri put gltf e berm systik nfr iviry twf bflofglglh iai

kilts (e ngts fltf j3 j ngts fltf e) nfr iebd bfltebt surnebi,

tdgs hriw gltf e trikilmfus, dermay kelehijai pepir wfrc

nfr e jafbc fn 590 bflofglglh iaikilts. ]dgs gs fli fn tdi

riesfls wdy Kr K. Xelsaiijil (GPA) miviafpim bfkputir

sfntweri nfr tdi ribfrmglh elm hrepdgb prisiltetgfl fn tdi

ringttglh mete, nrfk wdgbd wfrc et ftdir sgtis (Rgti O elm

Rgti C) wgaa jilingt. ]dgs prfhrek (Pesprfhrekke GPA) gs

evegaejai nrfk tdi Glstgtuti fn Pridgstfry elm gs usim gl

bfkjgletgfl wgtd e prfhrek nfr mete iltry gl tdi ngiam.

== NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

pgbturi wgaa ji mitegaim diri, gl e sdfrt mgsbussgfl fn tdi

ringttglh ivgmilbi nfr iebd ZKY.



Ngh. =>. Rgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi ringttim Rgti B naglts, jesim fl kexgkuk mgkilsgfls, gl bk (sii ngh. :4).

Ngh. =8. (Ripereti sdiit et tdi jebc fn tdi vfauki) Rgti B? dfrgzflteamgstrgjutgfl fn eaa ringttim ertinebts, iebd agli bfllibtglh tdi bfltebtsurnebis fn twf ringttim ertinebts (sii nghuri =9, kfmia B). Rbeai 5?40(rinirilbi hrgm gl squeri kitris).

K L 0 p U

52

+ + + + •

Q <"

+ + + + •

Q <"

59 Q\

\

h

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt 5

Kfri tdel >0% fn tdi tftea wighdt fn tdgs ZKY wes ringt

tim. E bfkpergsfl fn tdi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdgs ZKY wgtd tdijfulmery fn tdi ixbevetgfl (ngh. 20) sdfws tdet flay pert fn

tdi frghglea mgstrgjutgfl wes sekpaim gl tdi Rgti B ixbeve

tgfl. ]di risuats fn tdi ringttglh wfrc sdfw tdet pert fn tdi

ZKY 5 mijrgs frghgletim gl tdi lfrtdirl pert fn Rgti B.

Bflofglglh hrfups hilireaay bflsgst fn twf tf tdrii ringttim

naecis fr naeci-nrehkilts, usueaay wgtd e bfrtix. ]di aerhist

lukjir fn naecis tdet bfuam ji ngttim tfhitdir wes ngvi.

Gt gs mgnngbuat tf mrew nurtdir bflbausgfls nrfk tdi ringttglhmete, jibeusi flay -e prisukejay skeaa- pert fn tdi frghglea

mgstrgjutgfl wes ribfrmim.

K L 0 p

5:

-

52

-

\ QQ

5=

\

n

59

n

Ngh. =4. Rgti B, ZKY :? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn naecis ringttim tfbfri Jv-998 (ngh. 2:-:). Hrgm gl squeri kitris.

Ngh. 90. Rgti B, ZKY :? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn naecis ringttim tfbfri Jv-=07. Hrgm gl squeri kitris.

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt : (nghs. 2:, =4-95)

Gt wes pfssgjai tf ringt 42% fn tdi epprfxgketi tftea wighdt

fn tdgs ZKY (2000 h). Rivirea aerhir hrfups fn bflofglglh

iaikilts wiri fjteglim, wdgbd sdfw tdet tdi essfbgetim

mijrgs riprisilts sivirea naglt-cleppglh stehis? rfuhd sdep-

glh fn tdi naglt lfmuai jy bfrtix rikfvea, paetnfrk elm

surnebi priperetgfl fn tdi bfri, naeci prfmubtgfl, itb. Rfki

fn tdi jafbcs fn bflofglglh iaikilts eri sdfwl gl nghuris 2:

elm =7.

Rfki skeaa 'baessgbea' Aiveaafgs naecis wiri nfulm, gl

emmgtgfl tf e niw aerhir flis elm naecis fn wdgbd flay pert

fn tdi mfrsea sgmi sdfws sbers fn biltrgpitea priperetgfl, tdi

=9 RG]IB

O C



Ngh. 95 . Rgti B, ZKY :? dfrgzflteamgstrgjutgfl fn bflofglim naea1isprfmubim murglh mibfrtgbetgfl.Hrgm gl squeri kitris.

n t-

D-8 (wdgbd bflteglim tdi rdglfbirfs rikegls). Entir tdgs

rfuhd sdepglh tdi risuatglh naglt jafbc wes trelspfrtim tftdi iestirl pert fn Rgti B, wdiri gt wes sujsiquiltay ri-

mubim. Gl tdgs rimubtgfl prfbiss tdrii bfris wiri uatgketiay

prfmubim, fli fn wdgbd wes bfkpaitiay rimubim jy tdi

rikfvea fn grrihuaer naecis, wdgbd uatgketiay mistrfyim tdi

bfri jafbc (ngh. 2:-2). ]di sibflm bfri (Jv 998) wes mgs-

bermim entir e viry rfuhd surnebi elm paetnfrk dem jiil

fjteglim (ngh. 2:-:). Gt sdfuam ji strissim tdet tdgs bfri liim

lft ji gltirpritim es e ^faacirl (silsu Auttrfpp/Jfsglscg

5785) jut bfuam easf ji siil es el ixdeustim bfri. E tdgrm

bfri fn ZKY :, wgtd ighdt naecis bflofglim, gs gaaustretim gl

nghuri =7, wdgai tdi dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi naecis

bflofglim tf tdgs kuatg-paetnfrkim bfri (Jv =07) gs sdfwl gl

nghuri 90. ]di niw rihuaeray sdepim naecis kemi nrfk tdgs

fn tdi ertinebt sbettir wes mistrfyim prgfr tf ixbevetgfl3

tdirinfri lf jidevgfurea glnirilbis bel ji mrewl nrfk tdgs.

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt 2 (nghs. 9:-9=)

89 wt.% fn tdi baikilts nrfk ZKY 2 bfuam ji ngttim tf-

hitdir. E hrfup fn =0 (keglay bfrtix) baikilts nfrkim tdi

aerhist bfkpfsgtgfl (ngh. 9:). ZKY 2 bflsgsts fn tdi rikegls

fn e mibfrtgngbetgfl/rfuhd bfri sdepglh prfbiss3 tdi prfmubs

fn nurtdir cleppglh, subd es aerhi rihuaer naecis fr e bfri,

eri ejsilt. Gl tdgs gltirpritetgfl tdi 'priperim bfri' wes

trelspfrtim fnn tdi ixbevetim erie. Glgtgea mibfrtgbetgfl fn

tdgs lfmuai tffc paebi epprfxgketiay 9 k tf tdi sfutd fn

tdi kegl mijrgs bflbiltretgfl. Nghuri 92 sdfws e pdf-

tfhrepd fn e niw ringttim mibfrtgbetgfl naecis, wdgai nghuri

9= sdfws tdi dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi bflofglim pgibis

=> NGLMR EL M RG]IR MGRBFÎ ZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G



Ngh. 9:. Rgti B, ZKY2? bflofglim mibfrtgbetgfl naecis (l ; =0), sbeai :?2.

J b M I N H

5=

•g ••• + + / E + ,•g ••• + + / E + ,

/ / GÔ-''59

D + \D + \

gi

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58

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54

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+

57

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+

:0

' +

+

+ + ƚ + -t-+ + ƚ + -t-

:5

=8 RG]IB

5

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt = (nghs. 99-97)

Fn tdi 5200 h fn tdgs hrfup 90 wt.% bfuam ji ringttim tf

nfrk sivirea bflofglglh hrfups3 tdi aerhist bfkprgsglh 29



5

5

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:2 57 :5

5

:=

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:9

5

:8 :> :4

5

:7

nfrk sivirea bflofglglh hrfups3 tdi aerhist, bfkprgsglh 29

iaikilts, glbaumim tdi 'Aiveagfgs' bfri Jv 59:8 sdfwl gl

nghuris 22, 9> elm 98.

Nghuri 99 hgvis tdi rimubtgfl siquilbi es bfuam ji ribfl-strubtim nrfk tdi naecis bflofglim tf bfri Jv 59:8 (nghs. 9>

elm 98). ]di lukjirs usim gl tdgs nghuri eri tdi seki es

tdfsi usim gl tejai 8, wdgbd hgvis sfki tibdlfafhgbea mete

fl tdi bflofglim iaikilts, elm easf bfrrispflm tf tdi

lukjirs gl nghuri 94, wdgbd sdfws tdi dfrgzfltea mgstrgju-

tgfl fn tdisi iaikilts.

Jibeusi bfri Jv 59:8 (nghs. 22, 9> elm 98) des e bfltgl-

ufus wfrcglh imhi gt wes lft eaweys pfssgjai tf istejagsd

tdi ixebt 'stretghrepdgbea' pfsgtgfl fn tdi glmgvgmuea naecis gl

tdi rimubtgfl siquilbi. ]dgs gs wdy tdi siquilbi gl nghuri

99 des tf ji riem es e 'Derrgs-ketrgx'. ]di rimubtgfl si

quilbi gs gaaustretim gl e sirgis fn pdftfhrepds, jihgllglh

wgtd tdi kfst bfkpaiti jafbc (:4 iaikilts ringttim tf tdi

bfri), elm ilmglh wgtd tdi bfri (ngh. 9>).

Kfst fn tdi naecis eppierim tf ngt fltf tdi strgcglh sur-

nebi fn tdi bfri, wdiries flay e niw naecis bfuam ji bfl

ofglim tf tdi strgcglh paetnfrk, wdgbd gs retdir 'bfltglufus'gl tdi besi fn tdgs bfri. ]di naecis prfmubim gl risdepglh

tdi strgcglh paetnfrk devi lft jiil kiltgflim gl tdi rimub

tgfl siquilbi misbrgjim ejfvi. Gn wi affc et tdi dfrgzfltea

mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi bflofglim iaikilts elm tdigr pfsgtgfl gl

tdi rimubtgfl siquilbi wi bel baieray sii tdi bfri 'kfvglh'

fvir tdi erie glmgbetim gl nghuri 94, skeaa 'priperetgfl'

naecis devglh jiil prfmubim tf tdi lfrtd fn tdi kegl mijrgs

bflbiltretgfl gl sivirea stehis.

]ejai 8 sdfws tdet tdi bfri prfmubim e retdir rihuaereatirletgfl fn skeaair 'priperet gfl' naecis elm aerhir naecis,

es vgsueagzim gl nghuri 97.

Gl tdi sirgis fn pdftfhrepds sdfwglh tdi ebtuea rimubtgfl

wi lfti tdi ejsilbi fn e niw aerhir naecis, wdgbd wiri

prfjejay pgbcim fut fn tdi naecis prfmubim wgtdgl tdi ixbe-

vetim erie elm mgsbermim futsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie fn Rgti

B.

Gl emmgtgfl tf tdi naecis prfmubim gl tdi naecglh siquilbi

misbrgjim ejfvi tdiri eri e lukjir fn naecis fn tdgs ZKY

tdet bfuam lft ji bflofglim tf tdi bfri siquilbi sdfwl

ejfvi. Rfki tibdlfafhgbea bderebtirgstgbs fn naecis wgtd

kexgkuk mgkilsgfls fn 9 bk fr kfri eri hgvil gl tejai 4.

]di lukjirs usim gl tdgs tejai eri tdi seki es tdi lukjirs

=4 NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G



90kk

=7 RG]IB

]ejai 8? Rgti B? Zimubtgfl siquilbi fn bfri Jv 59:8 (Zew Ketirgea Ylgt =). (mgkilsgfls gl kk)

nglm lf. ailhtd wgmtd kex. lukjir strgcglh

mgkils fn sbers paetnfrk



mgkils. fn sbers paetnfrk

05 N 5>/:= :2 22 2= = nebittim

0: N 5>/=9> 2> 98 =

nebittim

02 Jv 84> 2> 29 28 > bfrtgbea

0= Jv 590= 92 => 9= 8 mgdimrea

09 Jv 5278/

Jv 5277 9= 55 9= 4 pulbtgnfrk

0> N 5>/:7 >2 29 >> 50 nebittim

08 Jv 5282 59 07 58 : kgssglh

04 Jv 5:70 =9 => => 8 nebittim

07 Jv 5555 54 5= 54 2 paegl

50 I 58/7 := 5> :9 2 kgssglh

55 Jv 795/

Jv 52>2 =2 =: =9 > kgssglh5: Jv 5579/

Jv 52=: =: =: 99 9 kgssglh

52 Jv 5588 57 5= :5 : mgdimrea

5= D 55/: := :9 25 = nebittim

59 Jv 797 54 :> :5 2 kgssglh

5> N 5>/2 94 27 >0 8 kgssglh

58 Jv 47: 98 20 98 4 nebittim

54 Jv 884 20 5= 20 2 pulbtgnfrk

57 Jv 407 22 :4 29 9 mgdimrea

:0 Jv 5:4> :4 :5 :7 = nebittim

:5 Jv 55>8 58 59 57 2 paegl:: D 52/4 5> 5: 5> = pulbtgnfrk

:2 Jv 40> :8 := :8 = nebittim

:= N 5>/2> 95 95 95 5= nebittim

:9 Jv 5=74j 52 59 58 2 kgssglh

:> H 5>/7 :: :> :> 2 pulbtgnfrk

:8 Jv 5=7= :: :5 :9 : paegl

:4 Jv 5224 57 55 57 = kgssglh

:7 Bfri Jv 59:8

]ejai 4? Rgti B? Zew Ketirgea Ylgt =, lfl-bflofglejai naecis. (mgkilsgfls gl kk)

nglm lf. ailhtd wgmtd kex.

mgkils.

lukjir

fn sbers

strgcglh

paetnfrk

rikercs

20 Jv 840 5:0 98 5:5 > paegl

25 Jv 5:0: 500 99 500 9 nebittim usi rit.2: Jv 778 74 9> 500 7 mgdimrea

22 Jv 5050 78 8= 78 4 nebittim usi rit.

2= I 58/55 40 =2 49 9 mgdimrea usi rit.

29 B 54/50 5:0 4: 5:9 54 paegl(6) paulhim

2> N 58/:/




Ngh. 98 Rgti B, ZKY =? ]wf mgnniriltay frgiltetim vgiws fn bfriJv-59:8 wgtd bflofglim naecis (sii nghuris 22 elm 9>), sbeai :?2.

gl e zfli riaetgviay pffr gl nglms. ]dgs dfams ispibgeaay nfr

tdi paulhim naeci B 54/50 (Lf. 29 gl tejai 4, sii ngh. 2=) elm

nfr O :5/:5 (Lf. =0 gl tejai 4), e naeci nfulm 8 k tf tdi

sfutdiest fn tdi bflbiltretgfl fn tdi ZKY = mijrgs.

Kely fn tdi aerhir naecis mgspaey e riaetgviay aerhi luk-

jir fn mfrsea lihetgvis, wdgbd bel hugmi tdi ringttir. Dfw-

ivir, tdi kely ettikps et ringttglh skeaa naecis tf tdisi

aerhir flis rikeglim nrugtaiss. Flay fli skeaair naeci ep-

pierim tf ngt tdi viltrea sgmi fn e aerhi paulhim 'Aiveaafgs'

naeci (B 54/50, lukjir 29 gl tejai 4), wdgbd mgspaeys e

baessgbea biltrgpitea mfrsea pettirl, wgtd 54 mfrsea sbers. Gl

vgiw fn tdi sgzi fn tdi paulhim naeci elm tdi bflofglglh

ivgmilbi gt gs viry prfjejai tdet tdi keofrgty fn tdi aerhir

naecis sdfwl gl tejai 4 wiri strubc futsgmi tdi ixbevetim

erie pribimglh tdi prfmubtgfl fn B 54/50. Nurtdirkfri, tdi

naglt-wfrcglh prfbiss tdet nfagfwim tdi strgcglh fn tdi

paulhim naeci tffc paebi wgtdgl Rgti B, es ettistim jy tdi

mfzils fn ngttglh naecis riprisiltglh tdgs stehi, wdgbd ilmim

wgtd tdi mgsberm fn bfri Jv 59:8, nfulm gl squeri H-5>.

Elftdir aerhir naeci tf wdgbd sivirea (=) skeaair naecisbfuam ji ringttim fl tdi viltrea sgmi bflsgsts fn twf bfl

ofglim nrehkilts nfrkglh Lf. 2> gl tejai 4. ]di mgstea

nrehkilt (Jv 82:) fn tdgs naeci wes nfulm et e mgstelbi fn

ejfut 9 k nrfk tdi prfxgkea pert, wdgbd wes nfulm bafsi tf

tdi kegl bflbiltretgfl fn tdi ZKY = 'mijrgs'

95 RG]IB

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Ngh. 97. Rgti B, ZKY =? hrepdgbriprisiltetgfl fn tdi kexgkukmgkilsgfls fn naecis bflofglim tfbfri Jv-59:8, errelhim ebbfrmglhtf tdigr paebi gl tngi rimubtgflsiquilbi (sii ]ejai 8).

5 5 ! 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 5 r 5 r 5 r 5 ”

9 50 59 :0

lukjir gl rimu bt gfl si quilbi

:9

Jisgmis e niw aerhi 'baessgbea' Aiveaafgs naecis, wi devi

easf skeaair flis, elm naecis fn wdgbd flay pert fn tdi

mfrsea sgmi sdfws sbers fn e biltrgpitea priperetgfl, tdi

ftdir pert mgspaeyglh fli sber fn e naeci fn aerhir mgkil

sgfls. Nrfk tdgs elm nrfk tdi ringttglh ivgmilbi wi key

glnir tdet tdi tibdlfafhy wes lft mgribtim et tdi prfmubtgfl

fn fli naeci, jut et tdet fn e wdfai sirgis fn naecis gl tdi

vergfus pdesis fn tdi rimubtgfl siquilbi. ]dgs typi fn

rimubtgfl des jiil misbrgjim es mçjgtehi Aiveaafgs riburrilt

jy Jfãme (574>) fl tdi jesgs fn dgs stumy fn tdi bfris nrfk

aivia Gae et Jgebdi-Reglt-êest (]unnrieu 574>). Agci tdibaessgbea Aiveaafgs, tdgs mçjgtehi gs jesim fl e berinua prip

eretgfl fn tdi bflvixgty fn tdi wfrcglh nebi fn tdi bfri,

en tir wdgbd, dfwivir, lft fli jut twf fr tdrii naecis eri

mitebdim nrfk tdi wfrcglh nebi jy tdi priperetgfl fn sivir-

ea strgcglh paetnfrks. Entir tdgs tdi siquilbi bel ji ripiet-

im, ultga tdi bfri gs ixdeustim.

]di ringttglh mete fn bfri Jv 59:8 nfrk e hffm erbdei-

fafhgbea bfrrfjfretgfl fn Jfãme's (574>) gltirpritetgfl fn

tdi mçjgtehi Aiveaafgs riburrilt, wdgbd bel ji siil es e

fptgkgzetgfl fn tdi pfssgjgagtgis fn e jafbc fn naglt.

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt 9 (nghs. >0 elm >5)

Fn tdi tftea wighdt fn epprfxgketiay =80 h, 49% bfuam ji

bfri, wgtd flay niw bfrtix rikeglglh. Glsgmi tdi ixbevetim

erie tdi ZKY wes sfnt-dekkir naecim gl el ulgltirruptim

rimubtgfl bybai gl wdgbd skeaa naecis wiri prfmubim, kely

wgtd nebittim jutts. ]dgs siikglhay 'usiaiss' bflstelt rimub

tgfl risuatim gl e viry skeaa bfri, wdgbd, dfwivir, wes lft

ribfvirim glsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie. ]di wfrcglh fn tdgs

ZKY wes birteglay lft riaetim tf tdi prfmubtgfl fn e delm-

exi-agci gkpaikilt, es tdi typgbea delmexi-nglgsdglh naecis

eri bfkpaitiay ejsilt, elm tdi risuatglh bfri wes fn viry

skeaa mgkilsgfls (istgketim kexgkuk mgkilsgfls 9 bk).

]di sbrepir I :5/:>, wdgbd kghdt jiaflh tf tdgs ZKY,bfuam lft ji bflofglim tf ely fn tdi ZKY 9 naecis.

]dgs ZKY gs jy ner tdi kfst 'spibtebuaer' nrfk tdi ringt-

tir's pfglt fn vgiw. Dfwivir, ettikpts et istejagsdglh e

rimubtgfl siquilbi es bflstrubtim nfr tdi ZKY = bfri

negaim mui tf tdi bfkpaixgty fn tdi rimubtgfl beusim jy tdi

bfltglufus wfrcglh imhi. ]di naecis tdet baieray jiaflh tf

tdgs ZKY wiri eaa ribfrmim gl tdi sfutdirl pert fn tdi sgti,

elm siik tf devi eaa jiil strubc nrfk el 'gkpfrtim' bfri,

wdfsi strgcglh surnebi dem eariemy prfmubim sivirea aerhirnaecis futsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie fn Rgti B.

Zew Ketirgea Ylgt > (nghs. >:->=)

ZKY > nfulm gts wey gltf tdi ixbevetim erie gl naecim

92 RG]IB



Ngh. >0. Rgti B, ZKY 9? bfkpfsgtgfl fn 5>: bflofglim iaikilts,bfkprgsglh tdi rikegls fn e naet mgsbfgmea bfri (sii tdi tixt), sbeai:?2. Nfr baergty's seci flay sfki fn tdi tftea lukjir fn bflofglglhiaikilts eri sdfwl diri (bn. ngh. >5).

G\'*' g

9= NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZ IM GL YLG] G^-B-G

]di twf jafbcs eri gaaustretim gl nghuris >: elm >2, wdgbd

sdfw tdet tdiy bfltegl sivirea mibfrtgbetgfl naecis, jafbc 5

(ngh. >:) bflsgstglh eakfst iltgriay fn mibfrtgbetgfl naecis.

]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdigr bflofglglh iaikilts bel



]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdigr bflofglglh iaikilts bel

ji siil gl nghuri >=. ]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn twf

ribflstrubtim mitebdkilt siquilbis gs sdfwl nfr jafbc 5(ngh. >:), jibeusi tdgs jafbc bflsgsts fn twf pgibis fn naglt

wdgbd wiri spagt ebrfss el gltirlea baievehi paeli. Gt ep-

pierim gkpfssgjai tf ribflstrubt tdi mitebdkilt siquilbi

fn jafbc : (ngh. >2) mui tf tdi bfkpaix wey gl wdgbd tdi

jafbc dem jiil rimubim. ]dirinfri, tdi dfrgzfltea mgstrgju

tgfl fn tdi glmgvgmuea naecis bflstgtutglh tdi jafbc gs sdfwl

diri. Es bel ji siil gl nghuri >=, tdi naecis fn tdi twf

jafbcs devi mgnnirilt mgstrgjutgfl pettirls.

Nghuri >= easf sdfws tdi nglmspfts fn tdi aerhir ZKY >naecis (elm tffg I 58/50), wdgbd bfuam lft ji ringttim tf tdi

jafbcs. ]disi naecis wiri nfulm lfrtd fn tdi iaikilts fn

ZKY > jafbcs 5 elm :.

Lf naglt-wfrcglh mijrgs bfuam ji ringttim tf tdi aerhir

naecis elm gl tdi ejsilbi fn ely naglt mijrgs nfrkim murglh

tdi prfmubtgfl fn tdisi naecis elm gl tdi ejsilbi fn e ZKY

> bfri, wi tdirinfri devi tf essuki tdet tdi prfmubtgfl fn

tdi aerhir ZKY > naecis tffc paebi futsgmi tdi ixbevetimerie. ]di naecis wiri strubc nrfk e priperim bfri, entir e

ngli nebittglh fn tdi strgcglh paetnfrks. ]diy wiri suj-

siquiltay berrgim gltf tdi ixbevetim erie wdiri, uatgketiay,

tdiy wiri nfulm gl tdi lighdjfurdffm fn jfli nrehkilts.

E aerhir naeci prfmubim murglh tdi glgtgea sdepglh fn ZKY

> (jafbc 5) wgtdgl Rgti B (B 54/9) wes pgbcim fut fn tdi bfri

sdepglh mijrgs elm tecil tf squeri B 54, wdiri gt wes nfulm

ayglh jisgmi tdi paulhim ZKY = Aiveaafgs naeci B 54/50

(sii ngh. :>).Gl tdgs gltirpritetgfl fn tdi ZKY > ringttglh mete wi

tdirinfri sii e rfuhday sdepim bfri iltir Rgti B, wdiri tdi

naglt jafbc wes wfrcim gltf e bfri3 tdgs bfri wes tdel tecil

futsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie, wdiri naecis wiri prfmubim

(elm usim6), sfki fn wdgbd aetir riturlim tf Rgti B.

=.:.=.2 Mgsbussgfl

DFZG_FL]EA MGR]ZGJY]GFL FN BFLOFGLIM IAIKIL]R?

Fli fn tdi riesfls nfr glvistglh tgki elm ilirhy gl tdi

bflofglglh fn tdi ketirgea nrfk Rgti B wes tdi dfpi tdet

wgtd tdgs kitdfm Glnfrketgfl bfuam ji fjteglim fl tdi

pfst-mipfsgtgflea prfbissis tdet ennibtim tdi frghglea naglt

Zh. >:. Rgti B, ZKY >? bfkpfsgtgfl fn Jafbc 5, sbeai :?2.

Xdet wi gl nebt liim diri gs e cglm fn yermstgbc wgtd

wdgbd tf 'kiesuri' tdi spetgea gltihrgty fn pridgstfrgi naglt

sbettirs agci tdfsi fn Rgti B prisiltim ejfvi. Liwbfkir

elm Rgivicglh (5740) devi stertim miviafpglh subd e rinir-

ilbi metejesi gl e lukjir fn naglt-cleppglh ixpirgkilts glwdgbd tdiy devi ribfrmim tdi dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfls fn

westi naecis gl frmir tf bfaaibt mete wgtd wdgbd tf gltirpritnaglt sbettirs nfulm fl pridgstfrgi sgtis. ]di kfst gkpfrtelt

vergejai mitirkglglh tdi sgzi elm sdepi fn tdi naglt sbettirs

prfvim tf ji tdi naglt cleppir's pfsgtgfl? tdi nurtdir ewey

nrfk tdi surnebi tdi naecglh wes mfli, tdi aerhir elm kfri

99 RG]IB



Ngh. >2. Rgti B, ZKY >? bfkpfsg-tgfl fn Jafbc :, sbeai :?2.

ZKY 2/= naglt sbettir bfuam ji bflsgmirim e prgkery sbettir,

viry prfjejay prfmubim nrfk e stelmglh pfsgtgfl (Liw-

bfkir elm mi Rgivicglh 5740? naecglh ixpirgkilt 57, ngh. 4).

Dfwivir, fli fn tdi nebtfrs wdgbd key devi jiil rispfl-

sgjai nfr tdi aerhir mgstelbis fvir wdgbd naecis wiri mgstrgj-

utim bfuam ji tdi jidevgfur fn tdi dfkglgms wdf prfmubim

tdi naglt essikjaehi? jy pgbcglh fut naecis nrfk tdi mijrgs

hiliretim gl naglt-cleppglh elm usglh tdisi et elftdir spft

(tdel tdi bflbiltretgfl fn mijrgs) tdiy key devi 'trels-

pfrtim' ertinebts glsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie. Elftdir pfssg-

jgagty gs tdet tdi cleppir mgm lft stey et ixebtay tdi seki

spft eaa tdrfuhd tdi naglt-cleppglh prfbiss, jut kfvim nrfk

fli erie tf elftdir, tdus prfmubglh e aerhir elm kfri

kfri rbagejab ivgmilbi fn wdet wilt fl et tdi sgti gl tirks

fn leturea sgti-nfrketgfl prfbissis tdel tdi vbltrea/mfrsea

ringts fn aerhir naecis.

Gl nghuris >9 elm >> wi devi prisiltim tdi dfrgzfltea

mgstrgjutgfl fn e lukjir fn bflofglim jrfcil baikilts nrfk

Rgti B. E mgstglbtgfl des jiil kemi jitwiil sits fn bai

kilts tdet eri skeaair tdel : bk elm sits fn kikjirs fn

wdgbd fli fr kfri devi aerhir kexgkuk mgkilsgfls.

Nghuris >9 elm >> elm tejai 7 sdfw tdet gl e tftea fn 8=

besis kfri tdel >0% fn eaa kikjirs aey aiss tdel 5.9 k

epert, wdgbd suhhists tdet tdi vergfus naglt sbettirs wiri stgaa

aerhiay gltebt. ]di twf besis gl wdgbd tdi mgstelbis ixbiim

tdi = k istejagsdim es tdi kexgkuk mgstelbi treviaaim jy

9> DLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

zz E J b M I N H

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Ngh. >=, Rgti B, ZKY >? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn bflofglim iaikiltselm gsfaetim aerhir naecis. ]wf mitebdkilt siquilbis eri sdfwl nfrJafbc 5, wdgai tdi glmgvgmuea mfts sdfw tdi pfsgtgfl fn tdi bflofglimiaikilts bflstgtutglh Jafbc :. ]di trgelhais stelm nfr tdi aerhir ZKY> naecis, es mgsbussim gl tdi tixt, wdgai tdi quistgfl kercs sdfwnaecis fn wdgbd Gt gs lft birtegl wditdir fr lft tdiy jiaflh tf ZKY >.Hrgm gl squeri kitris.

Ngh. >9. Rgti B? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn bflofglim jrfcil naecinrehkilts. ]di mfts glmgbeti nrehkilts wgtd kexgkuk mgkilsgfls fnkfri tdel : bk. ]di baustir gl tdi tfp aint delm bfrlir bflsgsts fnZKY > naeci nrehkilts, wdgai tdi aerhi baustir bflsgsts keglay fnZKY 9 ertinebts. Hrgm gl squeri kitris.

sbettirs, gl tdgs besi fn tdfsi fn Rgti B. Kfri ixpirgkilts

kust ji berrgim fut jinfri tdi quistgfl bel ji elswirim es

tf wditdir fr lft e dfrgzfltea mgstelbi fn :.89 k jitwiil

tdi bflofglglh nrehkilts fn e spagt juaj glmgbetis pfst-

mipfsgtgflea mgsturjelbi.

Ewegtglh tdi risuats fn subd ixpirgkiltea stumgis, wi bel

negray bflngmiltay sey tdet tdi Rgti B sbettirs ulmirwilt

sfki nfrk fn dfrgzfltea mgsturjelbi, wdgbd bel, dfwivir,

devi jiil flay kglgkea es eppiers nrfk tdi risuats fn tdibflofglglh stumgis. Nrfk tdi mete prfvgmim jy tdi ringttim

jrfcil naeci nrehkilts wi bel glnir tdet tdi aerhir mgs-

telbis fjsirvim gl sfki besis jitwiil viltrea/mfrsea ringts

fn aerhir naecis bel glmiim ji gltirpritim gl tirks fn dfkg-

lgms siaibtglh naecis nfr usi elm/fr kfvglh tf e mgnnirilt

naglt-cleppglh sgti. ]di aettir pfssgjgagty siiks tf eppay tf

tdi ZKY : elm ZKY 2 naglt-wfrcglh eries, wdgbd kfvim

bflofglim tf M :5/70, nfulm ayglh ejfut 9 k ewey. ]di

skeaa G :=/5 nrehkilt wes ikjimmim gl tdi stfli aeyir

mipfsgtim entir tdi irfsgfl fn tdi Ylgt =.9.5 simgkilts, elm

dem prfjejay jiil trelspfrtim fvir e sdfrt mgstelbi gl tdet

irfsgflea pdesi.

]ejai 7? Rgti B? Dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn bflofglim jrfcil naecinrehkilts, hrfupim ebbfrmglh tf sgzi.

dfrgzfltea sits wgtd kikjirs %fn

mgstelbi (bk) 0-:bk e:bk tftea

98 RG]IB



Q

Ngh. >>. Rgti B? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn bflofglim jrfcil naeci nrehkilts. ]di mfts glmgbeti nrehkilts wgtd kexgkuk mgkilsgfls fn kfri tdel: bk. ]di baustir Gl tdi aint fn tdi nghuri bflsgsts fn ZKY 2 elm = nrehkilts. ZKY : naeci nrehkilts eri vgsgjai tf tdi rghdt. Hrgm gl squerikitris.

nrfk tdi lfrtdirl tf tdi iestirl pert fn tdi sgti elm nrfk

tdi sfutdirl tf tdi biltrea pert, rispibtgviay, es bel ji siil

gl nghuris 95 elm 9=. ]di ZKY = prfmubts wiri mgstrgjutimpertay erfulm tdi kegl bflbiltretgfl fn mijrgs, wdgai tdi

ZKY 9 ketirgea sdfwim lf glmgbetgfls wdetsfivir fn

'trelspfrt' fn siaibtim gtiks glsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie. ]di

ZKY > bflofglim naecis wiri baieray baustirim gl twf

eries, ehegl glmgbetglh tdet tdi naglt-cleppir(s) kfvim tf e

mgnnirilt cleppglh spft.

ÎZ]GBEA MGR]ZGJY]GFL FN BFLOFGLIM IAIKIL]R?

Nghuri >8 hgvis virtgbea pafts fn ringttim naecis nrfk Rgti B.

]f ebbfult nfr tdi stiip safpis beusim jy pfst-mipfsgtgflea

cerst, tdi miptd fn ringttim ertinebts wgtdgl e bfltglufus

lerrfw (5-k wgmi) strgp gs sdfwl nfr tdi squeris fn hrgm I.

Nurtdirkfri wi devi tf striss tdi nebt tdet tdi virtgbea

ettikpts wiri kemi tf queltgny tdi evirehi virtgbea mgs-

pirsgfl, es tdgs gs dghday prfjaiketgbea gl vgiw fn tdi cerst

prfbissis wdgbd ennibtim tdi sgti. Gl tdi ngiam, dfwivir, wiheglim tdi mgstglbt gkprissgfl tdet dievgir pgibis tilmim tf

Di lier tdi afwir kerhgl fn tdi virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl. ]di

cerst mgsturjelbis keci gt gkpfssgjai tf queltgny tdgs gk

prissgfl. ]di mihrii fn virtgbea mgspaebikilt fn bflofglglh

baikilts et Jiavçmäri Rgti B ehriim negray wiaa wgtd privg-

fus nglmglhs et ftdir sgtis wgtd e (viry) ngli selm ketrgx

(i.h. Bedil/Kfiyirsfls 57883 Jull it ea. 57403 Jertfl/

Jirhkel 574:3 ^gaae 574:3 ^gaae/Bfurtgl 57423 Dfnkel

574>).

Gt gs lft pfssgjai tf pfglt fut fli ehilt es prgkergay

rispflsgjai nfr tdi virtgbea mgspirsea fjsirvim et Rgti B. Xi

key dfwivir ixbaumi jgfafhgbea ebtgvgty es e keofr ehilt, es

ligtdir kebrfsbfpgbea lfr kgbrfsbfpgbea jgfturjetgfl wes


L RI55 5 I5: G I52 , I5= , I59 g I 5> g I58 ? I54 . I57 g I :0 g I :5 g I :: , I :2



9: •

90 + dRF

Ngh. >8. Rgti B? virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl fn bflofglglh iaikilts gl e lfrtd-sfutd 5 k-wgmi strgp ('I' squeris), Hrgm gl kitris. Hrepdgb riprisiltetgfl

ebbfrmglh tf nghuri =9, kfmia F.

gs viry agciay tdet gl tdi Ylgt = simgkiltery ilvgrflkilt

tdi peaeifsurnebi fn tdgs fpil-egr sgti wes bfvirim wgtd

simgkilt sdfrtay entir fbbupetgfl.

Es suhhistim nfr tdi Jrgtgsd Yppir Peaeifagtdgb sgti Dil-

hgstjury (Jertfl/Jirhkel 574:), tdi virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl

bfuam devi jiil beusim jy mgnniriltgea glirtge elm tdi

wighdt fn tdi ertinebts tdiksiavis, Nrfk tdi sibtgfls wi

clfw tdet tdi ketrgx fn Rgti B dem jiil ennibtim jy nrfst

ebtgfl (sii =.:.9.9). Ngleaay, Bedil elm Kfiyirsfls (5788)

devi sdfwl tdet eatirleti wittglh elm mryglh fn simgkilts

bel aiem tf virtgbea kfvikilts fn ertinebts.

]di bukuaetgvi innibt fn tdisi tdrii ehilts (wighdt, nrfstebtgfl, eatirleti wittglh elm mryglh) wes prfjejay aerhiay

rispflsgjai nfr tdi pfst-mipfsgtgflea virtgbea kfvikilt fn

ertinebts et Rgti B.

]ZELRPFZ] EBZFRR ]DI RG]I ELM JI^FLM?

]di ringttglh prfhrekki baieray sdfwim tdet naecis fn ZKY

= elm > wiri strubc futsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie, elm wiri

sujsiquiltay gkpfrtim tf tdi sgti. Es tdisi ZKY = elm

ZKY > gkpfrtim naecis wiri nfulm gl tdi lighdjfurdffmfn tdi aerhir jfli nrehkilts, gt gs tikptglh tf riherm tdisi

naecis es devglh jiil gkpfrtim tfhitdir wgtd tdi (kiet

elm) jfli ketirgea, fr et ely reti tf ji essfbgetim wgtd gt.

Uugti epert nrfk tdgs gltirpritetgfl, tdi sgti bel ji gl-

tdi keofrgty fn tdi jurlt ertinebts wiri nfulm gl tdi sfutd-

irl pert fn Rgti B elm kfst wiri fn ZKY 9. Ejfut 50% fn

tdi 5>: iaikilts tdet nfrkim tdi ribflstrubtim ZKY 9

'bfri' wes siviriay jurlt. ]disi jurlt naecis wiri relmfkay

mgstrgjutim wgtdgl tdi bflbiltretgfl fn ZKY 9 mijrgs.

]diri wiri lf riaetgfls fjsirvejai jitwiil cleppglh

stehis elm jurlglh fn ertinebts. ]dgs kiels tdet tdgs jurlglh

fbburrim entir tdi naglt wfrcglh. Es stetim ejfvi, pert fn

tdi ZKY > mijrgs mgstrgjutgfl bfglbgmis wgtd tdi wistirl

pert fn tdi ZKY 9 mgstrgjutgfl. Dfwivir, lfli fn tdi naglts

fn e jafbc fn :9 ringttim ZKY > iaikilts wes jurlt3 gl nebt,

lft ili ZKY > naglt sdfwim sghls fn jurlglh. Gn wi mf lft

wgsd tf esbrgji tdisi mgnnirilbis tf puri bdelbi -es gs gl

miim lft fur gltiltgfl-, wi devi tf essuki e bdrflfafhgbea

mgnnirilbi jitwiil el ieragir nfrketgfl fn tdi ZKY 9

mgstrgjutgfl elm gts jurlglh elm e aetir nfrketgfl fn tdi

ZKY > pettirl, e tgki mgnnirilbi tdet key, dfwivir, devi

jiil es sdfrt es flay fli lghdt.

]di ringttglh prfhrekki mgsbussim ejfvi prfvgmim baier

ivgmilbi fn tdi mylekgbs fn tdi naglt prfbissglh gl- elm

futsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie fn Rgti B gl tirks fn tdi dfrgzfltea trelspfrt fn tdi mgnnirilt ZKYs elm tdigr prfmubts. ]di

prisilbi elm ejsilbi fn tdi prfmubts fn mgnnirilt naglt-

wfrcglh stehis eri riaetim tf tdi bfkpaix bderebtir fn

buaturea sgti-nfrketgfl prfbissis. ]di ivgmilbi prfvgmim jy

97 RG]IB

simgkilts et Jiavçmäri kghdt bfltegl spetgea naglt bflngh-

uretgfls ('sgtis') wgtd flay e niw glmgbetgfls fn naglt clep

pglh 'fl tdi spft', g.i. sgtis gltf wdgbd priperim bfris wiri

gltrfmubim elm wdiri naecis wiri strubc nrfk tdisi bfris,

paebis wdiri tdi rgvir nafws aiss qugbcay elm tdi wetir

jibfkis stehlelt fr wdiri e nafetglh vihitetgfl bepturis

nafetglh sdiaas, sdiaa ebbukuaetgfl key teci paebi. Gl subd

'sdiaa-trep' ilvgrflkilts sdiaas wgtdfut fpirbuae futlukjir



wdgbd wiri tdil, sfkitgkis, mgsbermim entir usi. ]di bfri

elm (sfki fn) tdi naecis wiri sujsiquiltay tecil ewey, tfji usim et elftdir sgti. ]dgs 'mylekgb' kfmia, biltrim

erfulm tdi mgnniriltgea trelspfrt fn naglt ertinebts, kghdg

fnnir el ixpaeletgfl nfr tdi bfkpaiti ejsilbi fn dekkir-

stflis et eaa fn tdi Ylgt G^ sgtis ixbevetim sf ner (5748).

= . : . 9 LE]YZE A RG]I-NFZKE]GFL PZFBIRRIR

=.:.9.5 Gltrfmubtgfl

Glnirilbis fl leturea sgti-nfrketgfl prfbissis devi tf

pribiim bflbausgfls fl tdi ròai fn dukel jidevgfur gl tdinfrketgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea ribfrm. ]dirinfri, gl tdgs

perehrepd tdi leturea prfbissis tdet ennibtim tdi buaturea

ketirgea fn Rgti B elm tdi kitdfms nfr mitirkglglh tdigr

fbburrilbi elm innibts wgaa ji rivgiwim gl e kfri systiketgb

wey tdel des jiil mfli ejfvi.

tdi fpirbuae fn tdi glmgvgmueas agvglh tdiri.

Fn bfursi tdi Jgtdylge retgf flay hgvis el gkprissgfl fntdi simgkiltery ilvgrflkilt fn e agkgtim erie murglh tdi

nfrketgfl fn tdi eleaysim simgkilts? gl fur besi gt prfvgmis

Glnfrketgfl fl e wetir jfmy prisilt et tdi jfulmery fn tdi

eries sekpaim gl fur ixbevetgfl fn Rgti B. Rdfrt pirgfms

wgtd dghdir wetir ilirhy key devi fbburrim wgtdfut lftg-

biejai bdelhis gl tdi Jgtngylge-retgf.

]di kfaausbel ivgmilbi nurtdirkfri glmgbetis tdet tdi

wdfai erie kust devi jiil bfvirim jy e milsi ulmir-

hrfwtd, wdgbd viry prfjejay agkgtim dfrgzfltea mgspaebi-

kilts fn erbdeifafhgbea rikegls gl tdi jurgea stehi.

]di erbdeifafhgbea ivgmilbi suhhists tdet mgspaebikilt fn

ketirgeas kust devi jiil kglgkea3 tdrii aglis fn ivgmilbi

wgaa ji rivgiwim diri, tdi ringttglh mete, tdi sgzi mgstrgju

tgfl fn tdi naglt ketirgea elm tdi sgivi risgmui.

=.:.9.: ]di jurgea stehi

Es stetim ejfvi, tdi erbdeifafhgbea rikegls wiri ilbesim

gl e ngli selm-sgat-afek ketrgx, glmgbetgvi fn afw-ilirhy

mipfsgtgfl fn tdi nauvgetgai simgkilt gl tdi ulstejai pdesi fn

tdi ngrst C-bybai. Kgbrfkfrpdfafhgbea simgkilt eleaysgs

sdfwim tdet tdi erbdeifafhgbea rikegls wiri jurgim viry

beakay elm hremueaay (Kñbdir 5749).

]di kfaausbel ivgmilbi, fjteglim et tdi jfulmery fn tdi

ixbevetim erie gl e afw tfpfhrepdgbea pfsgtgfl (sibtgfl

Kfa.: gl? Kigoir 5749), glmgbetis tdet tdi afbea simgkiltery

ilvgrflkilt wes e beak fli. ]dgs gs epperilt nrfk tdi Jgtdylge retgf, g.i. tdi retgf jitwiil tdi fpirbuae elm sdiaas

fn Jgtdylgmei prisilt gl tdi simgkilt (sii ngh. 520, jesim

fl Kigoir 5749).

Es tdgs Jgtdylge-]eñf bel ji e usinua glmgbetfr fn sgti-

nfrketgfl prfbissis gl tdi besi fn sgtis gl e nauvgetgai il

vgrflkilt, gt wgaa ji mgsbussim diri gl sfki mitega, nfYf-

wglh Kigoir 5749. Gt gs essukim tdet wdil tdi fpirbuae elm

sdiaa retgf gs lft 5?5, e birtegl mihrii fn sfrtglh des tecil

paebi es e risuat fn kfvikilt fn tdi wetir (Rpercs 57>=3Hgajirtsfl/Dewcgls 5784). Zgvir simgkilts hilireaay bfl

tegl kfri fpirbuae tdel sdiaas, elm gl kfst besis sdiaas eri

ivil bfkpaitiay aebcglh, wdgbd gs ixpaeglim jy tdi mgnnirilt

jidevgfur fn tdi Jgtdylge baikilts? entir tdi elgkea des

5. ]di nebt tdet, es sdfwl ejfvi, bflofglglh pgibis tilm tf

ji baustirim spetgeaay baieray glmgbetis tdet tdiri wes viry

agttai pfst-mipfsgtgflea mgsturjelbi, birteglay wdil bfkjg-

lim wgtd tdi sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdisi nrehkilts es prisil-

tim gl nghuri =>. ]di keofrgty (ejt. >0%) fn tdi ngttim bai

kilts wiri skeaair tdel 2 bk.

:. ]di sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay ribfrmim

naglts des eariemy jiil hgvil gl nghuri :43 ejt. 89% fn tdi

naglts des kexgkuk mgkilsgfls fn : bk, elm =9% des kexg

kuk mgkilsgfls fn 5 bk (tdgs aest pirbiltehi glbriesis tf9:.4% gn wi glbaumi tdi 92> bdgps ribfvirim nrfk tdi sgivi

risgmui fn 24 squeri kitris. Es tdi retgf fn tdi sgivi risg

mui elm tdi tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay ribfrmim naglts fn tdi

sgivim squeris gs gl kfst besis ejfut 5.29 elm tdgs risgmui gs

mfkgletim jy skeaa bdgps, wi bfuam ivil suhhist tdet tdi

frghglea Rgti B esssikjaehi bflteglim 52>4 -G- (5.29x52>4)

skeaa bdgps, g.i. gl tftea kfri tdel 2000 pgibis wgtd kexg

kuk mgkilsgfls fn aiss tdel 5 bk). ]di dfrgzfltea mgs

trgjutgfl fn tdi mgnnirilt sgzi baessis sdfws aerhi elm skeaanaglt nrehkilts ayglh sgmi jy sgmi (ngh. :8).

2. ]di simgkilts fn 24 k\ fn tdi :>= k\ ixbevetim -grrihu-

aeray mgstrgjutim fvir tdi ixbevetim erie- wiri sgivim

>0 NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

mim naglts fn tdi sfutdirl pert fn tdi sgti. ]di keofrgty (ejt .

89%) fn tdi tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay ribfrmim ertinebts eri

skeaair tdel : bk, wdgai tdi keofrgty fn tdi nrehkilts gl

tdi sgivi risgmui eri skeaair tdel 0.9 bk. ]di dfrgzfltea

B M I N H D 5

:5 2> 59: 70 =7 57 4 :



mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi sgivi risgmui (ngh. >4) bfrrispflms viry

wiaa tf tdi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay ribfrmimertinebts. Jibeusi tdgs eppagis tf eaa tdi sbriilim squeri

kitris, wi key glnir tdet tdi naglt essikjaehi fn Rgti B wes

lft tdi fjoibt fn sfrtglh prfbissis risuatglh gl e wgllfwglh

pettirl.

]f bflbaumi, tdiri eri hffm riesfls nfr essukglh tdet tdi

erbdeifafhgbea mijrgs wes dermay mgsturjim murglh tdi jurgea

stehi elm tdet tdi spetgea bflnghuretgfl key ji usim nfr

jidevgfurea glnirilbis.

=.:.9.2 Rfga nfrketgfl

Ebbfrmglh tf tdi kgbrfkfrpdfafhgbea eleaysgs fn fli sib-

tgfl fn Rgti B (Kñbdir 5749, Kg >), tdi erbdeifafhgbea

essikjaehi wes sgtuetim rfuhday et tdi jfulmery fn tdi Bh

elm J2th dfrgzfls fn e haiygb auvgsfa. Gl hilirea tirks tdgs

kiels tdet murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi peaeifsfa tdi stejai

aelm surnebi aey et aiest 5 k, elm kfri prfjejay 5.9 k,

ejfvi tdi aivi! bflteglglh tdi erbdeifafhgbea rikegls (Kñ

bdir, pirs.bfkk., 5749). Xi devi tf bflbaumi tdet entir

tdi glgtgea jurgea fn tdi buaturea rikegls simgkiltetgfl

bfltgluim ultga ejfut 5.9 k fn simgkilt dem jiil mipfsg-

tim.

Murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn Peaeifsfa G, gl tdi stejai pdesi

fn tdi ngrst C-bybai, tdi simgkilts fn Ylgt G^ wiri hrietay

mibeabgngim (pD lfw veryglh nrfk > tf 4.>). Diri elm tdiri,

tdi prisilbi fn petbdis fn beaberifus tune fl tfp fn YlgtG^-B-G priviltim tdi mibeabgngbetgfl fn tdi ulmirayglh

simgkilts elm sevim neulea ketirgea nrfk bfkpaiti mis-

trubtgfl. Lf baier sghls fn jgfturjetgfl wiri fjsirvim gl

tdi tdgl sibtgfl fn tdi simgkilts, wdgbd kiels tdet tdi

fjsirvim virtgbea mgspirsgfl fn ertinebts kust nfr tdi hrietir

pert devi jiil beusim jy ftdir prfbissis.

=.:.9.= Irfs gfl

Gl el ulstejai pdesi pribiimglh tdi mipfsgtgfl fn tdi Ylgt^-J mipfsgts tdi peaeifsfa prisilt gl tdi tfp pert fn Ylgt

G^-BE'-E wes siviriay trulbetim3 et Rgti B tdi iltgri E

dfrgzfl elm eakfst eaa fn tdi J dfrgzfl wiri irfmim gl el

irfsgflea pdesi wdgbd key devi mistrfyim kely 'Rgti-B-

Dd + + Dd Dd +

5:2 72 >= ::: >9 50: >2 => 5: = 0Dd + + \ \ E

: 5> 8 = 2•\D 54 ' ” 059 8 50 : 5

\d + + D

:\

0\

:= 0 0 0 : : : 0

Ngh. >4. Rgti B? retgf fn tdi sgivi risgmui elm tdi tdrii-mgkilsgfleaayribfrmim naglt ertinebts nfr tdi sfutdirl pert fn tdi ixbevetim erie.]di retgfs eri sdfwl gl jaebc, wdgai tdi hriy lukjirs rinir tf tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay ribfrmim ertinebts nrfk squeris wdgbd wiri lftsgivim. Rii tdi tixt nfr el ixpaeletgfl.

M-:5, M-:: elm M-:2). ]wf ertinebts wiri nfulm et tdi

pfglt wdiri tdi jfttfk fn tdi huaay riebdim tdi Ylgt =

ketrgx3 tdiy bfuam ji ringttim tf ketirgea nfulm miipir gltdi Ylgt = simgkilt. ]dgs irfsgflea pdesi prfjejay pribi-

mim tdi fli kiltgflim ejfvi.

=.:.9.9. Nrfst ebtgfl

]di ketrgx fn Rgti B ulmirwilt bryfturjetgfl, wdgbd gl eaa

prfjejgagty fbburrim entir tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^

bfkpaix. Nrfst ebtgfl key devi jiil fli fn tdi prfbissis

rispflsgjai nfr tdi virtgbea mgspirsgfl fn ertinebts gl tdi

ketrgx. Gl stumyglh kfaausbs nrfk Ylgt =, Kigoir (5749)lftgbim tdet kely Jgtdylge fpirbuae wiri jrfcil, jut tdet

tdi nrehkilts wiri ngrkay bikiltim tfhitdir3 kely tdgl-

weaaim aerhir hestrfpfms dem jiil bfkpaitiay prisirvim jut

dem jiil brusdim gl tdi simgkilt. Kigoir (5749) esbrgjim

tdisi pdilfkile tf pfst-mipfsgtgflea kfvikilts gl tdi

simgkilt3 nrfst ebtgfl key devi jiil fli fn tdi ehilts fn

tdisi pfst-mipfsgtgflea kfvikilts.

=.:.9.> Cerst nfrketgfl

]di hrietir pert fn tdi frghglea stretgngbetgfl fn tdi sgti wes

ennibtim jy tdi mgssfautgfl fn tdi Peaeifbili bdeac fn tdi

ulmirayglh Ylgt 5.

Et Rgti B tdi cerst nieturis bfuam ji metim riaetgviay

>5 RG]IB

R



Ngh. >7. Ribtgfl gl tdi sfutdiestirlpert fn Rgti B, sdfwglh e cerst-

hiliretim mgsturjelbi. Glmgbetimeri tdi agtdfstretghrepdgbea Ylgts,wdgai tdi trgelhai et tdi jfulmeryfn Ylgts G^ elm ^ glmgbetis tdipfsgtgfl fn tdi bfri sdfwl gl nghuri507. (entir tdi frghglea ngiam mrewglhjy X.K. Niamir, Rteti HifafhgbeaRurviy, Diirail).

k

"r~r

©g a g ' g ' g ' g

peaeifsfa prisilt fl tfp fn Ylgt ^ (tdi 'Iikgel' Rfa miZfbfurt) wes trulbetim kfri fr aiss ivilay fvir tdi wdfai

erie stumgim sf ner.

2. ]di nfaafwglh ulgts sujsgmim gltf cerstgb miprissgfls?

Ylgts GGG, G^, ^ elm ^G-E. ]di sujsgmilbi fn tdisi Ylgts

wes gl kely besis ebbfkpelgim jy saukp neuatglh (êlmil-

jirhdi 5749e).

=. ]di -prebtgbeaay aiviaaim- Dfrgzfl fn Lehiajiic (^G-I3

Deiseirts it ea. 5745) wes fjsirvim ivirywdiri fl tfp fn

tdi ngaas fn tdisi miprissgfls.Nghuri >7 hgvis el gaaustretgfl fn tdisi fjsirvetgfls gl tdi

nfrk fn e mrewglh fn e sibtgfl gkkimgetiay emoebilt tf tdi

Rgti B ixbevetgfl.

Fl tdi jesgs fn tdisi elm sgkgaer fjsirvetgfls et itdir

nghuretgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea ketirgea ikjimmim gl tdiYlgt = ketrgx jibeusi tdi ketrgx sujsgmim hremueaay tf-

werms tdi biltris fn tdi cerstgb miprissgfls3 tdgs sujsgmilbi

gs baieray gaaustretim jy tdi virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl fn ofglim

naglt ertinebts sdfwl ejfvi gl nghuri >8.

Lier tdi biltris fn tdi cerstgb miprissgfls, dfwivir, tdi

frghglea spetgea bflnghuretgfl fn tdi buaturea mijrgs wgaa devi

jiil siviriay ennibtim. Nfrtuletiay, et Rgti B tdisi biltris

mgm lft fviraep ertinebt bflbiltretgfls elm tdirinfri flay

tdi pirgpdirgis fn tdi naglt sbettirs wiri ennibtim.

=.:.9.8 Bflbausgfl

]f sukkergzi, wi key steti tdet tdi spetgea bflnghuretgfls

es ribfrmim murglh tdi ixbevetgfl fn Rgti B key ji riher-

>: ZLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

tim gl fli bfltglufus elm viry jrgin pirgfm fn ebtgvgty, wi

devi lf sfulm ivgmilbi tf bfrrfjfreti subd e suppfsgtgfl.

Xi tdirinfri devi tf iveaueti tdi pfssgjgdty tdet tdi spetgea

pettirl fn Rgti B gs tdi bukuaetgvi prfmubt fn ivilts tdet

m td d tg (C aa/G 574=)

nfrkim jfli mgstrgjutgfl (fr vgbi virse). Gl tdgs besi fli

wfuam lft ixpibt stetgstgbeaay sghlgngbelt spetgea riaetgfls

jitwiil tdi stflis elm tdi jflis. ]dgs wfuam kfri prfje

jay ji tdi besi gn dfkglgms dem jiil glvfavim gl tdi nfrke

g n d nag ja m d j ja



wiri spebim tdrfuhd tgki (Crfaa/Gseeb 574=).

]di mgnnirilt cleppglh pdesis gl wdgbd tdi naglt sbe ttirswiri prfmubim wiri viry prfjejay fn sdfrt muretgfl. Nrfk

tdi ringttglh ivgmilbi fn tdi agtdgb mijrgs wi bellft glnir ely

bflsgmirejai fviraeppglh fn ebtgvgtgis riaetim tf tdi kelu-

nebturi elm usi fn tdi naglt ertinebts. Dfwivir, gl squeri

D-5= naecis fn ZKY : elm ZKY = wiri nfulm viry bafsi tf

iebd ftdir, et tdi seki miptd, es wes easf fjsirvim gl tdi

besi fn tdi nrehkilts fn ZKYs = elm > nfulm gl squeri B54

(sii ngh. :>). ]dgs bfuam ji gltirpritim es tdi risuat fn tdi

virtgbea mgspirsgfl fn naglts tdrfuhd tdi simgkilt tdfuhd.El eatirletgvi ixpaeletgfl gs tdet tdi dfrgzfltea elm vir

tgbea mgstrgjutgfl pettirls fn tdisi naecis (elm jfli nreh

kilts) eri tdi risuat fn tdi bfltikpfrelifus usi elm

mgsberm fn tdisi stfli 'tffas' jy kel.

]di nebt tdet tdi mgnnirilt naglt sbettirs glsgmi tdi ixbeve-

tim erie 'rispibt' iebd ftdir kghdt glmgbeti e spetgea frhelg-

zetgfl fn tdi ebtgvgtgis et tdi sgti, pfgltglh tf tdi sgkuate-

lifus prfmubtgfl fn mgnnirilt naglt sbettirs es el gltirriaetim

sirgis fn ebtgvgtgis.

]di agkgtim spetgea eleaysgs tf ji prisiltim jiafw gs

jesim fl tdi essukim bfltikpfreligty fn tdi mgnnirilt

ertinebt sbettirs. ]di wfrm 'essukim' gs strissim diri jibeu-

si gl tdi eutdfr's fpglgfl tdi prfjaik fn 'bfltikpfreligty'

gs fntil fviraffcim gl tdi spetgea eleaysgs fn agtdgb sbettirs.

]dgs tfpgb des jiil mgsbussim jy CrfY elm Gseeb (574=),

wdf striss tdet kely eutdfrs tebgtay essuki tdet stretghre

pdgbeaay bflbiltretim erbdeifafhgbea nglms bel ji gltirpritim es glmgbetgvi fn agvglh naffrs wdfsi spetgea bflnghure-

tgfls wiri nfrkim gl e sglhai, bfltglufus pirgfm fn fbbupe-

tgfl. Gl tdgs wey el ertinebt mgstrgjutgfl gs rihermim es tdi

jauiprglt fn tdi bekp-sgti's aeyfut elm lf eatirletgvi dypf

tdisis eri hgvil nfr tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi spetgea bflnghure-

tgfls.

Gl tdgs bfltixt Crfaa elm Gseeb usi tdi tirks frhelgzim

virsus bfkpfulm iltgty? sgtis key devi jiil nfrkim es

frhelgzim iltgtgis, gl wdgbd tdi tftea bflnghuretgfl gs glmgbetgvi fn tdi essfbgetim usi fn spebi, fr es bfkpfulm iltgtgis,

gl wdgbd jidevgfureaay kielglhnua pettirls bel jist ji

mitirkglim gn tdi glmgvgmuea 'sgti usis' bel ji risfavim. Fn

bfursi, sgtis agci Rgti B bel flay ji sujoibtim tf spetgea

tgfl fn tdi naglt essikjaehi elm tdi jfli essikjaehi.

El gkpfrtelt fjsirvetgfl gl tdgs rispibt gs tdet eaa tdijfli ketirgea fn Rgti B wes stretghrepdgbeaay bflbiltretim et

tdi seki aivia es tdi naglt ertinebts. Dfrgzfltea lierist

lighdjfur eleaysgs fn =5 aerhir jfli nrehkilts nrfk tdi sgti

hevi e Baerc/Ivels retgf fn 0.27, glmgbetglh e baustirim

mgstrgjutgfl (Dfmmir/Frtfl 578>? =0).

Nurtdirkfri, tdi jfli ketirgea wes lft flay stretghre

pdgbeaay bflbiltretim et tdi seki aivia es tdi naglts, jut

^gsuea glspibtgfl rivieaim tdet jfli nrehkilts easf tilmim

tf fbbur gl tdi lighdjfurdffm fn aerhir naecis.Gl frmir tf eleaysi tdgs glnirrim riaetgflsdgp, tdi mgs

trgjutgfl wes ribfrmim fn =2 naglts elm =5 jfli nrehkilts

kiesurglh 9 bk fr kfri. ]di sekpai fn =2 naglts usim gl tdgs

eleaysgs gl 574= bflsgstim fn tdi tffas elm naecis wgtd usi

ritfubd agstim gl tejai > elm rihuaer naecis wgtd streghdt

buttglh imhis, wgtd kexgkuk mgkilsgfls fn 9 bk fr kfri.

Hilireaay spiecglh, spetgea eleaytgbea kitdfms bel ji

mgvgmim gltf twf betihfrgis? fli bflsgmirglh tdi ixbevetim

erie gl riaetgfl tf tdi ertinebts, elm tdi ftdir mieaglh wgtd

tdi ertinebts flay. Jftd epprfebdis wgaa ji mgsbussim diri.

]di ngrst epprfebd gs jesim fl tdi prisilbi elm ejsilbi

fn ertinebts gl tdi hrgm sque ris elm gl e ngrst epprfxgketgfl

tdi bfltglhilby tejai 50 wes mrewl. Rubd bfltglhilby

tejais eri ixtilsgviay usim gl pael t ibfafhy elm mgnnirilt

kiesuris fn essfbgetgfl devi jiil suhhistim (Dfmmir/

Frtfl 578>3 Frtfl 5740), fn wdgbd Bdg-squeri, U elm ^ eri

tdi jist clfwl.F (; em - jb /em + jb) elm ^ (; em - jb /(inhd)"\) jftd

very nrfk -(-5 nfr pfsgtgvi essfbgetgfl tf - 5 , bfkpaiti mgs-

sfbgetgfl. U elm ^ iquea F wdil tdiri gs lf essfbgetgfl, g.i.

wdil ixpibtim elm fjsirvim nriquilbgis bfglbgmi. ]di mete

hgvil gl tejai 50 risuat gl veauis fn U; 0.> elm ^; 0.:,

veauis wdgbd key ji gltirpritim es glmgbetglh essfbgetgfl.

Nrfk tdi mete fn tejai 50 e Bdg-squeri veaui fn 50.84 wes

]ejai 50? ]di mgstrgjutgfl fn naglt ertinebts elm jfli nrehkilts(R9 bk) et Rgti B.

n a g l t s

>2 RG]IB

bfkputim, glmgbetglh tdet nfr fli mihrii fn nriimfk tdi

prfjejgagty fn glmipilmilbi fn tdi twf mgstrgjutgfls gs flay

0.005. ]dirinfri e stetgstgbeaay sghlgngbelt mipilby bfuam ji

glnirrim jitwiil tdi twf mgstrgjutgfls, wdgbd wfuam kiel

tdet tdi naglts elm jflis eri riaetim gl fli wey fr elftdir

mgnnirilt eries, tf - 5 , wdil naglts elm jflis eri nfulm gl

gsfaetim pegrs fn fli naglt elm fli jfli. R; F wdil tdi twf

nglm betihfrgis eri relmfkay gltirkglhaim. Gl fur besi tdi

sihrihetgfl bfãnngbgãlt gs 0.=2, wdgbd pfglts tf e sihrihetim

mgstrgjutgfl.



tdet tdi naglts elm jflis eri riaetim gl fli wey fr elftdir.

Dfwivir, gl tdi prisilt besi, tdi Bdg-squeri veaui gs aerhi-

ay mitirkglim jy tdi bfltilts fn biaa m fn tdi tejai (lf

jflis, lf naglt). E nurtdir glbriesi gl tdi lukjir fn ikpty

quemrets wfuam suhhist el ivil strflhir riaetgfl. Es suh-

histim jy êl mi îami (tdgs vfauki, eppilmgx GG), e usinua

epprfebd bfuam ji tf bdffsi tdi suk fn tdi quemrets bfvir-

im jy tdi glmgvgmuea mgstrgjutgfls es tdi mfkegl tdet gs tdi

suk fn tdi tejai gl biaa (l) riaetgvi tf wdgbd tdi twf mgs

trgjutgfls eri stumgim.

]di emoustim tejai 55 bflstrubtim gl tdgs wey hgvis U elm^ veauis fn -0.> elm -0.2, rispibtgviay, wdgbd gl tdgs besi

gkpay sihrihetgfl. ]di Bdg-squeri gs lfw 50.27, wdgbd

ehegl kiels tdet nfr fli mihrii fn nriimfk tdi prfjejgagty

tdet tdi mgstrgjutgfls eri glmipilmilt gs ejt. 5?5000. ]dgs

tgki, dfwivir, sihrihetgfl gs glmgbetim gl ebbfrmelbi wgtd

tdi F elm ^ veauis.

Fn bfursi, lft flay tdi lukjir fn ikpty biaas mitirkglis

tdi risuats fn tdi eleaysgs3 tdi futbfki gs easf hrietay mi-

pilmilt fl tdi sgzi fn tdi quemrets usim, gl tdgs besi que

mrets fn fli kitri. Dfwivir, fl ebbfult fn tdi -cerst-

mitirkglim- grrihuaer sdepi fn tdi ixbevetim erie, Xdea-

afl's (5782) kitdfm fn mgkilsgflea eleaysgs fn vergelbi

bfuam lft ji eppagim diri (bn. Frtfl 5740? 5=>-5=7).

Fn tdi tibdlgquis wdgbd bflbiltreti fl tdi ertinebts

tdiksiavis, elm eri tdirinfri glmipilmilt fn tdi lukjir fn

ikpty squeris, lierist lighdjfur eleaysgs sdfuam ji kil-

tgflim. Lierist lighdjfur eleaysgs fn tdi naglts elm jflisrisuatim gl tdi nfaafwglh tejai (tejai 5:).

]dgs mgstrgjutgfl ygiamim e Bdg-squeri fn 59.=7 nfr fli

mihrii fn nriimfk sghlgngbelt et tdi aivia fn 0.005, wdgbd

glmgbetis sihrihetgfl. Nfr tdgs cglm fn mete Pgiafu (57>5)

suhhistim e bfãnngbgãlt fn sihrihetgfl (Dfmmir/Frtfl, 578>?

:09)? R; (b -d j) L /(id -G- nh). R vergis nrfk +5, wdil tdi

mgstrgjutgfls eri bfkpaitiay sihrihetim, g.i. eri sgtuetim gl

mgstrgjutgfl.

]di lierist lighdjfur eleaysgs tdirinfri issiltgeaay

ygiams tdi seki risuats es tdi emoustim quemret-bfult ki

tdfm, jftd glmgbetglh sihrihetgfl fn naglts elm jflis. ]di

glgtgea quemret bfults (tejai 50) hevi us wdet bfuam ji

tirkim e 'jgrm's-iyi vgiw' fn tdi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi twf nglm

betihfrgis glsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie, wdgai tdi lierist

lighdjfur elm emoustim quemret-bfult kitdfms zffkim gl

fl tdi mgstrgjutgfl pir si, ygiamglh Glnfrketgfl fl e nglir

sbeai tdel tdi ngrst ettikpt.

Jftd ettikpts, wdgai fpiretglh fl mgnnirilt sbeais, siiktf glmgbeti tdet tdiri eri stetgstgbeaay sghlgngbelt spetgea

riaetgfls jitwiil tdi twf nglm betihfrgis, suhhistglh dfkg-

lgm glvfavikilt gl tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi spetgea mgstrgjutgfl3

fl e aerhir sbeai, tdi naglts elm jflis siik tf agi bafsi

tfhitdir, wdgai fl e nglir sbeai sihrihetgfl gs epperilt,

glmgbetglh tdet tdi jfli nrehkilts wiri 'tfssim ewey' nrfk

tdi spft wdiri tdi naglts wiri mgsbermim.

]disi gltirpritetgfls eri, emkgttimay, jesim fl e viry

agkgtim eleaysgs, wdgbd steraim nrfk tdi essukptgfl tdet tdi

nglms wiri mipfsgtim murglh fli bfltglufus usi fn spebi.

]dgs essukptgfl des lft jiil neasgngim, jut des lft jiil

'prfvil' igtdir!

Glmipilmilt mipfsgtgflea ivilts bel aiem tf tdi seki

spetgea pettirl es el frhelgzim usi fn spebi. Jut subd e

suppfsgtgfl bel flay ji virgngim wgtd tdi egm fn 'erbdeifaf-

hgbea' ivgmilbi gl tdi silsi fn istejagsdim riaetgfls jitwiil

glmgvgmuea naglt sbettirs es mitirkglim jy tdi bflofglglh fnagtdgbs (Bedil/Ciiaiy/êl Lftil 5787). ]dgs, fn bfursi,

mfis lft gkpay tdet tdi ejsilbi fn subd riaetgfls jitwiil

naglt sbettirs glmgbetis tdi aebc fn ely spetgea frhelgzetgfl fn

ebtgvgtgis. Xi wgaa riturl tf tdgs tfpgb gl tdi lixt sibtgfl.

]ejai 55? Es tejai 50, wgtd emoustkilts ebbfrmglh tf êl mi îami(tdgs vfauki, eppilmgx GG)

n a g l t s

]ejai 5:? Lierist lighdjfur mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi naglts elm jflis(e9 bk) fn Rgti B, glmgbetglh tdi lukjir fn tgkis tdet e nagltertinebt des es gts lierist lighdjfur e naglt (e) fr e jfli (b), itb.

>= NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

=.:.8 GL]IZPZI]E]GFL

]di 'frhelgzim virsus bfkpfulm iltgty' mgsbussgfl rinirrim

tf ejfvi gs fn issiltgea gkpfrtelbi gl tdi gltirpritetgfl fn

tdi mete fn Rgti B gl tirks fn dukel jidevgfur. Fli fn tdi

pertgbgpelts gl tdgs mgsbussgfl gs Jglnfrm, wdf ripietimay

vgrtueaay zirf gl tirks fn jidevgfurea ivgmilbi! ]di bder

bfea wes nfulm et tdi seki aivia es tdi naglt ertinebts, elm

tdi mgsbfviry fn twf pgibis fn jurlt naglt tdet dem jrfcil

murglh jurlglh suhhistim tdet tdi bderbfea key ji tdi

risuat fn e ngri fl tdi spft. Jut wi bellft prfvi tdet tdgs



pertgbgpelts gl tdgs mgsbussgfl gs Jglnfrm, wdf ripietimay

strissis tdi lftgfl, tdet

']di erbdeifafhgbea ribfrm kust ji ulmirstffm gl tirks fn e mgnni

rilt tikpfrea pirspibtgvi tdel gs bderebtirgstgb fn fur fwl fr fn

itdlfhrepdir's ixpirgilbi gl buaturea systiks.' (Jglnfrm 5748? :0).

Ebtueaay, wi eri diri bflnrfltim wgtd tdi keofr kitdfmf-

afhgbea prfjaik

'... wditdir erbdeifafhgsts bel ebburetiay ribflstrubt espibts fn tdi

agvis elm jidevgfrs fn ieray dfkglgms tdet eri lft sgkpay ultistim

ixtrepfaetgfls nrfk nekgager kfmirl pettirls ..." (Crfaa/Gseeb 574=?

>).

Fli fn tdi tfpgbs erfulm wdgbd tdgs mgsbussgfl des jiil

biltrim gs tdet fn tdi 'agvglh naffr' bflbipt, wdgbd des jiil

usim jy Jglnfrm (5748) gl fli fn dgs ettebcs fl tdi ep-

prfebd wdgbd paebis kfmirl nfrks fn jidevgfur jebc gl

tgki, usglh prisilt-mey dultir-hetdirir hrfups es 'stflis fn

Zfsitte' tf gltirprit erbdeifafhgbea pettirls?

']di wgaaglhliss ... tf ebbfkfmeti tdi mete nrfk tdi erbdeifafhgbea

ribfrm tf tdi risierbdirs' prgfr jiagins rihermglh tdi bderebtir fn

ieray dfkglgm agni risuatim gl e mibemi fn pujagsdim ketirgea pur-

pfrtglh tf misbrgji tdi bderebtir fn buatureaay frhelgzim bekp agni

ekflh tdi ieray dfkglgms. Gt gs lft surprgsglh tdet tdgs iaejfreti

vgiw wes e sgkpai mirgvetgvi fn tdi essukptgfls tdet hugmim tdi

erhukilts oustgnyglh tdi ribfhlgtgfl fn agvglh naffrs gl tdi ngrst

paebi. Gseeb erhuim tdet, et tdi viry mewl fn tdi eppierelbi fn

tffa-usglh dfkglgms, 'kil' wiri dultirs agvglh gl sfbgea hrfups

bderebtirgzim jy e keai-nikeai mgvgsgfl fn aejfr. ]di prfmubts fntdi dult wiri riturlim tf saiipglh afbetgfls (dfki jesis), wdiri

eatrugstgb sderglh tffc paebi ekflh emuats es wiaa es wgtd bdgamril.

]di wfkil's rfai gl prfvgsgflglh wes biltirim fl hetdirglh wgam

paelt ketirgeas. ]dus tdi sfbgea jesgs fn aetir, kfri iaejfreti

'buaturi' wes tdfuhdt tf ji gl paebi et tdi glbiptgfl fn tffg usi. Gt

wes tdgs vgiw fn 'dultglh elm hetdirglh' tdet jftd prfkptim tdi

quist nfr elm oustgngim tdi glmgbetgfl fn agvglh naffrs, elm gl turl,

agvglh naffrs wiri tdil bgtim es ivgmilbi tdet tdgs vgiw wes bfrribt.

Rubd e prfbimuri gs e kitdfmfafhgbea teutfafhy.' (Jglnfrm 5748?

:0).

]agi riaivelbi fn tdgs riesflglh tf tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tdi

mete fn Rgti B gs fjvgfus? wiri tdi glmgvgmuea naglt sbettirs

prfmubim gl fli bflsgstilt usi fn tdi sgti gl fli sdfrt

risuat fn e ngri fl tdi spft. Jut wi bellft prfvi tdet tdgs

ngri gs essfbgejai wgtd dfkglgm fbbupetgfl fn tdi sgti, jibeu-

si tdi bflbiltretgfl jiers lf riaetgfl tf erbdeifafhgbea

nglms gl gts gkkimgeti ilvgrfls. Fn bfursi tdgs mfis lft

kiel tdet tdiri wes minglgtiay lf riaetgflsdgp, flay tdet gt gs

lf aflhir vgsgjai gl tdi erbdeifafhgbea ribfrm.

]di aissfl tf ji mrewl nrfk tdisi 'nrustretgfls' gs tdet wi

devi tf rieagzi flbi ehegl tdet ivil wiaa-prisirvim 'sgtis'

mf lft riprisilt tdi prisirvim jurgim rikegls fn spibgngb

'kfkilts fn tdi pest', jut eri gl nebt tf ji siil es jurgim

surnebi bfaaibtgfls (Jglnfrm 574>).Gl tdgs bfltixt gt siiks kielglhaiss tf gltirprit tdi mete

fn Rgti B gl tirks fn fli fn tdi sgti 'typis' es misbrgjim jy

sivirea eutdfrs (i.h. Jglnfrm/Jglnfrm 57>>3 Baerc/Deylis

57803 Rgvirtsil 5740). El gltirpritetgfl gl tirks fn tdisi

'typis' gs gl nebt mipilmilt fl fli's essukptgfls bflbirlglh

tdi dukelliss fn tdi dfkglgms wdf brietim tdi essik

jaehis.

E lihetgvi epprfebd es tdi fli usim diri aiems tf viry

niw litt risuats. Xdil wi eri gltiristim gl tdi Paigstfbili

ivfautgfl fn spibgngb nfrks fn jidevgfur, dfwivir, tdi

ejsilbi fn glmgbetgfls fn, sey, frhelgzim usi fn spebi gl

spibgngb pirgfms bel prfvgmi veauejai glnfrketgfl fl buatu

rea bdelhis gl tdi Paigstfbili elm bel nfbus risierbd fl

kfri spibgngb tfpgbs. Gn, nfr glstelbi, eleaysgs fn kfri pri-

sepgils sepgils sgtis sdfuam ygiam tdi 'seki' risuats bfl

birlglh tdi spetgea riaetgfls jitwiil spibgngb nglm betihfrgis

es fjsirvim et Rgti B, tdil tdi prisilbi fn subd e pettirlbfuam aiem tf e riiveauetgfl fn tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tdi

glmgvgmuea sgtis.

]di 'frhelgzim virsus bfkpfulm' prfjaik gs tff fntil

lihaibtim, nfr glstelbi gl tdi pujagbetgfls mieaglh wgtd

Afwir elm Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb 'dut strubturis' et ]irre

Ekete (Mi Aukaiy 57>7e), Jgazglhsaijil (Kelge 574>),

Aezerit (Mi Aukaiy 57>7j) elm Zjiglmejail (]jgiki

5742j). ]di spetgea pettirls et tdisi sgtis devi jiil baessg-

ngim elm gltirpritim wgtdfut sunngbgãlt iveauetgfl fn tdimylekgb prfbissis wdgbd beusim tdi ebtuea stetgb pettirls.

Eaa tdisi gltirpritetgfls sunnir nrfk tdi 'frhelgzim iltgty

sylmrfki'. Nfr tdi ]irre Ekete besi P. ^gaaes' ringttglh

stumgis devi sdfwl bflvglbglhay tdet Mi Aukaiy's tdifry

>9 RG]IH

baieray sdfwl tdet tdi vergfus naglt bflbiltretgfls wiri

bafsiay riaetim, elm tdet tdi sgti fjvgfusay riprisilts e

sglhai fbbupetgflea pdesi (Bedil/CiiaiyE'el Lftil 5787).

Bflofglglh stumgis easf ygiamim ivgmilbi fn riaetgfls ji-

twiil naglt bflbiltretgfls et twf ftdir Yppir Peaeifagtdgb



pp

sgtis, lekiay Pglbivilt (Nrelbi) elm Hþllirsmfrn (Xist

Hirkely).

Nurtdirkfri, ulagci tdet fn ieragir sgtis, tdi pettirlglh fn

Yppir Peaeifagtdgb sgtis bel, fntil ji ixpaeglim wgtd tdi egm

fn e sietglh-pael kfmia, gl wdgbd e lukjir fn pifpai eri

hrfupim erfulm e diertd (Jglnfrm 57843 Hekjai 574>).

Hekjai ixpibts

'... subd e jesgb ebtgvgty tf ji e nieturi fn sgtis jierglh aejias es

mgvirsi es dultglh sgtis, birikflgea afbetgfls, dfki jesis elm

fvirlghdt trelsgt bekps ..." (Hekjai 574>? :9>).

Rubd e sietglh-pael kfmia fn mgsberm prfmubtgfl erfulm e

diertd, wgtd tdi futirkfst imhis fn tdi tfss zfli (Jglnfrm

5784) ayglh sfki 2 k nrfk tdi biltri fn tdi diertd, gs siil

jy kely eutdfrs es tdi ciy wgtd wdgbd tf gltirprit sgtis.

Hekjai (574>) bgtis e lukjir fn erbdeifafhgbea ixekpais

fn tdi tdrii-kitris spebglh prglbgpai, eaa nrfk tdi Yppir

Peaeifagtdgb.

Es n er es tdi eutdfr clfws, tdgs 2-k spebglh prglbgpai gs

lft yit eppagbejai tf sgtis brietim jy pri-sepgils sepgils

dfkglgms, g.i. gt gs lft pfssgjai tf mgvgmi 'sgtis" gltf kfri

wfrcejai ulgts fn eleaysgs eaflh tdisi aglis. Ziaetgfls

jitwiil naglt sbettirs bfkperejai tf tdfsi ribfrmim et Kiir

elm Pglbivilt devi lft jiil pujagsdim es yit nfr Kgmmai

elm Afwir Peaeifagtdgb sgtis. ]di strubturis ribfhlgzejai et

Afwir elm Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb sgtis eri sipereti mijrgs

bflbiltretgfls, hiliretim gl mipfsgtgflea pdesis wdgbd

bellft ji bflvglbglhay riaetim tf fli elftdir. ]dgs steti fn

ennegrs key, fn bfursi, ji mui tf fur siaibtgfl fn sgtis nrfk

tdi ieragir tgki pirgfms3 sf ner flay riaetgviay niw ieray

prgkery bfltixt sgtis devi jiil mgsbfvirim. Elftdir ixpae-

letgfl gs tdet tdi mgnnirilbis gl spetgea pettirls eri riaetim

tf jesgb mgnnirilbis gl frhelgzetgflea bepebgtgis jitwiil

dfkglgms fn mgnnirilt tgki pirgfms.

Es nfr tdi glmgvgmuea mipfsgtgflea pdesis tdet aim tf tdi

nfrketgfl fn tdi Rgti B iltgty, tdi bflofglglh stumgis deviglmgbetim tdet wi devi tf riherm Rgti B es e ngxim pfglt gl e

mylekgb systik fn tdi trelspfrt fn naglts gl tdi nfrk fn

bfris, nglgsdim naecis elm tffas. ]dgs tfpgb wgaa ji mgsbussim

gl kfri hilirea tirks gl bdeptir 7.

Ngh. 80. Rgti H? pfsgtgfl fn tdi Rgti H ixbevetgfl elm tdi ieragir(574=) nglm bflbiltretgfls.

riturl tf tdgs tfpgb gl e hilirea mgsbussgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^

sgtis gl bdeptir 7.

=.2 Rgti H

=.2.5 GL]ZFMYBrgFL

Gl tdi bfltixt fn tdi IRZ metglh prfhrekki fn nfssga keti-

rgea nrfk Ylgt =, Mr Z. Hrñl elm Kr F. Cetziljirh (Bf

>> NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G



• - 1 æ < ~ .

Ngh. 85. Rgti H? gmieagzim sfutd-lfrtd sibtgfl tdrfuhd tdi iestirl prfngai fn tdi '=4' squeris?5 tfp fn tdi (Ylgt 2) hrevia, es glnirrim nrfk tdi risuats fn jfrglhs: ngli aekgletim selms (:.9 W 8/:), beaberifus gl perts, wgtd gltirbeaetim hrevia aeyirs (Ylgt =.=), hremueaay miviafpglh gltf2 ngli afeky selm (:.9 W 9/2) wgtd rimmgsd yiaafw (9 W >/4) kfttais, bflteglglh ertinebts elm neulea rikegls gl gts uppir pert. Beaberifus gl

perts (Ylgt =.9.5/G^-B-a)= sgat afek (:.9 W 8/2) wgtd ngli selm. Beaberifus. Et ats jesi gt diri elm tdiri bflteglim ngli hrevia elm ertinebts (beaberifus tunes, Ylgt

=.9.:/G^-H-aa)

9 sgat afek (8.9 W >/>) bflteglglh Kl elm Ni kfttais elm hrevia et gts jesi (Ylgt 9.5/9.:/G^-B-aa/^)

]dgs jfli ketirgea dem jiil wiaa prisirvim ulmirlietd tdi

beaberifus tune (Ylgt =.9.:). E skeaa trgea pgt fn 55 k\ wes

ixbevetim, wdgbd sdfwim tdet tdi jfli bflbiltretgfl wes

agkgtim tf ejt. : k\ eatdfuhd tdi prisirvetgfl bflmgtgfls

wiri tdi seki eaa fvir tdi ixbevetim erie. Gl Mibikjir

O.P. mi Xerrgkflt nfulm e sibflm jfli bflbiltretgfl tftdi sfutd fn tdi ngrst fli, tdgs tgki wgtdfut naglt ertinebts

(ngh. 80).

]di veaui fn tdisi ngrst fjsirvetgfls gs agkgtim sglbi tdi

Ylgt = simgkilts dem eariemy jiil rikfvim jinfri tdi

90 k\ wes ixbevetim. ]di ixbevetgfl wes mfli gl tdi usuea

wey, es misbrgjim nfr Rgti B. Gl vgiw fn tdi afbea ejulmelbi

fn kfaausbs elm rikegls fn skeaa kekkeas gl tdi ketrgx,

tdi sfga nrfk 5= squeris wes sgivim tdrfuhd e 0.9-kk kisd

sbriil, gl 9-bk tdgbc aeyirs.

Elftdir jfli mgstrgjutgfl dem eariemy jiil ribfrmimieragir, gl 5742, ejfut 20 kitris sfutd-sfutdiest fn tdi ngrst

jfli bflbiltretgfl kiltgflim ejfvi elm gl tdi seki stretg-

hrepdgbea pfsgtgfl. Et tdgs spft tdi tfp pert fn tdi Ylgt =

simgkilts bflteglim sivirea pffray prisirvim jfli nreh-

>8 RG]I H

=4/509 =4/t0> =a/t08

+=4/aFJ

+=4/507



=4/550 =t/a5a =4/55: =4/552

LGJ/at=

+ 9=90

®

>4 NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

”G 5 507



n '

>7 RG]I H

=.2.:. R]ZE]GHZEPDW

Nghuri 85 hgvis e sbdiketgb brfss-sibtgfl fn tdi ixbevetgfl,

nrfk sfutd tf lfrtd, glmgbetglh tdi agtdfafhgbea Ylgts mgs-

tglhugsdim jy êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749).

]wf rikercs devi tf ji kemi wgtd rispibt tf nghuri 85?



5. ]di fvireaa keofrgty fn tdi naglt ertinebts elm jflisribfvirim nrfk Rgti H wiri nfulm gl tdi tfp pert fn tdi

ngliay hreglim nauvgetgai simgkilts, ulmirlietd tdi beabe-

rifus tune.

:. Es et Rgti B, cerst prfbissis dem mgsturjim perts fn Rgti

H, es gs baieray vgsgjai gl nghuri 85.

=. 2. 2 ]DI NGLMR

=.2.2.5 Gltrfmubtgfl

Murglh tdi ixbevetgfl fn Rgti H tdi nfaafwglh nglm betihf-rgis wiri ilbfultirim? naglt ertinebts, jurlt naglts, jfli

ketirgea fn aerhir kekkeas, rikegls fn skeaa kekkeas elm

kfaausbs. ]disi aest twf betihfrgis wgaa lft ji mgsbussim gl

tdgs sibtgfl, jibeusi tdiy eri lft riaetim tf dukel ebtgvg-

tgis. ]diy wgaa ji prisiltim gl bdeptir 4, wdgbd mieas wgtd

tdi peaeifilvgrflkilt fn tdi Ylgt G^ sgtis. Diri tdi ftdir

nglm betihfrgis wgaa ji prisiltim, eaflh wgtd tdigr spetgea

mgstrgjutgfls.

=.2.2.: ]di naglt ketirgea

Gl Lfvikjir 574= nfur naglt ertinebts wiri nfulm gl tdi

lfrtdirl bflbiltretgfl fn jfli nrehkilts? e skeaa naeci, e

jrfcil naeci elm twf bflofglejai nrehkilts fn e ritfubdim

jaemi (ngh. 8=-2).

Gl tdi 5749 ixbevetgfl 9= naglt ertinebts wiri ribfrmim,

dean fn wdgbd wiri skeaair tdel : bk (ngh. 82).

]di aerhir naecis dem baieray jiil strubc nrfk priperimbfris. ]di mgnnirilbis gl rew ketirgeas sdfw tdet tdi naecis

dem jiil prfmubim nrfk et aiest tdrii mgnnirilt naglt lfmu-

ais. Eakfst eaa aerhir naecis devi ngliay nebittim jutts.

Pertgbuaeray lftiwfrtdy gs e 5>.9-bk aflh jebcim clgni

(=>/50>-55) (ngh. 89), tdi jebc fn wdgbd gs e aetirea imhi fn

tdi aerhi priperim bfri nrfk wdgbd gt wes strubc {'çbaet

mçjfrmelt' silsu Jiyrgis/Jfãme 5742).

Easf e rikercejai nglm gs e aerhi jaemi-agci naeci (ngh.

8=-5), nfulm gl twf nrehkilts ayglh :0 bk epert gl dfrgzfltea mgribtgfl gl squeri =4/509. ]di jesea nrehkilt fn tdi

naeci sdfws sghls fn ner kfri gltilsgvi usi tdel tdi ftdir

fli, wdgbd glmgbetis tdet tdi jesea nrehkilt bfltgluim tf ji

usim entir tdi pgibi dem jrfcil.

\;\ \;\5.: :.2 2V= =.9 9V> >V8 8Va

Ngh. 82. Rgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi Rgti H naglt essikjaehi, jesim fl

kexgkuk mgkilsgfls, gl bk.

el elgkea wgtd e tdgbc dgmi, agci el iaipdelt fr e rdglfbi-

rfs, prfjejay murglh jutbdirglh ebtgvgtgis. Et tdi tgki fn

dir stumy fn tdi ertinebts nrfk Rgti H, êl Hgol dem lf

clfwaimhi fn tdi prisilbi fn neulea rikegls et Rgti H. Gl

ebtuea n ebt, tdi jebcim clgni wes nfulm ekgmst rdglfbirfs

rikegls gl tdi lfrtdirl pert fn tdi sgti (sii jiafw).

Gl tftea, :2 ertinebts wiri ringttim, nfrkglh tdi nfaafwglh

hrfups fn bflofglglh baikilts?

- > hrfups fn : bflofglglh baikilts

- 5 hrfup fn 2 bflofglglh baikilts

- : hrfups fn = bflofglglh baikilts

Eakfst dean fn tdi bflofglglh baikilts bflsgst fn ringttim

baikilts fn jrfcil ertinebts. ]di ringttglh glmgbetim tdet

sfki naglt-cleppglh wes mfli et tdi sgti? tdi twf aerhir

viltrea/mfrsea bflofglglh naecis =4/505-58 elm =7/50=-2 kusdevi jiil prfmubim glsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie jibeusi sfki

viry ngli naecglh mijrgs (1 5 bk) bfuam ji ringttim tf tdik

(viltrea/mfrsea). Nghuri 8> hgvis tdi spetgea mgstrgjutgfl fn

tdi ringttim baikilts. Nrfk tdi mgnnirilbis gl tdi rew keti

rgeas usim et Rgti H elm tdi ringttglh bvgmilbi gt gs baier tdet

e) et aiest sgx aerhir naecis wiri gltrfmubbm gltf tdi ixbe

vetim erie entir devglh jiil prfmubim basbwdbri3 i.h. tdi

ritfubdim naecis sdfwl gl nghuri 8= elm tdi aerhi jebcim

clgni kiltgflim ejfvi

j) et aiest twf aerhir naecis wiri prfmubim glsgmi tdi ixbe

vetim erie jibeusi sfki viry ngli (1 5 bk) cleppglh mi

jrgs bfuam ji ringttim tf tdik.

80 DLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G



Ngh. 8=. Rgti H? naglt ertinebts, 5 ritfubdim naeci bflsgstglh fn twf bflofglim nrehkilts, : bflofglim naecis, 2 ritfubdim naeci (sgmi sbrepir)bflsgstglh fn twf bflofglim nrehkilts (nrfk tdi erie ixbevetim gl 574=), = ritfubdim naeci, 9 naeci usim tf but 'kiet' (=8/509-2). (Rbeai :?2).

ngri tdet jurlim glsgmi fr bafsi tf tdi erie sekpaim gl tdi

Rgti H ixbevetgfl.

=.2.2.= Neulea rikegls

]di neulea rikegls nfulm et Rgti H, kfst fn wdgbd wiri

ribfvirim gl e pffr steti fn prisirvetgfl, wiri stumgim jy

êl Cfansbdftil. ]ejai 52 hgvis e surviy fn tdi gmiltgngim

spibgis, tdi kglgkuk lukjir fn glmgvgmueas (KLG) nfr iebd

spibgis, elm tdi lukjir fn gmiltgngim iaikilts (LGI).

]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi neulea rikegls ribfvirim nrfk Rgti H gs hgvil gl nghuri 8:. Nghuri 88 hgvis e mgs

trgjutgfl pael fn tdi gmiltgngim miltea iaikilts.

êl Cfansbdftil (pirs.bfkk. 574>) cglmay bfkkulgbe-

tim tdi nfaafwglh bfkkilts fl tdi glmgvgmuea spibgis.

]ejai 52? ]di neulea rikegls nrfk Rgti H. Glmgbetim eri? gmiltgngim

spibgis, kglgkuk lukjir fn glmgvgmueas (KLG) elm lukjir fngmiltgngim iaikilts (LGI).Mitirkgletgfls jy ]. vel Cfansbdftil (pirs.bfkk., 574>).

spibgis KLG LGI

2 59: 4: 505 :5 5

rdglfbirfs {Mgbirfrdglus dikgtfibdus)rfi miir (Beprifaus beprifaus)rim miir {Birvus iaepdus)streghdt-tuscim iaipdelt (Iaipdes eltgquus)jfvgm (Jfvgmei glmit.)

tdi uppir miltgtgfl. ]dgs pert fn Rgti H easf ygiamim aerhir

jfli nrehkilts, bflsgstglh keglay fn nrehkilts fn uppir

85 RG]IH

Zim miir?

Kfaers elm kfaer nrehkilts fn Birvus iaepdus wiri nfulm

gl tdi sfutdiestirl pert fn tdi sgti. ]drii kfaers dem jiafl-

him tf el emuat glmgvgmuea. Nrehkilts fn sdim eltair, e

dukirus, e kiteberpus elm e scuaa wiri nurtdirkfri ribfr-

mim glsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie. Gl Mibikjir 574= tdi sfu-



mim glsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie. Gl Mibikjir 574= tdi sfu

tdirl jfli bflbiltretgfl iest fn Rgti H (GG) ygiamim e kite-

tersuk fn rim miir, wdgai rgj nrehkilts nfulm gl tdi lfr

tdirl jfli bflbiltretgfl (G) (Lfvikjir 574=) key easf

devi jiaflhim tf Birvus iaepdus.

Zfi miir?

]wf glmgvgmueas eri riprisiltim gl tdi Beprifaus beprifaus

rikegls? el emuat glmgvgmuea gs riprisiltim jy fli kfaer,

wdgai sgx kfaers elm kfaer nrehkilts dem jiaflhim tf eyfulh emuat glmgvgmuea.

Jfvgm?

E yfulh aerhi jfvgm wes riprisiltim jy fli kfaer.

Iaipdelt?

]wf kfaer nrehkilts bfuam ji esbrgjim tf Iaipdes el-

tgquus.

]di nrehkiltim steti fn tdi jfli ketirgea mfis lft eaafw

us tf mitirkgli wdgbd elgkeas eri riprisiltim jy wdgbd

sciaitea perts? rfi miir, jfvgm elm iaipdelt bfuam flay ji

gmiltgngim jy kiels fn kfaer nrehkilts. Gt gs rikercejai

tdet tdi gmiltgngim rdglfbirfs rikegls bflsgst flay fn nreh

kilts fn uppir agkj jflis elm brelgea perts. Ftdir sciaitea

baikilts eri kgssglh, wgtd tdi ixbiptgfl fn tdi sebruk elm

remgus nfulm gl 574= gl tdi twf jfli bflbiltretgfls iest fn

tdi ixbevetgfl prfpir. ]di uppir agkj jflis eri keglayriprisiltim jy kimgea (mgepdysi) baikilts. ]di baustirim

rdglfbirfs kfaers fn twf yfulh glmgvgmueas eri eaa uppir

oew baikilts. ]di gmiltgngim rim miir baikilts eri eaa

nrehkilts fn uppir agkj jflis elm tdi scuaa. ]di rgj nreh

kilts gl tdi lfrtdirl bflbiltretgfl key ji nrfk e rim miir

tff. Ebbfrmglh tf êl Cfansbdftil (pirs. bfkk., 5748),

tdi typgbea nrehkiltetgfl fn tdi jfli ketirgea bellft ji

esbrgjim tf pfst-mipfsgtgflea prfbissis, jut key pfglt tf

gltiltgflea nrehkiltetgfl fl tdi spft. ]di ejsilbi fn

hlewglh kercs fl tdi niw wiaa prisirvim jflis suhhists

nrehkiltetgfl jy kel.

]di neulea rikegls nrfk Rgti H bel ji mgvgmim gltf twf

Ngh. 89. Rgti H? Aerhi naeci (=>/50>-55) strubc nrfk tdi aetirea sgmi fne priperim bfri (çbaet mçjfrmelt). Rbeai :?2.

jriec eaflh gltirlea, pereaaia aglis.

Gl frmir tf eleaysi tdisi mgnnirilbis gl jfli prisirvetgfl

twf jfli sekpais (typi 5? =>/50>-593 typi :? =9/50=-:) wiri

sujoibtim tf T-rey naufrisbilbi eleaysgs. ]di pilitretgfl

elm ikgssgfl miptd fn tdi T-rey julmgi (mgekitir 5 bk)

usim tf eleaysi tdi sekpais wes ejfut 0.9 kk. Xgtd tdgskitdfm wi tdus fjteglim Glnfrketgfl fl tdi bfkpfsgtgfl fn

e sekpai fn ejfut 0.9 kk x 5 bk\ Gl frmir tf pilitreti

miipir gltf tdi jfli nrehkilts, ejfut 5 kk fn tdi futir

pert fn sekpai : wes sbrepim fnn.

8: NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

+ \ 0\ - + t



=2 == =9 => =8 =4 =7 90 95

Ngh. 8>. Rgti H? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn bflofalim naecis elm naecinrehkilts. Rbeai gl kitris.

ftdir sekpai. Kfst rikercejai gs tdi prisilbi fn tdi reri

iaikilt Wttrguk (W) gl jftd sekpais.

Nghuri 40j sdfws tdi risuats fn tdi ngrst (; ngh. 40e)

eleaysgs fn tdi typi : sekpai elm tdfsi fn tdi eleaysgs entir

5 kk dem jiil sbrepim nrfk tdi futsgmi fn tdgs jfli nreh

kilt3 wi lfti rikercejai mgnnirilbis? Ea elm Rg wiri lf

aflhir mitibtim gl tdi sibflm eleaysgs, wdgai skeaa ekfults

fn C, Kl elm W wiri nfulm. ]di seki veauis wiri fjteg-

lim nfr P elm Be, wdgai tdi prfpfrtgfl fn Ni wes nfulm tfdevi glbriesim. Nghuri 40b sdfws e mitega fn nghuri 40j.

Fl tdi jesgs fn tdisi mete tdi rikercejai mgnnirilbis gl

jfli prisirvetgfl eri gltirpritim es beusim jy glngatretgfl

fn Ni elm Kl, riaetim tf sfga-nfrketgfl prfbissis. E viry

77

/ ' g a /+ ' ' g p ' + + +

¥ +

- t -

=2 == =9 => =8 =4 =7 90 95

* ZFI MIIZ F ZIM MIIZ • IAIPDEL] +J F^ GM M ZDGLF

Ngh. 88. Rgti H? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn gmiltgngim miltea neulearikegls. Rbeai 5 3500. ]di aglis aglc tdi rikegls tdet dem prfjejay

jiaflhim tf fli elm tdi seki glmgvgmuea.

prisilt tdiri wes viry prfjejay mistrfyim. Gt gs baier tdet

tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi Rgti H essikjaehi elm gts dfrgzfltea

mgstrgjutgfl glvfavim e bfkpaix gltirpaey fn sivirea nebtfrs,

fn wdgbd dukel ebtgvgtgis eri baieray ettistim jy naglt erti-

nebts jut ftdir (lfl-dukel) nebtfrs birteglay paeyim e pert

tff.

Jglnfrm (5745) des mgsbussim tdi prfjaiks glvfavim gl tdigltirpritetgfl fn tdgs cglm fn essikjaehis gl hriet mitega.

]wf fn tdi bflbipts usim jy dgk gl tdgs rispibt eri tdi

dgstfrgbea gltihrgty elm tdi riaetgvi risfautgfl fn 'ketirgeas

stejgagzim gl mipfsgtgflea essfbgetgfl tdrfuhd tdi fpiretgfl

RG]I H

: bk ”G



\ g|g

55E

' • ' ] a

\<

50 55 J

]di riaetgvi risfautgfl

"... fn el ebbukuaetgfl fn ketirgea gs tf tdi mihrii tf wdgbd gtiks

elm baessis fn ketirgeas key ji rinirejai tf e spibgngejai elm

agkgtim, dilbi ulekjghufus sit fn ivilts fr ebtgfls gl tdi pest.

Essikjaehis wgtd dghd risfautgfl eri essikjaehis gl wdgbd eaa perts

eri rinirejai tf tdi sit fn ivilts fr bflmgtgfls gl tdi pest. Zisfau

tgfl fn essikjaehis key very glmipilmiltay fn tdi mihrii fn

gltihrgty ... gt sdfuam ji baier tdet glaihrgay rinirs tf tdi riaetgvi

dfkfhiligty fn tdi ehilts rispflsgjai nfr ketirgeas gl e mipfsgt,

wdiries risfautgfl rinirs tf tdi riaetgvi dfkfhiligty fn tdi ivilts fr

sgtuetgflea bflmgtgfls wdfsi jy-prfmubts eri prisirvim gl tdi

mipfsgt ...' (Jglnfrm 5745? 57).

Gt gs viry mgnngbuat tf keci pfsgtgvi stetikilts ejfut tdi

dgstfrgbe! gltihrgty elm tdi riaetgvi risfautgfl fn tdi Rgti Hessikjaehi. Rubd sgtis eri usueaay -et jist-gltirpritim jy

kiels fn erhukilts nrfk iagkgletgfl, wdgbd, es stetim jy

Jglnfrm (5745? 42), devi twf jesgb prikgsis?

e) eaa tdi pftiltgea beusis eri clfwl elm agstim

Ngh. 84. Rgti H? sfki fn tdi gmiltgngim miltea iaikilts.5 Mgbirfrdglus dikgtfibdus? mp: sgl., wfrl kgaa1 kfaer (=>/50>-5:): Birvus iaepdus? P2 sgl. (=4/505 -7)2 Birvus iaepdus? P= mixt. (=7/505-5>)= Birvus iaepdus? Ka mixt. (=4/500-5=)9 Beprifaus beprifaus? P: sgl. (=>/509-2)

> Beprifaus beprifaus? P= mixt. fn e yfulh Glmgvgmuea (=9/50>-=)8 Beprifaus beprifaus? P= sgl. fn e yfulh glmgvgmuea (=>/508-8)4 Beprifaus beprifaus? K5/K: fn e yfulh glmgvgmuea (=>/502-:=)7 Beprifaus beprifaus? Ka/K: sgl. (=>/502-:8)50 Beprifaus beprifaus? K2 mixt. fn el emuat glmgvgmuea (=4/500-::)55 9/j? P: sgl. fte yfulh (emuat) jfvgm (=>/500-5)Pdftfs pujagsdim jy bfurtisy fn ]. vel Cfansbdftil (Ytribdt).

Xgtd tdisi prfjaiks gl kglm, tdi nfYfwglh aglis fn riesf-lglh bel ji bflstrubtim nfr tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tdi Rgti H

essikjaehi.

]di bfkjglim prisilbi fn naglt ertinebts elm neulea ri-

kegls et Rgti H bel ji ixpaeglim gl sivirea weys, wdgbd bel

8= DLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

50:~5



• n..• * ' • • • • • ° • •

U e E

• EZ]INEB] g ZFI MIIZ F ZIM MIIZ «I AI PDE L] • ZDGLF + JF^GM

Ngh. 87. Rgti H? virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl fn naglt ertinebts elm gmiltgngim neulea rikeals fvir tdi tftea sgti erie.

]b stert wgtd tdi ngrst ixpaeletgfl, wi kust ngrst fn eaa

teci e affc et tdi glnirrim sgti-nfrketgfl prfbissis, wdgbd

eri kfri fr aiss tdi seki es tdfsi misbrgjim ejfvi nfr Rgti

B. ]di ngliay hreglim Rgti H ketrgx bflteglim aerhir jfli

nrehkilts, e bflsgmirejai queltgty fn kfYusbs, rikegls fn

skeaa virtijretis elm ngli (1 5 bk) naglt mijrgs, wdgbd bfuam

ji ringttim tf aerhir naecis. Nrehkilts fn twf jrfcil ritfu-

bdim naecis wiri nfulm et e sdfrt mgstelbi nrfk iebd ftdir,

wdgai tdi spetgea baustir fn rikegls fn twf yfulh rdglfbirfs

glmgvgmueas gl tdi lfrtdirl pert fn tdi sgti suhhists e prgke-

ry bfltixt nfr tdisi rikegls tff. ]di prisilbi fn glmgvgmuea

kfaer (nrehkilts) fn e jfvgm, el iaipdelt elm el fam rdglf

birfs gs kfri mgnngbuat tf ixpaegl elm bel tiltetgviay jiriaetim tf el irfsgflea pdesi wdgbd pribimim tdi nfrketgfl

fn tdi rdglfbirfs baustir elm tdi naglt essikjaehi. ]disi

mete glmgbeti tdet lf sfrtglh fn ely gkpfrtelbi dem tecil

paebi, jibeusi tdi kfst 'tikpireti' hifkfrpdgb prfbissis

sfrt gtiks ebbfrmglh tf sgzi gl riaetgfl tf trelspfrt ilirhy

(Jutzir 574:? 572-57>). ]dirinfri, tdi mihrii gl wdgbd

nauvgetgai prfbissis bflmgtgflim tdi bfltilts fn tdi Rgti H

essikjaehi kust devi jiil kglgkea. ]di bfkpfsgtgfl elm

tdi spetgea errelhikilt fn tdi Rgti H essikjaehi mfistdirinfri lft siik tf ji tdi risuat fn nauvgea prfbissis.

Xgtd rispibt tf tdi sibflm suhhistim beusi wi bfuam

essuki tdet elgkeas mgim e leturea mietd et fr gl tdi lighd-

jfurdffm fn Rgti H elm tdet Peaeifagtdgb kel mgsbermim dgs

ebtgvgtgis fn dyiles (Rbftt 574>) fr ftdir berlgvfris.

Deylis (5744) des ribiltay pujYsdim tdi risuats fn sivil

yiers fn ngiamwfrc gl wdgbd di stumgim dulmrims fn lfl-

buaturea iaipdelt jfli sgtis gl sfutdirl Enrgbe, nrfk tdi

ebtuea kfkilt fn mietd fn tdi elgkea fr ivil ieragir, rghdt

tf jfli jurgea fr mistrubtgfl.

'Ky 8-yier ngiam stumgis erfulm Enrgbel wetir sfurbis glmgbeti tdet

iaipdelt jfli sgtis eri mylekgbeaay ulmirhfglh sivirea mgnnirilt

prfbissis fn sgti-nfrketgfl elm kfmgngbetgfl, subd es riburrglh

mietd ivilts, fr mgnnirilt mihriis fn sbevilhglh elm trekpaglh fvir

tgki. ]di sgtis bdelhi, elm ettrgjutis fn tdi jfli essikjaehis easf

bfltglui tf bdelhi es fam jflis eri trekpaim, wietdirim, sbevil-

him, hlewim fr mistrfyim elm liw jflis eri emmim. ]di simgkiltsbflteglglh jflis key ji riwfrcim elm rimipfsgtim. ]dus, e jrgin

stumy fn iaipdelt jfli essikjaehis gl tdi ngiam bfuam livir prfvgmi

usinua eleafhuis wgtd wdgbd tf stumy nfssga prfjfsbgmiel sgtis.

Rgti-nfrketgfl gs e prfbiss, reriay el ivilt. îry niw sgtis nfrk gl

flay e niw kfkilts, fr eri prisirvim et flbi jy repgm jurgea. Ner

kfri fntil el ixtilmim ekfult fn tgki gs glvfavim gl jfli sgti-

nfrketgfl elm nfssgagzetgfl.' (Deylis 5744? 599).

Es ner es tdi bfkpaix nfrketgfl prfbissis fn leturea jebc

hrfulm neules eri bflbirlim tdi prisilbi fn e riaetgviay

aerhi lukjir fn gmiltgngim elgkeas -riprisiltim jy e skeaa

lukjir fn rikegls- pfsis lf prfjaiks, lft ivil wdil

eaafwelbi gs kemi nfr tdi pfssgjgagty tdet tdi Ylgt = ketrgx

89 RG]IH

Jiavçmäri Rg ti H

Bful ts . 5000 :°0 Rib.

5> •

ee Bm

5= •Ni

]ypi :

5: - 5

Gl frmir tf ji ejai tf iveaueti êl Cfansbdftil's essiss-

kilt wgtd mete fl tdi ehi bfkpfsgtgfl fn nfssga essikjaehis

nrfk e bfkperejai ilvgrflkilt, G turlim tf tdi Afwir

Paigstfbili neule fn ]ihiail (prfvglbi fn Agkjurh, tdi

Litdiraelms), tdi typi afbeagty fn tdi ]ghagel gltirhaebgea.

Ebbfrmglh tf Kigoir, wdf stumgim kfYusbel rikegls



5

5 0 - '? o|

4 -GG

Kl GG

> - •

Ba "g

= - RG ga: D

' NNi

W

0

OVC

O ,E , . , . .,E / Q \.T. ”\QE

50

TIR

Jia vçmäri R g t iH

Bful ts T 5000 :00 Rib.

5>j Be Ni

5=

5:]ypi :

50p

R Kl

t

>

5

BE GG

= 3g

:

OQO Ae³³³*/L - -/\E

Bfu lts 1 5000

50 5: 5= 5> 54 : 0TIR

Jiavç märi Rg ti U

:00 Rib.

h o

nrfk ]ihiail (Nriumiltdea/Kigoir/êl mir Kiuail 578>),

tdi nfssga essikjaehis fn ]ihiail wiri nfrkim gl el il

vgrflkilt bfkperejai tf tdi fli gl wdgbd tdi Ylgt = er-

bdeifafhgbea essikjaehis wiri nfrkim (pirs.bfkk., 574>).

Gt gs hilireaay essukim tdet kel wes lft prisilt gl lfrtd-

wistirl Iurfpi et tdet tgki (dfwivir, nfr mgnnirilt vgiws

sii? Auttsbdwehir/^fl Jikkia 57>:, elm tdgs vfauki,

bdeptir 7). ]dirinfri, tdi ]ihiail neule bel ji siil es e

leturea tdeletfbfilfsi, nfrkim gl el ilvgrflkilt bfkperejai tf tdet fn Rgti H. E tdfrfuhd stumy fn tdi ]ihiail

kebrf-neule nrfk tdi pfglt fn vgiw fn ehi baessis wfuam

prfvgmi us wgtd glmipilmilt rinirilbi mete nfr tdi gltir-

pritetgfl fn erbdeifafhgbea sgtis gl e sgkgaer ilvgrflkilt.

Rubd e keofr tesc, dfwivir, des tf ji ulmirtecil jy e

peaeifltfafhgst. Nfr tdi bflstrubtgfl fn tejai 5= G usim

Jirlsil's (57:8, 5720-572=) misbrgptgfls fn tdi rikegls fn

aerhir kekkeas nrfk ]ihiail. Jirlsil stumgim tdi ehi

baessis, wdgbd di rfuhday mgvgmim gltf viry yfulh (wgtd

mibgmufus baikilts), yfulh emuat (pirkelilt miltgtgfl,

dermay ely wier), emud, elm fam (siviriay wfrl miltgtgfl).

]di veaui fn tdgs tejai gs agkgtim, ispibgeaay gl vgiw fn tdi

skeaa lukjir fn glmgvgmueas elm tdi aukpglh fn tdi spibgis

glvfavim. ]di miir rikegls sdfw e baier elm strgcglh mfkg-

lelbi fn famir glmgvgmueas. Nurtdir eleaysgs fn tdi ]ihiail

neule kghdt bfrrfjfreti tdgs priagkglery risuat, wdgbd

pfglts tf e primfkglelbi fn famir elgkeas gl e letureaaynfrkim tdeletfbfilfsi (el gltirpritetgfl wdgbd wgaa ji

nurtdir miviafpim elm neasgngim gl bdep tir 7). ]dgs glgtgeaay

aim tf tdi essukptgfl fn dfkglgm glvfavikilt gl tdi nfrke-

tgfl fn tdi neulea essikjaehi fn Rgti H (Zfijrfics it ea.

574>).

]ejai 5=? ]di ehi bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi rikegls fn aerhir kekkeas gl

tdi Afwir Paigstfbili ]ghagel neule es pujagsdim jy Jirlsil (57:8,

5720-572=).

viry yfulh

(G)

yfulh emuat

(GG)

emuat(GGG)

fam(G^)

Zdglfbirfs 5 5 5

8> NGLMR EL M RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-G

Ribflmay, elm kfri gkpfrtelt, tdiri eri erbdeifafhgbea

glmgbetgfls fn tdi ixgstilbi fn e 'jidevgfurea' riaetgfl ji-

twiil tdi naglt essikjaehi elm perts fn tdi neulea essik

jaehi. Ebbfrmglh tf êl Hgol (tdgs vfauki, eppilmgx G),

naeci =8/509-2 wes usim fl kiet, wdgai tdi aerhi çbaet mç-

jfrmelt (=>/50>-55) mgspaeyim e bfkjgletgfl fn trebis fn

nrehkilts gl gts lighdjfurdffm birteglay ribigvim e hffm

miea fn ettiltgfl, jut, gl tdi ejsilbi fn igtdir neulea ri

kegls fr kfri naglts, tdgs ettiltgfl wes keyji tf e nebtfr fn

9 tf 50 aiss tdel tdet pegm tf tdi ngrst Rgti H nglms. Gt gs

tdirinfri viry prfjejai tdet tdi Rgti H essikjaehi gs flay e

skeaa pert fn e aerhir dfrgzfltea bfltgluñk, ixtilmglh et



wier suhhistglh tdet gt dem jiil gl bfltebt wgtd tdi dgmi fn

e pebdymirketfus elgkea. ]di prisilbi fn tdgs ertinebt

ekflh rdglfbirfs rikegls hgvis us tdi jist pfssgjai er

bdeifafhgbea ivgmilbi nfr trelsaetglh spetgea essfbgetgfl gl

jidevgfurea tirks.

]di mete prisiltim ejfvi glmgbeti tdet kel wes fli fn

tdi ehilts rispflsgjai nfr tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi Rgti H neulea

essikjaehi. ]di pffr steti fn prisirvetgfl fn kfst fn tdi

jfli nrehkilts mfis lft pirkgt Gmiltgngbetgfl fn ely butkercs prisilt, sf wi bellft glmgbeti wdgbd baikilts eri

tdi risuat fn dukel ebtgvgtgis, elm wdgbd eri pert fn e letu-

rea jebchrfulm neule. E riaetgflsdgp jitwiil tdi prisilbi

fn yfulh rdglfbirfs rikegls elm tdi prisilbi fn ertinebts et

Rgti H gs fli fn tdi niw pfsgtgvi dlcs tdet bel ji bfl-

strubtim nrfk tdi Rgti H ketirgea.

]di pfst-brelgea rdglfbirfs rikegls bflsgst keglay fn

nrehkilts fn uppir agkj jflis. Kitepfmis elm pdeaelhis

eri ejsilt, wdiries pdeaelhis gl pertgbuaer eri usueaay wiaaprisirvim ulmir sgkgaer bflmgtgfls. Ebbfrmglh tf êl

Cfansbdftil (pirs.bfkk., 5748), tdgs glmgbetis tdet tdi

bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi neulea essikjaehi gs pertay tdi risuat fn

siaibtgfl jy e bfYibtglh ehilt wdgbd bflbiltretim fl tdi

kiet-ygiamglh uppir agkj jflis wdgbd wiri trelspfrtim tf

Rgti H, tfhitdir wgtd tdi diems. Gt gs lft pfssgjai tf keci

pfsgtgvi stetikilts fl tdi tfpgb wditdir tdi elgkeas glvfa-

vim wiri ebtgviay dultim fr sbevilhim. ]di n ebt tdet wi e ri

mieaglh wgtd yfulh elgkeas key ji e wiec glmgbetgfl fn tdi

dultglh dypftdisgs (sii, dfwivir, bdeptir 7 nfr el eatirle-

tgvi gltirpritetgfl).

]di Rgti H ringttglh ivgmilbi ngts lietay gltf tdi kfmia

miviafpim fl tdi jesgs fn tdi Rgti B ivgmilbi, wdgbd suh-

hists tdet Rgti B wes pert fn e aerhir naglt-delmaglh bfltg

luñk, gl wdgbd bfris elm nglgsdim naecis wiri trelspfrtim

nrfk sgti tf sgti3 Rgti H bel ji gltirpritim es el erie tf

wdgbd nglgsdim naecis elm priperim bfris wiri tecil elmnrfk wdgbd sfki wiri tdil rikfvim ehegl, elm wdiri naglt

wfrcglh es subd paeyim e kglfr rfai.

Xgtd rispibt tf tdi Rgti H essikjaehi, wi kust kiltgfl

gl fur nglea eleaysgs fn Ylgt G^ tdet mgstrgjutgfls agci tdi

aiest nrfk Rgti B tf Rgti H, bderebtirgzim jy e afw naglt

ertinebt milsgty elm kely neulea rikegls, wdgbd dem flay

jiil prisirvim afbeaay tdelcs tf tdi beaberifus ketrgx.

=.= Rgti J

=.=.5 GL]ZFMYB]GFL

Fl Ouay 55, 5745, O.P. mi Xerrgkflt nfulm e naeci gl tdi

sgaty baeys fn beaberifus Ylgt =.9 (:.9 W 8/2), gl el ixpfsuri

gl tdi (tdil) lfrtdwistirl pert fn tdi pgt. E sujsiquiltstumy fn tdi ixpfsuris jy Mi Xerrgkflt, Hrfililmgoc elm

tdi eutdfr prfmubim kfri ertinebts gl vergfus stretghre-

pdgbea pfsgtgfls. Nurtdirkfri, kfaausbs, tdi rikegls fn

skeaa kekkeas elm nfssgas fn aerhir kekkeas, glbaumglh e

scuaa fn e hgelt miir, wiri nfulm. Nrehkilts fn e sdiaa fn

tdi Iurfpiel pflm tfrtfgsi (Ikys frjgbuaergs) wiri easf

mgsbfvirim. Gl vgiw fn tdi gkpfrtelbi fn tdisi nglms tdi

ixpfsuris wiri kibdelgbeaay baielim elm ribfrmim fvir

sivirea mfzils fn kitris gl Euhust 5745. Et tdi ilm fnEuhust 5745 simgkilts fvirayglh tdi nglm aeyirs wiri rikf

vim tf brieti tdi Rgti J buttglh, wdgbd wes ixbevetim nrfk

Euhust := tf Riptikjir 57, 5745 (ngh. 45). ]di Rgti J

buttglh wes kemi gl el erie wdgbd siikim tf ji mivfgm fn

cerst nieturis, ejfut 20 k lfrtd fn tdi (tdil nuturi) lfr-

tdirl jfulmery fn Rgti B.

=.=.: R]ZE]GHZEPDW

Nghuri 4: sdfws tdi stretghrepdy fn Rgti J es ribfrmim jy

tdi eutdfr elm D.O. Kñbdir, wdf stumgim tdi kgbrfkfrp-

dfafhy fn tdgs sibtgfl (Kñbdir 5749, Kg 2). ]di Rgti J

buttglh rivieaim twf erbdeifafhgbea aivias. ]di afwirkfst

wes sgtuetim gl tdi sgaty baeys fn Ylgt =.9.5, wdgbd wiri

hilireaay fn e hriygsd-fagvi bfafur (9 W 9/2) wgtd aghdt yia-

afw (:.9 W 8/2) petbdis. ]di ftdir wes sgtuetim ejt. 29 bk

dghdir up gl tdi prfngai, gl e hrevia aeyir et tdi jesi fn Ylgt

9.:. ]dgs aest aivia wgaa tdirinfri ji mgsbussim gl bdeptir >.

]di hriygsd-fagvi sgaty baeys bflteglglh tdi ertinebts wiri

siperetim nrfk tdi ulmirayglh hrevias (Ylgt 2) jy 90 tf 80

bk fn aghdt hriy aekgletim viry ngli selm. Fl tfp fn tdi

sgaty baey wes e bfersir mipfsgt, bflsgstglh fn e selmy afek.

88 RG]IJ

Ngh. 45. Rgti J? tdi ngrst trgeasqueris, Riptikjir 5745



••!ÏÏ?_

gpg"9=

• • • . ' . ' ' g ? • . ' ? • • . • • • 3 ? • ? • • y -

?34=:?3l??-

gga?3\\=23M?3?

?s==vñ?'?

?v\\=933'ñ\3..?\'92'

• 4 = > \ , 0 .?•••

4=8 U-?

25

92/

?\e=£<M3\3® ??g?4=g3MQ 3®|'h?3

:Ngh. 4:. Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri? Rgti J sibtgfl sekpaim tfr kgbrf-kfrpdfafhgbea eleaysgs (sii? Kñbdir 5749).

tdi tfp fn hrevia ulgt 2aghdt hriy (:.9 W 8/:) aekgletim afeky viry ngli selm wgtd aghdtyiaafwgsd jrfwl (:.9 W >/=) tdgl baey aekglei (aiss tdel 9 kktdgbc).fagvi (9 W 9/2) sgaty baey wgtd e kessgvi strubturi, beaberifus glperts, bflteglglh rimmgsd yiaafw (9 W >/4) grfl kfttais. Gt sdfwsel ejrupt elm wevy jfulmery wgtd tdi dfrgzfl jiafw.fagvi (9 W 9/2) saghdtay jelmim selmy afek elm afek wgtd rimmgsd




Ngh. 42. Rgti J? Ylgt G^ aivia, dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn nglms? 5. nagltertinebt, :. jfls nrehkilt, 2. bderbfea. Rbeae gl k.

=. =. 2 ]DI NGLMR

Gl tftea, el erie fn :0 k\ wes ixbevetim gl tdi Ylgt =.9.5

sgaty baeys, ]dgs erie prfmubim flay ngvi naglt ertinebts elm e

niw jflielm tfftd-nrehkilts. ]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl

fn tdisi nglms gs sdfwl gl nghuri 42. Naeci Jv 5== (ngh. 4=-:)wes strubc nrfk e priperim bfri. E skeaa naeci nrfk Rgti J

(Jv 84) bfuam ji ringttim tf tdi tdi nglm nrfk tdi ngrst sib-

tgfl (Jv >:). ]di istgketim dfrgzfltea mgstelbi jitwiil

tdisi twf baikilts wes 5 tf : k. ]di nebt tdet tdisi naecis

bfuam ji ngttim tfhitdir glmgbetis tdet sfki cleppglh dem

tecil paebi et tdi sgti.

]di Ylgt =.9.5 simgkilts wiri beaberifus gl tdi iestirl

pert fn tdi buttglh. Jisgmis kfYusbs elm rikegls fn skeaa

kekkea, tfftd-nrehkilts fn rim miir (Birvus iaepdus)

wiri nfulm. Gkkimgetiay iest fn tdi Rgti J buttglh kfri rim

miir baikilts wiri nfulm fvir e wgmtd fn 5 tf : kitris

murglh tdi sekpaglh fn tdi sibtgfl nfr peaeifltfafhgbea

purpfsis. Gl tftea. êl Cfansbdftil gmiltgngim ngvi baikilts

nrfk Rgti J es tdi rikegls fn rim miir (5749). Ebbfrmglh tf

êl Cfansbdftil tdi steti fn wier fn e prikfaer (MP=) elm

e kfaer (Ka) sdfws tdet wi eri mieaglh wgtd e rim miir

wdgbd mgim wdil gt wes ejfut dean e yier fam, g.i. et tdi ilmfn eutukl fr tdi jihgllglh fn wgltir. E niw kfri nrisd

naecis wiri nfulm gl essfbgetgfl wgtd tdisi kekkea ri

kegls gl tdgs sibtgfl, i.h. tdi naecis 5, 2 elm = sdfwl gl

nghuri 4=.

Ngh. 4=. Nfur naecis, nfulm gl Ylgt G^-B-G mipfsgts gl tdi X-I sibtgflgl wdgbd Rgti J wes sgtuetim {5, 2 elm =) elm et Rgti J (:), sbeai :?2.

B, wdgbd wfuam devi prfvgmim us wgtd e strflh erhukilt

nfr glnirrglh el gltirriaetgflsdgp jitwiil tdisi twf sgtis.

]di Rgti J buttglh fpilim flay e skeaa erie gl tdi Ylgt =

simgkilts, tff skeaa tf eaafw e mitegaim gltirpritetgfl fn

tdi sberbi mete. ]di niw ertinebts ribfvirim wiri nfulm gl

tdi sfutdiestirl pert fn tdi skeaa buttglh, wdgbd nfrkim tdi

jfrmir zfli fn tdi bflbiltretgfl fn aerhir kekkea jflis

nfulm gl tdi sibtgfl gkkimgetiay iest fn Rgti J. Xi suhhist

el gltirpritetgfl eaflh tdi seki agli es tdet miviafpim nfr

tdi Rgti H mete.

Gl ritrfspibt gt wfuam devi jiil wgsi tf devi ixtilmim

tdi Rgti J buttglh gl el iestiray mgribtgfl jut murglh tdi

ixbevetgfl fn Rgti J Rgti B wes mgsbfvirim elm tdi ixbeve-tgfl fn tdgs sgti wes hgvil prgfrgty. Rgti J wes bfvirim wgtd

sivirea kitris fn jebcngaa gl 574:, wdgbd wgaa devi tf ji

rikfvim jy nuturi risierbdirs paellglh tf ristumy tdi Ylgt

= simgkilts tdiri (Hflhhrgop 574:).

Nglms elm sgtis mgsbfvirim gl Ylgt G^-B-



9.5. Gltrfmubtgfl

Ngvi Ylgt G^ sgtis (E, M, N, D elm C) wiri mgsbfvirim gl

tdi Jiavçmäri pgt, wdgbd eri yfulhir tdel tdi sgtis mgs-

bussim gl bdeptir =. ]di sgtis eaa devi e Ylgt 9.5 ketrgx,

elm tdigr sibtgfls mgspaey e stretghrepdgbea siquilbi mgnnirilt nrfk tdet fn tdi Ylgt G^-B-G sgtis. Dfwivir, es eariemy

kiltgflim gl bdeptir :, tdi bfrriaetgfl fn tdigr Ylgt 9.5

ketrgx wgtd agtdfstretghrepdgbea ulgts prisilts e prfjaik.

Xditdir tdi sgtis ripfrtim fl diri glmiim jiaflh tf

agtdfstretghrepdgbea Ylgt G^-B-GGG fr wditdir tdiy sdfuam ji

paebim et tdi jesi fn Ylgt ^-E fr gl e afwir ulgt gs stgaa lft

baier et tdi kfkilt. Nurtdir ngiam stumgis key ilejai us tf

mgnniriltgeti jittir jitwiil tdisi twf agtdfstretghrepdgbea

ulgts. Nfr tdgs vfauki G devi bdfsil tf paebi tdisi sgtis gltdi tfp pert fn agtdfstretghrepdgbea Ylgt G^-B, tdet gs gl Ylgt

G^-B-GGG (ngh. :0).

Gt gs tf ji strissim tdet tdgs e tibdlgbea sfautgfl elm tdet

kfri bfkpaix sbilergfs eri tdifritgbeaay pfssgjai, bflsgm-

irglh tdi nebt tdet tdi 'sgtis' devi jiil bfrriaetim usglh

tdigr ikjimmglh ketrgx es tdi hugmiagli. Rubd e prfbimuri

fjvgfusay pfsis kely prfjaiks, fli fn tdik jiglh tdet tdi

ertinebts eri hilireaay mgstrgjutim fvir virtgbea mgstelbis fn

59 tf 20 bk, elm sfkitgkis kfri, elm tdet gt gs gl kfst

besis gkpfssgjai tf istejagsd tdi frghglea surnebi et tdi tgki

fn tdi mipfsgtgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis. Xi

sdfuam gl nebt usi tdi dgetus gl simgkiltetgfl wdgbd ilejaim

dfkglgm fbbupetgfl es tdi kercir nfr fur bfrriaetgfls, elm

lft tdi simgkilts gl wdgbd tdi erbdeifafhgbea rikegls eri

ikjimmim.

Rf ner tdi 'uppir-aivia sgtis' devi prfmubim lf sghlgngbelt

neulea rikegls jibeusi, fl tdi wdfai, tdigr ketrgx gs mibea-bgngim3 tdi essikjaehis wiri nfulm dghdir gl tdi pimfafhgbea

prfngai tdel tdi Ylgt G^-B afwir-aivia sgtis. Xi tdirinfri

devi agttai ivgmilbi es tf wditdir tdi sgtis wiri nfrkim gl

tdi seki werk-tikpireti pdesi es tdi afwir-aivia sgtis

5740-5749 ngiamwfrc3 livirtdiaiss, e sdfrt lfti fl el gk

pfrtelt sgti ixbevetim gl tdi pirgfm 574>-5748, Rgti C, wgaa

ji mgsbussim diri tff.

Gl bdeptir : wi devi eariemy kiltgflim tdi prfjaiks

glvfavim gl mgnniriltgetglh jitwiil Ylgt G^ elm Ylgt ^. Glêl Cfansbdftil elm Zfijrfics (ims., 5749) e lukjir fn

erbdeifafhgbea sgtis wiri errelhim gl e stretghrepdgbea frmir

wdgbd turlim fut tf ji glbfrribt gl sujsiquilt ngiamwfrc. Gl

tdgs bdeptir sivirea sgtis wgaa ji siil tf devi kfvim tf

mgnnirilt (suj)ulgts es e risuat fn tdi rioibt gfl fn iera gir

gltirpritetgfls.

9.: Rgti N

9.:.5 GL]ZFMYBlFL

Fl Ouli :8, 5742, wdgai baielglh e sibtgfl nfr e vgsgt fn tdi

Jiavçmäri pgt jy tdi Jrgtgsd Pridgstfrgi Rfbgity, tdi eutdfr

mgsbfvirim e naeci gl pri-Xigbdsiagel mipfsgts gl tdi sfutd-

iestirl pert fn tdi pgt. Rujsiquilt ixpafretgfl fn tdi sib

tgfl wgtd C. Hrfililmgoc ygiamim e nurtdir 20 ertinebts, tdi

keofrgty bflsgstglh fn ngli mijrgs. Gl vgiw fn tdi prisilbi fn

jurlt naglts gl tdgs sekpai twf ]A mfsgkitirs (2:> elm 2:4)

wiri paebim gl tdi sibtgfl gl Ouay 5742.

]di lixt sukkir tdi sgti wes ixbevetim jy e tiek fn

ejfut 5= pifpai, nrfk Ouli =td tf Ouay :8td, 574=. Gl tdgs

pirgfm el erie fn =: k\ wes ixbevetim. ]di ixbevetgfl wes

mfli gl tdi seki wey es et Rgti B? eaa nglms kebrfsbfpgbeaay

gmiltgngejai gl tdi ngiam wiri ribfrmim tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay,

glmgvgmueaay lukjirim elm stfrim gl skeaa paestgb jehs.

Gl 5742-574= tdi sibtgfl gl wdgbd tdi sgti dem jiil mgs

bfvirim nfrkim tdi pdysgbea jfrmir fn tdi pgt. ]di pfsgtgfl

fn tdi sgti, deanwey mfwl tdi stiip weaa fn tdi epprfxgketi-ay 59-k miip pgt, kemi kibdelgbea rikfvea fn tdi aeyirs

fvirayglh tdi nglm aivia e mgnngbuat elm dezermfus iltirprgsi,

es gt wes vgrtueaay gkpfssgjai tf riebd tdi sgti wgtd dievy

iqugpkilt. ]di hilirfus bffpiretgfl fn Kr N. Jafk elm

40 NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-GGa



Ngh. 49. Rgti N? sbdiketgb sibtgfl fn tdi lfrtdirl jfulmery fn tdiixbevetim erie elm tdi emoebilt iestirl sibtgfl.5 tdi tfp fn tdi Ylgt 2 hrevias: aekgletim selms, 50 WZ 9/= (Ylgt =.8/aa a-J)2 selmy afek, 50 WZ >/2= selms, :.9 W 8/2, aekgletim wgtd 50 WZ 9/> jelms (Ylgt =.>/G^-E)9 selmy sgat afek, 50 WZ >/>-9/> (Ylgt 9.5 /G^-J)> sgat afek, 50 WZ =/> wgtd hriygsd sgat kfttais, bflteglglh ertinebts

(Ylgt 9.5)8 sgat afek, 50 WZ 9/> (Ylgt 9.:E'-J)4 sgat afek, 50 WZ 9/>->/>, bflteglglh rust elm Kl kfttais (Ylgt

9,:E/-J)7 sgat afek, 8.9 WZ 9/> (Ylgt 9.:/^-J))

50 sgat afek, 50 WZ >/2, aekgletim, beaberifus (Ylgt >.9/^G-M)55 Lehiajiic Dfrgzfl (â-I)]di aeyirs 9 tf 7 eri sdfwl gl hrietir mitega gl nghuri 4>. ]di luk-jirs 2:>-2:4 rinir tf tdi pfsgtgfls fn tdi ]A mfsgkitirs.

:9/:: sgti N :=/::

98.90D

Ngh. 4>. Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri? Rgti N sibtgfl :=/:: - :9/::5 sgat afek (50 WZ >/>-9/>) kessgvi, nrgejai wgtd niw viry ngli pfris

elm viry niw sgat kfttais (50 WZ >/=), lfl-beaberifus: sgat afek (50 WZ =/>) kessgvi, nrgejai wgtd kely viry ngli pfris,

bfkkfl hriygsd (50 WZ >/=) sgat kfttais, lfl-beaberifus, bflteglglh ixbrikilts (5 -: kk) elm ertinebts. Baier elm skfftd

jfulmery wgtd dfrgzfl jiafw. Et gts jesi gs e hrevia aeyir (]Abepsuais 2:>, 2:43 tdgl sibtgfl 0.=9:)2 sgat afek (50 WZ 9/>) kessgvi, nrgejai wgtd niw viry ngli pfris, niw

sgat kfttais (50 WZ >/=), lfl-beaberifus. Ejrupt elm skfftdjfulmery wgtd dfrgzfl jiafw. Et gts jesi gs e hrevia aeyir bflteglglh aerhir saetis (tdgl sibtgfl 0.==0)

45 RG]I N



+

+

• . " • ? • • 3 • ' • ' •

, 'r + .• . 3 .+

• 5 • .

+ +

Ngh. 48. Rgti N? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi naglt ertinebts. Hrgm gl squeri kitris.

gltf e sgat afek gl tdi tfp kitri fn tdi ngaa. Nghuri 4> hgvis e

surviy fn tdgs tfp kitri gl ixbevetgfl squeri :=/::, gl-

mgbetglh tdi stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl fn tdi ]A mfsgkitirs

elm tdi tdgl sibtgfl lukjirs.

Gl hilire! tirks tdi sgat afek wgtd hriygsd spibcs nfrkglhtdi ketrgx fn Rgti N bel ji baessgngim es e Ylgt 9.5 simgkilt

fn tdi agtdfstretghrepdgbea Ylgt G^-B-GGG. ]di prisilbi fn e

aerhi lukjir fn jgfpfris gl tdi simgkilt elm fn 5-: kk

aerhi ixbrikilts, prfjejay fn Aukjrgbus, gs wfrtd kil-

5748) nfulm ivgmilbi fn twf pdesis fn baey gaauvgetgfl gl tdi

sibtgfl gaaustretim gl nghuri 4>. ]dgl sibtgfls 0.=9: elm

0.==0 rivieaim el ieragir pirgfm fn baey gaauvetgfl, wdgai e

sibflm pimfhilisgs, risuatglh gl tdi nfrketgfl fn e auvgsfa,

siiks tf devi tecil paebi entir tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi simg-kilts sekpaim gl tdgl sibtgfls 0.=24 elm 0.=27.

Gl tdi ngiam e :0-bk tdgbc jelm fn sgat afek (50 WZ 9/>-

>/>) wgtd e paety strubturi, bflteglglh spibcs fn rust elm

kelhelisi elm sfki skeaa beabgti bflbritgfls gl tdi uppir

4: NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-GGG

tdgs dfrgzfl et Rgti N nfr glmgbetgfls fn sfga nfrketgfl et tdgs

aivia, jut lf subd glmgbetgfls wiri nfulm gl tdi tdgl sibtgfl

(Kñbdir, pirs.bfkk., 5748).

9.:.2. ]DI NGLMR

E tftea fn 5:59 naglt ertinebts wiri nfulm et Rgti N, gl el

T

90

=0.

20.

:0.

Rgti NT

90

=0.

20.

:0.

T

90

=0.

20.

:0.

/ 8Q

T

90

=0.

20.

:0.

T

90

=0.

20.

:0.



E tftea fn 5:59 naglt ertinebts wiri nfulm et Rgti N, gl elixbevetim erie fn =: k\ Nghuri 48 hgvis tdi dfrgzfltea

mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi ertinebts. Nghuri 44 elm tejai 59 sdfw tdi

sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi naglts, jesim fl tdigr kexgkuk

mgkilsgfls. Es et Rgti B, tdi hrietir pert fn tdi ketirgea

bflsgsts fn ngli mijrgs. ]di tftea wighdt fn tdi Rgti N es

sikjaehi gs :5>7 h.

]di merc jaui ngliay hreglim naglt ketirgea nrfk Rgti N dem e

viry nrisd eppierelbi. Kfst fn tdi pgibis mgspaeyim flay e

aghdt sfga-sdiil, wdgai flay e niw pgibis dem e jauigsd-wdgti

petgle. ]di naecis dem jiil strubc gl derm pirbussgfl, es

ettistim jy tdi ejulmelbi fn wiaa-prflfulbim juajs elm

naeci sbers3 lf glmgbetgfls fn e priperim-bfri tibdlgqui

wiri nfulm, wdgai nebittim jutts wiri eakfst bfkpaitiay

ejsilt (Glmix Nebittehi 0.5).

]di naglts ribfrmim gl tdi ixbevetim erie dem prfjejay

jiil strubc nrfk et aiest twf mgnnirilt lfmuais. ]di eppier

elbi fn tdi bfrtix suhhists tdet tdi frghglea naglt lfmuaisdem jiil trelspfrtim e sdfrt mgstelbi jy wetir elm wiri

tdirinfri viry prfjejay bfaaibtim nrfk hrevias fn tdi rgvir

Kees.

Nghuri 47-4 sdfws tdi flay 'tffg' nrfk tdgs sgti, e skeaa

pirbfgrEgci gkpaikilt. Flay fli fn tdi naecis sdfws keb-

rfsbfpgbea sghls fn usi (naeci :2/:0-:5) elm mgspaeys e sirgis

fn typgbea 'dean kffl jriecehis' (bn. Ciiaiy 5740? :9). Flay

fli skeaa bfri bfuam ji gmiltgngim gl tdi Rgti N essikjaehi

]ejai 59? Rfki queltgtetgvi mete fl tdi Rgti N essikjaehi.

kex.mgkilsgfls l %fn

gl bk tftea

0 - 5 =>4 24.>

5 - : =24 2>.5

: - 2 592 5:.8

2 - = 80 9.8= - 9 =: 2.2

9 - > :9 :.5

> - 8 5: 5.0

8 - 4 = 0.2

4 7 : 0 :

'°5'°5'°5 / 8Q

'°5\”(7”~8< 8. .

'°5

Q ”p”1?\\ / / /0V5 5. : :V2 2. = =V9 9 -> >. 8 8\4 4V7 7V50 50V

Zh. 44. Rgti N? sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi naglt essikjaehi, jesim flkexgkuk mgkilsgfls, gl bk.

(:5/::->8, sii nghs. 47-8 elm 79). E pridkglery (dghd-pfwir

kehlgngbetgfl) usi-wier eleaysgs fn til relmfkay siaibtim

aerhir naecis glmgbetis tdet, fl tdi wdfai, tdi sfga-sdiil fn

tdi naecis wes sf wiecay miviafpim tdet gt wfuam lft devi

fjagtiretim trebis fn usi fl derm ketirgea3 gn tdi naecis dem

glmiim jiil usim, gt kust devi jiil tf but jfliaiss kiet fr

tf wfrc fl nrisd dgmi, jibeusi lf trebis fn usi wiri vgsgjai

(E. vel Hgol, pirs.bfkk., 5749).

E bfkpergsfl fn tdi sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi Rgti N nagltessikjaehi wgtd tdet fn tdi naglts nfulm et Rgti B sdfws tdet

tdi pirbiltehi fn naecis skeaair tdel 5 bk gs sdhdtay dghdir

et Rgti B tdel et Rgti N (==.>% vs. 24.>%). Gl tdi ivea-

uetgfl fn tdgs mgnnirilbi tdi ixbevetgfl tibdlgqui, jiglh tdi

seki et jftd sgtis, bel ji aint fut fn bflsgmiretgfl. ]di

dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi Rgti N ketirgea (sii jiafw)

mfis lft pfglt tf sfrtglh prfbissis, pgibis skeaair tdel 5 bk

fbburrglh relmfkay jitwiil aerhir flis. ]di mgnnirilbi gl

sgzi mgstrgjutgfl key tdirinfri jist ji ixpaeglim gl tibdlf-afhgbea tirks. Rgti N jiglh e paebi wdiri pfssgjay flay brumi

prgkery naecglh tffc paebi, gl bfltrest tf Rgti B. ]di eakfst

bfkpaiti ejsilbi fn nebittim jutts et Rgti N es bfkperim tf

Rgti B (Glmix Nebittehi fn Rgti N 0.5 vs. Glmix Nebittehi fn

Rgti B 90.=) baieray gaaustretis tdgs pfglt.

]di naglt ketirgea glbaumim 59 kfstay skeaa jurlt naglts

wdgbd, tfhitdir wgtd e niw tgly bderbfea pertgbais, glmgbetim

tdi prisilbi fn ngri et tdi sgti. E aerhir jurlt ertinebt (N

::/::-==) wes usim nfr ]A metglh (C 55 gl? Duxtejai/Egtcil

57493 sii sibtgfl 4.2.:.5).

Gl frmir tf fjtegl Glnfrketgfl fl tibdlfafhgbea espibts

elm leturea sgti-nfrketgfl prfbissis, tdi Rgti N essikjaehi

42 RG]I N



4= NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-GGG



49 RG]I N

% Rgti N

/

devi jiil mrewl ebbfrmglh tf kfmia B gl nghggri =9, gl

wdgbd eaa bfltebt surnebis eri aglcim.

]di Rgti N bflofglglh wfrc wes mfli gl tdi 'pri-Bzgisae'

(574>) pirgfm, es mgsbussim nfr Rgti B gl sibtgfl =.:.=, elm

tdirinfri lf systiketgb ettiltgfl wes pegm tf tdi mgnnirilt

typis fn ringts. Xi devi trgim tf keci up nfr tdgs mrewjebc

jy prisiltglh tdi dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn e lukjir fno g g g td m j B g a (574>)



/

0.5 5-: :.2 2-= =-9 9-> >V8 8-

Ngh. 75. Rgti N? sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi ringttim ertinebts, jesim flkexgkuk mgkilsgfls, gl bk,

bflofglglh hrfups gl tdi wey prfpfsim jy Bzgisae (574>), es

easf mgsbussim gl sibtgfl =.:.= (sii nghs. 72, 7= elm 7>).

Gl tdi bfursi fn tdi bflofglglh stumgis gt jibeki baier

tdet tdi frghglea lfmuais rimubim et Rgti N dem bflteglim e

lukjir fn gltirlea baievehi paelis, wdgbd dem nfrbim tdi

naglt cleppir(s) tf emept tdi cleppglh stretihy gl el 'em

dfb' wey, rispflmglh tf tdi fppfrtulgtgis prfvgmim elm

gkpfsim jy tdisi gltirlea baievehis.

' G G G A-

4> NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-GGG

Nghuri 79 sdfws tdi skeaa bfri :5/::->8, wgtd ngvi naecis

bflofglim tf gt, glbaumglh e aerhi mibfrtgbetgfl naeci tdet

dem jiil strubc jinfri tdi naeci nrfk wdgbd tdi bfri gtsian

wes kemi. ]di dfrgzfltea elm virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi

iaikilts fn tdgs hrfup gs sdfwl gl nghuri 7>.

]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn elftdir ngvi skeaa hrfups

fn viltrea/mfrsea bflofglglh iaikilts gs sdfwl gl nghuri 7=.



9 . : . = LE]YZ EA RG]I-NFZKE]GFL PZFBIRRIR

Es stetim ejfvi, tdi Rgti N buaturea rikegls wiri ikjimmim

gl e sgat/ngli selm ketrgx, glmgbetgvi fn e afw-ilirhy mipfsg-

tgfl fn tdi simgkilt. Gl subd e simgkiltery ilvgrflkilt

buaturea rikegls key ji prisirvim gl e prgkery erbdeifafh-

Ngh. 79. Rgti N? Bfri :5/::->8, wgtd bflofglim naea1is, sbeae :?2 (siinghuris 47-8 elm 7>),

Ngh. 72. Rgti N? dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn bflofglim naeci nrehkilts.]di mfts glmgbeti nrehkilts wgtd kexgkuk mgkilsgfls fn kfri tdel: bk. Hrgm gl squeri kitris.

48 RG]I N

gbea bfltixt, elm glmiim tdi risuats fn tdi bflofglglh stumgis

siik tf glmgbeti tdet tdi spetgea errelhikilt fn tdi Rgti N

nglms bel ngrst fn eaa ji riaetim tf dfkglgm ebtgvgtgis, retdir

tdel tf leturea mipfsgtgflea prfbissis.

Jut ehegl, es mgsbussim nfr Rgti B, tdi mihrii tf wdgbd tdi

frghglea naglt sbettirs key devi jiil mgsturjim gs mgnngbuat tf

essiss. ]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn bflofglim nrehkilts(ngh 72) gs bfkperejai tf tdi pettirl fn ZKY 9 et Rgti B

9.:.9 GL]IZPZI]E]GFL

Gl tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tdi Rgti N mete eaafwelbi kust ji

kemi nfr tdi nebt tdet et tdi tgki fn tdi mgsbfviry fn tdi sgti

el ulclfwl ixtilt fn gt dem eariemy jiil mistrfyim jy

querryglh ebtgvgtgis.

Livirtdiaiss, gt gs baier tdet tdi ixbevetim erie des ygiam-

im el essikjaehi tdet mfis sdfw sfki strgcglh mgnnirilbiswdil bfkperim wgtd tdi Rgti B ketirgea Xi devi eariemy



(ngh. 72) gs bfkperejai tf tdi pettirl fn ZKY 9 et Rgti B,

wdiri bflofglglh iaikilts wiri mgstrgjutim fvir el erie

bfkperejai gl sgzi tf tdet fn Rgti N. Agci tdet fn Rgti B, tdi

Rgti N sbettir gs aerhir tdel tdi naglt sbettirs errgvim et gl

ixpirgkiltea stumgis (Liwbfkir/Mi Rgivicglh 5740), wdgbd

glmgbetis tdet sfki mgsturjelbi tffc paebi.

Entir tdi jurgea fn tdi essikjaehi tdi ketrgx wes ennibtim

jy jgfafhgbea ebtgvgty, es ettistim jy tdi prisilbi fn regl-wfrk hreluais. ]dgs key fnnir el ixpaeletgfl nfr tdi virtg

bea mgspirsea fn tdi ertinebts, wdgbd gs vgsueagzim gl nghuri 78.

Gt bel ji siil tdiri tdet skeaair naecis tilm tf mgspaey e

wgmir virtgbea mgspirsgfl tdel aerhir flis, e pdilfkilfl

easf fjsirvim et Rgti B.

wdil bfkperim wgtd tdi Rgti B ketirgea. Xi devi eariemy

kiltgflim tdi vgrtuea ejsilbi fn nebittim jutts, wdgbd wiri

viry bfkkfl et Rgti B. ]ypgbea Aiveaafgs naecis wiri ejsilt

et Rgti N jut prisilt et Rgti B. Gl nebt, tdi Rgti N essik

jaehi mfis lft sdfw ely glmgbetgfls fn tdi prinfrketgfl fn

naecis. ]di nebt tdet sfki fn tdi rew ketirgea dem gltirlea

baievehis bellft ji tdi flay beusi fn tdisi' fvireaa mgnnir

ilbis.]di ejsilbi fn sivirea aerhir pgibis gl hrfups fn bflofgl-

ejai naecis, tdi vgrtuea ejsilbi fn pgibis wgtd ely sghls fn

usi ritfubd elm tdi ejsilbi fn bfris (aievglh fut fn bflsgm-

iretgfl tdi skeaa bfri kemi nrfk e naeci) key glmgbeti tdet

et Rgti N (fli fr) twf lfmuais wiri rimubim tf nfrk sfki

s-98.00

:2/:5 :2/:: :2/:2 :2/:= :2/:9

L

98 .00-

-9>.90 9>.90”

-9>.00 9 > . 0 0 -

- KFF

w

4>.00”

IR].00-

44 DLMR ELM RG]IR MGR BFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-GGG

sugtejai aerhir jaelcs elm fli fr kfri bfris, gltilmim tf ji

usimiasiwdiri.

9.2 Rgti E

9.2.5 GL]ZFMYB]GFL

]di gltilsgvi glvistghetgfl fn tdi pgt sibtgfls, glgtgetim entir

tdi ngrst nglm gl Riptikjir 5740, aim tf tdi mgsbfviry fn eskeaa bflbiltretgfl fn naglt ertinebts gl Reeagel simgkilts

9>=<?«\æ\r96Rg.\R\• ••t*.-³5rg^.an<rEg(3*ZQ³g-.-. , . . • ? . • ? . , . . • , ( ƚ " ' "

e y . ³ - ] . • •• • • . • ' . • • « ' " ' * ' v « . . \ - • • • • • . • • • ' • ' • .

•g\???\gg1\'/k

kÏk\ •\•/]s

• ..•.w«g.o3*æ'««**''-"--v?.Rw3.æ*



skeaa bflbiltretgfl fn naglt ertinebts gl Reeagel simgkilts

(Rgti E). Rgti E wes mgsbfvirim jy O.P. mi Xerrgkflt gl

Kerbd 5745 elm sujsiquiltay glvistghetim jy e skeaa briw

fn ngvi pirsfls ulmir tdi supirvgsgfl fn Prfn Mr P.O.Z.

Kfmmirkel (Aigmil). ]di prgkery hfea fn tdgs agkgtim

glvistghetgfl wes tf mitirkgli tdi ixebt stretghrepdgbea

pfsgtgfls fn tdi naglt ertinebts. ]di ngiamwfrc wes berrgim

fut nrfk Kerbd 7 tf Kerbd :0, 5745. Entir tdi ngiamwfrc

dem jiil bfkpaitim, tdi rikeglglh perts fn tdi sgti wiri

mistrfyim jy querryglh ebtgvgtgis. E priagkglery ripfrt fl

tdi sgti wes pujagsdim jy Kfmmirkel elm Zfijrfics

(5745).

9.2.: R]ZE]GHZEPDW

Nghuri 74 hgvis e surviy fn tdi Rgti E sibtgfl, wdgbd des

eariemy jiil prisiltim gl mitega jy Kñbdir (5749, Kg-:).

]di mete fjteglim gl tdi 5749-574> ngiamwfrc devi, dfwiv-ir, aim tf e riiveauetgfl fn tdi baessgngbetgfl fn tdi Rgti E

stretghrepdy (bn. bdeptir :).

]di simgkilt gl wdgbd tdi nglms wiri ikjimmim gs lfw

baessgngim es tdi tfp pert fn Ylgt G^, kfri pribgsiay Ylgt

G^-B-GGG, wdiries tdi ieragir gltirpritetgfl wes tdet gt wes

tdi jesi fn Ylgt 9.:, g.i. Ylgt ^-J gl tdi prisilt tirkglfa-

fhy (sii? Kñbdir 5749, nghuri :).

Ngh. 74 . Rgti E sibtgfl?5 aghdt yiaafwgsd jrf wl (:.9 W >/=) elm aghdt jrfwlgsd hriy {50 WZ

>/:) afeky ngli selm elm ngli selm wgtng e aekgletgfl sujpereaaiatf tdi surnebi.

: yiaafwgsd jrfw l (50 WZ 9/>) afeky ngli selm tukglh gltf viry ngliselmy afek elm afek gl upwer m mgribtgfl. Deri elm tdiri e nglihrevia aeyir sujpereaaia tf tdi surnebi. El ejrupt elm skfftdjfulmery wgtd tdi dfrgzfl jiafw,

2 yiaafwgsd jrfwl (50 WZ 9/>) afek wgtd kely viry peai jrfwl (50

WZ 8/=) kfttais bflteglglh viry ngli hrevia elm ertinebts. E baierelm skfftd jfulmery wgtd tdi dfrgzfl jiafw.

99\

kÏk\ • •/]s

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47 RG]I E

9. 2. 2 ]DI DLM R ELM ]DIGZ GL]IZPZI]E]GFL

]di ngiamwfrc mfli gl Kerbd 5745 wes issiltgeaay mgribtim

et tdi istejagsdkilt fn tdi hifafhgbea bfltixt fn tdi ngrst

ertinebts, retdir tdel tdi ixbevetgfl fn e aerhir erie. Ettil-

tgfl wes tdirinfri ngrst pegm tf tdi baielglh elm mrewglh fn

sibtgfls, murglh wdgbd tdi pfsgtgfls fn ertinebts ilbful-

tirim wiri ribfrmim. Gl e skeaa trgea trilbd fn ejt. 9 k\ 2=ertinebts wiri ribfrmim (sii ngh. 500). Gl tftea, 84 ertinebts



g

Ngh. 77. ]di Rgti E sibtgfl es gaaustretim gl nghuri 74, prgfr tf tdgl-sibtgfl sekpaglh.

wiri nfulm gl tdi ngiamwfrc et Rgti E. Nghuri 505 hgvis tdigr

sgzi mgstrgjutgfl, glmgbetglh tdet tdi keofrgty eri skeaa

naecis. E sgkpai, lfl-priperim bfri wgtd fli strgcglh paet

nfrk (ngh. 50:-2) wes nfulm, wdgai ngvi jaemi-agci naecis

wiri bfaaibtim wdgbd kust devi jiil strubc nrfk e aerhir

priperim bfri (ngh. 50:). Gl tftea, 59 ertinebts bfuam ji

bflofglim, e bfkjgletgfl fn nfur ertinebts nfrkglh tdi

kexgkuk bfkpfsgtgfl. Lft fli naeci sdfws sghls fn gl-

tiltgflea fr usi ritfubd.

% sgti E

0-5 5-: :-2 2-= = -9 9-> >-8 8. 50 50-l 55-5:

Ngh. 505. Rgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi Rgti E essikjaehi, jesim fl kexgkuk mgkilsgfls, gl bk.

E

70 DLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-GGG



75 RG]I M, RG]I C

Gt gs baier tdet gl tdi ngiamwfrc mfli et Rgti E flay e skeaa

pert fn tdi frghglea naglt mgstrgjutgfl wes sekpaim. Mispgti

tdi errelhikilts kemi wgtd tdi ixpafgtir fn tdi pgt, Rgti E,

mui tf ji prfpiray ixbevetim gl tdi sukkir fn 5745, wes

mistrfyim gl querryglh ebtgvgtgis.

9.= Rgti M

Fl Euhust :: 574: O P mi Xerrgkflt nfulm tdrii naglt



Fl Euhust ::, 574:, O.P. mi Xerrgkflt nfulm tdrii naglt

ertinebts gl e stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl bfkperejai tf tdet fn

tdi Rgti E essikjaehi, g.i. gl tdi 'kfttaim zfli' (sii ngh.

74) gl tdi tfp pert fn Ylgt 9.5. Es tdi sgti wes tdrietilim

wgtd gkkimgeti mistrubtgfl jy querryglh ebtgvgtgis, wi, tdet

gs, tdi eutdfr, O.P. mi Xerrgkflt elm C. Hrfililmgoc, dem

flay fli mey gl wdgbd tf glvistgheti tdi sgti.

Nfr tdgs riesfl fur ebtgvgtgis wiri agkgtim tf tdi sbriilglhfn e 20-k aflh sibtgfl. Xgtdgl tdgs erie :0 ertinebts wiri

nfulm fvir e mgstelbi fn 4.9 k. Eaa tdi nglms bflsgst fn ngli

mijrgs, wgtd tdi ixbiptgfl fn e mgsbfgmea bfri, sdfwl gl

nghuri 502.

9.9 Rgti C

]di aerhi Rgti C wes mgsbfvirim gl 574> murglh e systik-

etgbea glvistghetgfl fn tdi pgt sibtgfls jy C. Hrfililmgoc

elm O.P. mi Xerrgkflt. ]di sgti wes ixbevetim jy e hrfupfn stumilts fn Aigmil Ylgvirsgty elm afbea eketiur erbdei-

fafhgsts gl twf bekpeghls, gl tdi wgltir fn 574>/5748 elm

tdi sukkir fn 5748.

Es tdiri wes flay e agkgtim ekfult fn tgki evegaejai tf

ixbeveti tdgs aerhi sgti wi dem tf bdffsi jitwiil e mitegaim

surviy fn e skeaa surnebi elm e kfri hilirea ixbevetgfl fn

tdi aerhist pfssgjai erie. ]di sibflm fptgfl wes bdfsil,

wdgbd glvfavim bfaaibtglh nglms pir squeri kitri elm, tf e

aissir ixtilt, pir quertirs fn e squeri kitri. E skeaair erie

fn := k: wes ribfrmim tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay gl frmir tf

fjtegl kfri mitegaim mete fl tdi dfrgzfltea elm virtgbea

mgstrgjutgfls fn tdi nglms. Gl tftea, el erie fn 280 k: wes

ixbevetim tdgs wey, ulmir viry mikelmglh wfrcglh bflmg-

tgfls elm bflsgmirejai tgki prissuri.

Nghuri 50= hgvis e ngrst pael fn tdi dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl

fn tdi epprfxgketiay 50,=90 ertinebts ribfrmim murglh tdi

ixbevetgfl. ]di mgstrgjutgfl kep baieray glmgbetis tdetkely nglms wiri afst tf tdi sfutdiest fn tdi ixbevetim erie

mui tf tdi ebtgvgtgis fn tdi bfkkirbgea ixpafgtir fn tdi pgt.

Es nfr tdi surnebi kfmgngbetgfls fn tdi naglt ertinebts rib

Ngh. 502. Rgti M? mgsbfgmea bfri, sbeai :?2.

sdim et tdi sgti. Gl dir ettikpts et eleaysglh tdi Rgti C

naglts, dfwivir, sdi wes bflnrfltim wgtd tdi seki prfjaik,

fn tdi epperiltay nrisd naglt surnebi bdelhglh gltf e 'suhery'

surnebi ulmir tdi kgbrfsbfpi wgtdgl flay e niw kglutis'

tgki. Kgbrfwier eleaysgs fn tdi Rgti C essikjaehi tdirinfrides tf ji agkgtim tf tdi niw tffas elm naecis tdet steyim

'nrisd' entir ribfviry.

]di essikjaehi siiks tf devi jiil sgtuetim gl e prgkery

erbdeifafhgbea bfltixt, es sivirea ringts bfuam ji istejagsdim

gl tdi prfbissglh fn tdi nglms. ]disi ringts easf glbaumi

bflofglglh jurlt naglts, g.i. pftagms tdet bfuam ji ngttim tf

tdigr 'perilt' pgibis.

Ewegtglh tdi risuats fn e kfri mitegaim ettrgjuti eleaysgs,

wdgbd wgaa teci e bflsgmirejai ekfult fn tgki, wi wgaa hgvi

flay e rfuhd surviy fn tdi essikjaehi diri.

]di essikjaehi bfkprgsis epprfxgketiay 50,=90 naglt

ertinebts, tdi keofrgty fn wdgbd bflstgtuti mijrgs. ]di nglms

glbaumi epprfxgketiay 590 tffas, g.i. ertinebts sdfwglh sghls

fn gltiltgflea ritfubdglh, elm 500 naecis wgtd usi ritfubd.

]di tffas eri mfkgletim jy vergfus typis fn sbrepirs, elm

tdiri gs e viry hremuea trelsgtgfl tf tdi usim betihfrgis gl

tdi nfrk fn e mibriesglh gltilsgty fn ritfubd (bn. Gseeb5788). Nghuri 509 sdfws sfki fn tdi kfri gltilsgviay ri-

tfubdim sbrepirs.

Glmgsputejai ixekpais fn Aiveaafgs bfris wiri lft nfulm

ekflh tdi 40 bfris nrfk Rgti C wdgai jaemi bfris eri flay

NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRB FÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-GGG

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72 RG]I C

gl kfst besis, sujrihuaer biltrgpitea (remgea) pettirls.

Grrihuaer pfaynebittim bfris eri bfris devglh kfri tdel

ngvi naeci sbers tdet mf lft bflnfrk tf e sgkpai hifkitrgi

pettirl (lubaius hafjuaiux silsu Jfrmis 57>5). ]di hrietir

pert fn tdi Rgti C bfri ketirgea gs fn tdgs typi.

Besuea bfris eri jafbcs fn stfli wgtd niwir tdel ngvi

mgsbirlejai keofr naeci sbers, wdgbd eri easf wiaa ripri-siltim gl tdi Rgti C essikjaehi.

nebittim jutts. Flay e viry agkgtim lukjir fn naecis sdfws

sghls fn e kfri sfpdgstgbetim mfrsea priperetgfl elm neb-

ittglh fn jutts. ]dgs key ji ixpaeglim gl twf weys?

5. ]di rimubtgfl siquilbis wdgbd ilmim wgtd tdi mgsberm fn

sujrihuaer jgbflvix mgsbfgm tf grrihuaer pfaynebittim bfris

steraim es e retdir sfpdgstgbetim bfri priperetgfl, gl wdgbd

'Aiveaafgs' elm 'mgsb' bfris wiri prfmubim. Gl e aetir stehifn tdi rimubtgfl siquilbi tdisi wiri riwfrcim gltf ftdir



]di tibdlfafhgbea pettirls ivgmilt gl tdi bfris, wdgbd

prfvgmi lf baier ivgmilbi fn sfpdgstgbetim prisdepglh fn

naecis, bel, et ngrst haelbi, easf ji fjsirvim gl tdi naeci

ketirgea, wdgbd nurtdirkfri sdfws e strgcglh ejsilbi fn

'kfri prgkgtgvi' bfri nfrks (bn. Jfãme 574>).

:. El eatirletgvi gltirpritetgfl gs tdet tdi keofrgty fn tdi

mivgelt naecis wiri gkpfrtim tf tdi sgti.

Nuturi ringttglh stumgis elm eleaysgs fn tdi spibgngb naglt

7= NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] G^-B-GGG



79 RG]I C

lfmuais usim nfr tdi mgnnirilt ertinebt baessis wgaa prfjejay

ygiam mete ilejdlh us tf bdffsi jitwiil tdisi twf fptgfls,

fr tf bdffsi nfr e bfkjgletgfl fn tdi twf.

Et aiest fli fn tdi tffas, tdi sbrepir sdfwl gl nghuri

509-:, wes prfjejay gkpfrtim tf tdi sgti, es gt gs kemi fut fn

e reri typi fn naglt, wdgbd gs flay riprisiltim jy fli ftdir

pgibi gl tdi Rgti C essikjaehi.

Nurtdir stumgis wgaa easf bflbiltreti fl tdi eleaysgs fn tdi

dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi nglm betihfrgis (tffas, usim

naecis, bfris elm tdi kfri tdel 900 jurlt naglts). ]di ri-

suats fn tdisi stumgis kghdt diap tf elswir tdi quistgfl

wditdir tdi Rgti C nglm bflbiltretgfl wes nfrkim gl sivirea

glmipilmilt mipfsgtgflea pdesis, spebim gl tgki, fr gl fli

bfltglufus elm bflsgstilt usi fn tdi sgti.



7>



> ]di nglms mgsbfvirim gl Ylgt ^



>.5 Gltrfmubtgfl

]di Ylgt ^ simgkilts ygiamim flay e niw erbdeifafhgbea

rikegls, lfli fn wdgbd wiri mikflstrejay nfulm gl e

prgkery bfltixt.

]di keofrgty fn tdi nglms esbrgjim tf tdgs agtdfstretghrepd-

gbea ulgt issiltgegay wiri ribfvirim nrfk tdgl bfjjai aeyirs

wdgbd wiri nfulm gl kfst paebis et tdi jesi fn Ylgts ^-E

elm ^-J. ]di Rgti J mete wga! ji prisiltim diri, nfagfwim

jy e niw nglms nrfk ftdir perts fn tdi pgt.

>.: Rgti J (uppir aivia)

]di dgstfry fn tdi Rgti J buttglh des eariemy jiil misbrgjim

gl sibtgfl =.=, tf wdgbd tdi riemir gs easf rinirrim nfr e

misbrgptgfl fn tdi stretghrepdy. Diri gt sunngbis tf steti tdettdi nglms nrfk tdi uppir aivia fn Rgti J wiri ribfvirim

nrfk e hrevia aeyir wdgbd dem irfmim e sfga nfrkim gl agtd-

fstretghrepdgbea Ylgt GÊ'-E (tdgl sibtgfl 427 gl ngh. 4: fn

tdgs vfauki3 sii? Kñbdir 5749, ngh. =).

Gl tftea, := k\ wiri ixbevetim gl tdgs aivia, wdgbd wes

bderebtirgzim jy irfsgflea glbflnfrkgtgis elm tdi prisilbi

fn -kfstay skeaa- stflis. E tftea fn :9 ertinebts, keglay ngli

mijgtehi, wes ribfrmim tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay. ]dgs skeaa

essikjaehi glbaumim e aerhi Aiveaafgs-naeci elm e pfglt

5 ••

^ •

••

•

f

• • •

•

• \

n

Ngh. 504. Rgti J? 5 jrfcil 'pfglt', : naeci (sibtgfl nglm), sbeai :?2.

kemi nrfk e Aiveaafgs naeci (ngh. 504). ]di naglt ketirgea

mgspaeys e hriygsd-wdgti petgletgfl, es fppfsim tf tdi niw

naglts nrfk tdi ulmirayglh Ylgt G^-B-G afeks, wdgbd wiri

'nrisd'.

Rfki neule! rikegls wiri nfulm gl tdi hrevia aeyir?

ulgmiltgngim nrehkilts fn tiitd fn aerhir kekkeas (miir6)

elm pert fn e rdglf dukirus (êl Cfansbdftil 5749). ]di

mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi ertinebts elm tdi niw neulea rikegls gs

sdfwl gl nghuri 508.

]di Rgti J essikjaehi wes viry prfjejay nfulm gl e

sibflmery bfltixt gl vgiw fn tdi ketrgx (e tdgl bfjjai aeyir)

elm, tf e aissir mihrii, tdi nebt tdet lf ertinebts bfuam ji

bflofglim. Gt gs qugti agciay tdet tdgs ketirgea gl tdi hrevia

aeyir et Rgti J wes frghgleaay mipfsgtim gl tdi afwir ulgt.

Ylgt G^-B, elm rimipfsgtim gl el irfsgflea pdesi nfaafwglh

tdi miviafpkilt fn tdi auvgsfa.

74 ]DI DLMR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^



Ngh. 507. Priperim bfri nfulm gl tdi hrevia aeyir et tdi jesi fn Ylgt^-J gl e sibtgfl bafsi tf Rgti B, sbeai :?2 (sii ngh. >7 nfr tdi pfsgtgfl

fn tdi ertinebt gl tdi sibtgfl).

sdfwl gl nghuri >7. Gl 5742 e mfzil aerhir naecis, mgspaeyglh

lf sghls fn bfri priperetgfl, wiri nfulm gl e bfkperejai

stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl gl e sibtgfl epprfxgketiay 5:0 k

sfutdiest fn Rgti B. Pert fn tdi sibtgfl gs sdfwl gl nghuri 58.

Rf ner, flay fli naeci des jiil nfulm dghdir up gl tdi

Ylgt, lekiay gl 5742, wdil tdi eutdfr wes baielglh e sibtgfl et tdi imhi fn Rgti B. ]di naeci wes nfulm epprfxg

ketiay :9 bk jiafw tdi tfp fn Ylgt ^-J elm lf sghls fn

ngssuris wiri fjsirvim lfr ftdir pdilfkile wdgbd bfuam

glmgbeti virtgbea mgspaebikilt nrfk e dghdir fr afwir aivia.

>.= Gltirpritetgfl

Es eariemy suhhistim nfr tdi Rgti J ivgmilbi, tdi niw nglms

ilbfultirim gl tdi bfjjai aeyir et tdi jesi fn Ylgt ^ bel

ji gltirpritim es kfst agciay riwfrcim ertinebts tdet wirifrghgleaay prisilt gl afwir ulgts, elm tdet wiri rimipfsgtim

es e risuat fn irfsgflea prfbissis et tdi jihgllglh fn fr

murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn Ylgt ^.

Nglms elm sgtis mgsbfvirim gl Ylgt ^G elm e strey nglmfn e 'Kgbfqugel' delmexi



8.5 Gltrfmubtgfl

]di Xigbdsiagel simgkilts gl tdi pgt devi ribigvim aissettiltgfl tdel tdi Ylgt G^-B 'Reeagel' mipfsgts, nrfk elerbdeifafhgbea vgiwpfglt jut easf gl ftdir rispibts. Gl frmirtf keci up nfr tdgs riaetgve lihaibt spibgea ettiltgfl des

jiil pegm tf Ylgt ^G nrfk tdi 574> ngiamwfrc flwerms. ]dgsgs pertay mui tf tdi mgsbfviry fn e aerhi Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgbsgti (Rgti O) gl Ylgt ^G-E mipfsgts, e sgti ixbevetim gl erisbui mgh gl 574>. E sdfrt lfti fl tdgs sgti gs hgvil gl tdgsbdeptir (8.:), wdgai tdi nglms nrfk e sgti ribfrmim dghdir upgl tdi Xigbdsiagel simgkilts. Rgti I, wgaa easf ji misbrgjimdiri (8.2). Nfr tdi ngrst tgki gl tdgs vfauki tdi wfrm 'delmexi' wgaa eppier gl tdi misbrgptgfl fn tdisi twf sgtis, elmtdgs gs fli fn tdi riesfls wdy gt des jiil tdfuhdt epprfprg-

eti tf easf misbrgji e strey nglm fn e Kgbfqugel delmexi gltdgs bdeptir (8.=). ]di nglea perehrepd hgvis el gltirprite-tgfl fn tdi Ylgt ^G mete.

8.: Rgti O

8.:.5 GL]ZFMYB]GFL

Gl tdi sprglh fn 574> el erie fn :50 k\ et tdi jesi fn tdiXigbdsiagel afiss (Ylgt ^G-E) wes ixbevetim gl e risbui

ixbevetgfl. ]di sgti wes mgsbfvirim jy C. Hrfililmgoc elmO.P. mi Xerrgkflt elm wgaa ji pujagsdim gl mitega iasiwdiri(Zfijrfics ia ea., gl prip). Diri, flay e priagkglery lftifl tdi sgti bel ji prisiltim nfaafwglh Zfijrfics it ea.

(5748). ]di gkpfrtelt sgti misirvis misbrgptgfl gl tdgsvfauki, jibeusi gts prisilbi des sfki bflsiquilbis nfr tdigltirpritetgfl fn tdi Ylgt ^G-M Rgti I essikjaehi, tf jiprisiltim jiafw (8.2).

8. :. : ZIRIEZBD KI]DFMRAgttai tgki wes evegaejai nfr tdi ixbevetgfl fn Rgti O jibeusigl Key 574> gt wes mgsbfvirim gl tdi kgmmai fn tdi erie tdettdi Jafk Bfkpely, wdgbd kglis tdi querry, dem paellim

jutgfl. Eatfhitdir epprfxgketiay :50 k\ wes ixbevetim.Xi istgketi tdet jy bfaaibtglh nglms pir squeri kitir wiwiri ejai tf ixbeveti et aiest tdrii tgkis es kubd fn tdierie tdel wfuam devi jiil pfssgjai dem wi pafttim eaa nglmsglmgvgmueaay. Murglh tdi ixbevetgfl tdi Jafk Bfkpely

rikfvim tdi simgkilts eaa erfulm tdi ixbevetgfl erie sftdet tdi sgti rikeglim es el iaivetim paetnfrk gl tdi kgmmaifn tdi querry (sii ngh. 550 elm ngh. 2, gl tdi gltrfmubtgfl fntdgs vfauki). ]di querryglh kebdglis easf but tdrfuhd elgkpfrtelt bflbiltretgfl fn naglt ertinebts gl tdi sfutdwist-irl pert fn tdi sgti. Fur Glnfrketgfl ejfut tdgs bflbiltretgfl gs sbelty jibeusi wi ribfvirim tdi ertinebts wdgaijiglh 'bdesim' jy tdi querryglh kebdgli.

500 DLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^G ELM E R]ZEW NGLM FN E ' K G B F F Y G E L ' DELMETI

8.:.2 R]ZE]GHZEPDW

Nghuris 555 elm 55: hgvi sbdiketgb surviys fn tdi hifafhgbeabfltixt fn Rgti O. ]di nglms wiri stretghrepdgbeaay sgtuetimejfvi el Iikgel peaeifsfa (tdi 'Rfa mi Zfbfurt') elmjiafw tdi 'Dfrgzfl fn Lehiajiic', e wiecay miviafpim sfgametim tf ejt. :0,000 JP (bn. bdeptir :). ]di hifafhgbea

ketrgx fn Rgti O gs tdi famist Xigbdsiagel simgkilt nfulm gltdi querry, elm des jiil misghletim Ylgt ^G-E gl tdi afbeastretghrepdy (bn. bdeptir :). ]dgs ulgt bflsgsts fn aghdt hriya d g g dg c n :0 a g j

prfvgsgfleaay ebbipt tdgs meti es tdi jist istgketi fn tdi ehifn tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt ^G-E mipfsgts. Ertinebts wiri mgs-trgjutim virtgbeaay tdrfuhdfut tdi 20-=0-bk tdgbc ulgt, juttdi keofrgty wiri nfulm fl tfp fn tdi irfsgflea aeyir tdetsiperetis tdi afwir aghdt jrfwl nrfk tdi uppir merc jrfwlafiss. Cerst-nfrketgfl prfbissis tdet fbburrim entir tdi

mipfsgtgfl fn tdi Ylgt >.5 simgkilts dem aim tf tdi sujsgm-ilbi fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea aeyir. Gl tdgs riaetgviay afwirpfsgtgfl tdi aeyir wes prftibtim nrfk tdi sujsiquilt irf-g d a a jag m Y g > 5 d n d



afiss, devglh e kexgkuk tdgbcliss fn :0 bk, fviraegl jy eliqueaay tdgbc aeyir fn merc hriy-jrfwl afiss. ]di aghdt hriyafiss wes siperetim nrfk tdi mercir afiss jy el irfsgfleaaivia, kercim jy tdi prisilbi fn gsfaetim skeaa (1 5 bk)pijjais. ]drfuhdfut tdi Ylgt >.5 simgkilts aerhi 'jgfpfris'(wgtd mgekitirs fn up tf 0.9 bk) wiri prisilt, wdgbd wiri

ejsilt gl tdi simgkilts ejfvi >.5.]di twf subbissgvi aeyirs fn tdi ulgt wiri glgtgeaay (êl-

miljirhdi it ea. 5749) gltirpritim es e sfga tdet dem jiilnfrkim ulmir stippi-dci bflmgtgfls. ]diy bflstgtuti ebfkpaix tdet des fntil jiil fjsirvim et tdi jesi fn Xigbdsiagel afiss prfngais gl lfrtdwistirl Iurfpi ('Rfa mi Xerli-tfl', silsu Peipi elm êldffrli 57>8). Dfwivir, gt sdfuamji strissim diri tdet kgbrfkfrpdfafhgbea eleaysgs fn tdgsglnirrim sfga bfkpaix gl ftdir perts fn tdi Jiavçmäri pgt mgmlft ygiam ely ivgmilbi fn 'stippi-sfga nfrketgfl' gl tdgsdfrgzfl (Kñbdir, pirs.bfkk., 5748). E sgkgaer bfkpaix etRibagl (lfrtdirl Nrelbi) des jiil metim jy kiels fn tdi]A kitdfm tf 80,000-500,000 JP (]unnrieu it ea. 5749). Xi

sgfl tdet bfkpaitiay fjagtiretim Ylgt >.5 tf tdi wist fn tdisgti (sii ngh. YG).

Es kiltgflim ejfvi, Kñbdir's kgbrfkfrpdfafhgbeaeleaysgs fn tdi Ylgt >.5 simgkilts neasgngim tdi 'stippi-sfga'gltirpritetgfl. ]di eleaysgs, dfwivir, mgm sdfw tdi prisilbi fn baey gaauvgetgfl butels gl Ylgt >.5, glmgbetglh baey

gaauvgetgfl nrfk e dghdir dfrgzfl. Gl tdi ngiam, dfwivir, lfJ, dfrgzfl bfuam ji gmiltgngim gl tdi fvirayglh simgkilts,ixbipt, fn bfursi, nfr tdi Dfafbili sfga gl tdi tfp pert fnYlgt 8. BYketgb bflmgtgfls wdgbd eri hilireaay bflsgmirimnevfurejai tf baey gaauvgetgfl eri wit bagketis wgtd e mrysiesfl (NgtzPetrgbc 5785). Ebbfrmglh tf Jauk elm Helssil(578:), Cfppil's B, bagketis eri nevfurejai tf tdi nfrketgfl fn erhgaagb dfrgzfls. Rfgas wgtd erhgaagb dfrgzfls eriripfrtim tf devi jiil nfrkim gl afiss eries murglh tdiEtaeltgb (Ziutir 57>=3 Rkfagcfve elm Afzic 5782. Riieasf? Cweem/Kñbdir 5788).

Gl tdi Xigbdsiagel fn lfrtdwistirl Iurfpi subd bagketgbbflmgtgfls wiri dkgtim tf tdi Ieray Xigbdsiagel gltirste-

505 RG]I O

mgeas fn Ekirsnffrt, Jrþrup elm Fmmiremi (_ehwgol 57>5,5789). Pfaail stumgis gl tdi Litdiraelms devi ygiamim ivg-milbi fn tdisi gltirstemgeas, wdgbd wiri bderebtirgzim jy ebfkpaiti ri-nfristetgfl fn tdi aelmsbepi, wdgbd dem jiilminfristim gl tdi bfamir Ieray Haebgea stemgeas G, Ga elm GGG.Gl tdi gltirstemgeas tdi kiel Ouay tikpireturi wgaa devi

jiil 59 tf 58" B.Ftdir Yppir Paigstfbili ribfrms ygiamim issiltgeaay tdi

seki mete. ]di Ae Hrelmi Ngai piet jfh gl lfrtdiestirl

Ylgt >.5



Nrelbi rivieaim e subbissgfl fn frhelgb kums fvirayglh eReeagel tgaa. ]di pfaail ribfrm sdfws tdi ilvgrflkilteabdelhis murglh tdi aest gltirhaebgea/haebgea bybai gl mitega.]drii nfrist ipgsfmis gltirruptim jy glvesgfls fn hress elmdirjs wiri ettistim et tdi jesi fn tdi (Iikgel) sibtgfl.]di afwirkfst nfrist aeyir wes tdi kfst prflfulbim elm gts

pfaail mgehrek risikjais mgehreks fn tdi aest gltirhaebgea esminglim gl gts typi erie gl lfrtdwistirl Iurfpi. ]di tdriinfrist ipgsfmis bfrrispflm wia! tf tdi afw gbi-vfauki sujstehis fn Fxyhil Gsftfpi Rtehi 9 (Xfgaaerm 5784, 57403Xfgaaerm/Kffc 574:).

]di afiss ribfrm gl tdi erie erfulm Nrehui elm Jrlf(Bzibdfsafvecge) sdfws tdet tdi aest 'gltirhaebgea' tdiri wessiperetim nrfk twf aetir nfrist pirgfms jy wdet Cucae

Ylgt 9.:

Ngh. 55:. Rbdiketgb prfngai fn Rgti O gl agtdfstretghrepdgbea Ylgt â-E,sdfwglh tdi kexgkuk virtgbea ixtilsgfl fn tdi ertinebt mgstrgjutgfl gltdi ulgt, elm dfw tdi keofrgty fn tdi ertinebts gs bflbiltretim virtg-beaay.

50: NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^G ELM E R]ZEW NGLM FN E 'K G BFFY GEL ' DELMETI



Ngh. 55=. Rgti O? 5

-:? sbrepirs, 2-=?miltgbuaetis Rbeai :?2.

(5788) beaas e pirgfm wgtd 'lfrkea afiss stippi'. Ylmirtdisi bflmgtgfls afiss simgkilts wiri nfrkim, wdgbd sdfw erivirsim kehlitgb pfaergty. ]dgs pirgfm gs bfrriaetim wgtdtdi Jaeci ivilt, ejfut 550 ce (Cucae 5788).

]f bflbaumi, tdisi mete siik tf glmgbeti tdet tdi Ylgt

^G-E simgkilts wiri mipfsgtim gl tdi Ieray Xigbdsiagel.Emmgtgflea suppfrt nfr tdgs 'Ieray Xigbdsiagel' gltirprite-tgfl gs hgvil jy tdi nebt tdet tdi Ylgt ^G-E elm ^G-J simgkilts wiri ennibtim jy e keofr pirgfm fn pirkenrfst bflmgtgfls, wdgbd êlmiljirhdi it ea. (5749) devi metim tf tdiXigbdsiagel Afwir Pailghaebgea (bn. bdeptir :).

8 . : .= RG]I O NGLMR

]di nglms fn Rgti O bflsgst fn naglt ertinebts, e niw nrehkilts

fn bderbfeg elm sfki pffray prisirvim kfaers. Fl tdi jesgsfn tdigr fjaflh sdepi elm tdi vergetgfl gl ilekia tdgbcliss,tdi kfaers wiri gmiltgngim es kfaers fn Kekkutdus prgkg-

hilgus (êl Cfansbdftil, pirs.bfkk., 5748).Epprfxgketiay :,400 ertinebts wiri bfaaibtim, 55> fn

wdgbd beki nrfk tdi sfutdwistirl pert fn tdi sgti (sii ngh.558) elm wiri risbuim nrfk rghdt gl nrflt fn tdi querryglhkebdgli. ]di naglt ketirgea des lft yit jiil stumgim systik-etgbeaay. Xi bel tdirinfri flay prfvgmi sfki priagkgleryrikercs fl tdi tibdlfafhgbea elm typfafhgbeg bderebtirgstgbsfn tdi essikjaehi. ]di queltgtetgvi mete prisiltim diri,dfwivir, eri sfkiwdet mgnnirilt nrfk tdisi prisiltim gltdi pepir fl tdgs sgti jy Zfijrfics it ea (5748) jibeusi gl

]di wfrcim surnebis fn tdi ertinebts devi lf petgletgflelm devi e nrisd eppierelbi.

Murglh tdi Jiavçmäri Rgti O ixbevetgfl twf naglt sbettirswiri gmiltgngim, jftd bflsgstglh keglay fn tdi westi nrfknaeci- elm tffa-prfmubtgfl. Es mijrgs nrfk eaa naglt-wfrcglh

stehis (nrfk mibfrtgbetgfl naecis tf skeaa bfris) wes nfulm,tdi bflbausgfl siiks oustgngim tdet gl tdgs besi (et aiest tdihrietir pert fn tdi) tffa-kelunebturglh tffc paebi et Rgti O.

Gt gs rikercejai tdet lfli fn tdi naecis siik tf devijiil prfmubim wgtd 'tdi' Aiveaafgs tibdlgqui. Eakfst eaanaecis wiri mitebdim jy derm-dekkir pirbussgfl elm gtaffcs es gn lf systiketgb bfri-rimubtgfl prfbimuri wesnfagfwim. ]di naecis eri tdgbc elm retdir dievy elm gl kelybesis sfki fn tdi futir surnebi fn tdi naglt lfmuai gs stgaa

vgsgjai fl tdi mfrsea sgmi.Kfst fn tdi bfris (l;::) eri skeaa elm devi grrihuaer

sdepis (ngh. 55>). ]diri eri eakfst lf jaemis fr tffas keminrfk jaemis.

]diri gs ivgmilbi tdet tffas wiri keglteglim elm risder-pilim et tdi sgti, eatdfuhd prfjejay lft fl e viry aerhisbeai. ]dgs wes mfli pertay jy kiels fn tdi 'aflh sderp-ilglh tibdlgqui' wdgbd glvfavim tdi prfmubtgfl fn e aflhgtu-mglea naeci eaflh e sbrepir- fr buttglh-imhi, elm risuatim gle sderp tffg imhi. Ivgmilbi fn nriquilt usi fn tdgs tibdlgqui des jiil lftim nfr tdi aetir Reeagel glmustrgis et aeBftti mi Rt.Jriaemi (Oirsiy, Hriet Jrgtegl), pertgbuaeraytdfsi nfulm gl aeyir E (Bfrlnfrm 574>)

502 RG]I O

pert fn tdi ixbevetgfl. Eatdfuhd tdisi naecis siik tf jidelmexi risderpilglh naecis, lf westi wes nfulm nrfk tdiglgtgea stehis fn tdi prfmubtgfl fn tdi jgnebi elm lf delmexieppiers tf devi jiil mgsbermim et tdi sgti. ]dirinfri, wiessuki tdet e jgnebgea ertinebt wes trelspfrtim tf elm nrfktdi sgti. Pfssgjay tdi delmexi gl quistgfl gs tdi fli nfulm

ejfut 590 k ewey, et Rgti I (sii jiafw, 8.2).]ejai 5> hgvis e surviy fn tdi 'tffas' nfulm et Rgti O. ]di

gltiltgfleaay ritfubdim pgibis fn tdi essikjaehi glbaumi 22a a m => j c a m a n



Ngh. 559. Rgti O? 'Uuglsfl' pfglt-agci tff) wgtd e bflofglim ('risder-pilglh') naeci. Rbeai :?2.

Ngh. 55>. Rgti O? bfri, sbeai :?2.

Mgjjai 5748e 5748j)

bfkpaiti tffas elm => jrfcil tffas elm tffa-nrehkilts.Epprfxgketiay 90% (l;=0) fn tdi issiltgea tffas bflsgsts

fn vergfus sbrepir typis, glbaumglh streghdt, bflvix elmbflbevi sgmi sbrepirs, twf skeaa, sbrepir-agci tffas (re-

baittis), fli sbrepir kemi nrfk e bfri elm sivirea mfujai-sgmim sbrepirs (nghs. 552 elm 55=). ]di tffas baessgngim es

'Kfustirgel pfglt' elm 'Uuglsfl pfglt' (nghs. 552-9 elm 559,rispibtgviay) key, eatirletgviay, easf ji siil es ripri-siltglh mfujaç sbrepirs.

]di ritfubdglh fn tdi sbrepir wfrcglh imhis gs hilireaaystiip elm grrihuaer3 flay viry reriay gs gt naettir elm sbeaerg-nfrk. Flay e niw ixekpais, nfr glstelbi e naeci wgtd trels-virsi sbrepir ritfubdglh, jier tdi bderebtirgstgbs fn stippim'Uugle'-dci ritfubdglh.

Elftdir mfkglelt hrfup (l;2:, ejt. =0% fn tdi issiltgea tffas) bflsgsts fn miltgbuaetis (nghs. 55=-2 elm 55=-=).Delmexis elm ftdir jgnebgeaay wfrcim tffas eri iltgriay

ejsilt gl tdi essikjaehi. ]det jgnebgea tffas wiri dfwivir,pert fn tdi 'tffacgt', bel ji glnirrim nrfk tdi prisilbi fntdi 'delmexi risderpilglh naecis' mgsbussim ejfvi.

]di => jrfcil tffas (gl issiltgea bfult) glbaumi jftdsbrepir- elm miltgbuaeti-nrehkilts, es sdfwl gl tejai 5>.]di retdir afw retgf fn bfkpaiti elm jrfcil tffas (ejt. 0.8)

suhhists el gltilsgvi usi fn tffas et tdi sgti, es mfis tdifbburrilbi fn tffa-riouviletgfl naecis kiltgflim ejfvi.]di bfkpaiti/jrfcil retgf gs 0.9 nfr tdi miltgbuaetis, elm0.8 nfr tdi sbrepirs.

Ekflh tdi ertinebts sdfwglh lf sghls fn gltiltgflearitfubdglh eri 28 bfkpaiti naecis dierglh trebis fn usiritfubd. ]dgs hrfup easf glbaumis sfki letureaay jebcimclgvis. ]di bfkpaiti/jrfcil retgf, wdgbd gs ejfut 2.=, gsretdir dghd gl bfkpergsfl wgtd tdet fn tdi 'issiltgea' tffas.

8 .: . 9 PZF^GRGFLEA GL]IZPZI]E]GFL FN ]DI AG]DGB

ERRIKJAEHI

Pirdeps tdi kfst strgcglh nieturi fn tdi Rgti O essikjaehi gs

50=

]ejai 5>? Rurviy fn tdi Rgti O tffgessikjaehi.

NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^G ELM E R]ZEW NGLM FN E ' K G B F F Y G E L ' DELMETI

typi bfkpaiti glbfkpaiti tftea

l % l % l %

miltgbuaetis 55 59.8 :5 2>.4 2: :9.:sbrepirs - sgkpai 4 55.9 5= :=.9 :: 58.=

- mfujaç 2 =.: - - 2 :.=- ftdir > 4.> 7 59.7 59 55.4

Kfustirgel 'pfglt' 5 5.= : 2.9 2 :.='Uuglsfl" pfglt 5 5.= - - 5 0.4jurgls 2 =.: - - 2 :.=



sujtfte a 'issiltgea tffas ' 22 =8.0 => 40.8 87 >:.=

naecis wgtd sghls fn usi 28 9:.7 55 57.= =4 28.8

tftea 80 77.7 98 500.5 5:8 500.5

elm tdet tdgs wes mfli tf ilsuri tdi evegaejgagty fn buttglhimhis nfr nuturi liims. Gl tdgs rispibt wi essuki tdet tdiusi fn bfri-priperetgfl tibdlgquis rinaibts 'ibflfkgzglhjidevgfur', ixbipt et agtdgb rew ketirgea prfburikilt sgtis,subd es Jecir's Dfai (Hriet Jrgttegl, Zfi 57453 Zfjglsfl574>) wdiri tdi Aiveaafgs tibdlgqui silsu strgbtf wes usimnfr tdi prfmubtgfl fn flay fli fr e niw naecis pir bfri.

]dgs gltirpritetgfl fn priperim bfris elm tdigr ilm prfm-ubts es trelspfrtim gtiks gs jesim fl ivgmilbi nrfk sivireaKgmmai Peaeifagtdgb sgtis. ]relspfrt fn agtdgbs gl tdi nfrk fnAiveaafgs bfris, nfr glstelbi, des jiil mikflstretim nfr tdiKeestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri sgtis B elm H (sii tdgs vfauki, bdep-

tir =) elm bel easf ji glnirrim nrfk tdi bfkpfsgtgfls fn tdiessikjaehis fn Aidrglhil (]dgikiE'iga 5749) elm tdiZdiglmedail 'Xistwelm-Nulmsbdgbdt' (Jfsglcg 57>>3]dgiki 5742e). Elftdir ixekpai gs tdi Rbdwiglscfpnvfabelf sgti gl tdi Liuwgim Jesgl, wdiri trelspfrtim nagltnaecis wiri nfulm gl essfbgetgfl wgtd mijrgs fn afbea quertzketirgea (Jfsglscg, pirs.bfkk., 574>). Nurtdir ixekpaiseri Rbaeyl (Ftti it ea. 5742) elm ^faaiziai-Bflhfjirh(^ylbcgir it ea. 574>) gl Jiahguk (sii bdeptir 7.2). Gl etibdlfafhgbea stumy fn tdi Kfustirgel gl tdi Nrilbd Pirg-hfrm rihgfl. Hilisti (5749) lftgbim e mgbdftfkfus riae-tgflsdgp jitwiil e Aiveaafgs essikjaehi typi kelunebturim

\ ” - n \ •• • ' Q • • • •

• • • • • • • •

• • • • • •• $\

• • • • • • ??\,•V • • • • • • • •

«1 • • • • • • Qx

\ \ • •• • • • •

Q L • • • • • \<<\

• • • • \ \! 5 95 95 95 95 95 9

509 RG]I O

Gl tdi bfltixt fn tdgs mgsbussgfl, tdi Rgti O essikjaehibfuam ji gltirpritim es devglh jiil gltilmim nfr fbbesgfleafr 'sgtuetgflea' usi. E paeusgjai ixpaeletgfl bfuam ji tdettdi tescs tf ji pirnfrkim et Rgti O wiri aerhiay ulnfrisiilfr 'ulixpibtim' (bn. Jglnfrm 574>)3 elftdir ixpaeletgflbfuam ji tdet gt wes sgkpay lft libissery tf usi tdi trelspfrtim bfris elm/fr tffas elm tdet bfst-jilingt bflsgm-iretgfls risuatim gl tdi kelunebturi fn tffas nrfk tdi afbeaay evegaejai stfli retdir tdel usi fn tdi trelspfrtim tffacgt.



Ngh. 554. Rgti I? tdi risbui mgh gl nrflt fn tdi querryglh kebdglis.Pdftfhrepd teafl nrfk tdi wist sgmi fn tdi sgti.

nrfk trelspfrtim rew ketirgea elm e lfl-Aiveaafgs typi,kemi fut fn afbeaay evegaejai naglt. ]dgs elm itdir fjsirvimmgbdftfkfus pettirls devi aim Jglnfrm (574>) tf bflbaumitdet, gl hilirea, Kgmmgi PeaeifDtdgb tibdlfafhgis wiribderebtirgzim jy tdi prfmubtgfl fn trelspfrtim tffacgts nfr'paellim' usis elm ixpimgãlt tffacgts gltilmim nfr usi 'fltdi spft'. Xi wgaa riturl tf tdgs tfpgb gl kfri mitega glbdeptir 7.

8.:.> NY]YZI ZIRIEZBD

Nuturi risierbd wgaa bflbiltreti keglay fl riebdglh tdinfYfwglh hfeas?5. Xdgai prfbissglh nglms, wi nfulm tdet gt wes pfssgjai tfngt e lukjir fn naecis tfhitdir. Entir tdi kgbrfwier eleay-

sgs des jiil bfkpaitim, P. Dillicils wgaa keci e systik-etgb ettikpt tf ringt tdi ertinebts bfYibtim murglh tdi ixbe-vetgfl. ]di risuats fn tdgs glvistghetgfl wgaa lft flay ji usimnfr spetgea eleaysgs fn tdi sgti elm tibdlfafhgbea eleaysgs fntdi ertinebts. ]diy wgaa easf ji usim tf kiesuri tdi ekfultfn dfrgzfltea mgspaebikilt fn tdi ketirgeas gl frmir tf keciglnirilbis ejfut pfst-mipfsgtgflea prfbissis. El gltirprite-tgfl fn tdi spetgea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi nglms des lft yit jiilettikptim. ]di dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi naglt ertinebts

ribfrmim gl tdi ixbevetgfl gs sdfwl gl nghuri 558.:. ]di stumy fn pfst-mipfsgtgflea prfbissis kust ji bflsgm-irim e libissery priaumi tf tdi tistglh fn dypftdisis fl sgtinulbtgfls. Fn bfursi tdi risuats fn kgbrfwier eleaysgs paeyel gkpfrtelt rfai gl tdi nfrkuaetgfl elm tistglh fn subddypftdisis. Burriltay, E. vel Hgol gs ixekglglh e sekpaifn tdi ertinebts tf mitirkgli gn, elm tf wdet ixtilt, kgbrfwier eleaysgs bel bfltrgjuti tfwerms e nulbtgflea gltirpri-tetgfl fn tdi ketirgeas. Fur ngrst tdifry fl tdi nulbtgfl fntdi sgti, jesim fl tdi priagkglery risuats fn fur risierbd, gstdet Rgti O wes el erie wdiri spibgeagzim ebtgvgtgis wiripirnfrkim.

2. E tdgrm gkpfrtel t hfea nfr nuturi risierbd wgaa ji ebfkpergsfl fn Rgti O wgtd ftdir sgtis gl lfrtdwistirl Iu-rfpi tdet eri kfri fr aiss fn tdi seki ehi, subd es Zdigl-medail-Xistwelm/Ja (Jfsglscg 57>>3 ]dgiki 5742e3 ]dgs-

50> NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^G ELM E R]ZEW NGLM FN E 'K G BFFY GEL ' DELMETI

sil 574>), Zfbfurt (Bedil/Deiseirts 574=) elm Ribagl(]unnrieu it ea. 5749). ]dgs bfkpergsfl wgaa bflbiltreti fltdi ixpaeletgfl fn tdi tibdlfafhgbea mgnnirilbis jitwiil tdinaglt essikjaehi fn Rgti O elm tdfsi fn ftdir sgtis.

8.2 Rgti I

8.2.5 GL]ZFMYB]GFLGl frmir tf fjtegl mete fl tdi miviafpkilt fn Ervgbfae gltdi Jiavçmäri siquilbi, C. Hrfililmgoc sgivim aerhiekfults fn simgkilts bfYibtim et tdi jesi fn tdi Xigbd-

9400-



siagel afiss mipfsgts. Fl Lfvikjir 52td, 574:, murglh tdingiamwfrc, di elm O.P. mi Xerrgkflt mgsbfvirim sivireaaerhir jfli nrehkilts elm naglt ertinebts ayglh tfhitdir gltdi iestirl pert fn tdi pgt. ]dgs mgsbfviry wes nfagfwim jy eriaetgviay skeaa-sbeai risbui ixbevetgfl wdgbd tffc paebi gl

tdi sibflm dean fn Lfvikjir elm tdi ngrst meys fn Mibikjir 574:, ulmir jem wietdir bflmgtgfls elm wgtd e skeaabriw(ngh. 554).

Nrfk tdi jihgllglh gt wes ivgmilt tdet tdi ertinebts elmjfli nrehkilts wiri lft sgtuetim gl e prgkery erbdeifafh-gbea bfltixt, jut dem jiil mgspaebim, prfjejay fvir e sdfrtmgstelbi. Nfr tdgs riesfl, elm jibeusi fn tdi aebc fn tgki,wi mibgmim tf bfaaibt es kely sekpais es pfssgjai elm tfstumy tdi stretghrepdgbea bfltixt fn tdi nglms. Ngrst, tdi nglmswiri bfaaibtim nrfk e lfrtd-sfutd sibtgfl. Aetir, tdi mipfsgts fvirayglh tdi nglm aeyir wiri rikfvim kibdelgbeaay,mfwl tf e niw mk ejfvi tdi nglm aeyir.

Gl tftea, el erie fn ejfut >0 k\ wes ixbevetim. Kfstnaglts wiri ribfrmim tdrii-mgkilsgfleaay, wdiries flay tdipfsgtgfls fn tdi aerhir jfli nrehkilts wiri ribfrmim. Dfw-ivir, tdi mgstrgjutgfl kep fn tdi nglms ribfvirim gl tdgs weygs fn agkgtim veaui jibeusi fn tdi veryglh ettiltgfl hgvil tf

tdi glmgvgmuea squeris gl tdi erie sekpaim.

8.2.: R]ZE]GHZEPDW

]di tfp pert fn tdi Ylgt ^ Reeagel simgkilts et Rgti I demsujsgmim es e risuat fn cerst prfbissis, elm nfrkim e afbeamiprissgfl gl wdgbd Ylgt ^G wes kfri tdel : k tdgbc. Gltdi sfutdirl pert fn tdi sekpaim erie skeaa huaagis, wdgbddem but gltf tdi Ylgt ^ Reeagel simgkilts, nfrkim simgkilttreps nfr Ylgt ^G. Fl tfp fn tdisi 'simgkilt treps' aey e

prebtgbeaay aiviaaim Dfrgzfl fn Lehiajiic (Deiseirts it ea.5745). Es bel ji siil gl nghuri 5:0, tdi simgkilts jitwiiltdi tfp pert fn Ylgt ^ elm tdi Lehiajiic Dfrgzfl eriixtrikiay aekgletim, ispibgeaay et tdigr jesis. Xi eri

9890

9800-

9>90-

9>00-

Ngh, 5:0. Rgti I? mitega fn tdi sibtgfl sagfwl gl nghuri 557.5 dfkfhilifus sgat afek (8.9 WZ 9/>) wgtd e kessgvi strubturi

(Y gt 9 :E/ J)

508 RG]I I



Ngh. 5:5. Naglt ertinebts nrfk ejfvi tdi kegl aivia et Rgti I (sii tditixt).

Ngh. 5::. Rgti I? sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi essikjaehi, jesim flkexgkuk mgkilsgfls, gl bk.

8. 2. 2 ]DI NGLMR

8.2.2.5 ]di naglt essikjaehiE tftea fn 79 naglt ertinebts wes ribfvirim et Rgti I, tdifvireaa keofrgty bflsgstglh fn lfl-ritfubdim naecis. Kfst fntdisi naglts devi e 'nrisd' eppierelbi, tdi fmm fli devglh ejaui-wdgti petgle. Rfki pgibis mgspaey e aghdt hafss. Lflifn tdi naglts sdfwim ivgmilbi fn nrfst ebtgfl, wdgai flay fli

(lfl-ertgngbgea) pgibi wes jurlt (XH 92).]di keofrgty fn tdi naglts key ji ettrgjutim tf et aiest

ngvi mgnnirilt naglt lfmuais, glbaumglh 'Zuaail' elm 'Zgobc-dfat' naglt, elm wiri prfjejay bfaaibtim nrfk Kees simg-kilts.

Nghuri 5:: hgvis tdi sgzi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi naglt ertinebtsnrfk Rgti I. Gl bfkpergsfl wgtd tdi naglt essikjaehis nrfkRgti B elm N tdi skeaa lukjir fn naecis skeaair tdel : bk gsstrgcglh. ]dgs gs birteglay e risuat fn tdi retdir rfuhd wey gl

wdgbd tdi sgti dem tf ji ixbevetim, wdgai tdi hifafhgbeaprfbissis rispflsgjai nfr tdi mipfsgtgfl fn tdi ketrgx fn tdi

nglms key devi rikfvim tdi nglir mijrgs easf.

]di naglt essikjaehi, wdgbd bflsgstim keglay fn westiketirgea, glbaumim flay e niw rihuaer naecis, ekflh ftdirstdi ritfubdim Aiveaafgs naeci XH 20 (sii ngh. 5:2-5). ]diflay ftdir ritfubdim pgibis eri e nrehkilt fn e stiip sbrep-ir (XH 2) (ngh. 5:2-:) elm tdi tfp pert fn e delmexi (XH=:) (ngh. 5:2-2). ]di essikjaehi easf glbaumim e naglt dek-

kirstfli (XH :5).E. vel Hgol (Glstgtuti fn Pridgstfry, Aigmil Ylgvirsgty)

stumgim sivirea ertinebts nrfk Rgti I nfr kgbrfwier trebis.Mispgti tdi nrisd eppierelbi fn tdi pgibis, lf baier trebis

504 NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^G ELM E R]ZEW NGLM FN E 'K G BFFY GEL ' DELMETI



Ngh. 5:2. Rgti I3 ertinebts 5,= naecis, : jeseg nrehkilt fn e mfujaç sbrepir (XH 2), 2 tgp fn e delmexi (XH =:). Rbeai :?2.

Es yit, tdi delmexi tgp nrfk Rgti I gs tdi flay delmexi(nrehkilt) nfulm gl e hifafhgbea bfltixt gl tdi sivil yiersfn ngigmwfrc gl tdi pgt, gievglh fut fn bflsgmiretgfl tdi

delmexi risderpilglh naecis nrfk Rgti O. E strey nglm fn e

delmexi gs misbrgjim gl perehrepd 8.= fn tdgs bdeptir.

8.2.2.: Kekkea nfssgas

]di rikegls fn skeaa kekkeas bfYibtim gl tdi ixbevetgflelm jy sgivglh ejfut 0.9 k' fn simgkilt wgaa ji mgsbussim gl

perehrepd 8.2.>. ]di rikegls fn aerhir kekkeas nfulm et

Rgti I devi jiil misbrgjim gl ixtilsf jy êl Cfansbdftil(5749), fl wdfsi pujagbetgfl tdgs perehrepd gs jesim. Fl

tdi wdfai, tdi kekkea rikegls mf lft sdfw ely sghls fn

trelspfrt. Oumhglh jy tdigr pdysgbea eppierelbi, aetireamgspaebikilt kust devi jiil agkgtim. êl Cfansbdftilgmiltgngim tdi rikegls fn kekkftd, dfrsi, wffaay rdglfbi-rfs, rim miir, riglmiir, e aerhi miir fn tdi sgzi fn e hgeltmiir elm eurfbds/jgsfl. ]ejai 58 sdfws tdi gmiltgngim neu-

lea rikegls nfulm et Rgti I pir spibgis.

E kfaer nrehkilt fn e yfulh kekkftd wes gmiltgngim,wdgai et aiest twf dfrsis wiri riprisiltim jy sivirea aerhijfli nrehkilts elm twf kgac kfaers. Ebbfrmglh tf êl

Cfansbdftil, tdi rikegls dem jiaflhim tf e dievgay jugat

dfrsi. ]di wffaay rdglfbirfs rikegls bflsgst fn scuaa nrehkilts (sfki fn wdgbd bfuam ji ofglim tfhitdir) elm sfkitiitd. ]di scuaa nrehkilts elm tdi ulwfrl kfaers wirinfulm bafsi tf iebd ftdir elm dem prfjejay jiaflhim tf tdi

jiil pujagsdim jy Cugopir (5749), elm wgaa ji rivgiwim gl

perehrepd 8.2.>.

8.2.= DFZG_FL]EA EL M ÎZ]GBEA MGR]ZGJY]GFL FN

]DI NGLMR

]di erie sekpaim gs wgtdfut ely mfujt flay e pert fn e

aerhir nglm sbettir wdgbd ixtilmim prfjejay tf tdi sfutd elm

tdi wist fn tdi ixbevetim erie. Xdet wiri gl eaa prfjejgagtytdi rgbdist perts fn tdi mgstrgjutgfl -wist fn Rgti I- dem

eariemy jiil mistrfyim jinfri tdi mgsbfviry fn tdi sgti.

Es nfr tdi dfrgzfltea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi naglt ertinebts elm

tdi rikegls fn aerhir kekkeas (ngh. 5:9), gt bel ji segm tdetkfst nglms wiri ribfvirim nrfk tdi erie wdiri Ylgt >.9

wes tdgbcist, g.i. gl tdi biltri fn tdi 'simgkilt-trep' mipris-sgfl gl tdi wistirl pert fn tdi sekpaim erie. Fl tdi wdfai,tdi eries wgtd kely jfli nrehkilts easf prfvgmim kelynaglt ertinebts elm vgbi virse, jibeusi tdi keofrgty fn tdi

nglms wiri ribfvirim nrfk leturea miprissgfls gl tdi Ylgt9.: simgkilts.

Es nfr tdi virtgbea mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi nglms, naglt ertinebtswiri nfulm eaa tdrfuhd tdi ketrgx jut keglay et gts jesi,wdgai aerhir jfli nrehkilts wiri nriquiltay nfulm gl tdi

uppir pert fn tdi ketrgx misbrgjim ejfvi, jilietd tdi

yiaafwgsd-jrfwl aekgletim afiss. Rivirea pgibis fn jflielm naglt ertinebts wiri nfulm 'bikiltim' tf iebd ftdir, nfr

glstelbi e rdglfbirfs kfaer elm ertinebt XH 8>. Fli fn

twf ringttim naecis wes nfulm et tdi jesi fn tdi nglm ulgt,

507 RG]I I



Ngh. 5:=. Rgti I3 bflofglim naecis.Rbeai :32.

sdgntim ketirgea fvir e viry agkgtim mgstelbi. ]di sibtgflsstumgim elm tdi strubturi elm bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi ketrgxikjimmglh tdi Rgti I nglms glmgbeti tdet tdi ilbafsim ketirgea kust devi jiil ennibtim jy sfki riwfrgbglh mui tfnauvgeg ebtgvgty, prfjejay gl e afw-ilirhy ilvgrflkilt, es gssuhhistim jy tdi kgbrfkfrpdfafhy fn tdi mipfsgts (Kñbdir,pirs.bfkk., 5742).

]di tirtgegry sdiaas nfulm gl tdi Rgti I ketrgx pfglt tf tdiprisilbi fn skeaa striekaits, wdgbd trelspfrtim tdisi nfssgasnrfk Faghfbili mipfsgts e sdfrt mgstelbi wist fn Jiavçmäri(Clgopir 5749).

Ylagci tdi tirtgegry sdiaa ketirgea, tdi Paigstfbili kfa-ausbs ribfvirim nrfk tdi Rgti I ketrgx eri gl el ixbiaailtsteti fn prisirvetgfl, wdgbd glmgbetis tdet tdisi sdiaas belflay devi jiil trelspfrtim fvir sdfrt mgstelbis, tdet gs, gntdiy wiri trelspfrtim et eaa (Cugopir 5749). ]di seki hfis

nfr tdi virtijreti neulea rikegls (êl Cfansbdftil 5749),wdgai tdi naglt ketirgea sdfws lf sghls fn trelspfrt wdetsf-ivir. Glvistghetgfl fn tdi naecis nfr surnebi kfmgngbetgflssdfwim tdet tdi ketirgea wes gl kglt bflmgtgfl, wdgai sivir-

]ejai 58? Rgti I3 gmiltgngim neulea rikegls fn aerhir kekkeaspibgis (jesim fl? êl Cfansbdftil 5749).

Kekkutdus prgkghilgus (kekkftd)- nrehkilt fn e afwir kfaer

Iquus sp. (dfrsi)- MP: sgl.- nrehkilt fn el uppir (pri)kfaer

- nrehkilt fn e afwir (pri)kfaer- dukirus gl. (mgstea pert)- ulbgnfrk mixt.- kiteberpus GGG mixt.- kiteberpus GGG sgl.- kiteberpus G^ sgl.- eltirgfr tdgrm pdeaelhiBfiafmflte eltgqugtetgs (wffaay rdglfbirfs)- scuaa nrehkilts- K2 sgl.

- ibtfafpd fn el uppir (pri)kfaerBirvus iaepdus (rim miir)- eltair nrehkilt- remgus mixt. (prfx.pert)Birvgmei glmit. (aerhi miir)

550 NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^G ELM E R]ZEW NGLM FN E 'K G BFUY GEL ' DELMETI

s



U

-O - A- g ³-

g"]'Q\--

555 RG]I I

jftd nglm betihfrgis siik tf devi jiil riwfrcim fvir virysdfrt mgstelbis flay. Nfur pfglts siik tf ji gkpfrtelt gltdi iveauetgfl fn tdgs dypftdisgs fn el 'ieragir essfbgetgfl',wdgbd jfgas mfwl tf tdi prfjaik wditdir wi bel ettrgjutitdi bflbiltretgfl fn tdi Rgti I kekkea nfssgas misbrgjimdiri tf leturea prfbissis.

5. Gl e ngrst epprfebd tf tdi prfjaik gt gs wfrtd kiltgflglhtdet -gl bfltrest tf tdi 'afwir' Ylgt G^ sgtis- tdi ixbevetimerie wes lft e wetirsgmi sgti et tdi tgki fn tdi nfrketgfl fn

tdi Rgti I essikjaehi, g.i. rfuhday gl tdi 'Ieray Xigbd-siagel' (sii 8.2.8). Xdiries tdi Ylgt G^ sgtis wiri eaa sgtuet-



siagel (sii 8.2.8). Xdiries tdi Ylgt G^ sgtis wiri eaa sgtuetim gl tdi eaauvgea paegl fn tdi aeti Kgmmai Paigstfbili Kees,Rgti I wes sgtuetim et tdi jfrmir fn tdi Kgmmai ]irrebipaetieu, fviraffcglh tdi veaaiy fn tdi Kees, wdgbd et tdettgki nafwim et aiest 9-50 k jiafw Rgti I. ]dirinfri gt gs

dghday ulagciay tdet e bflsgmirejai jebchrfulm neule ebbu-kuaetim et tdgs sgti, es kust ji essukim tf ixpaegl e letureaprisilbi fn tdi jfli ketirgea et tdi sgti.

:. ]di tftea ejsilbi fn hlewglh kercs fl tdi Rgti I ketirgea glmgbetis tdet lfl-dfkglgm primetfrs mgm lft paey el

gkpfrtelt rfai gl tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi essikjaehi.2. ]di skeaa essikjaehi gs mfkgletim jy rikegls fn scuaaselm afwir agkjs. Butkercs eri ejsilt, elm sf gs ivgmilbi fn

jriecehi fn tdi jflis nfr kerrfw.

=. ]wf dfrsis elm e riglmiir wiri riprisiltim jy sivireagmiltgngim sciaitea rikegls (sii tejai 58). Es gs tdi besi wgtdeaa kebrfkekkea rikegls nfulm et Rgti I, wi eri mieaglhwgtd yfulh glmgvgmueas (êl Cfansbdftil 5749). ]di aerhilukjir fn yfulh glmgvgmueas fvir tdi agkgtim erie sekpaimwes siil jy êl Cfansbdftil (5749) es e baier glmgbetgfl fn

dfkglgm glvfavikilt gl tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi neulea es

sikjaehi.

Pfglts twf elm tdrii wfuam usueaay ji gltirpritim es

jiglh tdi risuat fn trelspfrt fn kiet-ygiamglh jflis eweynrfk tdi sgti fn tdi glgtgea jutbdirglh fn tdi elgkeas bfl-

birlim (bn. Jglnfrm 5749). ]di ejsilbi fn hlewglh kercssiiks tf ixbaumi tdi pfssgjgagty tdet berlgvfris wiri tdi

bfaaibtglh ehilts fn tdi kiet-ygiamglh jflis. ]dgs aievis us

wgtd twf pfssgjgagtgis? tdi dultglh fn ulixpirgilbim glmgvgmueas fr tdi sbevilhglh fn yfulh elgkeas myglh fn ettrgtgfleabeusis (sii bdeptir 7). Gn tdi essukptgfl kemi gl pfglt 5

ejfvi gs bfrribt -jut dfw bel gt ji iveauetim6- elm tdisgtuetgfl fn tdi sgti et tdi imhi fn tdi Kgmmai ]irrebi 'paetieu' glmiim kecis gt mgnngbuat tf ixpaegl tdi prisilbi fn

berbessis, pert fn tdi Rgti I neule bel ji gltirpritim es tdi

g n g g g a j d g j d g gm n g a d m

©

Ngh. 5:>. Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri? sibtgfl tdrfuhd tdi 'delmexi bdel-lia' (bffrmgletis 5892:>/2577>=).

ngli selms (50 WZ >/:) wgtd gltirbeaetim hrevia aeyirssgat afek, ngli selmy (50 WZ 9/>)

sgat afek (50 WZ 9/>) wgtd bfkkfl viry peai jrfwl (50 WZ 8/=)

kfttais elm viry agttai hrevia. Et gts jesi gs e tdgl hrevia aeyir,bflteglglh stflis fn up tf 9 bk

sgat afek (50 WZ 9/>) wgtd e niw Ni elm Kl bflbritgflspeai jrfwl (50WZ >/2) aekgletim sgat afek, wgtd skeaa nrfstbrebcs, beaberifus

el erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehi. Ebbfrmglh tf êl Cfan

sbdftil (5749), tdi nfssgas fn tdi aerhi elm skeaa kekkeasfn Rgti I devi tf ji rihermim elm trietim es riprisiltglhfli sglhai neule. ]di kfaausbs nfulm et Rgti I (Cugopir5749) eri easf pert fn tdi seki neulea essfbgetgfl.

8.2.>.5 ]di kfaausbel ivgmilbi

Cugopir's (5749) eleaysgs fn tdi wiaa-prisirvim Paigstfbilisdiaas nrfk Rgti I glmgbetis tdi bfkjglim prisilbi fn siviltirristrgea elm ighdt equetgb spibgis gl tdi ketrgx fn tdi

erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehi. ]di aelm slega Pupgaae kusbf-

ruk gs tdi kfst mfkglelt spibgis. ]fhitdir wgtd Agkebgmei

elm ]rgbdge dgspgme gt nfrks tdi keofr pert fn tdi neulearikegls. ]di retdir aerhi lukjir fn nrisdwetir spibgis aim

Cugopir tf bflbaumi tdet tdi neulea essfbgetgfl wes nfrkimgl el fpil erie wgtd e afw vihitetgfl. Rdeaafw pffas elm

55: NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^G ELM E R]ZEW NGLM FN E ' K G B FFY G E L ' DELMETI

wdgbd gs primetim jy tulmre jgrms fn priy aggbi tdi slfwy fwa Lybtie sbelmgebe, easf riprisiltim gl tdi rikegls. ]dgs fwakghdt ji ripflsgjai nfr tdi ejulmelt rikegls fn skeaakekkeas et Rgti I (êl Cfansbdftil 5749). ]di kekkeaessikjaehi easf glbaumim tdi rikegls fn wetirvfai Ervgbfae

tirristrgs. Fn tdi aerhir kekkeas kekkftd, wffYy rdglf-birfs elm riglmiir prinirrim e bfam bYketi elm fpil eries.]di rim miir Birvus iaepdus, wdgbd lfwemeys prinirswffmaelm, siiks tf devi jiil e viry emeptgvi spibgis, esmgsbussim jy êl Cfansbdftil (5749). Ebbfrmglh tf êlCfansbdftil, tdi dejgtets fn tdi ixtelt spibgis elm tdi

]ejai 54? Bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi Ylgt ^G-M Rgti I neule (Neule 9 gl?êl Cfansbdftil 5749).

Neule fn Rgti I? kglgkuk lukjirfn glmgvgmueas

jgrms? Lybtie sbelmgebe slfwy fwa 5

Kekkeas?]eape iurfpie kfai 5Rpirkfpdgaus (Yrfbgtiaaus)

bn.ulmuaetus hrfulm squgrria 5



Cfansbdftil, tdi dejgtets fn tdi ixtelt spibgis elm tdibfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi neule glmgbeti e tulmre/stippi ilvgrflkilt wgtd e bfam elm retdir mry bagketi. Ebbfrmglh tfRtuert (574:), tdi prisilbi fn Birvus iaepdus key pfglt tftdi ejsilbi fn dievy slfwneaas.

8 . 2 . 8 ]DI EHI FN ]DI RG]I I ERRIKJAEHI

]di bfkjgletgfl fn tdi stretghrepdgbea mete elm tdi peaei-filvgrflkiltea elm tepdflfkgbea mete prisiltim ejfvi(baieray) sdfws tdet tdi nglms devi tf ji metim tf e bfampdesi pfst-metglh tdi nfulmetgfl fn tdi gltirhaebgea peaeif-sfa bfrriaetim wgtd tdi Iikgel 'Rfa mi Zfbfurt' (sii easf8.9).

Dievy-kglirea-eleaysgs fn tdi nglm-jierglh aeyir aim

Kigos (5749) tf tdi bflbausgfl tdet tdi simgkiltetgfl fn tdinglm ketrgx tffc paebi gl tdi Kgmmai Xigbdsiagel.

Ebbfrmglh tf êl Cfansbdftil's (5749) peaeifltfafhgbeaessisskilt fn tdi neulea essikjaehi fn Rgti I, dfwivir, tdineule gs fn el Ieray Xigbdsiagel meti.

]f ribflbgai tdisi twf mgnnirglh vgiws, gt bfuam ji es-sukim tdet tdi neulea essikjaehi nfrkim gl tdi IerayXigbdsiagel wes riwfrcim elm ngleaay mipfsgtim gl tdi

Kgmmai Xigbdsidel.E prfvgsgflea IRZ ehi mitirkgletgfl fn e wffaay rdglf-birfs tfftd nrehkilt ygiamim e viry rfuhd istgketi fn gtsehi3 ehis fn 529-5>9 ce elm 509-5:0 ce wiri fjteglim nfrtwf pgibis fn tdi seki tfftd nrehkilt, wdgbd risuat gl elevirehi ehi fn 550-5=0 ce (Hrñl/Cetziljirh, pirs.bfkk.,5749). ]di ilvgrflkiltea mfsi fn tdi metim sekpais demlft jiil kiesurim jut glnirrim nrfk tdi stretghrepdgbeapfsgtgfl fn tdi essikjaehi. ]A bepsuai kiesurikilts gl e

bfkperejai sibtgfl lier Rgti I, dfwivir, bflngrkim tdisfga istgketi tdet dem jiil usim jinfri.

]di jurlt naglt XH 92, wdgbd gs lft el ertinebt, wessujkgttim tf tdi Fxnfrm Zisierbd Aejfretfry nfr Erbdeifa-

Brgbitus kghretfrgus hriy dekstir 5 Mgbrfstflyx tfrquetus erbtgb aikkglh 27 Ervgbfae tirristrgs wetirvfai : Kgbrftus hriheags lerrfw-scuaaim vfai 5 Kgbrftus fibflfkus 5:

Kekkutdus prgkghilgus kekkftd 5 Iquus sp. dfrsi :Bfiafmflte elggqugtetgs wffaay rdglfbirfs 5Birvus iaepdus rim miir 5

Zelhgnir terelmus riglmiir 5Birvgmei glmit. (aerhi miir ) 5 Jfs prgkghilgus/

Jgsfl prgsbus eurfbds/jgsfl 5

tdet tdisi metis devi tf ji usim berinuYy. ]di bfkpfsgtgflfn tdi neule elm gts tepdflfky eariemy ixbaumi e pri-Xigbdsiagel ehi, jibeusi aeti Reeagel neulea rikegls glYlgt ^-J wfuam viry prfjejay devi mibfkpfsim murglh tdiIikgel sfga-nfrketgfl prfbissis.

Nurtdirkfri, e prfjaik wgtd tdi metim ketirgea key jitdi mgsturjelbi fn tdi nglms wdil tdiy wiri rimipfsgtim?

tdi Ylgt >.9 ketrgx, wdgbd bflteglim tdi essikjaehi, glbaumim kely stflis, wdgbd key devi ilaerhim tdi ilvgrflkiltea mfsi ribigvim jy tdi metim sekpais.

8.= E 'Kgbfqugel' delmexi nrfk tdi Jiavçmäri pgt

Fl Nijruery :0td, 5745 tdi eutdfr nfulm e aerhi Kgbf-qugel-typi delmexi gl tdi pgt, et tdi jfttfk fn e ribiltirfsgflea huaaiy tdet dem jiil but jy regl- elm kiatwetirsnafwglh fnn e aerhir ertgngbgea paetieu, bflsgstglh fn e bfk

paiti Ylgt GGG-^ siquilbi, bfvirim jy e niw mibgkitris fn eriklelt fn Ylgt ^G-M. Nghuris 5:8 elm 5:4 gaaustreti tdiertinebt, wdgai nghuri 5:> hgvis e sbdiketgb surviy fn tdistretghrepdy gl tdi irfsgflea huaaiy, wdgbd wes sgtuetim

552 E 'KGBFUYGEL' DELMETI NZFK ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI PG]



Ngh. 5:8. ]di Kgbfqugel delmexi, sbeai :?2 (mrewglh jy A.J.K. îrdert).

tdi bdellia bflteglim baieray riwfrcim ketirgea, agci jrgbcnrehkilts elm pgibis fn paestgb bfaaibtim jy tdi wetir tdetdem rul fnn tdi surnebi fn tdi paetieu.

Gl frmir tf try tf istejagsd gts frghglea pfsgtgfl gl tdibdellia sibtgfl, el erie fn ejt. 9 k\ wes ixbevetim nrfk

tdi tfp fn tdi Xigbdsiagel afiss ritllelts tf tdi aivia wdiritdi delmexi wes nfulm gl tdi meys nfYfwglh tdi mgsbfviry.Lf ertinebts wiri ilbfultirim gl tdgs ixbevetgfl. Murglhtdi ngiamwfrc et Rgti E, gl Kerbd 5745, e naeci wes nfulm gl

gl tdi lihetgvi sbers fn tdi delmexi mgm lft riebt et eaa tfDBa, wdgbd key glmgbeti tdet gts frghglea ketrgx wes pri-Xigbdsiagel simgkilt. Elftdir glmgbetgfl fn gts frghgleahifafhgbea ketrgx key ji tdi surnebi kfmgngbetgfls vgsgjaifl tdi delmexi. Fli sgmi fn tdi ertinebt mgspaeys wglm-

hafss, wdgbd, es yit, gs clfwl flay nrfk ertinebts bfaaibtimnrfk el irfsgflea aivia gl tdi uppir pert fn Ylgt >.9 (^G-M), jiafw tdi Lehiajiic Dfrgzfl kiltgflim ejfvi gl 8.2.:(sii ngh. 5:5). Pgibis bfaaibtim nrfk tdgs aivia, dfwivir,

55= NGLMR EL M RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^G ELM E R]ZEW NGLM FN E 'KGBFUYGEL DEL MET I



bf

æ

559 GL]IZPZI]E]GFL FN ]DI YLG] ^G NGLMR

ea. 57453 ]dgiki 5742e), wdgbd gs segm tf devi jiil nfulmgl tdi 'Iikgel' perejrfwliertd, g.i. gl tdi uppir pert fntdi Reeagel afiss. Jut gt gs viry mgnngbuat tf meti ertinebts jykiels fn erbdeifafhgbea bfkpergsfls. Eaa wi bel sey ejfuttdi Jiavçmäri Kgbfqugel delmexi gs tdet gts stretghrepdgbeapfsgtgfl gs ulbaier elm tdet tdirinfri gt bellft prfvgmi elyivgmilbi nfr tdi mgsbussgfl fl tdi bdrflfstretghrepdy fn tdi'Kgbfqugel' gl lfrtdwistirl Iurfpi (sii? Jfsglscg/Jrul-lebcir 57>73 Aþdr 578:3 ]dgiki 5742e? 5:9-5:>). Flbiehegl wi siik tf ji nebglh el gsfaetim nglm fn e delmexi,wdgbd gs fntil tdi besi wgtd tdgs cglm fn nglm betihfry (sii?

ewegt tdi risuds fn tdi eleaysgs fn tdi niw rikegls fn skeaakekkeas nrfk tdi sgti elm tdi ejsfauti metglh wfrc.

]di querry sgti Aelhwigair gl Xist Hirkely, ejfut 90ck iest fn Keestrgbdt, gs elftdir ixekpai fn e sgti bfkperejai tf Rgti I et Jiavçmäri (Aþdr 578:).

]di metglh ivgmilbi nfr tdi Jiavçmäri sgti I des jiilprisiltim gl tdi privgfus sibtgfl, wdiri gt wes suhhistimtdet tdi erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehi nfrkim gl tdi IerayXigbdsiagel wes riwfrcim elm ngleaay mipfsgtim gl tdiKgmmai Xigbdsiagel. Gl tdi aghdt fn tdi mete fjteglim nrfkRgti O (8.:) gt lfw siiks viry wiaa pfssgjai tdet tdi Rgti I



Rtepirt 5787j3 Ciiaiy 5740). Xi wgaa riturl tf tdgs tfpgb glkfri mitega gl bdeptir 7 (sii easf? Zfijrfics it ea. 5744).

8.9 Gltirpritetgfl fn tdi Ylgt ^G nglms

Gsfaetim ertinebts devi fbbesgfleaay jiil nfulm eaa fvir tdiJiavçmäri pgt et tdi jesi fn Ylgt ^G. Gl 5742, C. Hrfililmgoc elm O.P. mi Xerrgkflt nfulm sivil naglt ertinebtsbflbiltretim et tdi jesi fn Ylgt >.9, gl e Rgti B sibtgfltdrfuhd tdi biltri fn e cerst miprissgfl.

Es stetim ejfvi, tdi Rgti I nglm sbettir kust devi jiilpert fn e aerhir mgstrgjutgfl, riprisiltglh tdi ketirgea ri-kegls fn ieray XigbdsiDel dukel ebtgvgtgis, prisirvim flayafbeaay jy tdi prisilbi fn simgkilt elm ertinebt 'treps'.

E sgti bfkperejai tf Rgti I wes mgsbfvirim gl 5742 jy C.Hrfililmgoc elm I. Kigos fn tdi Jiavçmäri wfrcglh hrfupet Cissiat (Jiahguk), = ck wist fn Jiavçmäri. ]di sgti wesmgsbfvirim gl e systiketgbea glspibtgfl fn tdi afiss ixpfsuribrietim murglh tdi ribflstrubtgfl fn tdi Eajirt Belea. ]disgti, sgtuetim gl e afiss paetieu fl tfp fn (Bejirh) Kgmmai]irrebi hrevias, wes sujsiquiltiay ixbevetim jy tdi Aej-fretfry fn Pridgstfry fn tdi Betdfagb Ylgvirsgty fn Aiuvil.Et Cissiat tdi nglm mgstrgjutgfl wes easf agkgtim tf e miprissgfl, lekiay e huaaiy tdet dem but gltf tdi Reeagel afisssimgkilts. ]di Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb essikjaehi nfulm ettdgs sgti, bflsgstglh fn ejt. 800 ertinebts glbaumglh == 'tffas',wes stretghrepdgbeaay essfbgetim wgtd e neulea essikjaehibfkperejai tf tdet fn Rgti I. Ebbfrmglh tf e priagkgleryripfrt (Aeuwirs/Kigos 5749), tdgs neulea essikjaehi glbaumim rikegls fn Bfiafmflte eltgqugtetgs, Kekkutdus bn.

prgkghilgus, Iquus sp., Zelhgnir terelmus, elm prfjejay

easf Jgsfl prgsbus. Jftd tdi naglt elm tdi neulea essikjaehifn Cissiat sdfw kfri sghls fn eatiretgfl tdel tdi JiavçmäriRgti I essikjaehi. Et Cissiat, nfr glstelbi, kely ertinebtsdem jiil mekehim jy nrfst.

essikjaehi wes frghgleaay sgtuetim gl Ylgt >.5. Gl tdi Kgmmai Xigbdsiagel tdi ketirgea wes irfmim nrfk gts frghgleaketrgx, wdgbd key devi jiil bfkperejai wgtd tdet fn RgtiO. Agci tdi sgtis et Cissiat elm Aelhwigair, Rgti I bel, gl

tdi eutdfr's fpglgfl, ji gltirpritim es e cglm fn 'bflteglir'ngaaim wgtd rikegls fn ieragir Xigbdsiagel dukel ebtgvgtgis,wdgbd devi jiil prisirvim afbeaay gl e prgkery erbdeifafhgbea bfltixt, nfr glstelbi gl tdi Ieray XigbdsiDel 'dukgb'zflis. ]diri eri kely sgtis ettistglh tdisi twf cglms fnprisirvetgfl? gl lfrtdwistirl Nrelbi tdi 'agkfls dukg-näris', nfr glstelbi, glbaumim tdi typgbea Kfustirgel 'EtiagirCiaaiy' et Rt.Ous t-il-Bdeussçi (]unnrieu 5788), wdgai tdiessikjaehi fn Ribagl kiltgflim ejfvi (8.:) dem e sgkgaer

(afiss-) stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl. Et ftdir sgtis tdi glmustrgiswiri nfulm glsgmi e begaafutgs wdgbd dem riwfrcim tdi dukgb dfrgzfls (Kerbfglh, Jusghly, Betghly? bn. ]unnrieu5787).

Mete fn riaivelbi gl mitirkglglh tdi riaetgflsdgp jitwiil Rgti I elm Rgti O wiri fjteglim gl e priagkgleryeleaysgs fn tdi Rgti O naglt ketirgea. Es stetim ejfvi, tdi RgtiO naglt essikjaehi bflteglim tdrii tdgl skeaa 'sfnt -dekkir'naecis, burvim tfwerms tdi mfrsea surnebi eaflh tdi jutt-tf-tgp exgs elm devglh agppim jutts. ]diy wiri gltirpritim esdelmexi risderpilglh/nglgsdglh naecis. ]di tdrii naeciswiri fn e viry aghdt-jrfwl/hriy naglt wgtd skeaa ( 1 5 kk)mfts, wdgbd gs reri et Jiavçmäri. ]di flay ftdir ixekpai fntdgs naglt gs tdi tfp pert fn e pfgltim delmexi nfulm et Rgti I(ngh. 5:2-2). ]di risderpilglh speaas bfuam lft ji ngttim tftdgs nrehkilt, jut tdi tibdlfafhgbea espibts elm tdi prfpir-tgis fn tdi rew ketirgea suhhist tdet tdi tdrii Rgti O naecis

wiri strubc nrfk tdi Rgti I delmexi.]disi mete pfglt tf e riaetgfl jitwiil tdi twf agtdgb

essikjaehis ribfvirim ejfut 590 k nrfk iebd ftdir. Xikust, dfwivir, striss tdi nebt tdet 'Ieray Xigbdsiagel'

55> NGLMR ELM RG]IR MGRBFÎZIM GL YLG] ^G ELM E R]ZEW NGLM FN E ' K G B FFY G E L ' DELMETI

(Zdiglmedail Xistwelm/Ja? Jfsglscg 57>>3 ]dgiki 5742e3Zfbfurt? Bedil/Deiseirts 574=3 Ribagl? ]unnrieu it ea.

57493 Reglt-Oust-il-Bdeussiç? ]unnrieu 5788). ]dgs keyglmgbeti tdet tdi Rgti I neulea essikjaehi wes frghgleaaysgtuetim et e dghdir, beaberifus aivia, tfhitdir wgtd pert fntdi Rgti I naglt ketirgea. Xi mf devi sfki neglt glmgbetgflsfn tdi prisilbi fn subd e 'dghdir' aivia? gl 5749 e nrehkiltfn kekkftd jfli wes ribfrmim ejfvi tdi Ylgt ^G-E'dukgb dfrgzfl' lier Rgti D (lft mgsbussim gl tdgs vfauki),wdgai e nrisd naglt naeci wes nfulm et tdi seki aivia, et ejt.50 k nrfk tdi jfli.

tdet tdi pifpai rispflsgjai nfr tdi brietgfl fn tdi Rgti Oessikjaehi wiri gl fli wey fr elftdir glvfavim gl tdinfrketgfl fn tdi Rgti I ertinebt essikjaehi.:. tdi Rgti I neulea elm agtdgb essikjaehi prfjejay bflteglstdi peagkpsist rikegls fn mgnnirilt dukel ebtgvgtgis siperet-im gl tgki, tdi 'neulea futput' fn wdgbd bfuam flay survgvijibeusi gt wes ikjimmim gl e beaberifus ketrgx, mipfsgtimentir tdi nfrketgfl fn Ylgt >.5.

Gt gs dfwivir easf pfssgjai tdet tdi tftea Rgti I naglt-neulea essikjaehi wes nfrkim gl e riaetgviay sdfrt tgki jytdi seki hrfup fn pifpai. Gl tdgs sbilergf tdi neulea bai



Gl tdi mgsbussgfl fn tdi Rgti I naglt ketirgea wi stetim tdettdi naglt essikjaehi sdfwim lf sghls fn devglh jiil trels-pfrtim fvir bflsgmirejai mgstelbis. Bfkjglglh tdgs essiss-kilt wgtd tdi mete prisiltim diri, tdi eutdfr suhhists tdet

5. tdi delmexi risderpilglh naecis nfulm et Rgti O glmgbeti

kilts fwi tdigr steti fn prisirvetgfl tf tdi afbea prisilbifn beaberifus simgkilts wgtdgl Ylgt >.5. Gl vgiw fn tditepdflfky fn tdi sgti tdi eutdfr prinirs tdi 'peagkpsistsbilergf' nfr tdi gltirpritetgfl fn Rgti I.

Peaeifilvgrflkiltea elm metglh ivgmilbi nfr tdi YlgtG^-B sgtis? el iveauetgfl

4.5 Gltrfmubtgfl

]d g n tdg d t g t t m a t m t

sgtuetim fl subd e 'aivii ', wdgbd dem jiil ennibtim jy cerst

n tg Ng 5:7 g t tg n td g g a



]di egk fn tdgs bdeptir gs tf prisilt elm iveaueti mete

pirteglglh tf tdi peaeifilvgrflkiltea elm bdrflfstre-

tghrepdgbea bfltixt fn tdi kfst gkpfrtelt erbdeifafhgbea

pdilfkile gl tdi pgt, tdi Ylgt G^-B sgtis. Es eariemy

strissim ieragir (bdeptir 9), wi mf lft devi e baier gmie fntdi tgki gltirvea jitwiil tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^-B-G

elm tdi G^-B-GGG sgtis, elm gl nebt eaa tdi Ylgt G^-B sgtis

ripfrtim fl gl tdgs vfauki bfuam ji bflsgmirim bfltikpf-

relifus gl e viry strgbt silsi, g.i. gl tirks fn dulmrims fn

yiers. Jinfri wi mgsbuss tdi peaeifilvgrflkilt fn tdisi

sgtis, dfwivir, gt des tf ji strissim tdet dermay ely ilvg-

rflkiltea glmgbetfrs eri clfwl nrfk tdi Ylgt G^-B 'uppir

aivia' sgtis (bn. bdeptir :). Es tdiri eri lf hifafhgbea rie

sfls tf essuki aerhi tgki mgnnirilbis jitwiil tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi sgtis et tdi twf aivias (sii 9.5) tdi mgsbussgfls gl

tdi prisilt elm tdi nfYfwglh bdeptirs eri jesim fl tdi

essukptgfl tdet Rgtis E, M, N elm C wiri nfrkim ulmir tdi

seki ilvgrflkiltea elm bagketfafhgbea bflmgtgfls es tdi

Ylgt G^-B-G sgtis, nfr wdgbd wi mf devi sfulm ivgmilbi'

]di mete riaivelt tf tdi mgsbussgfl fn tdi ilvgrflkilt

elm bagketi murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn 'tdi' Ylgt G^-B erbdei

fafhgbea essikjaehis wgga ji prisiltim gl perehrepd : fn tdgs

bdeptir, wdgai perehrepd 2 wgaa nfbus fl tdi metglh ivg

milbi.

]di metglh ivgmilbi elm gts gltirpritetgfl jrglhs us tf e

kfri hilirea tfpgb, tdet fn tdi bfrriaetgfl fn afbea ivilts

wgtd stretghrepdgbea sbdikis fn e aerhir sbeai, e stip wdgbd

bflbirls tdi glnirrim 'istejagsdim-nebt' bderebtir fn tdi afbea

elm tdi hilirea siquilbis. ]di prfjaiks ilbfultirim gl

tdgs stip wgaa ji mgsbussim gl tdi nglea pert fn tdgs bdeptir

(4.=).

4.: Ilvgrflkilt elm bagketi murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn

tdi Ylgt G^-B-G erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis

nfrketgfl. Nghuri 5:7 hgvis e ribflstrubtgfl fn tdi frghglea

hifkfrpdfafhy fn tdi sgti prgfr tf tdi cerst mgsturjelbis,

jesim fl mete fjteglim gl tdi 5745-5742 ngiam bekpeghl.

]dgs nghuri wes bflstrubtim es nfYfws. ]di mgsturjelbis

pfstmeti tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi Ylgt 2 hrevia, tdi tfp pert fnwdgbd gs essukim tf devi dem e kfri fr aiss dfrgzfltea

surnebi frghgleaay. ]di peaeifriagin fn Ylgt G^ murglh tdi

nfrketgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea Rgti B essikjaehi gs jesgbea-

ay rinaibtim jy tdi mgstelbi jitwiil tdi tfp fn tdi hrevia

aeyir elm tdi surnebi fbbupgim jy kel. ]di tfp fn tdi Ylgt

2 hrevias wes ribfrmim eaflh tdi ixbevetgfl hrgm-aglis jy

kiels fn keluea elm kibdelgbea jfrglhs. ]di virtgbea

mgstelbi jitwiil tdi tfp fn tdi hrevia elm tdi evirehi

miptd et wdgbd ertinebts wiri nfulm wes pafttim pir squerikitri eaflh tdi hrgm-aglis elm tdi brfss-sibtgfls prfmubim

gl tdgs wey wiri bflvirtim tf fjtegl e rfuhd epprfxgketgfl

fn tdi peaeifriagin fn tdi aivii murglh tdi fbbupetgfl fn tdi

sgti.

]di ivgmilbi fjteglim gl tdgs wey bfrrispflms tf mete

nrfk sibtgfls lft ennibtim jy cerst mgsturjelbis (tf tdi

lfrtdwist fn tdi sgti) elm bflngrkim fur ixpibtetgfls,

jesim fl tdi aetirea hregl-sgzi siquilbi fn tdi sgti, wdiri

tdi simgkilts wiri afekgir gl tdi afwir lfrtdirl elm iest-

irl perts elm aiss ngliay-hreglim gl tdi dghdir biltrea, wist

irl elm sfutdirl perts.

4. :. : ]DI KFAAYRBEL I^GMILBI

Eleaysgs jy ]. Kigoir (5749) fn tdi rgbd kfaausbel neulea

rikegls nrfk tdi Ylgt G^-B simgkilts bflteglglh tdi er

bdeifafhgbea essikjaehis eaafwim e mitegaim ribflstrubtgfl

fn tdi ilvgrflkilt elm bagketi murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn tdierbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis fn sgtis J elm B. ]di sgti H

essikjaehi fbbupgim tdi seki stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl. ]di

kfaausbel neulea rikegls nrfk sgti H devi lft yit jiil

554 PEAEIFIL^GZFLKIL]EA ELM ME]GLH I^GMILBI NFZ ]DI YLG] G^-B RG]IR



Ngh. 5:7. Exflfkitrgb ribflstrubt-

gfl fn tdi kfrpdfafhy fn tdi Rgti Berie et tdi tgki fn tdi nfrketgfl fntdi erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehi.Rii tdi tixt nfr el ixpaeletgfl.

Ylgt G^ kfaausbel neule, Kigoir lftgbim stretghrepdgbea

mgnnirilbis gl spibgis bfkpfsgtgfl tdet siikim tf ji sikg-

glmipilmilt fn tdi simgkiltery nebgis. Kigoir wes ejai tf

mingli ngvi zflis (E-I), iebd zfli jiglh bderebtirgzim jy

tdi ngrst fbburrilbi fn birtegl kfYusb spibgis et gts jesi.]disi wiri gltirpritim es bdrflfafhgbea zflis (sii ngh.

520). ]di ngrst ertinebts ilbfultirim et sgti B wiri sgtuetim

gl tdi afwir pert fn Kigoir's kfaausbel zfli M (ngh. 520).

Gl tdi gkkimgeti surrfulmglhs fn tdi erie sekpaim e pffa

fn hiltay nafwglh tf stehlelt wetir wgtd e kexgkuk miptd

fn 5.9 tf : k wes glmgbetim gl tdi bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi neule.

]di erie gtsian wes prftibtim nrfk tdi kegl striek fn tdi

rgvir elm dem e milsi equetgb vihitetgfl, wdgbd Kigoir desmisbrgjim es e aebustrgli 'lgbdi' gl e keglay nauvgetgai ilvg

rflkilt. Eaflh gts jfrmirs tdgs vihitetgfl wes fn tdi Keh-

lfbergbgfl typi, wdgbd hrfws gl kersdy paebis wgtd et kfst

PZFNGAI KFA :

ga Gga« 2 3

Mgfhrfks fn tlmgvtmuUas

NZIRDXE]IZ

55

s

Mgfhrfks fn sp³bg*s

NZIRD**]Il

Ngh, 520. Prfngai G^Gfaa.:, sgtuetim et tdi lfrtdiestik jfrmir fn Rgti B (trfk Kigoir 5749, nghuri 2).E, J, B elm M fn tdi nrisdwetir ibfafhgbea mgehreks rinir tf spibgis fn?- kersdis (E-G),- stehlelt, pffray vihitetim wetirs (J-G),- stehlelt, wiaa vihitetim wetirs (J-D, J; J-a + J-aa),

m na g (B)

k•z12fzkzD<_Ml



- stehlelt elm nafwglh wetirs (B)- nafwglh wetirs (M).

]di Jgtdylge retgf rinaibts sfrtglh innibts beusim jy kfvikilt fn tngi wetir, e 5?5 retgf fn fpirbuae elm sdiaas jiglh ixprissim es 90%, elm e:?5 retgf es 500% (sii Kigoir 5749).

lrR<DXMB:zfDT k

•l

F90

DF

zf

50 'F \080 « X

Ngh. 525. Mgehreks fn kfaausb spibgis jesim fl e bfkpgaetgfl fn eaa spibgis prisilt gl iebd zfli (nrfk Kigoir 5749, nghuri >). Rii ngh. 520.G, GG elm GGG gl tdi bagketgb mgehreks glmgbeti?G spibgis ixtilmglh lfrtd fn tdi erbtgb bgrbgi, kfst fn tngisi eri bfkkfl fl tdi Iurfpiel keglaelm tff3 spibgis wgtd e ristrgbtim erbtgb

mgstrgjutgfl eri ejsilt gl Ylgt =.GG spibgis wgtd e dejgtet ixtilmglh tf tdi erbtgb bgrbgi fr lft ner sfutd fn rt.GGG spibgis wgtd e dejgtet ixtilmglh flay tf tdi sfutdikkfst pert fn Rbelmglevge fr bflnglim tf tdi Iurfpiel keglaelm.

5:0 PEAEIFIL^GZFLKIL]EA ELM ME]GLH I^GMILBI NFZ ]DI YLG] G^-B RG]IR

nfulm et Rgti B). Fl ivil dghdir hrfulms tdi eamir wffms

bdelhim gltf mibgmufus nfrists fn mrgir dejgtets3 tdiri tdi

vihitetgfl bfuam devi jiil fn el fpil nfrist typi wgtd el

ejulmelt ulmirhrfwtd elm e milsi vihitetgfl fn hressis

elm dirjs gl fpil eries. ]di pfssgjgdty tdet tdiri wes e

pgli nfrist fr e milsi mibgmufus nfrist wgtd agttai fr lf

ulmirhrfwtd bel ji ixbaumim. ]di nfrists fn tdi mrgir

dejgtet key devi jiil fn tdi Nehf-Uuirbituk typi wgtd el

emkgxturi fn dezia. Ebbfrmglh tf Kigoir (5749), tdiri eri

glmgbetgfls tdet Gaix easf hriw diri. Fpil eries dem e milsi

vihitetgfl fn hressis elm dirjs. Ngleaay, gt gs tf ji strissim

ehegl tdet tdgs ribflstrubtgfl fn vihitetgfle! bderebtirgstgbs

]di priYkglery risuats fn tdi eleaysgs fn tdi Rgti H

kfaausbel neule (Mugstirkeet 5748) eri issiltgeaay tdi

seki es tdfsi errgvim et jy Kigoir (5749).

Et Rgti H tdi Ylgt = simgkilt fn 5= k\ wes sgivim

tdrfuhd e 0.9-kk kisd sbriil gl aivias fn 9 bk. Mugstir

keet (5748) eleaysim tdi sgivi risgmui nrfk squeri =4/50>.

]di spibgis bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi neule wes bfkperejai tf

tdet fn Kigoir's kfaausbel zflis M elm I. Gl tdi Rgti H

neulea rikegls, dfwivir, nfur spibgis wiri gmiltgngim wdgbd

wiri lft riprisiltim gl tdi rikegls eleaysim jy Kigoir?

Ezibe hffmeaag, Jiahrelmge kerhglete, Bfbdafmgle aekglete

elm îrtghf eapistrgs (sii 4 = :)



ehegl tdet tdgs ribflstrubtgfl fn vihitetgfle! bderebtirgstgbs

gs jesim sfgiay fl tdi stumy fn kfaausb essikjaehis!

Es bel ji siil gl nghuri 525 (tecil nrfk Kigoir 5749), e

bagketgb trelsgtgfl tffc paebi murglh tdi mipfsgtgfl fn tdi

Ylgt G^ simgkilts. ]di ivgmilbi pfglts tf e saghdtay kfriBfltgliltea bagketi jinfri zfli M tdel entirwerms. ]dgs gs

gl ebbfrmelbi wgtd tdi risuats fjteglim gl tdi stumy fn

virtijreti rikegls jy êl Cfansbdftil (5749), wdf errgvim

et el gmiltgbea bDketgb trelsgtgfl (sii 4.:.2).

]di bagketgb trilms eri wiaa ixprissim jy tdi mivia-

fpkilt fn tdi tirristrgea neule. ]di pirbiltehi fn kfa-

ausbel spibgis agvglh gl wffmaelm ilvgrflkilts glbriesis

nrfk 0% gl zfli E tf eakfst 90% gl zfli I3 tdi pirbilt

ehis fn spibgis agvglh gl fpil tirregl mibriesis nrfk 94% gl

E tf 54% gl I.

Rivilty spibgis wiri gmiltgngim gl zfli I3 tdgs lukjir

elm tdi vergity gl spibgis glmgbeti tdi 'gltirhaebgea' stetus fn

tdi neule. ]di kfst gkpfrtelt spibgis eri Jgtdylge trfsbdi-

Y, wdgbd fbburs gl Afwir elm Kgmmai Paigstfbili gltirhae

bgea mipfsgts gl tdi Litdiraelms, Bfrjgbuae naukgleags, wdgbd

gs essfbgetim wgtd werk-tikpireti stehis, Rpirkfmie aekia-

aete, wdgbd gs bderebtirgstgb fn fam wffmaelm, elm _flgtfgmis

sipuatus, wdgbd gs el ixtglbt spibgis tdet agvim gl kfgst

mibgmufus nfrists fl beaberifus sfgas elm gs clfwl nrfk

Afwir elm Kgmmai Paigstfbili pri-Iikgel gltirhaebgea

mipfsgts.

Kigoir easf glnirrim ejsfauti mete fl tdi bagketi murglh

tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehi jy bfkperg-

sfl wgtd tdi prisilt agvglh bflmgtgfls fn tdi vergfus kfa-

ausbel spibgis. Di bflbaumim tdet tdi zflis nrfk zfli M

upwerm dem jiil nfrkim gl e bagketi bderebtirgzim jy dghdelluea reglneaa (et aiest 400 kk vs. aiss tdel 800 kk et

prisilt). ]di kiel elluea tikpireturi wes et aiest 50°B

(tfmey 7.9-50°B). Kiel Ouay tikpireturis wiri birteglay

elm îrtghf eapistrgs (sii 4.=.:).

]di nrisdwetir neulea rikegls pfglt tf tdi prfxgkgty fn

hiltay nafwglh tf stehlelt wetir3 et Rgti H gtsian tdi pgbturi

gs mfkgletim jy stehlelt wetir, rgbd gl vihitetgfl, wdgbd

hremueaay bdelhim gltf e swekp. Nurtdirkfri, tdi neulepfglts tf tdi prisilbi fn e Kehlfbergbgfl vihitetgfl wgtd

mgspirsim eamir-berrs. Agci Kigoir (5749), Mugstirkeet

glnirs tdet e kgxim mibgmufus nfrist hriw fl dghdir

hrfulms. Ngleaay, gt gs wfrtd kiltgflglh tdet tdi lukjir fn

nfrist spibgis glmiim hremueaay glbriesis gl upwerm mgrib-

tgfl gl tdi Rgti H sibtgfl, jut tdet tdi erbdeifafhgbea ri

kegls wiri mipfsgtim gl e pirgfm gl wdgbd tdi lukjir fn

nfrist spibgis dem mibriesim sghlgngbeltay. ]di kfaausbel

ivgmilbi glmgbetis tdet tdi sgti H ertinebts wiri mipfsgtimgl e pirgfm gl wdgbd tdi erie nfrkim e tikpfrergay fpil

paebi gl e nfristim ilvgrflkilt .

4.: .2 ]DI ÎZ]IJZE]I I^GMILBI

]di risuats fn êl Cfansbdftil's (5749) stumy fn tdi vir

tijreti rikegls bfaaibtim nrfk Ylgt G^ (Ylgts G^-E/G^-B)

suppfrt Kigoir's (5749) gmies fl tdi bYketfafhgbea trelsg

tgfl murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn Ylgt G^.

]di neulea rikegls bfaaibtim gl tdi (kfstay selmy) afwir

perts fn Ylgt G^ (G^-E/G^-J) (êl Cfansbdftil's 5749

Neule 23 sii tejai 57) glbaumim stippi baikilts, nfr ixek-

pai stippi pgce, Fbdftfle pusgaae, hrfulm squgrria, Rpir-

kfpdgaus bn. ulmuaetus, elm dekstir, Brgbitus brgbitus prei-

haebgeags, wdgbd aim êl Cfansbdftil tf bflbaumi tdet tdi

simgkilts dem jiil mipfsgtim gl e stippi ilvgrflkilt, gl e

tikpireti Bfltgliltea bagketi. Rpibgis glmgbetglh tdi pris

ilbi fn wffms key devi bfki nrfk tdi uppir pert fn tdiG^-E/G^-J siquilbi (êl Cfansbdftil, gl priss).

Gl 5748, Ylgt =.= ygiamim e aerhi lukjir fn ertgbuaetim

jflis fn el eakfst bfkpaiti sciaitfl fn el emuat stippi

5:5 IL^GZFLKIL] ELM BAGKE]I MYZGLH ]D I NFZKE]GFL FN ...

]ejai 57? Bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi virtijreti neulea rikegls nrfk tdiafwir pert fn Ylgt G^ (G^-E/J) (Neule 2 gl? el Cfansbdftil5749).

]ejai :0? Bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi virtijreti neulea rikegls nrfk tdiuppir pert fn Ylgt G^ (G^-B-G/GG) (Neule = gl? êl Cfansbdftil57493 easf? êl Cfansbdftil gl priss).

ngsd? AiubACus bipdeausBdflmrfstfke lesus

kekkeas?]eape iurfpeieRfrix erelius

Lifkys nfmgilsFbdftfle pusgaaeRpirkfpdgaus bn. ulmuaetusB g g

bduj

kfaibfkkfl sdriwwetir sdriwstippi pgcehrfulm squgrria

ngsd? Aiubgsbus bipdeausBdflmrfstfke lesus

Isfx aubgus

riptgais? Ikys frjgbuaerAg

jgrms?Eletgmei glmit.

bdujlesipgci

Iurfpiel pflm tfrtfgsi



Bygbitus brgbitus preihaebgeagsBaitdrgflfkys haerifaus

Ervgbfae airristrug Kgbrfau.5 hriheaAg Kgbrftus erveaAs elm/fr Kgbrftus ehristgs Kgbrfaus sp. Epfmikus syavetgbus Epfmikus keestrgbdtgilsgs Kekkutdus sp. Mgbirfrdglus dikgtfibdus

dekstirjelc vfaiwetir vfailerrfw-scuYim vfai

vfaivfaiwffm kfusi

kekkftdstippi rdglfbirfs

nebts, elm jiaflh tf tdi 'leturea jebchrfulm neule' (sii

bdeptir 7.=).

]di neulea rikegls fn tdi afwir pert fn Ylgt G^ elm easf

tdi neulea essikjaehis dghdir up gl tdi Ylgt G^ simgkilts

glbaumim rikegls fn e skeaa- tf kimguk-sgzim kurgm, Epf

mikus. wdgbd, ebbfrmglh tf êl Cfansbdftil (5749), mgnnirs

nrfk eaa itdir Epfmikus spibgis gl tdi stiipliss fn tdi

safpis fn tdi busps gl gts afwir kfaers. êl Cfansbdftil des

lekim tdgs spibgis Epfmikus keestrgbdtgilsgs entir tditfwl fn Keestrgbdt. Ftdir sgtis nrfk wdgbd tdgs spibgis gs

clfwl eri Nrelsbdi Cekp et Xehilglhil (tdi Litdir-

aelms) elm Kgisildigk (Xist Hirkely), jftd Kgmmai

Paigstfbili sgtis, metglh nrfk el gltre-Reeagel werk-tik-

pireti elm e pri-Reeagel werk-tikpireti pdesi, rispib-

tgviay.

]di neulea rikegls fn tdi uppir pert fn Ylgt G^ -wdiri

dukel ebtgvgtgis eri ettistim (Ylgt G^-B)- mf lft glbaumi

stippi spibgis, jut glstiem e hriet lukjir fn spibgis glmgbe-tgvi fn e kfri dukgm ilvgrflkilt. ]ejai :0 (êl Cfan

sbdftil 5749) agsts tdi virtijreti spibgis prisilt gl Ylgt

G^-B-G/GG

kekkeas? Irglebius bn. mevgmg]eape iurfpieRfrix ereliusRfrix kglutus

Lifkys nfmgilsBrfbgmure sp.

Iagfkys quirbglusBaitdrgflfkys haerifaus

Ervgbfae tirristrgsPgtykys bn. sujtirrelius

Kgbrftus fibflfkus Kgbrfaus ehristag Kgbrftus erveags

Epfmikus syavetgbus Epfmikus keestrgbdtgilsgs Kustiae bn. lgveagsIaipdeltgmei glmit.

Iaipdes bn. eltgquus Mgbirfrdglus dikgtfibdusJfvgmei glmit.Birvus iaepdusBirvus (K.) hgheltiusBeprifaus beprifaus

dimhidfhkfai

bfkkfl sdriwpyhky sdriwwetir sdriw

hermil mfrkfusijelc vfaiwetir vfaipgli vfairfft vfaisdfrt-tegaim vfaibfkkfl vfai

wffm kfusi

wiesia

streghdt-tuscim iaipdeltstippi rdglfbirfs

rim miirhgelt miirrfi miir

Iurfpiel pflm tfrtfgsi Ikys frjgbuaergs, wdgbd gldejgts

pflms, aecis elm rgvirs wgtd beak wetirs (Rtuert 5787,

574:), elm riqugris kiel Ouay tikpireturis ixbiimglh

58-54°B tf detbd gts ihhs. ]di lfrtdirl agkgts fn gts burrilt

jriimglh relhi gl lfrtdwistirl Iurfpi agi tf tdi sfutd fn

tdi Litdiraelms. Nurtdir iestwerms, gl biltrea Iurfpi, gt

ixtilms nurtdir tf tdi lfrtd (Rtuert 574:).]di aerhir kekkeas bflviy tdi seki gkprissgfl fn tdi

ilvgrflkilt es tdi skeaair flis. ]di wiesia Kustiae lgveags

agvis gl nfrists wgtd e dghd milsi vihitetgfl ]di rdglfbi

5:: PEAEIFIL^GZFLKIL]EA ELM ME]GLH I^GMILBI NFZ ]DI YLG] G^-B RG]IR

mipfsgtim gl el ilvgrflkilt bflsgstglh fn hressaelms elm

nfrists elm gl e werk-tikpireti bagketi, wdgbd kghdt devi

jiil sfkiwdet werkir tdel fur prisilt-mey bagketi.

4.: .= ]DI PEAEIFJF]ELGBEA I^GMILBI

Mispgti gltilsgvi risierbd et pfaail aejfretfrgis fn tdi

Glstgtuti fn Pridgstfry fn Aigmil Ylgvirsgty elm tdi RtetiHifafhgbea Rurviy Deeraik, lf nfssga pfaail des jiil nfulm

gl tdi Ylgt G^ simgkilts (Mi Oflh 574:). ]di flay peaeif-

jftelgbea ivgmilbi nrfk Ylgt G^ bflsgsts fn tgly bderbfea

pertgbais, kfst fn wdgbd wiri nfulm et Rgti B. E sekpai fn e

skeaa bflbiltretgfl fn bderbfea pertgbais nfulm gl tdi iest-

siltim ejfvi. Afbc (578:) des hgvil e mitegaim misbrgptgfl

fn tdi innibts fn hrezglh jy Dgppfpftekus gl tdi hressaelms

fn Jest Enrgbe, elm des sdfwl tdet tdisi elgkeas eri tdi

kegl beusi fn tdi fjsirvim zfletgfl fn vihitetgfl eaflhsgmi

pirkelilt wetir sfurbis. ]urlir (5789) des suhhistim tdet

aerhi Paigstfbili dirjgvfris agci rdglfbirfs elm iaipdelts

key devi dem e bflsgmirejai innibt fl tdi vihitetgfl jy

kiels fn tdigr hrezglh, jrfwsglh elm trekpaglh ebtgvgtgis,

wdgbd bfuam devi innibtuetim el glbriesi gl fpil tirregls et

tdi bfst fn wffmaelm. ]urlir nurtdirkfri strissis tdet

pfaail spibtre fn sgtis wgtd rgbd nfssga virtijreti neules devi

tf ji gltirpritim viry berinuaay jibeusi neasi gltirpritetgfls



skeaa bflbiltretgfl fn bderbfea pertgbais nfulm gl tdi iest

irl pert fn Rgti B wes eleaysim jy X. Rbdfbd (Aejfr nñr

Uuerteri Dþazir, Jgrkilsmfrn, Rwgtziraelm), wdf mitir-

kglim tdet tdiy beki nrfk bflgnirfus es wiaa es nrfk mibgm-

ufus triis (Rbdfbd, gl agtt. 574:). Di gmiltgngim ighdt pertgbais nrfk tdi aerhir bderbfea bflbiltretgfl gl tdi wistirl

pert fn tdi sgti es Nrexglus sp. (Rbdfbd, gl agtt. 574:) elm e

pgibi fn bderbfea bfaaibtim gl tdi uppir pert fn Ylgt G^

(Ylgt G^-J fr G^-B) gl tdi lighdjfurdffm fn Rgti H es bn.

Uuirbus (Rbdfbd, gl agtt. 574:).

4.:.9 MGRBYRRGFL

Gl tdi privgfus sibtgfls mete devi jiil prisiltim tdet eri

riaivelt nfr ribflstrubtglh tdi peaeifilvgrflkilt elm tdi

bagketi murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^-B erbdeifafh-

gbea essikjaehis. Ivil tdfuhd tdiy eri jesim fl vergfus

cglms fn ivgmilbi elm riaeti tf mgnnirilt perts fn tdi peaei

filvgrflkilt fl mgnnirilt sbeais, tdisi mete suppfrt iebd

ftdir. ]di simgkiltfafhgbea ivgmilbi, nfr ixekpai, gs bfl-

nglim tf tdi rgvir simgkiltetgfl erie, wdgai tdi kfYusbel

essikjaehis prfvgmi Glnfrketgfl ejfut e aerhir erie, kegl-

ay tdi rgvir veaaiy. ]di aerhir virtijretis birteglay rfekim

el erie tdet wes kubd kfri ixtilsgvi tdel tdi rgvir veaaiy.

]di skeaa kekkea essikjaehi gs pertay e prfmubt fn tdi

ebtgvgtgis fn jgrms fn priy, subd es cistria elm juzzerm (Key-

diw 57883 êl Cfansbdftil, pirs.bfkk., 5749). ]di rfai fn

tdi primetfry jgrms gl tdi ebbukuaetgfl fn nfssga rikegls fn

skea! kekkeas gl fpil simgkiltery ilvgrflkilts des jiil

strissim jy Keydiw (5788) gl el ixekgletgfl fn tdi Brf-

kirgel Yppir Nrisdwetir Jim simgkilts et Xist Zultfl,

Ilhaelm. Keydiw easf strissim tdet tdi ixbiaailt steti fnprisirvetgfl fn virtijreai ketirgea gl fwa piaaits kiels tdet

tiitd fn skeaa kekkeas bflteglim gl tdisi piaaits bellft ji

mgstglhugsdim nrfk tiitd glbfrpfretim nrfk kfst ftdir

tf ji gltirpritim viry berinuaay jibeusi neasi gltirpritetgfls

eri pfssgjai fl twf aivias? gl tdi stumy fn tdi afbea vihite-

tgflea subbissgfl elm gl bfkpergsfls wgtd ftdir pfaail

spibtre, wdgbd key devi jiil ennibtim aiss jy 'mgsturjelbi'

jy aerhir dirjgvfris (]urlir 5789? 54).

4.2 Ylgt G^-B? tdi metglh ivgmilbi

4.2 .5 ZIAE]GÎ ME]GLH I^GMILBI

4.2.5.5 ]irrebi stretghrepdy

Et Jiavçmäri tdi Ylgt GGG hrevias fn tdi Bejirh tirrebi eri

fviraegl jy tdi ngli-hreglim Ylgt G^ simgkilts, wdgbd eri

hilitgbeaay riaetim tf tdi mipfsgtgfl fn tdi hrevias. Ylgt G^

wes mipfsgtim tfwerms tdi ilm fn tdi 'Bejirh Kees' ebtgv-

gty, wdil aiss ilirhitgb bflmgtgfls privegaim (êlmiljirhdi

it ea. 5749). Ebbfrmglh tf Peuagssil (5782), tdi Bejirh

]irrebi bel ji metim tf el ieragir pert fn tdi Reeagel. Peu

agssil ribfrmim el Iikgel sfga tdet dem jiil nfrkim gl

bfvirselms fl tfp fn tdi Kgmmai ]irrebi fn Igsmil-Aelc-

aeer (sii bdeptir :), wdgbd gs siperetim nrfk tdi dghdir

Bejirh ]irrebi jy el gkpfrtelt irfsgvi pirgfm. Peuagssil

metis tdi Bejirh ]irrebi tf Zgss G elm tdi tirrebi fn Igs-

mil-Aelcaeer tf Zgss GG.Fl tdi jesgs fn tdi tirrebi bdrflfafhy, tdi Ylgt G^ es

sikjaehis tdirinfri devi tf ji metim tf tdi Reeagel, tdet gs,

gn 'Zgss' gs bfrriaetim wgtd tdi 'ReeDel'.

4.2.5.: Peaeifsfas elm afiss-stretghrepdy

Es sdfwl ejfvi (bdeptir :), tdi sfga tdet dem miviafpim gl

tdi tfp pert fn tdi Ylgt G^/^-E bfkpaix gs fviraegl jy Ylgt

^-J mipfsgts, tdi uppir pert fn wdgbd bflsgsts keglay fn

rimipfsgtim afiss (êlmiljirhdi it ea. 5749). Fl tfp fnYlgt ^-J e mgstglbt erhgaagb dfrgzfl wes fjsirvim, wdgbd gs

bfrriaetim wgtd tdi Iikgel Zfbfurt peaeifsfa (Kñbdir

5749). Ebbfrmglh tf gts dievy kglirea essfbgetgfls, tdi

YLG] G^-B? ]DI ME]GLH I^GMILBI



Ngh. 52:. Jflis nrfk tdi dglm aihs

fn e Mgbirfrdglus dikgtfibdus

glmgvgmuea nfulm gl 5748 gl Ylgt =.=.simgkilts.

5:= PEAEIFIL^GZFLKIL]EA ELM ME]GLH I^GMILBI NFZ ]DI YLG] G^-B RG]IR



Ngh. 522. Miltea iaikilts nrfk tdiuppir oew fn e Mgbirfrdglus dikg-

tfibdus nfulm gl 5748 gl Ylgt =.=.simgkilts.e P:-K2 mixt. (nrfk rghngt tf aint)j P: sgl.b Ka elm K: sgl.

j? ]irkglus pfst quik? Gl tdi Ylgt GGG hrevias ulmir-

ayglh tdi ngliay-hreglim nauvgetgai mipfsgts fn Ylgt G^ tdi

rikegls fn wffaay rdglfbirfs (Bfiafmflte eltgqugtetgs) elm

kekkftd (Kektlutdus prgkghilgus) wiri nfulm. Ebbfrm-

glh tf prisilt clfwaimhi tdisi twf spibgis mf lft fbbur gl

mipfsgts famir tdel tdi ReeYel elm gts stretghrepdgbeg iqugv

eailt, tdi Zgss haebgea fn biltrea elm sfutdwistirl Iurfpi

(êl Cfansbdftil 5749).

]di pgbturi ikirhglh nrfk tdisi mete eagfws us tf paebi tdineulea essikjaehi jitwiil tdi Dfastiglgel elm tdi emvelbi

fn tdi Reeagel gbi sdiit gl tdi biltrea Litdiraelms (êl

Cfansbdftil 5749). ]dirinfri, tdi werk-tikpireti stehi fn

Ylgt G^-B kust ji gltre-Reeagel.

:. Ebbfrmglh tf Kigoir (5749), tdi rgbd kfaausbel essik

jaehi nrfk Ylgt G^-B (8> gmiltgngim spibgis) des tf ji metim

tf el gltirhaebgea stehi. Gl Kigoir's fpglgfl, tdgs stehi kust

primeti tdi Iikgel elm pfstmeti tdi Dfastiglgel.

2. ]di bfkjglim jgfstretghrepdgbea ivgmilbi, jesim fleleaysis fn tdi kekkea elm kfaausbel neulea rikegls nrfk

Ylgt G^-B, eagfws us tf meti tdi Ylgt G^-B essikjaehis tf e

werk-tikpireti gltre-Reeagel bagketgb pdesi jitwiil tdi

Rgti C. ]disi liw risuats bflngrk tdi ]A ehi pujagsdim nfr

Ylgt G^, wdgbd wes jesim fl tdi kiesurikilt fn nfur naglts

nfulm bafsi tf fli elftdir et Rgti B (C=, 9, > elm 52) elm

fli jurlt naglt nrfk Rgti N (Cga). ]di evirehi ehi fjteglim

wes :80 ce (µ 55, µ :: ce, Fx]A 85:c). Ebbfrmglh tf

Duxtejai elm Egtcil (5749), tdi glbausgfl fn C5: (e jurlt

naglt nfulm gl e sibtgfl) elm C5= (fli fn tdi ngrst Rgti H

nglms ribfvirim futsgmi tdi ixbevetim erie) wfuam rimubi

tdgs ehi jy flay 2%. ]di ngrst irrfr agkgt hgvis tdi Rtelmermirrfr mirgvim nrfk tdi sbettir fn tdi glmgvgmuea ehis erfulm

]ejai :5? ]A ehis fjteglim nfr jurlt naglts nrfk tdi G^-B mipfsgtset Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, jesim fl mete gl Duxtejai elm Egtcil5749? Duxtejai, pirs.bfkk., 574>-5748 (sii ngh. 52=).* C58, C57 elm C:2 eri sglhai ehi mitirkgletgfls, wdgbd devi lftyit jiil glbfrpfretim gl tdi evirehi ehi.

Fxnfrm

bfltixt nglm Lf. Aejfretfry

rinirilbi

]A ehi

5:9 YLG] G^-B? ]DI ME]GLH I^GMILBI

pert fn Ylgt G^-B, lier Rgti H (Duxtejai/Egtcil 5749).

]disi beabgti bflbritgfls wiri prfjejay nfrkim murglh tdi

ngrst pirgfm fn sfga nfrketgfl, g.i. murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn

tdi sfga gl tdi tfp pert fn tdi Ylgt G^/Ylgt ^-E bfkpaix.

Gt sdfuam ji kiltgflim diri tdet nfr tdi Jiavçmäri ]A

ehi mitirkgletgfls fl-sgti kiesurikilts wiri kemi wgtd

tdi egm fn ]A bepsuais elm jy kiels fn e pfrtejai hekke

spibtrfkitir (Duxtejai/Egtcil 5749). Nurtdirkfri, ji

beusi tdi elluea mfsi, mitirkglim jy jftd aejfretfry elm

fl-sgti kiesurikilts, gs glnauilbim jy tdi wetir bfltilt fn

tdi sekpai elm tdi sfga gl eltgqugty, ulbirteglty ejfut tdi

wetir bfltilt gs fli fn tdi nebtfrs tdet agkgt tdi ebbureby



Ngh. 52=. Rbettir fn tdi glmgvgmuea ]A ehis fn jurlt naglts nrfk YlgtG^-B (sii tejai :5).

tdi kiel veaui, wdgai tdi sibflm fli gs tdi primgbtim irrfr,

wdgbd gs jesim fl risuats nrfk eaa queltgngejai sfurbis fn

ulbirteglty (Duxtejai/Egtcil 5749). Xgtd >4% bflngmilbi

tdi ehi bel ji segm tf agb wgtdgl e relhi fn :90-:70 ce, elm

wgtd 79% bflngmilbi wgtdgl e relhi fn ::9-259 ce.Entir tdi pujagbetgfl fn tdi ehi fn :80 µ :: ce, twf kfri

jurlt naglts nfulm gl tdi 5749 ixbevetgfl fn Rgti H, C58 elm

C57 elm fli nrfk Rgti C (C:2) wiri metim ]di ]A ehis

etteglejai. ]dirinfri, tdi eutdfr beaaim gl tdi diap fn

Kissrs Jurrfuhd, Mgrcsil elm êl mir Xistirglhd, (wdf

et tdet tgki wfrcim et tdi Ehrgbuaturea Ylgvirsgty fn Xe-

hilglhil) wdf eleaysim tdi kfgsturi bfltilt fn tdi RgtiB/Ylgt =.9 ketrgx (sii Duxtejai/Egtcil 5749). Nurtdir ]A

metglh wfrc jy tdi Fxnfrm aejfretfry gs gl prfhriss.

4.2.:.: Iaibtrfl Rpgl Zisflelbi metglh

Z. Hrñl elm F. Cetziljirh (Ylgvirsgty fn Bfafhli, Xist

Hirkely) eleaysim e kfaausb sekpai elm ngvi tfftd-nreh-

kilts nrfk Ylgt G^-B nfr IRZ metglh purpfsis (nfr mitegas

fn tdgs metglh kitdfm sii Hrñl it ea. 5748). ]di ilvgrfl-

kiltea remgetgfl mfsi fn tdi glvistghetim sekpai wes clfwlflay nfr tdi kfaausb essikjaehi, wdgbd wes bfaaibtim ispi-

bgeaay nfr tdi IRZ metglh prfhrekki. ]di ilvgrflkiltea

remgetgfl mfsi fn tdi tfftd-nrehkilts, wdgbd wiri bfaaibtim

gl 5745 elm 574:, dem tf ji istgketim gl tdi 5749 IRZ

eleaysgs.

Ilekia elm miltgli fn nfssga tiitd eaweys sdfw dghdir

urelguk bfltilts tdel ribilt tiitd. Gl IRZ metglh fn tiitd

tdi quistgfl gs dfw elm wdil tdi urelguk upteci tffc

paebi. Nfr tdi Jiavçmäri sekpai Hrñl beabuaetim twf ehis,

fli usglh el Ieray Ypteci (IY) kfmia, gl wdgbd tdi urelg

uk kghretim gltf tdi miltgli elm ilekia sdfrtay entir tdi

tfftd wes jurgim, elm e Agliegr Ypteci (AY) ehi, wdgbd gs

jesim fl tdi essukptgfl tdet urelguk wes ejsfrjim et e

bflstelt reti entir tdi tgki fn jurgea fn tdi tfftd. AY metis

tilm tf ehrii wgtd glmipilmilt ehi essisskilts kemi wgtd

ftdir kitdfms, wdiries IY metis eri lfrkeaay yfulhir,

mfwl tf ejfut dean fn AY metis (Hrñl it ea. 57483 Rbdwerbzit ea. 5744). ]di ehi mitirkgletgfls fn tdi Jiavçmäri keti-

rgea ygiamim e retdir aerhi sbettir fn ehis wgtd el evirehi

AY ehi fn b. :00 ce, elm el IY ehi fn b. 580 ce (Hrñl,

5:> PEAEIFIL^GZFLKIL]EA ELM ME]GLH I^GMILBI NFZ ]DI YLG] G^-B RG]IR

4.2.2 MGRBYRRGFL

]di bfkjglim metglh ivgmilbi, wdgbd gs sbdiketgbeaay

sukkergzim gl tejai ::, pfglts tf e werk-tikpireti pirgfm

jitwiil tdi Mutbd Dfgstiglgel Gltirhaebgea elm tdi errgvea

fn tdi Reeagel gbi-sdiit gl tdi biltrea Litdiraelms. Ebbfrm-

glh tf tdi ]A metis elm tdi prfvgsgflea IRZ metglh risuats,

tdgs werk-tikpireti pirgfm bel ji paebim rfuhday erfulm

:90 ce.

]di ebbiptim Mutbd stretghrepdy nfr tdgs pert fn tdi

Kgmmai Paigstfbili (nghuri 529, entir _ehwgol 5782) gs jesim

prgkergay fl e bfkjgletgfl fn tdi baessgb hifkfrpdfafhgbea

lfrtdirl Iurfpiel kfmia elm mitegaim pfaail eleaysgs.

Eatd d td J a çmä jg t tg d g j m n a

aF" :0° B



Eatdfuhd tdi Jiavçmäri jgfstretghrepdy gs jesim fl neulea

ivgmilbi, wi key essuki tdet tdi werk-tikpireti Ylgt G^

mipfsgts wiri nfrkim gl tdi riaetgviay werk ieray Reeagel

Dffhiviil Glairstemgea (_ehwgol 5782), wdgbd gs ripri-

siltim gl pfaail mgehreks jitwiil Dfgstiglgel jims elm

aeti Reeagel tgaas. Gl dgs 5782 pepir gl wdgbd di prisiltim

tdi Dffhiviil Gltirstemgea, _ehwgol erhuim tdet tdgs tik-

pireti pdesi bfuam ji baessgngim es el 'gltirhaebgea', jut 'Nfr

tdi tgki jiglh ...', di wrgtis, '... gt gs prinirrim tf baessgny

tdi tikpireti stehi ... es el gltirstemgea fn tdi Reeagel

haebgetgfl ...' (_ehwgol 5782? 59=). ]dgs prinirilbi gs jesim

fl twf erhukilts. Ngrst, gt siikim tf ji e riaetgviay sdfrt

pdesi es bfkperim wgtd tdi Dfgstiglgel gltirhaebgea. Rib-flmay, -keyji es e risuat fn tdgs sdfrt tgki relhi- Pglus elm

Jituge wiri stgaa tdi mfkglelt triis gl dgs mgehreks. ]diri

wes e sdfrt bfam gltirvea jitwiil tdi Dffhiviil Gltirste

mgea elm tdi sfkiwdet bffair Jeltihe gltirstemgea (nghuri

529).

]urlglh lfw tf tdi Fxyhil Gsftfpi Rtretghrepdy, wdgbd

gs tdi kegl bdrflfafhgbea nrekiwfrc fn tdi Paigstfbili, wi

devi tf bflsgmir tdet fbielgb elm tirristrgea ivilts bel

usueaay flay ji bfrriaetim jy kiels fn hifbdrflfkitrgb

metglh (Zfijrfics 574>e). Dfwivir, tdi burrilt agkgts fn

hifbdrflfkitrgb metglh tibdlgquis elm tdi riaetgvi veauis

fn tdi istgketim me tis fn tdi mgnnirilt '\F/'\F stehis

(Rdebcaitfl/Fpmyci 578>) keci bfrriaetglh fbielgb elm

]ejai ::? Rbdiketgb riprisiltetgfl fn tdi kitdfms ikpafyim tfmeti tdi Ylgt G^-B mipfsgts elm tdi risuats fjteglim. ]di kexg

kuk relhi fn glmgvgmuea ]A ehis es sdfwl gl tejai :5 gs hgviljitwiil jrebcits.

Metglh Kitdfm Zisuats

5:8 ]DI BDZFLFAFHGBEA JEBCHZFYLM? EL IÊAYE]GFL

tirristrgea ivilts e dezermfus iltirprgsi. Gn, dfwivir, wi

wgsd tf paey tdi 'Fbielgb-]irristrgea Heki' tdi burrilt

steti fn risierbd eaafws us tf suhhist tdet tdi Ylgt G^-B

werk-tikpireti pdesi bel ji bfrriaetim wgtd Rtehi 8 fn

bfri ^:4-:24 (Rdebcaitfl/Fpmyci 5782). ]di istgketim

meti fn Rtehi 8 gl bfris ^:4-:24 elm ^:4-:27 gs 579-:95 ce

(Rdebcaitfl/Fpmyci 5782, 578>). ]di ehi fn tdgs stehi gs

riaetgviay wiaa clfwl tdelcs tf tdi prisilbi fn e vfabelgbesd aeyir gl sivirea Pebgngb bfris, metim jy kiels fn tdi

C/Er kitdfm tf erfulm :20 ce (Lglcfvgbd/Rdebcaitfl

5789). ]wf sipereti pirgfms devi jiil mgstglhugsdim gl tdi

Rtehi 8 pirgfm fn gfw gbi vfauki, sujmgvgmim jy Rtehi 8j,

wdgbd jihel erfulm :20 ce elm wes bderebtirgzim jy e

sbeais. Gt gs tdi baessgngbetgfl fn tdi afbeaay ribfrmim ivilts

gl tirks fn Uuetirlery dgstfry tdet hgvis rgsi tf kfst prfj-

aiks?

']ilmilbgis tf fvirsgkpagny gl tdgs wey aiem tf liw mgsbfvirgis

jiglh nfrbim gltf e pghifl-dfaim baessgngbetgfl. Rubd erjgtrery

kitdfms tilm tf pirpitueti el gaausgfl fn siburgty elm pribgsgfl gl

el epperiltay ripietim bflngrketgfl fn tdi frghglea kfmia. ]dgs

tilmilby tf bflngrk mgsbfvirgis nrfk agkgtim ekfults fn mete des

jiil beaaim ]di Ziglnfrbikilt Rylmrfki jy Xetcgls (5785).'

(Jfwil 5784? 4)

Gl frmir tf striss tdet el gltirpritetgfl fn tdi Jiavçmäri

metglh ivgmilbi gl tirks fn Uuetirlery dgstfry sbdikis



wdgbd jihel erfulm :20 ce elm wes bderebtirgzim jy e

sghlgngbelt glbriesi gl gbi vfauki. ]dgs Rtehi 8j pirgfm fn

gbi emvelbi gs bflsgmirim jy sfki eutdfrs tf riprisilt e

hafjea 'sdfrt gbi ehi' (Zummgkel/Kbgltyri 574:3 Elmriws

5742).

]di burrilt metglh ivgmilbi nfr tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^-B

simgkilts mfis lft eaafw bfrriaetgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^-B

werk-tikpireti pdesi wgtd fli fn tdi twf sujstehis fn Gfw

gbi vfauki tdet bel ji mgstglhugsdim wgtdgl Rtehi 8.

El gkpfrtelt gkpagbetgfl fn tdi prfpfsim bfrriaetgfl fn

tdi gltre-Reeagel werk-tikpireti pdesi ettistim et Kees-

trgbdt-Jiavçmäri wgtd Fxyhil Gsftfpi Rtehi 8 gs tdet tdi

Mutbd Dfastiglgel gltirhaebgea des tf ji bfrriaetim wgtdFxyhil Gsftfpi Rtehi 7 fr el ivil ieragir fmm-lukjirim

Rtehi (jut sii 4.=.2).

4.= ]di bdrflfafhgbea jebchrfulm? el iveauetgfl

4.=.5 GL]ZFMYB]GFL

Gl tdi bfursi fn tdi gltirmgsbgpaglery glvistghetgfl fn tdi

Jiavçmäri pgt e bflsgmirejai ekfult fn tgki elm ilirhy des

jiil -elm stgaa gs- glvistim gl tdi stumy elm misbrgptgfl fn

sibtgfls elm tdi Gmiltgngbetgfl fn tdi agtdfafhgbea ulgts es tdi

libissery jesgs nfr tdi afbea agtdfstretghrepdy, wdgbd gl turl,

gs tdi jesgs nfr tdi istejagsdkilt fn e bdrflfafhgbea nreki-

wfrc nfr tdi stumy fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea nglms.

Ieragir gl tdgs bdeptir wi devi mgsbussim tdi vergfus

mgnnirilt typis fn riaetgvi elm 'ejsfauti' metglh ivgmilbi

usim gl tdgs epprfebd. Xi devi nurtdirkfri trgim tf gl

tirprit tdi afbea stretghrepdgbea ribfrms fn tdi pgt gl tirks fn

Uuetirlery dgstfry eheglst tdi jebchrfulm fn ftdir nreki-

wfrcs, subd es tdi pfaail-jesim bdrflfstretghrepdgbea suj-

mgvgsgfl fn tdi Mutbd Paigstfbili elm tdi fxyhil gsftfpi

ribfrm.

metglh ivgmilbi gl tirks fn Uuetirlery dgstfry sbdikis

sdfuam flay ji rihermim es e veauejai wfrcglh dypftdisgs,

tdgs perehrepd wgaa miea jrginay wgtd sfki fn tdi jesgb es-

sukptgfls fn tdi hilirea Uuetirlery sbdikis rinirrim tf

ejfvi. Xi wgaa sii tdet (gl emmgtgfl tf tdi prisiltim 'ngt-

fptgfls') eatirletgvi gltirpritetgfls eri stgaa pfssgjai.

4 . = .: JGFR]ZE]GHZEPDGBEA RYJMG^GRGFL FN ]DI

MY]BD UYE]IZLEZW

]di jgfstretghrepdgbea sujmgvgsgfl fn tdi Mutbd Uuetirlery

jims gs jesim keglay fl pfaail eleaysgs (_ehwgol 5749) (sii

ngh. 52>). Kigoir (574>) des prisiltim e priagkglery, lfl-

kergli kfYusb jgfzfletgfl fn tdi Mutbd Uuetirlery, wdgaiêl Cfansbdftil gs wfrcglh fl el gkprfvim virtijreti

zfletgfl (êl Cfansbdftil 5749, gl priss).

]di pfaail ivgmilbi?

Rf ner, pfaail eleaysgs des rivieaim 59 stehis fn werk-

tikpireti bagketgb bflmgtgfls entir tdi ngrst keofr bffaglh fn

tdi pri-]ghagel bfam stehi, wdgbd stertim ejfut :.2 kgaagfl

yiers ehf. _ehwgol (5749? 54) des hgvil e rivgiw fn tdi

mgnnirilt bdrflfstretghrepdgbea sujmgvgsgfls fn tdi Paigstfbili fn tdi Litdiraelms eppagim sglbi 5790, sdfwglh tdet

tdi lukjir fn bfam elm werk pdesis gmiltgngim des gl- \

briesim mreketgbeaay gl tdi aest mibemis. ]di bagketi burvi

burriltay gl usi (ngh. 52>) des e tgki sbeai jesim fl

- remgfberjfl metis fn up tf 90 ce

- tdi ngrst glnaux fn euhgti gl nauvgea Zdgli simgkilts, bfl-

libtim wgtd =00-900 ce fam aeve nafws gl tdi Ignia

- peaeifkehlitgb mete nfr tdi pirgfms jinfri 800 ce.

_ehwgol fjsirvim sfki strgcglh sgkgaergtgis gl tdi Mutbd

Uuetirlery bagketi burvi elm tdi fxyhil gsftfpi stretgh

repdy, '... jut kfri metglh bdibcs wfuam ji liimim tf

5:4 PEAEIFIL^GZFLKIL]EA ELM ME]GLH I^GMILBI NFZ ]DI YLG] G^-B RG]IR

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wdgbd kiels tdet, tdifritgbeaay, el 'glbfrribt' gmiltgngbetgfl

fn el gltirhaebgea, elm tdus fn tdi bdrflfstretghrepdgbea

pfsgtgfl fn tdi rinirilbi neule, bflstgtutis tdi jesgs fn e

bfkpaix systik fn gltirriaetim neasi essukptgfls. Nfr gl-

stelbi, gt kust ji ixpagbgtay strissim diri tdet twf fn tdi

kegl 'virtijreti' erhukilts nfr metglh tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt

G^ neulea rikegls tf e pfst-Dfastiglgel werk-tikpireti

pdesi eri- tdi prisilbi fn Bfiafmflte eltgqugtetgs rikegls gl tdi

Ylgt GGG hrevias. Ebbfrmglh tf Huçrgl (5740), tdgs elgkea

kghretim nrfk Esge tf Iurfpi et tdi jihgllglh fn tdi 'Zgss-

pirgfm' (êl Cfansbdftil 5749).

- tdi prisilbi fn rikegls fn e pert gbuaer sujspibgis fn



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*Rivirea haebglas elm gltirhaebgeaswgtdgl fli Ehi

Ngh. 52>. Bagketi burvi nfr tdi Uuetirlery gl tdi Litdiraelms(sfurbi? _ehwgol 5749).

tdgs essukptgfl jy nfbussglh fl tdi gmiltgngbetgfl fn KgmmaiPaigstfbili gltirhaebgeas es 'Dfastiglgel'. Fli fn tdi besis

misbrgjim gs e jfrglh gl tdi sfutdirl pert fn tdi GOssiakiir?

tdi prisilbi fn rikegls fn e pert gbuaer sujspibgis fn

Ervgbfae tirristrgs tdet glmgbeti tdet tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^

neulea essikjaehi gs yfulhir tdel tdi neulea essikjaehi fn

Liimi (tdi Litdiraelms), wdgbd wes metim tf tdi Dfastig

lgel gltirhaebgea fl tdi jesgs fn pfaail eleaysgs (sii? _eh

wgol 5782? 5=93 êl Cfansbdftil 5749).

]di 'virtijreti' erhukilt gs tdirinfri issiltgeaay jesim

fl tdi Dfastiglgel baessgngbetgfl fn tdi Liimi nafre, jibeusi

tdi pirgfm rinirrim tf jy tdi tirk 'Zgss' wes prfjejay sf

aflh tdet gt bellft devi jiil pribimim jy tdi Mutbd Dfa-

stigl silsu _ehwgol (5782). Xdet gn -tdifritgbeaay- tdi

Liimi nglms sdfuam turl fut tf meti nrfk e pri-Dfastigl

gltirhaebgea6

]di kfaausbel ivgmilbi?

Kigoir's (574>) priagkglery lfl-kergli kfaausbel zfletgfl

fn tdi Mutbd Uuetirlery des nfur zflis, fli fn wdgbd

glbaumis tdi Brfkirgel G^ (Lffrmjirhuk) elm tdi Dfastig

lgel gltirhaebgeas, wdfsi neules eri negray sgkgaer. Jesgbeaay,

Kigoir's jgfzfletgfl gs jesim fl tdi mgseppierelbi fn mi-

kelmglh spibgis gl tdi bfursi fn tdi Paigstfbili, subd es

wffmaelm elm puriay nauvgetgai spibgis wdgbd mipilmim fl ewerk-tikpireti bagketi?

'Ebtueaay gt gs e rihrissgvi miviafpkilt? iviry bfam stehi tffc gts

tfaa fn tdi kfst silsgtgvi pert fn tdi neule. Paebglh tdi kfkilts fn

ixtglbtgfl fn tdisi spibgis gl tdi kfri fr aiss istejagsdim pfaail

zfletgfl gs tdi ngrst stip tf el glmipilmilt Mutbd lfl-kergli

kfaausbel zfletgfl.' (Kigoir 574>? 5>:)

Kigoir usim tdi ejsilbi fn tdi nrisdwetir kfaausbs êavete

letgbgle, Liukeyrge bressgtiste, Jiahrelmge kerhglete elmPgsgmguk baissglg tf istejagsd e tirkglus pfst quik nfr tdi

Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^ neules. ]disi spibgis eri lft clfwl tf

devi fbburrim aetir tdel tdi Dfastiglgel elm et Jiavçmäri

5:7 ]DI BDZFLFAFHGBEA JEBCHZFYLM? EL IÊAYE]GFL

4.=.2 ]DI FTWHIL GRF]FPI ZIBFZM

'Gt gs hilireaay ehriim tdet tf e ngrst epprfxgketgfl, tdi fxyhil

gsftfpi ribfrm tdet gs ribfvirim jy eleaysglh nfrekglgnire gl miip-

sie simgkilt bfris hgvis e dgstfry fn hafjea Bfltgliltea gbi vfauki

elm dilbi fn tdi haebgf-iustetgb bfkpflilt fn sie-aivia bdelhi.'

(Rdebcaitfl 5748? 542).

]di bfkpaixgty fn tdi siquilbi fn ivilts tdet eri ettistim

jy tdi gsftfpi ribfrm des jiil sukkergzim jy Jfwil

(5784) elm jy Rdebcaitfl gl e pepir rinirrim tf ejfvi

(5748). Ebbfrmglh tf Rdebcaitfl, fli fn tdi kfst sirgfus

bfkpagbetgfls gs tdet lf miip-sie bfri des prisirvim e

pirnibt dgstfry fn tdi gsftfpi bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi fbiel El

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pirnibt dgstfry fn tdi gsftfpi bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi fbiel. El

espibt fn tdgs bfkpagbetgfl gs tdet wdetivir nfrekglgnire eri

bdfsil nfr gsftfpgb eleaysgs, vergetgfls gl tdi tikpireturi fn

tdi fbiel wetir gl wdgbd tdiy agvim devi tf ji bflsgmirim.

'Elftdir gs tdi hilireagty tdet lf hifafhgbea ribfrm gs pirnibt3 gl

pertgbuaer, jgfturjetgfl gs e vgrtueaay ulgvirsea sfurbi fn mihreme-

tgfl nfr miip-sie ribfrms.' (Rdebcaitfl 5748? 542)

Gt gs, dfwivir, bfkkfl fpglgfl tdet e sdgnt tf e dghdir '*0

aivia glmgbetis e sdgnt tf e bfamir elm kfri haebgea bagketi

elm tdet tdi ribfrm mfis prfvgmi tdi jist fppfrtulgtgis nfr

mitirkglglh tdi siquilbi fn gbi-sdiit emvelbis elm ritriets

fvir tdi pest sivirea dulmrim tdfuselms fn yiers (Bfviy574=). ]di fxyhil gsftfpi ribfrm des twf emveltehis fvir

tdi kfri tremgtgflea tirristrgea hifafhgbea mete. Gt gs, gl tdi

ngrst paebi, e hafjea ribfrm, wdgbd gs tdfuhdt tf rinaibt

bdelhis gl tdi tftea ekfult fn gbi fl aelm tdi wfram fvir,

es tdiri gs rikercejay agttai vergetgfl ekflh bfris tecil

nrfk mgnnirilt eries . Ribflmay, gt gs e retdir bfltglufus

ribfrm, prfvgmglh el erhuejay bfkpaiti surviy fn tdi iltgri

Uuetirlery.

Fli fn tdi prfjaiks essfbgetim wgtd tdi fxyhil gsftfpi

ribfrm des eaweys jiil tdi mgspaeyglh fn tdi vergfus mete

sits es tgki sirgis. Peaifkehlitgb stumgis elm metglh fn esd

aeyirs prfvim tf ji viry diapnua kitdfms gl tdgs bfltixt

(Rdebcaitfl/Fpmyci 57823 Lglcfvgbd/Rdebcaitfl 5789), jut

e keofr jriectdrfuhd wes tdi ridejgagtetgfl fn tdi Kg-

aelcfvgtbd tdifry, wdgbd suhhists tdet Paigstfbili bdelhis

gl hafjea gbi vfauki wiri bfltrfaaim jy tdi iertd's frjgtea

hifkitry (Deys it ea. 578>). ]dgs tdifry des jiil usim es e

jesgs nfr tdi miviafpkilt fn ngli tgki sbeais nfr tdi fxyhil

gsftfpi ribfrm (Gkjrgi it ea. 574=). Gl tdi bfltixt fn tdi

prisilt vfauki wi eri ispibgeaay gltiristim gl tdi sibflm

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520 PEAEIFIL^GZFLKIL]EA ELM ME]GLH I^GMILBI NFZ ]DI YLG] G^-B RG]IR

lfw evegaejai, fl e viry ngli tgki sbeai (Rdebcaitfl/Pgsges

5749).

Nghuri 528 sdfws bfri ^57-20, pujagsdim wgtd tdi pirkgs-

sgfl fn L.Rdebcaitfl (Bekjrgmhi, gl agtt. 5744). ]di nghuri

sdfws tdi '"F ribfrm gl Yvghirgle siltgbfse nrfk ^57-20,

nrfk Rtehi 7 tf tdi Dfafbili (Rtehi 5). Xi rinir tf Rdebc-

aitfl elm Pgsges (5749? 204-250) nfr mitegas fl tdi kitdfm

wgtd wdgbd tdi tgki sbeai wes fjteglim. Gt gs wfrtd kiltgfl-

glh diri tdet, gl tdigr gltirpritetgfl fn Pebgngb bfri ^:4-:24,

Rdebcaitfl elm Fpmyci (5782) eariemy strissim tdi nebt tdet

Rtehi 8 fn tdet bfri wes gl eaa prfjejgagty lft tf ji iquetim

wgtd tdi 'Dfxlgel' gltirhaebgea. ]di riesfl nfr tdgs des

ribiltay jiil wfrcim fut gl mitega jy Rdebcaitfl (5748),

Et prisilt, flay niw risierbdirs wfuam bfrriaeti Rtehi 8

wgtd 'tdi' Dfastigl gltirhaebgea. Gl e rivgiw fn tdi Rwel-

sbfkji hifafhgbea mipfsgts elm frhelgb rikegls, Dujjerm

(574:), nfr glstelbi, des prfpfsim e bfrriaetgfl wgtd Rtehi

55, wdgai Jrullebcir (gl? Jrullebcir it ea. 574:? :=9)

siiks tf teci e sgkgaer pfsgtgfl jy paebglh twf gltirhaebgeas

gl tdi 'Reeai-Ceatzigt' (sii easf? Cucae 57883 Rerltdigk it

ea. 574>3 Rdebcaitfl 5748).

]di agkgts fn sf-beaaim 'ejsfauti' metglh kitdfms (elm

ispibgeaay fn kely fn tdi 'bfrriaetgfl hekis' jesim fl gt)

eri gaaustretim jy tdi burrilt mgsbussgfl jitwiil twf hrfups

fn spibgeagsts wdf usim tdi IRZ metglh kitdfm fl sdiaa

sekpais nrfk Dfastiglgel jims gl tdi typi erie gl frmir tf



y y ( ),

wdf des tebcaim tdi prfjaik fn tdi sie aivias fn tdi haebgea

elm gltirhaebgea stehis fn tdi Jruldis pirgfm. Fl tdi jesgs

fn tdi eleaysgs fn e aerhi lukjir fn bfris di bflbaumis tdet

tdi ixtrikis fn stehis 5, 9i, 7 elm 55 eri viry sgkgaer?

'Et prisilt G mf lft jiagivi tdet wi bel bflngmiltay steti tdet

ely fli fn tdisi nfur gltirhaebgeas riebdim e sghlgngbeltay mgnnirilt

aivi! tdel elftdir.' (Rdebcaitfl 5748? 54>)

]disi nfur 'gltirhaebgea' piecs 5, 9, 7 elm 55 eri, dfwivir,

gsftfpgbeaay sghlgngbeltay aghdtir tdel tdfsi fn Rtehis 8, 52,

59 elm 57. Flay wgtd Rtehi :2, gl tdi Oerekgaaf lfrkea

ivilt, gs el 'gltirhaebgea' ettistim wdgbd gs gsftfpgbeaay sgkgaer tf tdi Dfafbili. Rdebcaitfl suhhists tdet murglh tdi

Rtehi 8, 52, 59 elm 57 'gltirhaebgeas' kfri ixtilsgvi gbi beps

rikeglim prisilt gl tdi lfrtdirl dikgspdiri, risuatglh gl e

riaetgviay afw sie-aivia.

Gl mgsbussglh tdi Ylgt G^-B metglh ivgmilbi wi devi

eariemy suhhistim e bfrriaetgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^-B werk-

tikpireti pdesi wgtd Rtehi 8, e pirgfm fn afw gbi vfauki

wdgbd gs gltirruptim jy e sdfrt pirgfm fn gbi-glbriesi (suj

stehi 8j) wdgbd key riprisilt e bffaglh fn haebgea gltilsgty(Zummgkel/Kebgltyri 574:3 Elmriws 5742).

Xi tdirinfri devi tf bflsgmir tdi pfssgjgagty tdet suj

stehis 8b (:90-:20 ce) elm 8e (::0-:00 ce), jiglh mgvgmim jy

el epprfxgketiay 59,000 yiers-aflh pirgfm fn hafjea bffa

glh, wiri bderebtirgzim jy mgnnirilt nafres elm neules,

wdgbd kghdt ji fli fn tdi ixpaeletgfls nfr tdi gltirhaebgea

'trenngb-oek' gl tdgs aetir pert fn tdi Kgmmgi Paigstfbili? tdi

burrilt kerhgls fn irrfr fn hifbdrflfkitrgb metglh kitdfms

eri tff aerhi tf eaafw us tf esbrgji neules tf Rtehi 8b fr

Rtehi 8e fl tdi jesgs fn tdi 'ejsfauti' metis eafli. ]dgs

kiels tdet dypftditgbeaay jgfstret ghrepdgbeaay mgnnirilt

sekpais nrfk Dfastiglgel jims gl tdi typi erie gl frmir tf

mitirkgli tdi bdrflfstretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl fn tdi Dfastigl

gltirhaebgea elm gts bfrriaetgfl wgtd tdi gsftfpi stretghrepdy.

Rerltdigk it ea. (574>) bflbaumi tdet tdi Dfastiglgel bfrri-aetis wgtd fxyhil gsftfpi Rtehi 55, wdiries Aglci it ea.

(5749) essghl gt tf Rtehi 8. Gl tdi mgsbussgfl hiliretim jy

tdisi bflnagbtglh risuats (sii? Rbdwerbz/Hrñl 5744 vs. Jere-

jes it ea. 5744) wi fjsirvi tdet tdi kegl beusi fn tdi mgnnir-

ilbis agis gl tdi nebt tdet tdi twf hrfups jftd devi tdigr

fwl kitdfms nfr mimubglh ehis nrfk tdi IRZ sghleas fn tdi

sekpais stumgim. Rf diri wi devi tdi (dghday glnfrketgvi!)

sgtuetgfl tdet tdi Dfastiglgel et gts afbus typgbus gl lfrtd-

wistirl Hirkely des jiil essghlim 'ejsfauti' metis relh-glh nrfk epprfxgketiay :00 tf ==0 ce!

Gn wi agkgt fursiavis tf tdi Mutbd Paigstfbili mete, gt gs

gkpfssgjai tf rioibt e bfrriaetgfl fn tdi Mutbd Dfastiglgel

wgtd sujstehi 8b? tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt GGG hrevias bfuam devi

jiil mipfsgtim gl tdi 'bfam' pdesi 8j, wdgbd wfuam tdil

kiel tdet tdi Ylgt G^ werk-tikpireti pdesi wfuam devi

tf ji sdgntim upwerms tf sujstehi 8e. ]di pri-Iikgel

auvgsfa nfrkim gl tdi tfp pert fn tdi Ylgt G^/^-E simgkilts

bfuam tdil ji ngttim lietay gltf tdi 'tikpireti' jihgllglh fn

Rtehi >, bfltikpfrelifus wgtd tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi 'tik

pireti' neulea essikjaehi fn Jgebdi-Reglt-êest gl lfrtdirl

Nrelbi elm tdi tikpireti skeaa kekkeas essikjaehis

bflteglglh Ervgbfae tirristrgs nfulm gl simgkilts pusdim up

jy tdi Reeagel gbi et Zdilil (tdi Litdiraelms, êl Cfan

sbdftil 5745). Bdffsglh tdgs gltirpritetgfl, dfwivir,

kiels mgskgssglh tdi 'sie aivia erhukilts' fn Rdebcaitfl

elm ftdirs rinirrim tf ejfvi.

]di pfglt G wgsd tf keci diri gs tdet tdi riaetgvi iesi

wgtd wdgbd mgnnirilt bfrriaetgfl hekis bel ji paeyim kiels

tdet erbdeifafhgsts wfrcglh wgtd mete nrfk tdgs tgki relhi

525 ]DI BDZFLFAFHGBEA JEBCHZFYLM? EL IÊAYE]GFL

lftis

' Gt gs, dfwivir, wfrtd kiltgflglh tdet Kigoir's stumy fn tdi YlgtG^-B kfaausbs aim dgk tf glnir tdet jy tdi tgki fn tdi nfrketgfl fntdi uppir pert fn tdi Ylgt G^-B-GG beaberifus tunes'... tdi bagketgbfptgkuk dem eariemy jiil pessim ..." (Kigoir 5749? 7=).

' Gl ieragir pujagbetgfls fl tdi Jiavçmäri neule (i.h. Zfijrfics ia

ea. 57423 el Cfansbdftil 57493 Zfijrfics 574>e) tdgs spibgis wesmisbrgjim es Ervgbfae beltgeleatirristrgs. Zibiltay, êl Cfansbdftil(gl priss) des mibgmim tf easf baessgny tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^ Ervgbfae es Ervgbfae tirristrgs. Dfwivir, di strissis tdi jgfstretghrepdgbeapfsgtgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^ Ervgbfaes.

•' Zibiltay, dfwivir. Mugstirkeet (5748) mitirkglim tdiprisilbifn Jiahrelmge kerhglete gl tdi Rgti H kfaausb essikjaehi (sii



fn Jiahrelmge kerhglete gl tdi Rgti H kfaausb essikjaehi (sii4.:.:).

52:



7 ]di Jiavçmäri 'mete'? gkpagbetgfls nfr tdi

gltirpritetgfl fn dfkglgm jidevgfur gltdi Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb

7.5 GltrfmubtgflGl tdgs bdeptir sfki gkpagbetgfls fn tdi risuats fn tdi Jiavçmäri stumgis wgaa ji mgsbussim gl tirks fn tdigr glnirrim

retdir sujoibtgvi, elm tdi eutdfr mgm birteglay lft try tf

prfvgmi el ixdeustgvi surviy.]di nglea perehrepd fn tdgs bdeptir (7.>) nfbussis fl tdi



riaivelbi nfr tdi stumy fn Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb dfkglgmjidevgfur. Gl tdi ngrst sibtgfl (7.:) wi wgaa nfbus fl e mgsbussgfl fn tdi glnfrketgvi veaui fn tdi Ylgt G^-B sgtis,trietglh subd tfpgbs es gltir-sgti vergetgfl elm tdi mihrii gl

wdgbd tdi Jiavçmäri sgtis eri riprisiltetgvi fn KgmmgiPeaeifagtdgb sgtis gl hilirea.

]dgs sdfrt mgsbussgfl wgaa ji nfagfwim jy e kfri hilireatfpgb, tdi rfai fn tdi trelspfrt fn stfli ertinebts gl tdi

nfrketgfl fn gltir-essikjaehi vergejgagty. ]di spibgngb nglmbgrbukstelbis gl tdi Jiavçmäri pgt elm tdigr gltirpritetgvipfssgjgagtgis aim tf tdi nfrkuaetgfl fn tdgs risierbd quistgfl,

wdgbd des jiil tfubdim upfl gl ieragir perts fn tdgs vfauki. Gl sibtgfl 7.2 tdi rfai fn tdi trelspfrt fn agtdgbs wgaa ji

mgsbussim gl tdi jrfemir bfltixt fn tdi Iurfpiel Afwirelm Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb.

Ribtgfl 7.= mieas wgtd tdi prfjaik fn mgsbrgkgletglhjitwiil 'lfrkea' jebchrfulm neule elm neulea baikiltsgltrfmubim jy dfkglgms, e prfjaik ispibgeaay riaivelt tf

Rgti-H-agci bflstiaaetgfls wdgbd des eariemy jiil mgsbussimgl sfki mitega gl tdet bfltixt.

Gl sibtgfl 7.9 e agkgtim lukjir fn lfrtdirl Iurfpiel ciy

sgtis fn 'kfri fr aiss' tdi seki ehi es tdi Ylgt G^-B sgtiswgaa ji rivgiwim gl tdi bfltixt fn tdi tfpgbs mgsbussim ieragir gl tdgs bdeptir (7.:-7.=) elm gl bdeptir 4. ]di bdfgbi fn

tdi sgtis elm tdi siquilbi gl wdgbd tdiy eri mgsbussim gs

psiumf-ertinebt prfjaik, e sujoibt tdet agis sfkiwdetfutsgmi fn tdi sbfpi fn tdgs vfauki, jut wgtd wdgbd wi eri

bflnrfltim wdil teacglh ejfut tdi bfaflgzetgfl fn lfrtdirlIurfpi jy Kgmmgi Paigstfbili dfkglgms.

Nghuri 524, ngleaay, prfvgmis e kep fn tdi erbdeifafhgbeasgtis kiltgflim gl tdgs bdeptir.

7.: ]di Ylgt G^-B sgtis? el iveauetgfl]di jesgb gmie jidglm tdi Jiavçmäri prfoibt elm tdi oustgng-betgfl nfr tdi tgki elm ilirhy put gltf gt gs tdi dypftdisgstdet tdi erie surviyim gl tdi bfursi fn tdi pest ighdt yiers

elm tdi sgtis mgsbfvirim gl tdet erie eri gl ili wey frelftdir riprisiltetgvi fn e ner aerhir erie tdel Rfutd Agkjurh, elm, pirdeps, fn e (kubd) aflhir tgki pirgfm.

Xdet liw Glnfrketgfl -fli kghdt esc- devi tdi Jiavçmäri sgtis hgvil us ejfut dukel jidevgfur gl tdi KgmmgiPeaeifagtdgb elm dfw riprisiltetgvi eri tdisi glnirrim nfrksfn jidevgfur6

Nfr el iveauetgfl fn tdi sgtis gt kust ji strissim tdet, gleaa prfjejgagty, tdiy bel ji gltirpritim es tdi rikegls fn

fli elm tdi seki buaturea systik, wdgbd wiri brietim ulmirkfri fr aiss tdi seki ilvgrflkiltea bflmgtgfls, fvir eriaetgviay sdfrt pirgfm fn tgki. ]di sgtis eri bfltikpfreli-

fus gl Paigstfbili tirks, devglh jiil nfrkim gl tdi sekiwerk-tikpireti pirgfm. ]di Ylgt G^-B-G sgtis e ri viry

]ejai :2? E bfkpergsfl fn tdi kegl Ylgt G^-B prgkery-bfltixt sgtis.

Rgti Erie Ertinebts nfulm Zetgf Milsgtymuh ]ffas ' Bfris Naecis ]ftea ]ffas? Bfris? Ertinebts ]ffas

52=]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI ' M E ] E '



Zh. 524. Kep fn tdi sgtis kiltgflim gl tdi tixt fn bdeptir 7. ]di sgtuetgfl fn Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri gs glmgbetim jy e jaebc mft.5. Ebdildigk, :. Ekjrfle, 2. Ergilmfrn, =. Jecir's Dfai, 9. Jgebdi-Rt.-êest, >. Jgazglhsaijil, 8. Jfxhrfvi, 4. Behly, 7. Bçrfux-Kfusty/Fttghly, aF.BGebtfl, 55. Ae Bftti mi Rt. Jriaemi, 5:. Idrglhsmfrn, 52. Irkgtehi, 5=. Deaikjeyi, 59. Dghd Afmhi, 5>. Dfxli, 58. Gsirlge, 54.Ceragbd, 57. CuGle, :0. Aidrglhil, :5 . Kerccaiijirh, ::. Keuir, :2. Kisvgl, :=. Kgisildigk, :9. Kfltgäris, :>. Prçaçtelh, :8. Zdiglmedail,:4. Zdilil, :7. Rt.êest-ae-Dfuhui, 20. Rprgkflt, 25. Rwelsbfkji, 2:. ]ete, 22. ]eujebd, 2=. ]eutevia, 29. ]frregje, 2>. ]furvgaai-ae-Zgvaäri, 28. Hrftti êunriy, 24. ^çrtçsszþaaþs, 27. ^faaiziai, =0. Xistjury-suj-Kilmgp.

prfjejay bfltikpfrelifus gl tirks fn ehi mgnnirilbis fnsivirea dulmrims fn yiers. ]di ehi mgnnirilbi jitwiil tdiafwir-(G^-B-G) elm uppir-aivia (G^-B-GGG) sgtis gs kfrimgnngbuat tf istgketi, es eariemy mgsbussim gl privgfus bdep-tirs. ]diri eri, dfwivir, lf hifafhgbea erhukilts nfressukglh aerhi tgki mgnnirilbis, g.i. tdfuselms fn yiers.

Gl emmgtgfl tf bfltikpfreligty, wi key essuki tdet lfsghlgngbelt bdelhis gl rew ketirgea evegaejgagty tffc paebimurglh tdi riaetgviay sdfrt pirgfm fn tdi nfrketgfl fn tdierbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis. Ngleaay, tdi sgtis wiri eaa mgs-bfvirim wgtdgl e skeaa erie, fn epprfxgketiay ngvi dibteris.

Gt gs tdirinfri gltiristglh tf lfti, nfr glstelbi, tdi mgnnir

]di bfkpergsfl fn tdisi glmgvgmuea sgtis, dfwivir, prisilts birtegl agkgtetgfls, wdgbd eri ispibgeaay bfllibtimwgtd mgnnirilbis gl ixbevetgfl tibdlgquis, gl tdi mihrii tfwdgbd ikpty squeris wiri glbfrpfretim gl tdi ixbevetimerie, itb. ]disi agkgtetgfls eri iesy tf fvirbfki tdfuhd gntdiy eri ixpagbgtay tecil gl bflsgmiretgfl gl bfkperglhspibgngb espibts fn tdi mgnnirilt sgtis.

]ejai :2 sdfws tdet tdi keofrgty fn tdi Ylgt G^-B sgtiseri viry 'pffr' sgtis gl tirks fn tdi lukjirs fn tffas elmbfris elm tdi ekfult fn naecim stfli ketirgea. ]diy eri,dfwivir, 'rgbd' gl tdet tdi mgnnirilbis lftim ejfvi bellftji ixpaeglim ewey jy rinirrglh tf nebtfrs bfkkflay usim gl

529 ]DI YLG] gv-b RG]IR? EL IÊAYE] GFL

ilbis, riaetgvi nriquilby fn 'tffas' elm bfris elm gl tirks fnringt fjsirvetgfls, bel ji ixpaeglim jy rinirrglh tf tdipfsgtgfl fn wdet wi beaa e sgti gl e hifhrepdgbeaay aerhirnaglt-afhgstgbea systik, gl wdgbd bfris, naecis elm tffas wirikelunebturim, trelspfrtim, usim elm mgsbermim et retismgbtetim jy tdi eltgbgpetgfl fn ebtgvgtgis fl tdi fli delmelm tdi liims fn tdi kfkilt fl tdi ftdir (sii 7.2).

]di Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^-B 'sgtis', veryglh nrfk afw-milsg-ty 'fnn-sgti' sbettirs (Rgti H) tf dghd-milsgty sgtis (Rgti C),eri viry prfjejay riprisiltetgvi fn mijrgs sbettirs prfmubimjy Kgmmai Paigstfbili dfkglgms gl simgkilt-ribigvglhrgvirsgmi eries jut wi bellft sey elytdglh kielglhnuaejfut tdigr riaetgfl tf sgtis nfrkim fl dghdir tirregls.

vergetgfls gl ertinebt milsgtgis. Eri 'rgbd' sgtis oust e bflsi-quilbi fn e peagkpsist mipfsgtgfl fn kely 'pffr' essikjaehis, fr eri wi affcglh et tdi sghleturis fn ftdir prfb-issis, nfr glstelbi tdi bfltglufus elm ulgltirruptim usi fnsgtis6 Fli wey fn istejagsdglh tdgs bfuam ji stumyglh tdimgnnirilbis gl tdi bfltilts fn tdi essikjaehis.

Livirtdiaiss, gt gs viry prfjejai, elm gl ely besi el

gltiristglh wfrcglh dypftdisgs, tdet e aerhi lukjir fn tdi'rgbd' essikjaehis, subd es Jgebdi-Reglt-êest gl lfrtdirlNrelbi, eri tdi risuats fn tdi ripietim mipfsgtgfl fn 'pffr'essikjaehis et e reti dghd ilfuhd tf surpess simgkiltetgfl,wdgbd bfuam devi stretghrepdgbeaay gsfaetim tdisi 'pffr'essikjaehis wdil tdi reti fn simgkiltetgfl wes dghdir.'P ' ja g td t gt t g a t td



Et Jiavçmäri wi eri mieaglh keglay wgtd sgtis wdgbd, gltdi pest (6), kely erbdeifafhgsts kghdt devi bflsgmirim lft

wfrtdy fn ixbevetgfl, es tdi ejsfauti lukjirs fn ertinebts,elm ispibgeaay tffas, eri hilireaay viry afw. Ivil tdil, tdisgtis ixbevetim eri fl tdi wdfai naglt-rgbd sgtis, agci Rgtis B,N elm C, wdgbd devi e kubd hrietir erbdeifafhgbea vgsgjgagtytdel afw-milsgty ertinebt sbettirs Dci Rgti H, ispibgeaay gnlf jfli ketirgea gs prisirvim. ]di niw 'afw-milsgty sgtis'clfwl nrfk tdi Iurfpiel Afwir elm Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgbwiri, lft surprgsglhay, glmiim ixbevetim tdelcs tf tdi hrieterbdeifafhgbea vgsgjgagty fn tdi essfbgetim jfli ketirgea.

]di spibtebuaer neulea rikegls et ]frreaje elm Ekjrfle(Dfwiaa 57>>3 Nriikel 5789) wiri ebbfkpelgim jy e riae-tgviay skeaa lukjir fn stfli ertinebts, sfki fn wdgbd(delmexis) dem jiil gkpfrtim tf tdi sgtis nrfk sfurbisayglh sivirea mfzils fn cgafkitris ewey (Dfwiaa 5744).Agciwgsi, tdi Iikgel sgti et Aidrglhil (Emek 57953]dgiki/îga 5749) wes mgsbfvirim tdelcs tf iaipdelt rikegls, wdgbd turlim fut tf ji essfbgetim wgtd e skeaa lukjir fn naglt ertinebts. Reeagel afw-milsgty sgtis, eaa mgsbfv

irim jibeusi fn tdi prisilbi fn neulea rikegls, eri clfwlnrfk Ergilmfrn gl tdi Hirkel Liuwgim jesgl (nglm aivia G,]urlir 574>), elm nrfk tdi sgtis ]furvgaai-ae-Zgvgäri (êa-agl 574=) elm Ebdildigk gl lfrtdirl Nrelbi. Et Ebdil-digk, Rfa 8=, ngrst bflsgmirim tf ji fn Ieray Xigbdsiagelehi (]divilgl/Reglty 578=) jut lfw gltirpritim es metglhnrfk tdi aest bfam pdesi fn tdi Reedel bfkpaix (Digk it ea.

574:), ygiamim rikegls fn dfrsi, wffaay rdglf, hgelt miir,jgsfl elm kekkftd fvir el erie fn :00 k\, gl e milsgtymgstrgjutgfl bfkperejai tf tdet fn Rgti H, wdgbd wes essfbgetim wgtd flay e skeaa lukjir fn ertinebts.

Afw milsgty sbettirs fn tdi Rgti H typi eri ulmfujtimay

'Pffr' essikjaehis hgvi us tdi fppfrtulgty tf gsfaeti tdiglmgvgmuea mipfsgtgflea prfbissis jidglm tdi nfrketgfl fnaerhir agtdgb essikjaehis.

Xdet bel tdisi gsfaetim mipfsgtgflea ivilts tiga us ejfuttdi jidevgfur fn Kgmmai Paigstfbili dfkglgms gl tirks fntdi nulbtgflea bderebtir fn e sgti wgtd rispibt tf tdi bfltixtfn tdi sujsgstilbi-sittaikilt systik gl wdgbd tdi sgti wesnfrkim6 Gl tryglh tf elswir tdgs quistgfl wi eri nebim wgtdtwf keofr prfjaiks, jftd mieaglh issiltgeaay wgtd tdi bderebtir fn tdi Paigstfbili erbdeifafhgbea ribfrm. ]di ngrstprfjaik gs tdet eariemy mgsbussim gl ixtilsf ejfvi, lekiay

tdi prfjaik fn tdi frhelgsim virsus bfkpfulm iltgty mgsbussgfl. Nfr glstelbi, dfw mf wi ixpibt tf erbdeifafhgbeaayribfhlgzi 'jesi bekps' gl tdi bfltixt fn tdgs mgsbussgfl6Jglnfrm elm Jglnfrm (57>>) suhhistim tdet erbdeifafhgbeaivgmilbi fn kegltilelbi ebtgvgtgis, tdi priperetgfl elmbflsukptgfl fn nffm elm tdi kelunebturi fn tffas nfr usi etftdir sgtis bfuam prfvgmi sfulm ivgmilbi fn 'jesi bekps'.Ysueaay, dfwivir, tdi leturi fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea ribfrm gssubd tdet gt gs vgrtueaay gkpfssgjai tf mgstglhugsd jitwiil e

'jesi bekp' essikjaehi elm e peagkpsist essikjaehinfrkim gl sivirea glmipilmilt mipfsgtgflea ivilts spebim gltgki. Xi eri mieaglh wgtd essikjaehis minglim jy tdriispetgea bffrmgletis, wgtdfut devglh ilfuhd clfwaimhi fntdi nebtfr tgki glvfavim gl tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi spetgeaehhriheti.

]difritgbeaay, flay e viry strgbt spetgeaay frhelgsim usi fne sgti bfuam pfssgjay ji e belmgmeti nfr el gltirpritetgfl gl

tirks fn fli fn tdi kely sgti typis mgstglhugsdim jy mgnnirilt eutdfrs. Nurtdir iaejfretgfl fn tdgs prfjaik gs libis-sery gn Peaeifagtdgb erbdeifafhy wgsdis tf kielglhnuaayessghl e 'nulbtgfl' tf sgtis peglstecglhay ixbevetim elm

52> ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI ' M E ]E '

tf tdi Kgmmai elm Aeti Paigstfbili flis gl Iurfpi, fwitdigr steti fn prisirvetgfl tf nauvgea elm aebustrgli simg-kiltetgfl, wdgbd ilbesim tdi erbdeifafhgbea rikegls glngliay-hreglim ketrgbis. ]f kiltgfl flay e niw lfrtdirlIurfpiel ixekpais wi bel bgti Rwelsbfkji, Dfxli,Baebtfl, Dghd Afmhi elm Jfxhrfvi gl Ilhgelm, Jgazglh-saijil, Idrglhsmfrn elm ]eujebd gl tdi Hirkel Mikfbret

gi Zipujagb, Aidrglhil gl Xist Hirkely elm Jgebdi-Reglt-êest elm Behly gl lfrtdirl Nrelbi.

Xi hit tdi mgstglbt gkprissgfl tdet wi tilm tf nfbus tffkubd fl tdi 'wit niit' pert fn tdi sittaikilt systik, elmtdet wi devi flay e viry agkgtim -bevi elm rfbc sdiatirjgesim!- clfwaimhi fn wdet wilt fl gl dghdir eries, kfrisugtim tf tdi istejagsdkilt fn sikg pirkelilt sittaikilts

trelspfrt stretihgis, wdgbd devi jiil mgvgmim gltf tdi trelspfrt fn bfris elm naecis elm tdi trelspfrt fn tffas.

]relspfrt fn bfris gs clfwl nrfk sivirea Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb sgtis, nfrgl stelbi Zdiglmedail-Xistwelm/Ja (Jfsgl-scg 57>>3 ]dgiki 5742e) elm Aidrglhil (]dgiki/îga 5749)gl Xist Hirkely, ^faaiziai-Bflhfjirh (^ylbcgir it ea.

574>) gl Jiahguk, Reglt-êest Ae Dfuhui (Nfssi it ea.

574>) gl lfrtdirl Nrelbi elm sivirea sgtis gl tdi Pçrghfrmerie, i.h. tdi 'Zgssgel' aeyirs et Hrf tti êunriy (Hilisti57493 574>e). Eaa tdisi sgtis easf ygiamim ivgmilbi fn tditrelspfrt fn nglgsdim naecis. ]di trelspfrt stretihgis mgs-bussim diri bel ji essfbgetim erbdeifafhgbeaay wgtd sivireaibflfkgbea nfrks fn bfri rimubtgfl, mgsbussim es bfltrest-glh wgtd tdi 'baessgbea' Aiveaafgs tibdlgqui jy Beaafw?



sugtim tf tdi istejagsdkilt fn sikg-pirkelilt sittaikilts(bn. Hgnnfrm 5740).

]di flay wey fut fn tdgs prfjaik gs bflbiltretglh flgfwir queagty mete' nrfk surnebi sbettirs elm begaafutgs sgtisgl rihgflea stumgis glstiem fn bflsteltay nfbussglh fl wiaa-prisirvim sgtis gl simgkiltery ilvgrflkilts (bn. EppilmgxG^).

7.2 ]relspfrt fn agtdgb ketirgeas elm Peaeifagtdgbgltiressikjaehi vergejgagty

El gkpfrtelt risierbd egk miviafpim gl tdi bfursi fn tdi

Jiavçmäri stumgis gs, gl tdi eutdfr's fpglgfl, tdi stumy fntdi rfai fn tdi trelspfrtetgfl fn agtdgb ertinebts gl tdi nfrke-tgfl fn Peaeifagtdgb essikjaehis.

Xi wiri ngrst bflnrfltim wgtd tdi pfssgjai gkpagbetgfls fntrelspfrt gl fur ettikpts et bflofglglh ertinebts nrfk tdiJiavçmäri Rgti B gl 5742-5749. ]disi ringttglh stumgis devijiil misbrgjim gl sibtgfl =.:, wdiri wi bflbaumim fl tdijesgs fn ivgmilbi nrfk ftdir sgtis tdet tdi mete fjteglim demtf ji gltirpritim gl tirks fn trelspfrt fn bfris elm nglgsdim

naecis tf elm nrfk sgtis. Xi sujsiquiltay stertim sbriilglhtdi agtireturi nfr mete nrfk ftdir Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb sgtis,et ngrst nfbussglh fl tdi sgtis tdiksiavis elm aetir fl aerhir,rihgflea pettirls. ]dgs stumy sdfwim tdet tdi sgtis wiri'pfglts' gl e mylekgb systik fn trelspfrtetgfl fn ertinebts,wdgbd bfuam ji el gkpfrtelt nebtfr gl mgsbussglh tdi pfssgjai ixpaeletgfls nfr 'gltir-essikjaehi vergejgagty'. ]dirisuats fn tdgs stumy wiri pujagsdim gl e kfri hilirea pepirfl trelspfrt gl tdi Peaeifagtdgb (Zfijrfics it ea. 5744). Gltdgs perehrepd wi wgaa nfbus fl sfki pfssgjai gkpagbetgflsfn tdisi stumgis, jesglh fursiavis keglay fl tdi Zfijrficsit ea. 5744 pepir kiltgflim ejfvi, tf wdgbd tdi riemir gs

glh wgtd tdi baessgbea Aiveaafgs tibdlgqui jy Beaafw?

']di baessgb Aiveaafgs tibdlgqui nfr prfmubglh naecis jy biltrgpitea

priperetgfl (g.i. usglh tfrtfgsi-bfris) gs ixtrevehelt bfkperim tftdi mgsb-bfri tibdlgqui. ]di aettir, elm tdet mgribtim et tdi prfmubtgfl fn jaemis, eri kitdfms nfr tdi bfltglufus kelunebturi fnjaelcs elm glbur viry agttai westi (tdi tirk 'Aiveaafgs jaemi' gs ekgslfkir wdil eppagim tf pereaaia aflhgtumglea priperetgfl, es tdiulmirayglh bflbipt gs iltgriay 'lfl-Aiveaafgs' bfkperim tf tdetikpafyim et, sey, Jecir's Dfai fr Kfltgäris).' (gl? Beaafw elmBfrlnfrm 574>? 24>)

Jisgmis tdi ixekpais hgvil gl tdi pepir jy Zfijrfics it ea.(5744) twf ftdir rihgfls kust ji kiltgflim diri wdgbdprfvgmim gkpfrtelt mete fl tdgs sujoibt, lekiay tdi Ael-huimfb gl Nrelbi (]evfsf 574=) elm tdi Nrilbd Eaps (Ke-ailnelt 578>).

E viry hffm ixekpai fn tdi trelspfrt stretihy rinirrim tfejfvi gs prfvgmim jy tdi Irkgtehi sgti (Eumi, Nrelbi),wdiri 8: bfris elm =54 naecis wiri nfulm wdgbd eaa bekinrfk e sfurbi ayglh 8 ck nrfk tdi sgti (]evfsf 574=). Flay

sivil bfrtgbea naecis wiri nfulm et tdi sgti, wdgai tdi tibdlfafhgbea Aiveaaafgs Glmix gs :7%.

Easf wfrtd kiltgflglh diri eri tdi essikjaehis nrfk tdiKfustirgel sgtis gl tdi Nrilbd Eaps, bderebtirgzim jy epripflmirelbi fn 'Aiveaafgs' ertinebts, wdgbd mgstglhugsdistdik nrfk tdi Kfustirgel glmustrgis gl Gfwir eries glsfutdiestirl Nrelbi?

'Ais glmustrgis mu Peaçfagtdgqui kfyil ribuigaagis mels ais hrftais mis

kessgns sujeapgls nrelbegs flt uli berebtçrgstgqui bfkkuli qu'iaaispertehilt evib biaais mi pausgiurs hgsikilts sugssis?/6 mçjgtehi

aiveaafgs y fbbupi uli paebi prçpflmirelti it ae prfpfrtgfl m'çbaeas

aiveaafgs lfl ritfubdis ist rikerquejaikilt çaivçi Ai mçjgtehi •..nnw-'-K ,-” w-X

528 ]ZELRPFZ] FN AG]DGB KE]IZGEAR ELM PEAEIFAG]DGB GL]IZERRIKJAEHI ÊZGEJGAG]W

:8 lfl-Aiveaafgs naecis elm :8 tffas kelunebturim nrfknaecis. ]di nebittglh glmix fn tdgs glmustry gs 4:.:%. ]diertinebts wiri kelunebturim nrfk naglt nrfk mgvirsi sfurb-is, wdgbd kust devi jiil gkpfrtim tf tdi sgti (Aiquetri57>>3 Keailnelt 578>3 ]evfsf 574=). ]di ejsilbi fn bfriselm mijrgs glmgbetis tdet tdi essikjaehi wes gkpfrtim tftdi sgti es subd. Keailnelt gltirprits Prçaçtelh -elm ftdir

sgtis gl tdi Eaps- es?'... dejgtets fu mis deatis mels ul ilvgrfllikilt kfltehlerm

nfristgäris, m'ejfrm it mi pretgqui mgnngbgais, kïki pfur mis sçofurs

segsfllgäris it riaetgvikilt jrins ..." (Keailnelt 578>3 502>, glgteagbs gl tdi frghglea).

Gl dgs fpglgfl wi eri diri mieaglh wgtd

IYP-Hrevittgel •5

• F f 0

IYP-Eurghlebgel • F

AKP•• F

• f *• f f f f

IKP •5 5 5 5 5 5 5

mgste lbi trfk sfurbi (a\k) \

Ngh. 527. ]di riaetgfl jitwiil tdi mgstelbi nrfk tdi pdtelgtisfurbi et Fttghly/Bçrfux Kfusty (Jiahguk) elm tdi nfrk gl wdgbdpdtelgti ertinebts wiri mgsbermim.

- tdi jaebc bgrbais glmgbeti sgtis tdet ygiamim jaelcs elm ritfubdimtffas- tdi fpil sykjfas eri sgtis tdet ygiamim flay ritfubdim tffas



p h

"... m'futgaaehis mftçs m'uli ixtrefrmglegri paestgbgtç, tçkfgls m'uliemeptetgfl segssfllgäri prfnflmi m'glmustrgis mçnglgis, dfrs misEapis, bfkki kfustçrgillis ..." (Keailnelt 578>? 502>).

Bfris elm naecis wiri fbbesgfleaay trelspfrtim fvir aerhimgstelbis nrfk tdigr hifafhgbea sfurbis gl tdi Kgmmai Peaei-fagtdgb (sii? Zfijrfics it ea. 5744 ) , jut 'tffas' wiri hilireaay mgsbermim et hrietir mgstelbis nrfk tdi sfurbi tdelnaecis elm bfris. Nghuri 527 (entir? Zfijrfics it ea., 5744nghuri 5) sdfws tdi riaetgfl jitwiil tdi mgstelbi nrfk tdirew ketirgea sfurbi lier Fttghly elm Bçrfux-Kfusty (Jia-hguk, Besper 574=) elm tdi nfrk gl wdgbd pdtelgti ertinebtswiri mgsbermim gl Jiahgel Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb sgtis. Zi-tfubdim gtiks ('tffas') wiri hilireaay mgsbermim et kubdhrietir mgstelbis nrfk tdi sfurbi tdel lfl-ritfubdim gtiks,e pdilfkilfl easf fjsirvejai gl tdi 'Zgssgel' Kfustirgelaeyirs gl tdi hrftti êunriy (Hilisti 57493 574>e), elm flitdet mgm lft bdelhi sghlgngbeltay gl tdi aetir stehis fn tdiPeaeifagtdgb gl tdisi rihgfls.

Gl tdi Zfijrfics it ea. 5744 pepir wi suhhistim, nfaafw-glh Deymil (578>), tdet jgnebis wiri viry prfjejay buretim

gtiks wdgbd wiri pirgfmgbeaay risderpilim. ]dgs gltirprite-tgfl jes nfulm glmipilmilt suppfrt gl Ciiaiy's stumy fnkgbrfwier trebis fl delmexis, nrfk wdgbd gt bel ji gl-nirrim tdet tdiri wes el fviraep gl nulbtgfl jitwiil delmexis elm naeci tffas (Ciiaiy 5740). Deymil stetis tdet tdiusi fn sfnt-dekkir tibdlgquis elm tdi jgnebi nfrk flaykeci tibdlfafhgbea silsi gn wi essuki tdet delmexis wiri

nesdgflim tf ji risderpilim elm wiri buretim. ^grtueaay tdiflay wey fn keglteglglh riaetgviay sderp imhi elhaistdrfuhd kely glstelbis fn risderpilglh jy pirbussgfl gs vge

- tdi fpil sykjfas eri sgtis tdet ygiamim flay ritfubdim tffas(nrfk Zfijrfics it ea. 5744, nghuri 5).

trelspfrtim fvir bflsgmirejai mgstelbis.Elftdir viry bflspgbufus espibt fn Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb

tibdlfafhgis jisgmis tdi trelspfrt stretihy gs tdi ixpimgãltkelunebturi fn stfli tffas nrfk afbea ketirgeas. ]dgs 'emdfb' virsus 'trelspfrtim' mgbdftfky jes jiil misbrgjim glmitega jy Hilisti nfr tdi Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb fn tdi Equg-tegli erie. Hilisti minglim tdrii zflis fn rew ketirgeaixpafgtetgfl nfr tdi sgtis stumgim.5. E zfli bflsgstglh fn el erie fn ejfut 9 ck erfulm tdisgtis prfvgmim >9-74% fn tdi rew ketirgeas usim. Eaa fn tdinaglt cleppglh siiks tf devi tecil paebi et tdi sgtis. ]di'utgagsetgfl glmix' fn tdisi rew ketirgea prfmubts gs afw? 9%.

:. Futsgmi tdi ngrst tirrgtf ry el erie nrfk 9 tf :0 ckerfulm tdi sgtis prfvgmim :-:0% fn tdi ketirgea, wgtd eutgagsetgfl glmix fn 50-:0%. ]di ketirgeas iltirim tdi sgtigl tdi nfrk fn priperim jafbcs.

2. Fbbesgfleaay ketirgeas wiri jrfuhdt gl nrfk kubd aerhireries,glvfavglh mgstelbis fn 90-40 ck nrfk tdi sgtis. Flayprfmubts fn tdi aest stehis fn rimubtgfl siquilbis devi jiilnfulm. ]di utgagsetgfl glmix fn tdisi 'ixftgb' ketirgea prfmubts gs viry dghd? 89-500%.

]dgs pettirl gs eariemy fjsirvejai gl tdi besi fn tdi 'Zgssgel' aeyir ^GGG et Hrftti êunriy (Hilisti 574>e), wdgbdbflteglim naglt ertinebts nrfk sivirea sfurbis, twf nrfkeries 40 ck tf tdi wist elm tdi lfrtdiest fn tdi sgti. E ]A

meti fn 5:0 µ 50 ce nfr tdi yfulhir aeyir G^ et tdgs sgti(Egtcil it ea. 574>) gs e tirkglus elti quik nfr tdisi Hrfttiêunriy mete.

524 ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI ' M E ] E '

rimubtgfl stretihgis. Essikjaehis fn tdgs sibflm typi bfl-tegl dghd pirbiltehis fn miltgbuaetis elm ejrupt elm grrih-uaeray ritfubdim pgibis, elm bel ji baessgngim es miltgbuaetiKfustirgel fr typgbea Kfustirgel rgbd gl miltgbuaetis (Hilisti 57493 Jglnfrm 574>).

Fn bfursi tdi bdfgbi jitwiil em dfb elm trelspfrt stretihgis jes gkpfrtelt bflsiquilbis nfr tdi nfrk gl wdgbd agtdgb

ertinebts wiri mgsbermim, es wi devi siil ejfvi gl tdi besifn tdi Jiahgel pdtelgti ivgmilbi. ]relspfrtetgfl key jifli fn tdi ciy nebtfrs gl Mgjjai's rimubtgfl kfmia, wdgbdsuhhists tdet kely espibts fn sbrepir kfrpdfafhy rinaibt ebfltgluñk fn rimubtgfl fn fli fr kfri imhis fn naecijaelcs. Ebbfrmglh tf tdgs vgiw (Mgjjai 5748e, 5748j), tditypfafhgbea vergejgagty fn tdi sbrepirs gs e kiesuri fn tdi

'... wfuam ji ebbiptim es tdi lfrkea westi fn delm-exi kelunebturi. ]dgs mfis lft kiel tdiy eri ebbiptim diri es subd ertinebts, nfr subd el Gmiltgngbetgfl gs brgtgbea gl vgiw fn tdi prfjaik glJrgtegl fn mitirkglglh tdi siquilbi fn tdi Baebtflgel elm Ebdiuagel glmustrgis.' (Rglhir it ea. 5782? =0)

]di gltirpritetgfl fn tdi Baebtflgel es issiltgeaay el 'emdfb' glmustry gs lft e viry frghglea fli (sii Fdia 5787 nfr e

surviy fn gltirpritetgfls fn tdi Baebtflgel), jut fli tdetsdfuam ji brgtgbeaay iveauetim lfw tdet tdi Jrgtgsd sgti Jfx-hrfvi (Zfjirts 574>3 Jirhkel it ea., gl priss) siiks tf ji esirgfus belmgmeti nfr e prgkery-bfltixt Ebdiuaiel sgti wgtde 'pri-Dfxlgel' ehi. ]di eutdfr's 'em dfb' gltirpritetgfl fntdi Baebtflgel glmiim siis gt es el 'gltihrea pert fn tdiEbdiuaiel' (Fdia 5787) jut lft gl Fdia's tirks wdf



typfafhgbea vergejgagty fn tdi sbrepirs gs e kiesuri fn tdigltilsgty fn rimubtgfl.

Xdet gn wi try tf gltirprit tdi kubd mgsbussim 'Baebtf-lgel' eaflh tdisi aglis6 ]di minglgtgfl fn tdi Baebtflgelixbaumis tdi pfssgjgagty fn essikjaehis bflteglglh delmexisfr 'Aiveaafgs' prfmubts ivir jiglh beaaim Baebtflgel, sf tdet,jesgbeaay, tdi minglgtgfl flay rinirs tf prfmubts fn e naglt-wfrcglh tibdlgqui gl wdgbd agttai ilirhy wes glvistim?

'Fli kust jiweri fn sfki eutdfrs' usi fn tdi tirk 'Baebtflgeltibdlgqui', wdgbd key kiriay milfti tdi prfmubtgfl fn aerhi dievy

naecis wgtd jrfem paegl strgcglh paetnfrks, prflfulbim juajs frbflis fn pirbussgfl elm e dghd nghuri (sey 550 tf 5=0 mihriis) nfrtdi elhai jitwiil tdi hilirea paeli fn tdi strgcglh paetnfrk elmtdi hilirea paeli fn tdi juajer surn ebi. Jut tdisi eri eaa bfkkflnieturis fn tdi prfmubtgfl fn aerhi naecis jy usi fn e derm dekkir-stfli, elm bel baieray fbbur et ely stehi fn tdi Peaeifagtdgb fr ivilfn Pridgstfry gl hilirea3 kfri spibgngbeaay, naecis sdfwglh tdisibderebtirgstgbs eri birteglay lft futsgmi tdi relhi fn Ebdiuagelglmustrgis, wdiri tdiy key fbbur nfr ixekpai es tdi glgtgea derm-dekkir rikfveas nrfk e aerhi lfmuai es e ngrst stehi fn sdepglh gt

gltf e delmexi, fr ivil es jaelcs nfr delmexis tdiksiavis ... Gnfli kust siic e sglhai deaakerc, es gt wiri, fn tdi Baebtflgel, gtkghdt ji jittir tf riherm tdi Baebtflgel 'bdfppir-bfris' es prfvgm-glh gt ... sglbi tdiy eri gl nebt viry ulbfkkfl gl ftdir Peaeifagtdgbglmustrgis, tdfuhd lft tfteaay ejsilt gl iviry besi, wdgai gl tdiBaebtflgel tdiy eri riaetgviay nriquilt. Dfwivir, gt gs ner jittirlft tf riay fl e sglhai bderebtirgstgb nieturi et eaa, jut tf risirvitdi leki Baebtflgel nfr ulkgxim glmustrgis wdgbd bflsgst wdfaay fn

tdi bfris, naeci gkpaikilts elm naecis fn tdi cglms misbrgjim, aebc

eaa sghls fn delmexi kelunebturi fr Aiveaafgsgel tibdlgqui, elm,

wdiri metim, jiaflh tf tdi ieragir stehis fn tdi Afwir Peaeifagtdgb...' (Zfi 5745? 528, tdi eutdfr's gteagbs)

Ebdiuaiel (Fdia 5787), jut lft gl Fdia s tirks, wdfbflsgmirim Baebtflgel sgtis tf ji eries nfr tdi priperetfryprfmubtgfl fn delmexi rfuhdfuts, g.i. oust e aglc gl tdikelunebturglh bdegl nrfk rew ketirgea tf nglgsdim tffg. Gltdgs gltirpritetgfl el fbbesgflea nglm fn sfkitdglh tdetaffcs agci e delmexi-sderpilglh naeci fr ely 'Ebdiuaiel'nglm kghdt glmgbeti tdi prisilbi fn 'trelspfrtim' tffas gl tditffacgt fn tdi prfmubirs fn tdi Baebtflgel, wdf mgm lft usi(fr kfri bfrribtay? mgm lft mgsberm) tdi trelspfrtim tffasnfr ely riesfl wi bel tdglc fn.

]di 'trelspfrtim virsus em dfb' mgbdftfky bel easf ji

usim tf bdeaailhi tdi 'buaturea hrfup' fn tdi ]eujebdgel, etirk brietim jy Bfaagls (57>73 sii easf? êafbd 574=, 574>).Gl hilirea, tdi tirk ]eujebdgel rinirs tf essikjaehisbflteglglh ertinebts fn skeaa mgkilsgfls glbaumglh miltgbuaetis elm lftbdis. ']eujebdgel' essikjaehis eri clfwlnrfk sivirea sgtis fn e prisukejay aest gltirhaebgea ehi, i.h.]eujebd gtsian (Rbdenir 57453 Jrullebcir it ea. 5742),Cuale (Aeyir 55, êafbd 574=, 574>) elm ]ete (îrtis57>=). Jgazglhsaijil, ^çrtisszþaaþs elm Gsirlge Ae Pglite

eri Kgmmai Paigstfbili sgtis tdet devi easf jiil tirkim']eujebdgel' jy êafbd (574=).

]di kgbrfagtdgb nfrk fn ]eujebdgel essikjaehis gs glkely besis baieray pertay mitirkglim jy tdi bderebtir fn tdiafbeaay evegaejai rew ketirgeas usim tf keci tdi misgrimgkpaikilts. Et Cuale, dfwivir, tdi kgbrfagtdgb nfrk fn tdi]eujebdgel tffas key devi jiil mitirkglim jy tdi rimubtgfl fn aerhir jaelcs murglh tdi trelspfrtetgfl fn tdisifjoibts. êafbd stetis tdet tdi Aeyir 55 (]eujebdgel) glmustry wes kemi nrfk ditirfhilifus ketirgea gkpfrtimnrfk sivirea rew ketirgea sfurbis, sfki et mgstelbis fnkfri tdel >0 ck nrfk tdi sgti ]di dfkglgms wdf mgs

527DYL]IZR, RBEÎLHIZR ELM JEBCHZFYLM NEYLER

bgrbukstelbis, elm strissglh tdi inngbgilby fn tdisi 'prgk-gtgvi' ertinebts es tdi prgkery brgtirgfl fn tdi prfmubirs.

Fn bfursi, tdi erhukilts miviafpim gl tdgs perehrepd eriretdir gkprissgflgstgb elm tdiy sdfuam ji wfrcim fut sys-tiketgbeaay gl e kfri mitegaim stumy. ]di eutdfr gs fn tdifpglgfl tdet tdiy bfuam ji miviafpim gltf e hffm bflbip-tuea nrekiwfrc wgtd wdgbd tdi Afwir, Kgmmai elm easf tdi

Yppir Peaeifagtdgb bfuam ji tebcaim. ]di gmies prisiltimdiri eri, fn bfursi, lft eaa liw elm tdi kegl tfpgb deseariemy jiil sukkergzim gl e kubd lihaibtim pepir jy]evfsf(574=)?

'Ai nrebtgfllikilt mels a'ispebi mis iteppis mi ae nejrgbetgfl it mia'utgagsetgfl mis futgas epperegt bfkki ul kfmuaetiur pugsselt mis

agtdgb. Nghuri 5=0 sdfws tdet tdi mgstelbis fvir wdgbd stfliertinebts wiri trelspfrtim glbriesim bflsgmirejay nrfk tdiieragist Peaeifagtdgb flwerms. ]di fjsirvim glbriesi gl tditrelspfrt mgstelbis fvir tdi Paigstfbili tgki spel bfuamprgkergay ji e nulbtgfl fn ixpelmglh sfbgea litwfrcs, gl-bfrpfretglh kfri pifpai, fl tdi essukptgfl tdet tdi sgzi fntdi prfburikilt litwfrcs gs e kfri fr aiss riagejai kiesuri

fn tdi sgzi fn ebtgfl remgg fn elbgilt dultir-hetdirir bfk-kulgtgis.

]di rgsi gl tdi burvi nrfk :00 ce flwerms gs jesim ixbau-sgviay fl Iurfpiel mete, wdgbd eri riaetgviay ejulmeltnrfk tdi Xigbdsiagel Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb flwerms. Zfijrfics it ea. (5744) devi tiltetgviay bfrriaetim tdgs rgsi wgtdtdi bfaflgzetgfl fn ilvgrflkilts wgtd mgspirsim nffm ri



berebtäris qui lfus utgagsfls piur mçbrgri ais futgaaehis. Yl kïkihrfupi dukegli pfuvegt nfrt jgil si bfltiltir m'ul hrelm lfkjri

m'çbaets jruts piu Aiveaafgs sur ul hgsikilt mi sgaix, ejelmfllir äuli mgzegli mi cgafkätris ul futgaaehi littikilt Aiveaafgs it rgbdiil çbaets ritfubdis it l'ikpfrtir paus afgl qui quiaquis rebafgrs itçbaets jruts.' (]evfsf 574=? 45).

]dgs epprfebd tdrfws e tfteaay liw aghdt fl tdi Kfustirgelprfjaik. ]di bfrriaetgfl jitwiil tdi gkpfrtetgfl fn nagltelm tdi gltilsgty fn rimubtgfl (elm tdus tdi sdepi fn tditffg), tdi usi fn afbea naglt elm tdi primfkglelbi fn miltgb-

uaetim elm lftbdim tffas (Hilisti 5749) baieray sdfws tdiwey tfwerm e tiltetgvi sfautgfl. Gt wfuam ji viry gltiristglhtf stumy tdi pettirlglh fn tdi ieragir Yppir Peaeifagtdgbglmustrgis (Eurghlebgel, Pirghfrmgel) eaflh tdisi aglis tff,gl frmir tf sii wditdir tdiri eri ely riaetgfls jitwiilspibgngb glmustrgis elm tdi primfkglelt usi fn afbea frlfl-afbea ketirgeas.

]di aflh mgstelbis fvir wdgbd gkpaikilts wiri trels-pfrtim -elm murglh wdgbd ofurliys tdiy wiri ripietimay

risderpilim- devi aim us tf essghl e bflsgmirejai paellglhmipgd (silsu Jglnfrm 574>) tf Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb tibdlfafhgis (Zfijrfics ia ea. 5744). ]dgs gs gl kercim bfltresttf ispibgeaay Jglnfrm's essisskilt fn tdi Kgmmai/YppirPeaeifagtdgb trelsgtgfl (Jglnfrm 574>, Jglnfrm gl? Zilnriw5748). Di strissis tdet Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb emeptetgfls'...eppier tf ki tf ji jesim fl tebtgbs wdgbd mf lft riqugrikubd paellglh ediem (tdet gs, jiyflm fli fr twf meys)3 glemmgtgfl tf tdi ejsilbi fn stfrehi...tdiri gs el ejsilbi fn

buretim tibdlfafhgis.. .' (Jglnfrm 574:j? 584). Gt gs stetim glZfijrfics it ea. (5744) tdet tdi mgnnirilbis gl tibdlfafhgbeafrhelgzetgfl jitwiil Kgmmai elm Yppir Peaeifagtdgb dul-

psfurbis, riaetgviay afw 'Innibtgvi ]ikpireturi' elm tdussdfrt hrfwglh siesfls (bn. Zfhirs 57>73 Hekjai 574>3 Ciaay5742). Nulmekiltea nfrks fn jidevgfur subd es eltgbgpetgflfvir aerhir tgki gltirveas elm tdi ixbdelhi fn Glnfrketgflkust ji bflsgmirim pririqugsgtis nfr tdi bfaflgzetgfl elmixpafgtetgfl fn subd rihgfls.

7.= Dultirs, sbevilhirs elm jebchrfulm neulesGl tdi pribimglh bdeptirs wi devi eariemy tfubdim upfl tdisujoibt glmgbetim gl tdi tgtai fn tdgs perehrepd? bel wi mgs-

brgkgleti jitwiil e 'lfrkea' jebchrfulm neule elm neuleabaikilts gltrfmubim jy kel, elm gn sf, eri tdi 'neuleabaikilts' ettrgjutejai tf dfkglgm ebtgvgtgis gl tdi nfrk fndultglh fr sbevilhglh6

Gt gs gkpfrtelt tf try tf mgsbrgkgleti jitwiil tdisi twftypis fn kiet prfburikilt fl tdi jesgs fn tdi erbdeifafh-gbea ketirgea. Es Jaukilsbdgli (574>) pfglts fut, sbevilhglh fr tdi nfrehglh nfr elm bflsukptgfl fn elgkeasnfulm miem gkpagis tdet kiet ietglh wes e retdir fppfrtu-

lgstgb nfrk fn jidevgfur, fbburrglh grrihuaeray elm wgtd ekglgkuk fn sfbgea bffpiretgfl. Glmgbetgfls fn dultglhebtgvgtgis, dfwivir, wfuam gkpay tdet kiet wes kfri rihu-aeray bflsukim jy tdisi ieray dfkglgms. ]di subbiss fndultglh prebtgbis wes, tf e aerhi ixtilt, pfssgjay mitir-kglim jy sfbgea emeptetgfls, nfr ixekpai hrfup bffpiretgflmurglh tdi steacglh elm bepturglh fn tdi heki, elm pfssgjayeasf murglh gts bflsukptgfl. Hittglh e hrgp fl tdi prgkerykiet prfburikilt stretihgis fn Paigstfbili dfkglgms bfuam

hgvi us e kfri sfagm jesi nfr dypftdisgzglh fl ispibgeaay tdisfbgea espibts fn ieray dfkglgm jidevgfur gl tdgs agli fnriesflglh.

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yiersJP(xaFFF)

Ngh. 5=0. Kexgkuk mgstelbis fvir wdgbag rew ketirgeas wiri ixpfrtim nrfk tdigr sfurbis, nrfk 'Famfwel' tf Lifagtdgb tgkis.- tdi jaebc bgrbais glmgbeti stfli ertinebts- tdi fpil bgrbais glmgbeti kfaausbs(jesim fl mete prisiltim gl Zfijrfics in ea. 5744, wgtd emmgtgflea mete nrfk Aieciy 5787).

hgvil e surviy fn tdi wey gl wdgbd mgnnirilt eutdfrs mi-sbrgjim tdi sfbgea frhelgsetgfl fn tdisi 'dultirs'? tffa-usglhdfkglgms, dultglh elm agvglh gl sfbgea hrfups bderebtirgzimjy e keai-nikeai mgvgsgfl fn aejfur. Nffm sderglh tffcpaebi entir tdi prfmubts fn tdi dult dem jiil trelspfrtim tftdi 'jesi bekp', elm tdgs nffm sderglh wes siil jy Gseeb(5784) es fli fn tdi kfst gkpfrtelt nebits fn tdi jidevgfurfn tdi Pagf/Paigstfbili dfkglgms elm tdi jesgs nfr aetirsfbgfbuaturea ivfautgfl. ]dgs gltirpritetgfl fn ieray dfkglgmjidevgfur, dfwivir, des jiil tdi terhit fn siviri brgtgbgsk

hgis fl tdi jesgs fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea ketirgea6 ]di brgtirgetdet devi jiil prfpfsim gl tdgs bfltixt (sii? Jaukilsbdgli574>) eri kfstay jesim fl sgzi, ehi fr jfmy-pe rt prfngaisbderebtirgstgb fn neulea essikjaehis fjteglim jy spibgngbprfburikilt stretihgis, g.i. dultglh fr sbevilhglh, elm fltdi mgstrgjutgfl fn buttglh elm bdfppglh kercs, jriecehielm ivgmilbi fn berlgvfri bdiwglh.

]di ngrst ettikpts et e strgbt eleaysgs fn tdi erbdeifafhgbeaketirgea eaflh tdisi aglis devi lft ygiamim ulekjghufusrisuats elm Jaukilsbdgli (574>) dfams twf nebtfrs rispfl-

5=5 KYL]IZR, RBEÎLHIZR ELM JEBCHZFYLM NEYLER

mgi elm ivil Yppir Paigstfbili dfkglgms, prgfr tf tdieppierelbi fn Dfkf sepgils sepgils fl tdi erbdeifafhgbeasbäli. Jglnfrm des riessissim neulea essikjaehis nrfksivirea pxt-sepgils sgtis gl tdi bfltixt fn tdgs mgsbussgfl(Jglnfrm 57493 Jglnfrm/Rtfli 574>). Fli fn tdi jist clfwlbfltrfvirsgis hiliretim gl tdi bfursi fn dgs stumgis bflbirlstdi neulea essikjaehis ixbevetim gl tdi 57>0s et Caesgis

Zgvir Kfutd fl tdi sfutdirl bfest fn Enrgbe. Gl Jglnfrm'sfpglgfl, tdi 'Kgmmai Rtfli Ehi' Caesgis pifpai wiri tf eaerhi ixtilt mipilmilt fl tdi sbevilhglh fn wdet rikeglimentir ftdir primetfrs dem ietil (sii? Rglhir/Xykir 574>3Rbftt 574>).

Xgtd e vgiw tf tdi nfaafwglh mgsbussgfl e jrgin futagli wgaaji hgvil fn Jglnfrm's (5749) 'affc et tdi lfrtdirl tikpireti

jy issiltgeaay kiet-ygiamglh uppir agkj jflis, wdgai tdikerrfw-ygiamglh jflis tdet dem jiil gltrfmubim tf tdi sgtisdfwim ivgmilbi fn brebcglh. Kimguk-sgzim elgkeas, agcirim miir elm riglmiir, wiri jrfuhdt fltf tdi sgti gl tdinfrk fn e riprisiltetgvi eletfkgbea glviltfry.

'Pertgbuaeray strgcglh gs tdi hilirea ejsilbi fn lfl-dfkglgm hlewglhfn tdi jflis nrfk kfmireti sgzim elgkeas. ]dgs bfltrests kercimay

wgtd Caesgis Zgvir Kfutd elm eaa tdi ieragir sgtis mgsbussim diri.]dgs gs tecil es hffm ivgmilbi tdet tdi keofrgty fn tdi kfmiretijfmy sgzim elgkeas et Bfkji Hrilea wiri dultim nfr kiet.' (Jglnfrm 5749? 257)

Jglnfrm's bflbausgfl fn dgs 'affc et tdi lfrtdirl tikpiretizfli' gs tdet?

'Et t td g gt ja a g t j td t a



zfli' gl tirks fn tdi dultglh-sbevilhglh mgsbussgfl, nfrwdgbd di siaibtim e niw 'baessgb' sgtis gl wistirl Iurfpi.

Rwelsbfkji (Afwir Hrevias/Afwir Afek)?Gl Jglnfrm's fpglgfl, tdi neulea bfkpfsgtgfl et Rwelsbfkji sdfws eaa tdi bderebtirgstgbs fn e leturea jebchrfulmneule. Gl dgs gltirpritetgfl tdi dfkglgms rispflsgjai nfr tdiprisilbi fn ertinebts ekflh tdi neulea rikegls wiri sbev-ilhirs fn berbessis elm tdi dfkglgm glvfavikilt gl tdiebbukuaetgfl fn kubd fn tdi neulea rikegls et Rwelsbfkji

wes viry skeaa. ]di ejsilbi fn tffg kercs fl tdi jfliketirgea glmgbetis tdet tdi dfkglgms wiri keglay gltiristimgl kiet, lft gl kerrfw.

Dfxli?Jglnfrm kiltgfls tdi primfkglelbi fn diems elm afwiragkjs fn dfrsis elm ivgmilbi fn systiketgb jriecehi fnjflis nfr kerrfw, pertgbuaeray fn dfrsi jflis. Neaafw miirwes riprisiltim jy prgkergay kiet-ygiamglh jflis. Gl dgs

fpglgfl tdi Dfxli neule

'... des tdi bderebtirgstgbs fn e trelspfrtim elm ebbukuaetim essikjaehi sbevilhim nrfk kimguk tf aerhi kekkeas, gl wdgbddiems elm kerrfw-ygiamglh jfli wiri tdi perts kfst bfkkflaytrelspfrtim nfr prfbissglh ..." (Jglnfrm 5749? 258)

Hrftti êunriy?]di neulea essikjaehi nrfk tdi 'Zgssgel' aivia ^GGG et tdgssgti pfglts tf tdi trelspfrt fn perts fn rim miir, dfrsi elmfbbesgfleaay eurfbds tf tdi bevi. ]di jflis eri kfstayuppir agkj jflis fr tdi kiet-ygiamglh jflis. ]ffa-glnagbtimkercs eri vgrtueaay ejsilt es eri glmgbetgfls fn kerrfw

'Et prisilt, tdi glivgtejai bflbausgfl siiks tf ji tdet rihuaer,

kfmireti tf aerhi kekkea dultglh eppiers sgkuatelifusay wgtd tdi

nfrisdemfwglh fnbdelhis fbburrglh oust prgfr tf tdi eppierelbi fn nuaay kfmirl kel.' (Jglnfrm 5749? 2:5, gl gteagbs gl tdi frghglea)

Gl tdi ngrst gltirpritetgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^ sgtis gl tirks fn tdirisierbd prfjaiks mgsbussim gl tdi pribimglh sibtgfl tdieutdfr wes strflhay hugmim jy tdi mfkglelbi fn rikegls fnviry yfulh elgkeas et tdisi sgtis, wdgbd peaeifltfafhgstsgltirpritim es glmgbetgvi fn dukel ebtgvgtgis (êl Cfan

sbdftil 5749? 8:3 Zfijrfics it ea. 574>). ]dgs essisskilt

wes gltirpritim gl tirks fn dultglh ebtgvgtgis fn KgmmaiPaigstfbili dfkglgms, wdf wiri tdfuhdt tf ji (pertay)rispflsgjai nfr tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^-B neulea essikjaehis.

E brubgea nebtfr gl tdgs gltirpritetgfl wes wgtdfut elymfujt tdi nebt tdet peaeifltfafhgsts wfrcglh fl neuleswdgbd eri lft essfbgetim wgtd rikegls fn dukel ebtgvgtgisreriay nglm e mfkglelbi fn yfulh elgkeas (êl Cfansbdftil, pirs.bfkk., 5749-574>). ]dgs gs, gkpagbgtay, tdi riesfl

wdy tdi bfkjgletgfl fn yfulh elgkeas elm ertinebts gs fntilgltirpritim gl tirks fn dultglh ebtgvgtgis. ^rje (5740), nfrglstelbi, usim tdi pirbiltehi fn ouvilgai eltgafpis gl neuleaessikjaehis fn Rfutd Enrgbel Eustreafpgtdibus sgtis tfmitirkgli wditdir tdi jfli bfaaibtfr gl quistgfl wes eprgkery primetfr fr e sbevilhir.

]di eutdfr prisiltim dgs 'dultglh' gltirpritetgfl fn tdiYlgt G^-B mete et sivirea aibturis elm gl mgsbussgfls wgtdbfaaiehuis, elm wes lft bflnrfltim wgtd brgtgbgsk. Kfri-fvir, tdgs gltirpritetgfl siikim tf ji bfrrfjfretim jy tdirisuats fn tdi glvistghetgfl fn tdi Ieray Paigstfbili ]ihiailneulea rikegls, mgsbussim gl sibtgfl =.2.=, elm jy tdi risuats

5=: ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI ' ME] E '

Ngh. 5=5, Fl tdi aint, tdi lukjirsfn glmgvgmueas gl subbissgvi ehibaessis gl el gmieagzim sbdiketgbbetestrfpdgb ehi prfngai elm, fltdi rghdt, el gmieagzim sbdiketgbettrgtgflea ehi prfngai, bflsgstglh fntdi lukjirs fn glmgvgmueas tdetmgim jitwiil tdi subbissgvi ehia g td ng td a nt

mieaazim betestrfpdgb ehi prfngai gmieagzim ettrgtgflea ehi prfngai



baessis gl tdi nghuri fl tdi aint(entir? Caigl elm Bruz-Yrgji 574=,

ngh. 9.=).

sdfuam ji bflbiltretglh fl tdi prfjaik wdy tdgs gs lftrinaibtim gl tdi ]ihiail (elm kely ftdir!) neules, retdirtdel wflmirglh ejfut tdi ouvilgai-mfkgletim Jiavçmärineule.

Gl frmir tf try tf elswir tdgs quistgfl, wi kust ngrstbflsgmir tdi nfrketgfl fn e neulea essikjaehi gl sfki

mitega. E neulea bfYibtgfl agci tdet fn Ylgt G^-B bel jisiil es riprisiltglh tdi (pridkglery) aest pdesi fn e si-quilbi fn trelsnfrketgfl prfbissis, gl wdgbd pert fn ebfkkulgty fn agvglh elgkeas ngleaay ilms up fl tdi tejai fne peaeifltfafhgst. Caigl elm Bruz-Yrgji (574=) devi mgs-tglhugsdim tdi nfYfwglh pdesis gl tdgs prfbiss?5. tdi agni essikjaehi? tdi bfkkulgty fn agvi elgkeas gl'leturea' prfpfrtgfls (jgfbfilfsi):. tdi mietd essikjaehi? tdi berbessis tdet eri evegaejai nfr

bfaaibtgfl jy pifpai, berlgvfris fr ftdir ehilts fn jfliebbukuaetgfl (tdeletfbfilfsi)2. tdi mipfsgtim essikjaehi? tdi berbessis fr pfrtgfls fnberbessis tdet bfki tf rist et tdi sgti (tepdfbfilfsi)=. tdinfssga essikjaehi? tdi elgkea perts tdet survgvi et esgti ultga bfaaibtgfl9. tdi sekpai essikjaehi? tdi pert fn tdi nfssga essikjaehitdet gs bfYibtim

Caigl elm Bruz-Yrgji (574=) devi mgsbussim tdi prfbissistdet paey e rfai gl tdi mgnnirilt pdesis fn tdgs sirgis gl mitega. Gl tdgs bfltixt flay e niw nebits eri fn gkpfrtelbi tfus, lekiay tdi trelsnfrketgfl fn tdi agni gltf tdi mietd

fn twf tdifritgbeaay ixpibtejai kfmias (^ffrdgis 57>73Caigl/Bruz-Yrgji 574=).

Gl tdi ngrst kfmia tdi subbissgvi ehi baessis bfltegl prf-hrissgviay niwir glmgvgmueas. Rubd el ehi prfngai rinaibts edvglh pfpuaetgfl nfssgagzim jy e betestrfpdi. ]dgs typi fnprfngai gs tdirinfri clfwl es e 'betestrfpdgb' ehi prfngai

(ngh. 5=5).Gl tdi sibflm kfmia prgki ehi (riprfmubtgvi, ebtgvi)emuats eri ulmirriprisiltim gl bfkpergsfl wgtd tdigr luk-jir gl tdi agvglh bfkkulgty, wdgai yfulh elm fam glmgvgmueas eri fvirriprisiltim. Rubd e prfngai bfkprgsis glmgvgmueas myglh fn kealutrgtgfl, fn ebbgmilts, primetgfl elm ftdirettrgtgflea nebtfrs wdgbd dem kfst gkpebt fl tdi yfulhistelm tdi famist glmgvgmueas. ]di risuatglh ehi prfngai gs beaaimel ettrgtgflea ehi prfngai.

Fli fn tdi kegl nebtfrs glvfavim gl tdi trelsnfrketgfl fne mietd essikjaehi gltf e mipfsgtim essikjaehi gs tdijidevgfur fn tdi bfaaibtfr (sib? Caigl/Bruz-Yrgji 574=).Mgnnirilt primetfrs triet tdi vergfus perts fn e berbessmgnniriltay, elm siaibtgviay mistrfy jflis wdil bflsukglh eberbess. Nurtdirkfri, bfaaibtfrs tilm tf trelspfrt spibgngbperts fn e berbess tf ftdir sgtis, nfr glstelbi jibeusi fn tdigrprinirilbi nfr tdfsi perts fr jibeusi tdfsi perts eri iesgaytrelspfrtim. Ftdir perts fn tdi berbess eri aint jidglm et tdimietd sgti. Pircgls elm Meay (57>4) devi strissim tdi gkpfrtelbi fn tdgs Rbdaipp-innibt et erbdeifafhgbea sgtis, wdirijflis fn aerhir kekkeas key ji riprisiltim jy e skeaair

5=2 KYL]IZR, RBEÎLHIZR ELM JEBCHZFYLM NEYLER

baieray suhhist tdet tdi pirbiltehi fn yfulh glmgvgmueas gl eneulea essikjaehi key sey kfri ejfut tdi bfYibtfr's bepe-jgagty fn trelspfrtglh fr mistrfyglh jflis tdel ejfut tdibfaaibtfr's rfai es e sbevilhir fr e prgkery primetfr. Gt gsnurtdirkfri wfrtd kiltgflglh tdet berlgvfris fntil bfl-suki viry yfulh elgkeas sf bfkpaitiay tdet eakfst lfsciaitea perts eri aint nfr mipfsgtgfl. Es nfr tdi trelsnfrke-

tgfl fn tdi mipfsgtim gltf tdi nfssga essikjaehi, tdi sciaiteabaikilts fn yfulh glmgvgmueas sunnir kfst nrfk pfst-mipfsg-tgflea prfbissis elm tdirinfri yfulh glmgvgmueas eri ulmir-riprisiltim gl tdi nfssga essikjaehi.

Rystiketgbea stumy fn neulea essikjaehis gl wdgbd kelbellft devi jiil e nfrketgvi ehilt -nfr glstelbi jibeusi fntdi hriet eltgqugty fn tdi essikjaehibfuam gl mui tgki

gm gtd a t n g n tg n td

mgbeti tdet niwir ouvilgais tdel emuats eri sbevilhim jy dyiles,wdgai tdi rivirsi gs epperilt gl tdi cgaaglh tfteas ..." (^jre 5740?:>4)

]di fntil eakfst bfkpaiti bflsukptgfl fn yfulh elgkeasciaitfls jy lfl-dfkglgm berlgvfris key ji fli fn tdinebtfrs rispflsgjai nfr tdi vgrtuea ejsilbi fn yfulh glmgvgmueas gl 'leturea' neulea essikjaehis. Dfkglgm jfli bfaaib

tfrs fl tdi bfltrery, key aievi jidglm kfri rikegls fntdisi ouvilgai elgkeas nfr mipfsgtgfl elm glbfrpfretgfl gltdi nfssga ribfrm.

Et Jiavçmäri wi eri affcglh et viry skeaa 'buttglhs' gl ergvirgli aelmsbepi, wdiri dfkglgm ebtgvgtgis eri ettistim jytdi prisilbi fn stfli ertinebts, spetgeaay (dfrgzflteaay elmvirtgbeaay) essfbgetim wgtd jfli nrehkilts fn primfkgleltay

g a E Rg H a n dg g a



prfvgmi us wgtd viry riaivelt rinirilbi glnfrketgfl nfr tdigltirpritetgfl fn erbdeifafhgbea sgtis. Xi devi eariemy

tfubdim upfl tdgs tfpgb ejfvi, gl tdi mgsbussgfl fn tdiIeray Paigstfbili neule fn ]ihiail. Rubd stumgis bfuam hgvius mitegaim mete fl tdi bderebtir elm vergejgagty fn tdi cglmfn leturea jebchrfulm neules tf ji ixpibtim gl spibgngbilvgrflkilts. ]dgs cglm fn risierbd wes stertim flay ri-biltay, es e wey fn stumyglh prfjaiks ilbfultirim gl tdieleaysgs fn Iest Enrgbel Pagf/Paigstfbili erbdeifafhgbeasgtis. ]ftd elm Rbdgbc (574>) ripfrt tdet tdi priagkgleryrisuats fn tdisi stumgis glmgbeti e aerhi vergejgagty gl letureajfli ebbukuaetgfls gl tirks fn essikjaehi bfkpfsgtgfl elmjfli kfmgngbetgfl. Nurtdirkfri,

'... e lukjir fn brgtirge wdgbd devi sfkitgkis jiil usim tf glnirinnibts fn dfkglgm mgvirsgty, nrebturi pettirls, mihrii fn nreh-kiltetgfl, elm sfki typis fn surnebi kfmgngbetgfl, bel ji kgk-gbcim jy sfki leturea pdilfkile ..." (]ftd/Rbdgbc 574>? ==3 siieasf? Deylis 5744)

]di quistgfl wi stertim wgtd wes tf wdet ixtilt key wiusi e primfkglelbi fn yfulh glmgvgmueas gl e neule essfbg-etim wgtd prgkery-bfltixt erbdeifafhgbea rikegls tf keciglnirilbis fl dultglh ebtgvgtgis fn Kgmmai Paigstfbili dfkg-lgms6 Gt siiks aihgtgketi tf steti tdet tdi ehi-prfngai fn eneulea essikjaehi es subd key flay wgtd siviri ristrgbtgflsji usim tf keci pfsgtgvi stetikilts fl tdgs tfpgb (gl bfltrest wgtd? Zfijrfics it ea. 574>). ]di riaetgviay aerhilukjir fn ouvilgais tdet mgim gl tdigr ngrst yier wiri epftiltgeaay gkpfrtelt priy nfr sbevilhirs, wdgai tdiynfrkim e bfkkfl priy nfr dultglh berlgvfris, jibeusi fntdigr glixpirgilbi ^rje (5740) mgsbussglh tdgs prfjaik

viry yfulh elgkeas. Et Rgti H et aiest pert fn tdgs spetgeaessfbgetgfl bfuam ji trelsaetim gl tirks fn dfkglgm ebtgvgtgis, tdelcs tf tdi kgbrfwier eleaysgs jy E. vel Hgol (sii?êl Hgol, tdgs vfauki, eppilmgx G). Jibeusi fn tdi riaetgviay skeaa lukjir fn elgkeas glvfavim elm tdi hilireaaypffr steti fn prisirvetgfl fn tdi jfli ketirgea eaa tdet belji segm gs tdet tdi pfglt fn miperturi nfr ely glnirilbibflbirlglh tdisi prfjaiks des tf ji tdi prfvil gltirriae-tgflsdgp fn tdi 'stflis elm jflis'. Eaa wi bel sey diri gstdet, fl tdi essukptgfl tdet tdiy wiri dultirs, tdi 'Jiavç

märi' dfkglgms dultim keglay viry yfulh glmgvgmueas fnaerhir kekkeas (diri). Jut wi devi ejsfautiay lf jesi nfrtdi dultglh essirtgfl, elm gl nebt tdgs cglm fn riesflglhiviltueaay aiems tf trietglh Pagf/Paigstfbili dfkglgms elmtdigr erbdeifafhgbea 'sgtis' es bfultirperts fn prisilt-meydultir-hetdirirs, tdus jrglhglh tdi erbdeifafhgst gltf evgbgfus bgrbai, gl wdgbd tdiri gs flay e agkgtim ekfult fnrffk nfr ivfautgfl fn dfkglgm jidevgfur gl tdi Paigstfbilitgki spel.

Elftdir epprfebd, emvfbetim jy Jglnfrm (5749, 574>),essukis tdi ixgstilbi fn jesgb mgnnirilbis gl frhelgzetgfleabepejgagtgis jitwiil prisilt-mey dultir-hetdirirs elmKgmmai elm Ieray Paigstfbili dfkglgms es aflh es tdi bfltrery bellft ji mikflstretim. Glstiem fn usglh tdi !Culh,Lulekgut, fr ftdir dultir-hetdirir hrfups es ekjuaeltRtflis fn Zfsitte, emvfbetis fn tdgs epprfebd try tf eleaysiwdet glmgbetgfls fn spibgngb nfrks fn 'kfmirl' jidevgfur belji nfulm gl tdi erbdeifafhgbea ketirgea. Fn bfursi, tdgsepprfebd easf glvfavis tdi rgsc fn vgbgfus bgrbais. ]di mgnng-buatgis ilbfultirim gl tdi eleaysgs fn Ieray elm KgmmaiPaigstfbili erbdeifafhgbea sgtis (dultglh sbevilhglh fr

5== ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI ' M E ]E '

7.9 ]di Ylgt G^-B sgtis gl tdi lfrtdirl Iurfpielbfltixt

Gl ribilt yiers sivirea lfrtdirl Iurfpiel sgtis devi jiilpujDsdim wdgbd meti rfuhday nrfk tdi seki tgki relhi estdi Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^-B sgtis.

Gl tdi Litdiraelms, nfr ixekpai, tdi rgbd querry-sgtis gltdi lighdjfurdffm fn Zdilil (biltrea Litdiraelms), mgs-

bfvirim gl tdi 5780s jy Nrelssil elm Xfutirs (Nrelssil/Xfutirs 5784, 57453 Rtepirt 5745j), wiri nfrkim jinfritdi kexgkuk ixtilsgfl fn tdi Reeagel gbi-sdiit. Kfst fntdi naglt ertinebts nfulm et tdisi sgtis wiri mgsbfvirim glsibflmery bfltixts, gl bfersiay-hreglim nauvgetgai mipfsgts,pusdim up jy tdi Reedel gbi-bfvir. ]di essikjaehis bfa-aibtim et tdisi sgtis sdfw e strgcglh risikjaelbi tf tdiKerccgiijirh ketirgea (Hirkel Mikfbretgi Zipujagb?

]revirtglis et Idrglhsmfrn (Hirkel Mikfbretgi Zipujagb)ilejaim êl Cfansbdftil (5749) tf riaeti tdi nfrketgfl fntdisi trevirtglis tf tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^-B werk-tikpireti pdesi. Y-sirgis metglh fn tdi Afwir ]revirtglis, em-

oebilt tf tdi nekfus Jrelmsbdgbdtil 'fbbupetgfl aeyirs', jyRbdwerbz it ea. hevi el evirehi ehi fn ::9 µ :> ce (Bffc it

ea. 574:3 sii easf? Jrullebcir it ea. 57423 Jaebcwiaa elm

Rbdwerbz 574>3 Rbdwerbz it ea. 5744). ]di Afwir ]revirtglis bflteglim tdi prfmubts fn el glmgsputejay KgmmaiPeaeifagtdgb naglt glmustry (Jidk-Jaelbci 57>0). ]di nagltsglbaumim e aerhi lukjir fn sgkpai, mfujaç elm bflvirhiltsbrepirs, agkebis elm sfki jgnebgea pfglts. ]di ritfubdglhwes fntil sbeaergnfrk, 'eakfst Uugle-agci', ebbfrmglh tfJfrmis (574=), elm wes prfjejay tdi prfmubt fn sivireastehis fn rimubtgfl (bn. Mgjjai 5748e, 5748j). Rtiglir (5787)



Kerccgiijirh ketirgea (Hirkel Mikfbretgi Zipujagb?Hredkell 57993 Jeukell/Kelge 5742).

]di Jiahgel sgti Kisvgl G^ des ygiamim e rgbd KgmmaiPeaeifagtdgb naglt essikjaehi gl e sibflmery bfltixt, nfulmgl bfersiay-hreglim simgkilts elm gl hifafhgbea essfbgetgflwgtd kebrf-neulea rikegls glmgbetgvi fn bfam bagketgb bflmg-tgfls (Bedil/Deiseirts 574=3 Bedil/Kgbdia 574>). Y/]dmetglh fn neulea rikegls nrfk tdi sgti ygiamim el ehi rfuhday gl tdi kgmmai fn tdi :00-200 ce tgki relhi. ]di nfrke-tgfl fn tdi Kisvgl G^ erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehi key tdiri-

nfri ji epprfxgketiay bfltikpfrelifus wgtd tdi mipfsgtgflfn tdi Ylgt GGG hrevias et Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, gl e bfampdesi pribimglh tdi Ylgt G^-B werk-tikpireti pdesi.Dfwivir, gl tdi vgrtuea ejsilbi fn jgfstretghrepdgbeaaymgehlfstgb baikilts gl tdi Kisvgl G^ neulea essikjaehi tdgsbfrriaetgfl gs jesim sfaiay fl tdi Y/]d metis (Bedil/Deiseirts 574=).

]di kgbrf- elm kebrf-neulea essikjaehis nrfk tdi erbdeifafhgbea nglm aeyir 5 et Ergilmfrn (Liuv/gimir Jibcil,

Xist Hirkely) glmgbeti tdet tdisi essikjaehis wirinfrkim gl e bfam stehi igtdir oust jinfri fr oust entir tdiKeestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^-B werk-tikpireti pdesi(êl Cfansbdftil 57493 ]urlir 574>). ]di kfrpdfafhy fntdi stfli ertinebt essikjaehi nrfk tdgs nglm aeyir, wdgbd gsbfkpfsim keglay fn sgkpai naecis, key devi jiil mgbtetimjy tdi queagty fn tdi afbeaay evegaejai rew ketirgea, jiglhquertz, quertzgti, elm sgagbgfus saeti (Cgisiasbdginir). Jfsgl-scg (5742j), dfwivir, des suhhistim elftdir ixpaeletgfl nfrtdi kfrpdfafhy fn tdgs essikjaehi, lekiay tdet gt wesaerhiay mitirkglim jy tdi ebtgvgtgis tf ji pirnfrkim retdirtdel jy tdi rew ketirgea

stehis fn rimubtgfl (bn. Mgjjai 5748e, 5748j). Rtiglir (5787)baessgngim tdi Yppir ]revirtgli nglms es e 'westi glmustry'

{Ejneaa-Glmustrgi), bflsgstglh fn ekfrpdfus ertinebts, bfk-perejai tf tdi (Iikgel) glmustrgis fn ]eujebd (Rtiglir/Rtiglir 5789).

Gl 57::, Rfirhia pujagsdim ehi mgvgsgfls fn nfssga rikeglsfn rdglfbirfs {Mgbirfrdglus cgrbdjirhilsgs S; M.kirbcg[)

elm iaipdelt {Iaipdes eltgquus) nfulm et tdi trevirtglisgtis Idrglhsmfrn (Afwir ]revirtglis) elm ]eujebd.Nghuris 5=: elm 5=2 hgvi tdi ehi mgstrgjutgfls fn tdi spibgis

kiltgflim ejfvi, jesim fl tdi Gmiltgngbetgfl fn aerhi luk-jirs fn glmgvgmueas. Rfirhia usim tdi ehi mgstrgjutgfls fn tdiaerhir kekkea nfssgas tf keci glnirilbis fl tdi dultglhkitdfms fn Peaeifagtdgb hrfups wdfsi naglt ertinebts wirieasf nfulm gl tdi trevirtglis. Dgs epprfebd, nfagfwim jyaetir glvistghetfrs fn tdi Idrglhsmfrn sgti, prfvgmis e baierixekpai fn tdi epprfebd gl Peaeifagtdgb erbdeifafhy tdetgkpagbgtay riherms kel es tdi prglbgpea fr ili elm flayehilt rispflsgjai nfr tdi prisilbi fn neulea rikegls gl

mipfsgts bflteglglh ertinebts (bn. Jglnfrm 5745). Gl e ribiltrivgiw fn tdi Idrglhsmfrn sgtis, Rtiglir (5787) mgsbussim tdidultglh kitdfms fn tdi Peaeifagtdgb hrfups et Idrglhsmfrn.Dgs gkpagbgt epprfebd, wdgbd gs jesim aerhiay fl tdet fnRfirhia, bel ji sukkergzim es nfaafws?5. dukel ebtgvgtgis murglh tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi trevirtgliseri baieray ettistim jy naglt ertinebts, bderbfea elm rikeglsfn tdi dfkglgms tdiksiavis.:. eaa aerhir kekkea rikegls ribfvirim nrfk tdi trevirtglis wiri mipfsgtim es 'Oehmjiuti' (dultim heki)2. baessgny tdi iaipdelt elm rdglf rikegls ebbfrmglh tf ehi,elm yfu hit Glnfrketgfl fl tdi dultglh kitdfms fn Peaeif

5=9 ]DI YLG] G^-B RG]IR GL ]DI LFZ]DIZL IYZFPIEL BFL]IT]

/ m

/ n- ^ E

/

\

Ngh. 5=:. Mgstrgjutgfl fn Mgbirfrdglus cgrbdjirhilsgs rikegls ebbfrm

]ejai :=? Mgstrgjutgfl fn neulea rikegls nrfk ]eujebd elm Idrglhsmfrn ebbfrmglh tf ehi, es mgsbussim gl tdi tixt3 jesim fl metegl Rfirhia 57::3 Jidk-Jaelbci 57>03 Huiltdir 5789. Rii easfnghuris 5=: elm 5=2.

viry yfulh/yfulh glmgv.

emuat/fam glmgv.

00 85.= % :4.> %>0 9=.2 % =9.9 %6 =>.: % 92.8 %6 =0.0 % >0.0 %

]eujebd rdglfbirfs]eujebd iaipdeltIdrglhsmfrn rdglfbirfsIdrglhsmfrn iaipdelt

tf ji buttglh kercs fl rdglfbirfs jflis nrfk Idrglhsmfrn,wdgbd sdfw tdet tdisi sgtis devi e wieatd fn pftiltgea gl-



h hglh tf ehi et (aint) Idrglhsmfrn elm (rghdt) ]eujebd. G. viry yfulh

glmgvgmueas, GG. yfulh emuat glmgvgmueas, GGG. emuat glmgvgmueas, G^. famglmgvgmueas. Jesim fl mete gl Rfirhia 57:: (sii tdgs vfauki, ]ejai:=).

Ngh. 5=2. Mgstrgjutgfl fn Iaipdes eltgquus rikegls ebbfrmglh tf ehi et(aint) Idrglhsmfrn elm (rghdt) ]eujebd. G. glmgvgmueas fn 0-> yiers, GG.>-:0 yiers, GGG. :0-90 yiers, G^. kfri tdel 90 yiers. Jesim fl metegl Rfirhia 57:: (sii tdgs vfauki, ]ejai :=).

Rfirhia 57::3 Jidk-Jaelbci 57>0)? et ]eujebd viry yfulhtf yfulh elgkeas nfrkim tdi keofr pert fn tdi neule,wdiries et Idrglhsmfrn tdisi ehi betihfrgis eri aiss wiaariprisiltim. ]dirinfri, Peaeifagtdgb hrfups et ]eujebdkust devi usim e kfri prgkgtgvi dultglh tibdlgqui nf-bussim fl yfulhir elgkeas. ]di 'kfri ivfavim' (el gl-

tirpritetgfl jesim fl tdi kfrpdfafhy fn tdi stfli ertinebts3bn. 7.2) Idrglhsmfrn dfkglgms, dfwivir, subbiimim gl cgaaglhaerhi lukjirs fn tdi ixpirgilbim emuat elgkeas tdet wiri

wdgbd sdfw tdet tdisi sgtis devi e wieatd fn pftiltgea glnfrketgfl fl Kgmmai Paigstfbili dukel jidevgfur dermay

ketbdim jy ely ftdir sgti gl Iurfpi.Fli fn tdi keofr prfjaiks ilbfultirim gl tdi gltirprite-

tgfl fn tdisi -elm ftdir- trevirtgli sgtis gs fn bfursi tdet wieri mieaglh wgtd neulea essikjaehis nfrkim gl simgkilteryilvgrflkilts wdgbd nevfur tdi prisirvetgfl fn neulea baikilts 'prfmubim' jy e wgmi relhi fn ebbukuaetglh ehilts?leturea mietds, vergfus lfl-dukel primetfrs, dfkglgms,elm hifafhgbea prfbissis. ]di 'sgtis' ixbevetim gl subdsimgkiltery ilvgrflkilts eri tdi prfmubts fn e bfkpaixsirgis fn mipfsgtgflea ivilts fn wdgbd dfkglgm ebtgvgtgisnfrk flay e pert, jut fli tdet gs usueaay hgvil kfst fn tdibrimgt nfr tdi 'stetgis' ilbfultirim, es wi devi siil ejfvi.

]di jgfstretghrepdgbea ivgmilbi nrfk tdi sgtis fn Jgazglh-

saijil (Hirkel Mikfbretgi Zipujagb) elm Kgisildigk

(Xist Hirkely, Jfsbdiglil it ea. 574=), wdgbd glbaumis tdiprisilbi fn Ervgbfae tirristrgs beltgele (silsu êl Cfan

sbdftil, gl priss) gl tdi neulea essikjaehis, sdfws tdet

tdiy eri famir tdel Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri (êl Cfansbdftil, gl priss).

Rf ner, niw erbdeifafhgbea rikegls devi jiil ribfvirimnrfk tdi Kgisildigk sgti (Jfsbdiglil it ea. 574=). ]dineule, dfwivir, key meti nrfk jinfri tdi werk-tikpiretipdesi ettistim et tdi Jgazglhsaijil sgti, nrfk wdgbd e aerhilukjir fn stfli ertinebts devi jiil ribfvirim (êl Cfan

sbdftil, pirs.bfkk, 5744).Rivirea ejsfauti metis devi jiil pujagsdim nfr tdi Jga

zglhsaijil trevirtgli sgti elm Derkfl it ea. (5740) prf-pfsim e bfrriaetgfl fn tdi Jgazglhsaijil mipfsgts wgtd Rtehi8 fn tdi kergli Fxyhil Gsftfpi ribfrm fl tdi jesgs fn e

5=> ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI ' M E ]E '

mipfsgts jierglh ertgnebts elm dfkglgm rikegls gs =5= µ =9ce et tdi ieragist, elm lf aetir tdel :40 ce. Kelge (574>)paebis Jgazglhsaijil ixpagbgtay ejfvi tdi 'typgbea' Dfastig-lgel, lekiay gl tdi Mþklgtz-gltirhaebgea, wdgbd di bflsgm-irs tf ji tdi yfulhist fn tdi twf gltirhaebgeas wdgbd nfrktdi 'Dfastiglgel bfkpaix'. ]di typgbea Dfastiglgel elm tdiMþklgtz-gltirhaebgea eri siperetim jy tdi Nudli haebgea.

Jitwiil tdi Mþklgtz- elm tdi Iikgel-gltirhaebgea tdiriwes elftdir gltirhaebgea, tdi Zñhil-gltirhaebgea. Jgazglhsaijil des ygiamim viry rgbd nafrea elm neulea rikegls gl-baumglh rikegls fn Dfkf iribtus (sii nfr tdi mgsbussgfl fltdi baessgngbetgfl fn tdi dfkglgm rikegls? Rtrglhir 5745).Aerhi lukjirs fn ertinebts devi jiil nfulm, kfst fn wdgbderi skeaa (50-40 kk). ]di ritfubdim imhis, fntil miltgb-uaetim fr lftbdim, eri streghdt, bflvix fr bflbevi. ]dgbc

]ejai :93 Jgazglhsaijil, 'Rtiglrglli' nriquilby fn elgkea spibgisnrfk e :00 k\ sibtgfl fn tdi ixbevetim erie (mete nrfk? Kelge5742, tejai :).

Rpibgis Lukjir fnglmgvgmueas

Ziaetgvinriquilby (%)

rdglfbirfsmiir

jievirjieriaipdeltjfvgmixtglbt jievirdfrsijferrfi miiragfl

24 :>.0:

:5 5=.24

58 55.>=

58 55.>=

5> 50.79

4 9.=4

> =.50

= :.8=

= :.8=

2 :.09

: 5.28



, h ,sbrepirs wiri nfulm, elm pfglts nesdgflim gltf jfrirs.

Ebbfrmglh tf Kelge, tdi ketirgea easf glbaumim typgbea'Aiveaafgs' bfris, wdgbd kiels tdet tdi dfkglgms rispflsgj-ai nfr tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehi etaiest cliw dfw tf eppay kfri bfkpaix nfrks fn naglt wircglh. Kelge (574>) prisukis tdet tdi skeaa mgkilsgfls elmtdi pffr strubturi fn tdi rew ketirgea eaafwim flay virysgkpai nfrks fn stfli wfrcglh.

]ejai :9 (nrfk? Kelge 5742, tejai :) sdfws tdi nriquilby

fn gmiltgngim kekkeas nrfk e :00 k\ sibtgfl fn tdi ixbevet-im erie et Jgazglhsaijil. Kelge (5742) ixpagbgtay triets tdisineulea rikegls es rikegls fn Oehmtgiri, dultim elgkeas, elmtdi aerhi lukjir fn spibgis gs gltirpritim es glmgbetglhhilireagzim dultglh stretihgis, wgtd e prinirilbi nfr rdglf-birfs {Mgbirfrdglus cgrbdjirhilsgs S; M.kirbcg[, Mgbirfrdg-

lus dikgtfibdus), wdgbd ebbfultim nfr e quer tir fn tdi tftealukjir fn glmgvgmueas gl tdi :00 k\ erie. ]di 24 rdglfbirfseri keglay riprisiltim jy afwir oews elm glmgvgmuea tiitd

nrfk 'skesdim' uppir elm afwir oews. Wfulh elm emuatglmgvgmueas eri prisilt gl iquea lukjirs.

]di primetfrs prisilt gl tdi Jgazglhsaijil essikjaehi(ekflhst ftdirs? Peltdire SAif[ spiaeie, Niags syavistrgs,

Aupus sp.) eri gltirp ritim es easf jiaflhglh tf tdi hrfup fndultim elgkeas (Kelge 5742? 220). Gl tdi eutdfr's fpglgfl,eleaysgs fn tdi ilfrkfusay rgbd elm gkpfrtelt Jgazglhsaijilsgti des tf bflsgmir tdi pfssgjai ebtgvi rfai fn berlgvfris,lft gl tdi ngrst paebi jibeusi tdigr jflis devi jiil nfulm,

jut jibeusi tdiy key devi pertgbgpetim gl tdi tepdflfkgbprfbissis. Es mgsbussim ejfvi (7.=), wi urhiltay liimmitegaim mete fl tdi bderebtir elm tdi vergejgagty fn tdi cglm

wgam bet

nfxjemhirwfanftdir

5 0.>4

5 0.>4

5 0.>4

5 0.>4

> =.50

]ftea 5=> 77.72

]di Paigstfbili simgkilts ixpfsim gl tdi Ceragbd baey pgt

(Liuwgim Jesgl, Kgmmai Zdgli erie. Xist Hirkely) deviprfvgmim gkpfrtelt mete fl tdi Paigstfbili stretghrepdy fnbiltrea Iurfpi. ]di ixpfsuris, bflsgstglh fn Zdgli elmKfsia hrevias, afiss elm vfabelgb esdis, devi ygiamim erbdeifafhgbea nglms gl sivirea stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfls (sii?Jfsglscg it ea. 57403 Jfsglscg 5742b3 Cuaikiyir 574>). Fnspibgea gkpfrtelbi diri gs tdi prisilbi fn el erbdeifafhgbeasgti gl agklgb simgkilts, wdgbd, ebbfrmglh tf peaeifjftel-gbea glvistghetgfls, wiri mipfsgtim murglh e Kgmmai Paigstf

bili gltirhaebgea (Yrjel 5742). Fn spibgea jgfstretghrepdgbeagkpfrtelbi gs tdi fbburrilbi fn tdi texe Ezfaae ngagbuafgmis,

Ptirfberge elm Biatgs eustreags. Eatdfuhd tdisi tdrii 'kercir spibgis' suhhist e bfrriaetgfl wgtd tdi Mutbd Dfastiglgel(_ehwgol 5782), Yrjel suhhists el gltre-Reeagel ehi nfr tdi'Ceragbd'-gltirhaebgea', fl tdi jesgs fn tdi bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdinafre fn gts tirkglea pdesi? tdgs gs mfkgletim jy mibgmufustriis, wdiries pfaail mgehreks fn ftdir Dfastiglgel mipfsgts gl lfrtdwistirl elm wistirl Iurfpi eri usueaay bdereb-

tirgzim jy aflh pdesis fn bflgnir pripflmirelbi (Yrjel5742? 44). ]di erbdeifafhgbea nglms eri paebim gl tdi Berpg-

lus-Jituge zfli fn tdi gltirhaebgea.

5=8 ]DI YLG] G^-B RG]IR GL ]DI LFZ]DIZL IYZFPIEL BFL]IT]

bfkptç ilvgrfl 99000 pgirris bessçis perkg aisquias siuai-kilt 5= sflt mis futgas ...' (Cuaikiyir 574>? =>-=8).

Fxnfrm ]A ehi mitirkgletgfls fn jurlt naglts nrfk aeyirsB elm M et Ae Bftti mi Reglt-Jriaemi (Oirsiy, Ylgtim Cglh-mfk) paebi tdi Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb essikjaehis nrfk tdisiaeyirs gl tdi :24 µ 29 ce tgki relhi (Egtcil it ea. 574>3Beaafw 574>e). C. Rbftt (5740) des pujagsdim tdi ehi hrfups

fn tdi kekkeas nfulm et Ae Bftti mi Reglt-Jriaemi (Oirsiy) elm mgsbussim tdi rfai fn dfkglgms gl tdi nfrketgfl fntdi neulea essikjaehis fn aeyirs 2 elm >. Gl tdisi 'ReeDel'afissgb mipfsgts bflsgmirejai lukjirs fn kekkftd elmrdglfbirfs rikegls wiri nfulm gl twf 'jfli dieps', wdiri-es, gl bfltrest tf ftdir aivias, ertinebts wiri nfulm gl flayriaetgviay skeaa lukjirs. Rbftt ettrgjutim tdi errgvea fn tditwf hrfups fn kekkftds elm rdglfbirfs et Ae Bftti tf

d d m g a ' a g a

tdi ftdir aeyirs gs gltirpritim gl tirks fn fbbesgflea baier-elbi fn kimguk-tf-aerhi jflis gl tdi lerrfw spebi gl tdirevgli systik?

'Rubd e prebtgbi wfuam risuat gl e strflh jges tfwerms prisirvetgflfn ulgmiltgngejai spagltirs, elm jflis fr tiitd (wdfai fr jrfcil)wdfsi sgzi elm sdepi rilmirim tdik agejai tf ji trfmmil gltf tdihrfulm surnebi.' (Beaafw, gl? Beaafw/Bfrlnfrm 574>? 28:)

]dgs gltirpritetgfl gkpagis tdet tdi Ae Bftti dfkglgmsikpafyim e bflsgstilt elm wgmiay-jesim stretihy trfuhdfuttdi pirgfm fn fbbupetgfl, elm tdet tdi ejelmflkilt fn tdisgti elm tdi sujsiquilt afiss mipfsgtgfl aim tf tdi prisirvetgfl fn ivgmilbi wdgbd wfuam devi jiil mistrfyim gl tdibfursi fn bfltgluim usi fn tdi sgti.

Ivgmilbi fjteglim gl tdi ribilt eleaysgs fn tdi Rwel-



kel, wdf key devi mrgvil sivirea '...riaetgviay yfulh

elgkeas elm prgki emuats -tdfsi wdgbd wfuam devi jiilkfst melhirfus tf dult...' fnn tdi ilm fn e diemaelm. ]diaeyirs bflteglglh tdi jfli dieps prfmubim viry aerhijflis, dem e viry agkgtim spibgis riprisiltetgfl (issiltgeaaykekkftd elm rdglf), elm ygiamim skeaa lukjirs fn ertinebts. ]di ftdir Reeagel mipfsgts et Ae Bftti, fl tdi ftdirdelm, sdfw milsi bflbiltretgfls fn skeaa jfli spagltirs jutniw aerhi jflis elm e wgmi relhi fn spibgis, essfbgetim wgtdlukirfus ertinebts. Gl tdi aghdt fn fur ehi baessgngbetgfl

mgsbussgfl gt gs gltiristglh tdet Rbftt des bfkperim tdi ehisfn tdi aeyir 2 elm > kekkftds elm rdglfbirfs wgtd tdfsinrfk tdi ftdir aivias. Gl tdi aettir, kekkftd elm rdglfbirfs wiri riprisiltim jy glmgvgmueas bflsgmirejay yfulhirtdel tdfsi gl aeyirs 2 elm >? sfki fn tdisi glmgvgmueas wiri

'... ulmfujtimay liw-jfrl. ]dgs wfuam gkpay tdet tdi dultglh fntdisi aerhi, melhirfus spibgis mipilmim upfl nglmglh gsfaetimyfulh, wiec elgkeas, ultga, fl twf sipereti fbbesgfls, e reri

fppfrtulgty prisiltim gtsian tf cgaa e sujsteltgea hrfup fn kekkftdelm rdglf et fli tgki ..." (Rbftt 5740? 590)

Ae Bftti mi Reglt-Jriaemi tdirinfri siiks tf ji e sgti wgtdel ehi baess pettirl gmiltgbea tf tdet fn tdi Jiavçmäri YlgtG^ sgtis.

Zibiltay, e kflfhrepd wes pujagsdim fl tdi Ae Bftti miReglt-Jriaemi sgti (Beaafw/Bfrlnfrm 574>), gl wdgbd tdisijfli dieps eri mgsbussim gl kfri mitega elm eri bfkperim

wgtd tdi ftdir aeyirs fn tdi ngaa fn tdi revgli systik. Jisgmismikflstretglh dfkglgm glvfavikilt gl tdi nfrketgfl fn tdijfli dieps, Beaafw suhhists tdet tdi nfrketgfl fn tdisi

sbfkji mipfsgts des aim Jrgmhaelm it ea. (574=) tf e liw

bdrflfafhgbea gltirpritetgfl fn tdi Rwelsbfkji Paigstfbilisiquilbi elm gts reti fn nfrketgfl (bn. Xykir 578=3 Zfi57453 Dujjerm 574:). ]di naffmpaegl mipfsgts fn tdi AfwirAfek wiri nfrkim ulmir gltirhaebgea bflmgtgfls, es gsmikflstretim jy tdi risuats fn tdi eleaysgs fn tdi kfaausbelneule, elm eri tremgtgfleaay bfrriaetim wgtd tdi Dfxlgelgltirhaebgea (Cirliy 5785). Jrgmhaelm it ea. (574=) ripfrt e]A ehi nfr tdi Afwir Afek fn ::4.4 µ :2.2 ce. ]di quftim]A ehi nfr tdi Yppir Afek gs :0: µ 59 ce. Ebbfrmglh tf

tdi ]A ehi mitirkgletgfls, tdiri bel tdirinfri devi jiillf sghlgngbeltay aflh gltirvea jitwiil tdi nfrketgfl fn tdiAfwir Afek elm tdet fn tdi Yppir Afek. ]disi ]A ehimitirkgletgfls glmgbeti tdet tdi Rwelsbfkji scuaa nreh-kilts, stretghrepdgbeaay sgtuetim jitwiil tdi twf Afekbfkpaixis, devi el ehi gl tdi :00-:90 ce relhi, wdgbdkiels tdet tdiy meti nrfk epprfxgketiay tdi seki pirgfmes tdi Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^-B essikjaehis. Essdfwl ejfvi, tdi Ylgt G^-B essikjaehis et Jiavçmäri,dfwivir, pfstmeti tdi Dfastiglgel fn tdi Litdiraelms,wdgbd gs tremgtgfleaay bfrriaetim wgtd tdi Jrgtgsd Dfxlgel.Ylnfrtuletiay, tdi kekkea neule fn Rwelsbfkji mfis lftprfvgmi e sfulm jesgs nfr e jgfstretghrepdgbea paebglh fn tdisgti's mipfsgts (bn. Bffc it ea. 574:).

Jftd tdi jgfstretghrepdgbea ivgmilbi (Bdeagli 57843 êlCfansbdftil 5749) elm e ]A ehi mitirkgletgfl fn jurltnaglts sdfw tdet tdi Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb sgti Jgebdi-Reglt-

êest (lfrtdirl Nrelbi) gs yfulhir tdel tdi Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^-B sgtis. ]di mitirkgletgfl fn tdi jgfstretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl fn tdi sgti wes, dfwivir, jesim

5=4 ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI ' M E ] E '

'Rfa mi Zfbfurt' wes nfrkim (Rfkkç it ea. 574>). ]disimgkiltery bfkpaix sdfws e subbissgfl fn twf tikpiretipdesis siperetim jy e bfamir gltirvea. ]di ngrst tikpiretipiec gs tdi kfst prflfulbim fli. Rfkkç it ea. (574>)gltirprit tdi peaeifafibfafhgbea mete es glmgbetglh el ilvgrflkilt bfkperejai tf tdet fn tdi Ieray Xigbdsiagel gl-tirstemgeas, elm rioibt el 'gltirhaebgea' stetus nfr tdgs tik

pireti pdesi (sii easf? Bdeagli 57843 Pfpagl 5784). ]di ]Aehi mitirkgletgfls kiltgflim ejfvi meti tdi ngrst tikpiretipirgfm ribfrmim et Jgebdi-Reglt-êest tf 589 µ 52 ce, g.i.tdi jihgllglh fn Fxyhil Gsftfpi Rtehi >. ]di rgbd KgmmaiPeaeifYtdgb naglt glmustry fn Jgebdi des jiil rivgiwim jy]unnrieu (574>) elm Jfãme (574>). ]di mijgtehi fn eaa tdiaivias gs Aiveaafgs. Jfãme des sdfwl tdet fli elm tdi sekibfri wes usim tf prfmubi sivirea 'Aiveaafgs' naecis. Kely

gltirpritim es ertinebts elm eri ettrgjutim tf e 'Bdfppir-Bdfppglh-tffa Bfkpaix' (Nrelssil/Xfutirs 57423 êlIs/Nrelssil 574=). ]di metis esbrgjim tf tdisi agtdgb essikjaehis hilireaay very nrfk Kgmmai Paigstfbili tf tdiieragir pdesis fn tdi Afwir Paigstfbili, eatdfuhd prisukimPagfbili nglms devi easf jiil pujagsdim (êl Is/Nrelssil574=). ]delcs tf tdi hilirfus bffpiretgfl fn Kr E.K.

Xfutirs (Ailt) elm ftdirs, tdi eutdfr des jiil ejai tfstumy sivirea fn tdisi 'Bdfppir-Bdfppglh-tffa Bfkpaix'bfaaibtgfls gl ribilt yiers. Gl tdi eutdfr's fpglgfl, wdgbd gstfteaay mgvirhilt nrfk tdet fn Kr Xfutirs elm dgs bfaaiehuis, tdi agtdgb fjoibts prisiltim tf dgk es ertinebtsjiaflhglh tf tdi 'Bdfppir-Bdfppglh-tffa Bfkpaix' tremg-tgfl mf lft sdfw ely bflvglbglh sghls fn dukel wfrc-kelsdgp elm eri, eatirletgviay, tf ji gltirpritim espsiumf-



Aiveaafgs naecis dem lft jiil trelsnfrkim gltf ritfubdim

tffas. ]unnrieu (574>) suhhists tdet tdi nebt tdet tdi tffasnrfk sivirea aivias bflsgst fn flay kfmiretiay ritfubdimnaecis key ji mui tf tdi sdfrt muretgfl fn tdi fbbupetgfl.]di keofrgty fn tdi sgkpai fr mfujaç sbrepirs tdet mfkgletitdi tffacgt sdfw flay saghdt ritfubdglh. Delmexis eri ejsilt. ]di sgti des ygiamim e viry rgbd kekkea neule? gl tdi578> bekpeghl el erie fn 200 k\ wes ixbevetim, ygiamglhepprfxgketiay 2 tfls fn neulea rikegls, ekflh wdgbd Pfpagl gmiltgngim sivirea jflis wgtd but-kercs (Pfpagl 5784).Es et Jgazglhsaijil, tdi beaberifus ketrgx fn tdi nglms,bflsgstglh fn ngliay-hreglim nauvgea mipfsgts, dem easf pri-sirvim rikegls fn agfl {Peltdire sp.) elm ftdir primetfrs{Niags bn. syavistrgs, Belgs aupus3 Euhusti 574>).

Ngleaay, tdi Zdiglmedail afiss-pgt sdfuam ji kilt gflim,tdi 'typi sgti' fn Jfsglscg's (574:) Zdiglmedail hrfup,lekim entir tdi erbdeifafhgbea glviltfry fn tdi Reeagelaivia J2 et tdet sgti? gl tdi kgmmai fn tdi 'Reeagel' afiss

ulmirayglh tdi Hriy Jrfwl Pfmzfa (Perejreulirmi) metglhnrfk tdi aest gltirhaebgea e rgbd naglt glmustry wes nfulm gltdi 'kfttaim dfrgzfl' {Naibcilaidk), wdgbd prisiltim Yttaiivgmilbi fn tdi Aiveaafgs tibdlgqui elm glbaumim kelywiaa-kemi sgmi-sbrepirs elm pfglts (]dgiki it ea. 57453]dgiki 5742e). Et ngrst haelbi, tdi Jo tffg essikjaehisdfws sfki sgkgaergty tf tdi Jiavçmäri Rgti C ketirgea.Zibiltay, _þaair it ea. (5748) pujagsdim e ]A simgkilt ehifn 5>8 µ 59 ce nfr tdi Naibcilaidk et Zdiglmedail.

7.> Ieray Kgmmai Paigstfbili sgtis elm tdi psiumf-ertinebt prfjaik

ertinebts.

Gl 5742, tdi eutdfr wes ejai tf stumy e naglt fjoibt nfulmjy Mi Diglziagl et Deaikjeyi (Jiahguk), 9 ck sfutd fnKeestrgbdt. ]dgs fjoibt dem jiil nfulm gl e sibtgfl glwdgbd hrevia jiaflhglh tf tdi Rglt Pgitirsjirh Dghd ]irrebimipfsgts wes ixpfsim (Mi Diglziagl 5788). Gl e ribiltfutYli fn tdi Jiahgel Peaeifagtdgb (Bedil/Deiseirts 574=)tdgs nglm gs prisiltim es ivgmilbi fn dukel ebtgvgtgis gl tdi'Brfkirgel'. Gl tdi eutdfr's fpglgfl, tdi naglt gs baieray e

psiumf-ertinebt fn tdi seki cglm es bel ji bfaaibtim gl aerhilukjirs nrfk tdi naglt-rgbd Kees tirrebi hrevias (Jertstre5788). 'Pri-Ebdiuagel ertinebts' bfaaibtim nrfk Dghd ]irrebi Kees hrevias gl Rfutd Agkjurh wiri pujagsdim gl 5790(]dgssi-Mirfuitti 5790). Xfutirs (579:-5792) brgtgbeaayrivgiwim tdisi nglms elm strissim tdet tdiri wiri kelypsiumf-ertinebts gl tdisi naglt-rgbd mipfsgts.

]dirinfri, sfulm ivgmilbi fn tdi prisilbi fn kel gl tdiieragir Kgmmai Paigstfbili fn tdi Litdiraelms gs vgrtueaay

aebcglh. Gl nebt, gn wi try tf hetdir ivgmilbi fn dukelebtgvgtgis gl lfrtdirl Iurfpi murglh tdi ieragir perts fn tdiKgmmai Paigstfbili, g.i. prgfr tf tdi Jgazglhsaijil fbbupetgfl pdesi mgsbussim ejfvi, wi eri rihuaeray bflnrfltimwgtd tdi psiumf-ertinebt prfjaik. ]diri siik tf ji flaye niw erbdeifafhgbea sgtis nrfk tdgs tgki relhi gl lfrtdirlIurfpi. Xistjury-suj-Kilmgp gl Hriet Jrgtegl wes prisiltim es e sgti wgtd erbdeifafhgbea ketirgea metglh nrfk tdi'Brfkirgel' pirgfm (Jgsdfp 578=, 57893 Zfi 5745). Ebbfrm-

glh tf Bffc (5742), dfwivir, tdi naglt ketirgea nrfk tdgssgti mfis lft sdfw baier trebis fn dukel wfrcglh, elm wikey wiaa ji mieaglh wgtd el essikjaehi fn psiumf-ertinebts.

5=7 IEZAW KGMMAI PAIGR]FBILI RG]IR ELM ]DI PRIYMF-EZ]INEB] PZFJAIK

ry, wdiri berjflgnirfus bdeac gs jiglh ixtrebtim. ]di nglmsbfki nrfk e dfrgzfltea cerst heaairy, wdgbd gs pert fn elixtilsgvi cerstgb systik elm gs ixpfsim gl tdi uppir pert fntdi Dkistfli, epprfx. >0 k ejfvi tdi Ekjaävi. ]di iltgricerstgb systik gs ngaaim wgtd mitrgtea simgkilts elm steaehkgt-gb mipfsgts. ]di dfrgzfltea cerst heaairy gs 5: k aflh elm 5.9k dghd, elm twf virtgbea pgpis ('bdgkliys') aiss tdel 50 k

dghd ixtilm tf tdi aelm surnebi. ]di simgkilts ngaaglh tdidfrgzfltea heaairy bflsgst fn e jesgb hrevia ulgt, fviraegl jye sirgis fn kumstfli aeyirs, ejfut 80 bk tdgbc, sieaim jy ebeabgti aeyir, wdgbd des jiil sujoibtim tf Y-sirgis metglheleaysgs (Hesbfyli/Rbdwerbz 5749). ]di uppir dean fn tdikumstfli aeyir bflteglim rfulmim Dkistfli bfjjais,steaehkgti nrehkilts, neulea rikegls, elm ejfut =0 skeaapgibis fn siviriay wietdirim naglt. Gl emmgtgfl tf tdi nagltfjoibts gt bflteglim sfki quertz elm quertzgti pijjais

(Zutft 5708), Dis ejfut 5: ck tf tdi wist fn Rprgkflt.Faghfbili ifagtds devi jiil bfaaibtim gl tdi surrfulmglhs fnJflbiaais, tf tdi wist fn Rprgkflt, elm et Jerequi Kgbdia,:9 ck tf tdi iest. Ebbfrmglh tf Zutft elm aetir hiliretgflsfn hifafhgsts, tdgs rihgfl wes frghgleaay bfvirim jy e begaafu-

tgs tdet ilbafsim tdi ifDtds. Lfwemeys, tdi riklelts fn tdgsbegaafutgs eri clfwl es tdi (Yppir) Faghfbili Jesea Bfl-

hafkireti (Beaikjirt 579=3 X.K. Niamir, Rteti HifafhgbeaRurviy, tdi Litdiraelms, pirs.bfkk., 5742). ]di 'nrisd'ifagtds bfaaibtim jy Zutft nrfk tdgs begaafutgs, elm easf nrfkdghdir -]irtgery- aivias, eri stfrim et tdi Zfyea JiahgelGlstgtuti fn Leturea Rbgilbis et Jrussias, wdiri tdi eutdfrdes dem tdi fppfrtulgty tf stumy tdik3 tdi hilirea kfr-pdfafhy fn tdi pgibis ketbdis tdet fn tdi wietdirim pgibisnfulm et Ae Jiaai Zfbdi (sii nghuris gl Zutft 5708 elm gl



fjoibts, gt bflteglim sfki quertz elm quertzgti pijjais

(Bfrmy 5740, 5745). Hesbfyli elm Rbdwerbz (5749) kil-tgfl tdet tdi ketrgx fn tdi neulea elm agtdgb nglms kust devijiil mipfsgtim es e sirgis fn kum nafws tdet misbilmimtdrfuhd tdi virtgbea sdents nrfk dghdir aivias gl tdi cerstgbsystik, wdgbd eri lfw irfmim. Jibeusi fn tdi prisilbi fnrikegls fn Yrsus milglhid elm Peltdire hfkjeszfihilsgs,

Bfrmy des paebim tdi rgbd elm wiaa-prisirvim kgbrf- elmkebrf-neulea rikegls wdgbd wiri nfulm gl e sibflmerybfltixt gl el ieragir pert fn tdi Kgmmai Paigstfbili. ]di

Y-sirgis metglh fn tdi beabgti des prfvgmim e tirkglus eltiquik fn 290 ce nfr tdi mipfsgtgfl fn tdi kumstfli aeyirelm tdi fjoibts ikjimmim gl gt (Hesbfyli/Rbdwerbz 5749).

Ebbfrmglh tf Yargx-Bafssit (Bfrmy/Yargx-Bafssit 5745),tdi naglt essikjaehi glbaumis sfki bdfppglh tffas, bfris,pfaydimrfls, elm naecis wgtd erbdegb bderebtirgstgbs, elmrisikjais tdi 'Jumgil' essikjaehi fn tdi Kgmmai Paigstfbili sgti fn ^çrtçsszþYþs gl Dulhery (Critzfg/^çrtis 57>93

nfr gaaustretgfls fn tdi Rprgkflt naglt essikjaehi sii? Bfrmy5740, 5745).

]di eutdfr des vgsgtim tdi Rprgkflt sgti sivirea tgkiswgtd tdi ixbevetfr, O.K. Bfrmy, elm des dem tdi fppfrtulg-ty tf stumy tdi stfli essikjaehi. Bfrmy wes fn tdi fpglgfl(pirs.bfkk., 5742) tdet tdi bfkjgletgfl fn e viry prgkgtgvinaglt-wfrcglh tibdlgqui elm ixtriki wietdirglh kecis gtmgnngbuat tf gmiltgny tdi agtdgb fjoibts es ertinebts, jut tdieutdfr bfuam lft mitibt ely bderebtirgstgbs gl tdi essik

jaehi tdet bfuam ji ettrgjutim tf dukel ebtgvgtgis elm mfistdirinfri lft riherm tdi bfaaibtgfl es el erbdeifafhgbeaessikjaehi. Es Bffc it ea. (574:? 9>) devi strissim, gl

Bfrmy 5740, 5745). Cerstgb sglcdfais key wiaa devi treppim

ieray Kgmmai Paigstfbili (fr famir) riklelts fn tdgs ]irtgery bfvir, wdgbd wiri sujsiquiltay trelspfrtim tdrfuhd tdicerstgb systik gltf tdi dfrgzfltea cerst heaairy. ]di ]irtgerybfvir wes irfmim gl aetir tgkis jy tdi mfwlbuttglh fn tdiEkjaävi, wdgbd tfmey nafws >0 k jiafw tdi aivia fn tdisgti.

]dgs eatirletgvi ixpaeletgfl gs suppfrtim jy tdrii fjsirve-tgfls?5. Gl e agkgtim stumy fn tdi agtireturi, tdi eutdfr nfulm tdetivil tfmey riklelts fn tdi Faghfbili bfvir eri prisilt etRprgkflt elm gl gts ilvgrfls (Beaikjirt 579=? 959). Ebbfrmglh tf X.K. Niamir (Rteti Hifafhgbea Rurviy, tdiLitdiraelms), begaafutgs naglts fn tdi cglm es mgsbussim ejfvi,elm iauvgea naglts devi jiil nfulm fl tdi rghdt jelc fn tdiEkjaävi (pirs.bfkk., 574>).

:. Gt gs gltiris tglh tf lfti tdet Zutft (5708? =87) easf mi-

sbrgjim e besi lier Nflms mi Nfrït, 8 ck sfutdwist fnAgähi, wdiri e virtgbea bdellia teppim tdi Faghfbili bfvirelm dem trelspfrtim sivirea bujgb kitris fn tdgs begaafutgsgltf e bevgty.

2. Gl mgsbussglh tdi sgti's tepdflfky, Hesbfyli elmRbdwerbz (5749) lfti tdet 'Ligtdir tdi neulea essikjaehilfr tdi kfmi fn ikpaebikilt fn tdi mipfsgts glmgbetis tdetely pert fn tdgs bevi systik wes ivir fbbupgim jy dfkglgms.]di prisilbi fn ertinebts gl tdi bevi simgkilts key ji tdi

risuat fn striek trelspfrt fr ftdir simgkilt kfvikilt gltfe cerstgb sglcdfai.' (5749? >=:).

Gl bflbausgfl tdi ejsilbi fn baier trebis fn dukel kfm-

590 ]DI JIA^ÇMÄZI ' M E ] E '

prfjaiks fpilay gl frmir tf ciip neasi glnfrketgfl nrfkbriipglh gltf tdi wrgttil 'erbdeifafhgbea ribfrm' elm jiglhusim gl ftdir bfltixts. Nfr ixekpai, gl e pepir jy Rbdwerbzelm Aetdek (574=) fl Y/]d metglh ivgmilbi nrfk ^çrtçss-zþaaþs, Rprgkflt gs bgtim es fli fn tdi sgtis sdfwglh tdet jytdi tgki fn tdi fbbupetgfl fn ^çrtçsszþaaþs '... agtdgb glmustrgis, mfkgletim jy aerhi jgnebgea tffas, wiri eariemy kemi

iasiwdiri gl Iurfpi ...' (Rbdwerbz/Aetdek 574=? 22=).]di jist ivgmilbi fn tdi prisilbi fn kel gl lfrtdirlIurfpi gl el ieragir pert fn tdi Kgmmai Paigstfbili siiks tfji tdi Keuir kelmgjai, tdi ieragist dfkglgm nfssga nfulm glIurfpi (bn. Bffc it ea. 574:). ]di kelmgjai wes nfulm gltdi Afwir Relms gl tdi Hrenilregl querry, et wdgbd aiviatdi jgfstretghrepdgbea kercir dfrgzfl fn tdi Kgkfkys-

Ervgbfae trelsg tgfl des jiil sit (^fl Cfilghsweam 5782).

rikegls elm tdi essfbgetim dukel nfssgas elm ertinebtseppier tf devi jiil mipfsgtim fvir e spel fn ejfut =0,000yiers, biltrim erfulm 549 µ :9 ce. Ebbfrmglhay, tdi ^çrtçsszþaaþs sgti sdfuam ji rfuhday bfltikpfrelifus wgtd, frivil yfulhir tdel tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^ sgtis, wdgbdpaebis twf jgfstretghrepdgbeaay bfkpaitiay mgnnirilt neules(bn. êl Cfansbdftil gl priss) gl tdi seki tgki relhi. ]dgs

bfltrfvirsy baieray rivieas tdi agkgtetgfls fn tdi metglhkitdfms burriltay et fur mgspfsea.

]di kfrpdfafhy fn tdi ^çrtçsszþaaþs stfli glmustry,kemi nrfk quertz, quertzgti, naglt, bdirt elm remgfaergti(Critzfg/^çrtis 57>9), siiks tf devi jiil mgbtetim jy tdiskeaa mgkilsgfls fn tdi rew ketirgea, es wes tdi besi etJgazglhsaijil. ]di psiumf-ertinebt prfjaik kiltgflimejfvi easf paeyim e rfai gl tdi ^çrtçsszþaaþs eleaysgs, sglbi



]dgs trelsgtgfl kust devi tecil paebi entir tdi mipfsgtgfl fn

tdi Brfkirgel typi siquilbi et Xist Zultfl, wdiri Kg-

kfkys gs stgaa prisilt (Bffc it ea. 574:). Ebbfrmglh tf_ehwgol (gl priss), tdi typgbea Brfkirgel, es minglim etXist Zultfl, bfrriaetis wgtd tdi aetist gltirhaebgea (Gl-tirhaebgea G^) fn tdi 'Brfkirgel-bfkpaix' nfulm gl tdiLitdiraelms. êl Cfansbdftil (gl priss), dfwivir, ribiltaystetim tdet tdi neule fn Xist Zultfl gs famir tdel tdi neuleclfwl nrfk Lffrmjirhuk gl tdi Litdiraelms, metim esBrfkirgel G^ fl tdi jesgs fn pfYil-eleaytgbea ivgmilbi.êl Cfansbdftil glnirs tdet tdi Kgkfkys-Ervgbfae trelsgtgfl tffc paebi gl tdi haebgea pirgfm pribimglh tdi BrfkirG^ (Lffrmjirhuk) gltirhaebgea. Gl tdi Litdiraelms tdipeaeifkehlitgb Jruldis/Ketuyeke jfulmery gs sit ji-twiil Gltirhaebgea G elm GG fn tdi Brfkirgel-bfkpaix (_ehwgol it ea. 57853 _ehwgol/Mi Oflh 5742-574=), wdgbd gl-mgbetis tdet tdi Kgkfkys-Ervgbfae trelsgtgfl tffc paebiwiaa entir 800 ce3 tdgs hgvis us e rfuhd gmie fn tdi ehi fn tdi

Keuir kelmgjai? tecglh gltf bflsgmiretgfl tdi bfrriaetgflprfjaiks kiltgflim wi tdus errgvi et el ehi fn epprfxg-ketiay =00->00 ce.

Eatdfuhd Zust (579>, 5798, 57>9, 5785) baegkim tf devinfulm ertinebts et tdi seki stretghrepdgbea aivia es tdetwdiri tdi kelmgjai wes nfulm, ribilt wfrc jy Kñaair-Jibc, rivgiwim gl Bffc it ea. (574:), glmgbetis tdet tdikelmgjai sgti bflteglim lf stfli ertinebts.

]di ehi fn tdi ^çrtçsszþaaþs sgti des ribiltay jibfki tdi

fjoibt fn e mgsbussgfl jibeusi fn el glbflhrugty jitwiil tdijgfstretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfl fn tdgs sgti elm gts Y/]d metglh(Rbdwerbz/Aetdek 574=) Critzfg elm îrtis (57>9) frghg-

gt wes lft eaweys pfssgjai tf keci e baier mgstglbtgfl ji

twiil letureaay eatirim elm ertgngbgea pgibis murglh tdiixbevetgfl (Kñaair-Jibc 57883 Bffc it ea. 574:).

Xgtd tdi sgtis fn Xistjury-suj-Kilmgp, Rprgkflt, Keuirelm ^çrtçsszþaaþs tdi kegl Iurfpiel ieragir Kgmmai Paigstfbili sgtis riaivelt gl tdgs bfltixt devi jiil mgsbussim.]dgs gs lft tdi paebi tf mgsbuss sfutdirl Iurfpiel KgmmaiPaigstfbili sgtis3 Bffc it ea. (574:) devi ixtilsgvay mgsbussim tdi Erehf bevi et ]eutevia (Nrelbi), tdi bdrflfafh-

gbea paebikilt fn wdgbd stgaa hgvis rgsi tf prfjaiks.Jisgmis tdi sgtis eariemy kiltgflim ejfvi e aerhi lukjirfn sgtis devi jiil pujdsdim gl ribilt yiers, wdgbd eri segmtf prfvgmi ivgmilbi fn dfkglgm fbbupetgfl fn Iurfpi gl tdiieragir perts fn tdi Kgmmai Paigstfbili fr ivil ieragir.Jfsglscg, nfr glstelbi, kiltgfls tdi prisilbi fn ertinebtsjiafw tdi Jruldis/Ketuyeke jfulmery gl tdi LiuwgimJesgl (Jfsglscg 5744), wdgai Jflgney (5744) prisiltim eaerhi lukjir fn Ieray Paigstfbili 'sgtis' gl tdi Kessgn Bil

trea et tdi 5744 Elmirlebd bflnirilbi fl tdi ieragist fbbupetgfl fn Iurfpi.

]di bfaflgzetgfl fn Iurfp i, wgtd gts gltirsiesflea mgnnir-ilbis gl prfmubtgvgty fn tdi ilvgrflkilt elm gts riaetgviayafw tikpireturis, kust devi riqugrim spibgngb nfrks fnemeptetgfl fl tdi pert fn tdi dfkglgms wdf wiri tf ji tdingrst gldejgtelts fn tdgs bfltglilt. Fvirbfkglh tdi 'wgltirstfp' fn tdi ilvgrflkilt kust devi jiil fli fn tdi hrietistprfjaiks gl tdgs bfltixt. Gn erbdeifafhgsts eri tf istejagsddfw elm wdil ieray dfkglgms jibeki bepejai fn survgvglhgl tdisi lfrtdirl tikpireti zflis tdil tdi baegks nfr eaaieray sgtis gl Iurfpi kust ji sujoibtim tf e brgtgbea ivea-

Elliafu vel Hgol\

eppilmgx GE nulbtgflea eleaysgs fn tdi Jiavçmäri naglts

]di Jiavçmäri pgt des ygiamim e bflsgmiretgi ekfult fn

glnfrketgfl ejfut tdi agni-styai fn Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb dul-

tir-hetdirirs elm tdi ilvgrflkilt gl wdgbd tdiy pirnfrkim

tdigr vergfus ebtgvgtgis. Xi mibgmim tf pirnfrk e nulbtgflea

eleaysgs fn tdi naglt essikjaehi wgtd tdi dfpi tdet tdgs wfuam

sdim kfri aghdt fl tdi rfai fn tdi naglt ertinebts gl tdi sujsgst-

E tftea fn 99 naecis wes ixekglim nfr tdi prisilbi fn

trebis fn usi. ]di pgibis beki nrfk vergfus sgtis wgtdgl tdi

querry (tejai :>) elm wiri glgtgeaay siaibtim fl tdi jesgs fn

fli brgtirgfl flay? wditdir tdiy stgaa affcim riesflejay

nrisd wdil ixekglim wgtd tdi lecim iyi. ]di ftdir naecis

igtdir mgspaeyim bfafur petgle fr ixtilsgvi hafss, gldgjgtglh

td g t t tg n t g td j g n ag d m



ilbi pettirl.

5. Kitdfm

Ysi-wier eleaysgs fn naglt surnebis gs e negray ribilt mgs

bgpagli, ilejaglh tdi gltirpritetgfl fn usim erie, kftgfl

elm bfltebt ketirgea. Naglt surnebis eri mekehim gl usi elm

tdi trebis fn tdgs mekehi bel ji stumgim kgbrfsbfpgbeaay.

Xier trebis glbaumi imhi-rikfveas (hilireaay rinirrim tf es

'usi-ritfubd'), imhi-rfulmglh, pfagsd elm strgetgfls. Fli

hrfup fn wier eleaysts ikpdesgzis imhi-rikfveas elmimhi-rfulmglh (Fmiaa 5789, 57883 ]rglhdek it ea. 578=),

wdiries nfr ftdirs pfagsd elm strgetgfls nfrk tdi jesgs nfr

glnirilbis ejfut tffg usi (Ciiaiy 578=, 5740). ]di kitdfm

nfagfwim diri gs issiltgeaay tdet futaglim jy Ciiaiy (Ciiaiy/

Liwbfkir 57883 Ciiaiy 5740) elm miviafpim nurtdir jy

Elmirsfl-Hirneum (5745), Kfss (5742e), Pagssfl (5749)

elm êuhdel (5749).

]di Jiavçmäri gkpaikilts wiri stumgim wgtd e rinaibtim-

aghdt kgbrfsbfpi (Lgcfl fptgpdft) et kehlgngbetgfls relhglhnrfk 90 tf 9>0x. Et tdi futsit fn tdi stumy tdi tffas wiri

sbellim nfr tdi prisilbi fn risgmuis prgfr tf baielglh\. Gt

sffl jibeki baier tdet tdgs wes e nrugtaiss iltirprgsi ji-

beusi eaa risgmuis dem jiil rikfvim jy pirbfaetglh hrfulm-

wetir fr dem jiil bflsukim jy kgbrf-frhelgsks. Glgtgeaay,

tdi naglts wiri flay sfecim gl sfepy wetir elm rglsim fnn3

trietkilt wgtd DBa wes fkgttim tf evfgm tdi melhir fn

mekehglh tdi stfli. Dfwivir, jibeusi sfki fn tdi erti

nebts mgspaeyim e sdiil wdgbd bfuam pfssgjay ji e kglirea

mipfsgt, gt wes mibgmim gl e aetir stehi fn tdi risierbd tf

sujoibt eaa ertinebts tf trietkilt wgtd e 50% DBa sfautgfl gl

tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tffg usi fl tdi jesgs fn pfagsd elm

strgetgfls. Nurtdirkfri, eaa pgibis sdfrtir tdel 9 bk wiriixbaumim. Gt wes erhuim tdet gn tdi eleaysgs fn tdi aerhir

naecis sdfuam prfvi ulsubbissnua, tdi ekfult fn tgki libis-

sery nfr tdi ixekgletgfl fn tdi skeaa mijgtehi wfuam ji

uloustgngim. Kfrifvir, es Kfss (5742j) des erhuim, imhis

sdfrtir tdel : bk eri aiss agciay tf devi jiil usim, birteglay

lft wgtdfut dents. Jibeusi wi key essuki tdet pailty fn

rew ketirgea wes evegaejai lierjy, skeaa pgibis eri agciay tf

devi jiil mgsbermim ulusim. Gt sdfuam tdirinfri ji strissim

tdet tdi sekpai fn 99 ertinebts wes lft e relmfk siaibtgfl,

lfr wes gt hierim tf spibgngb quistgfls rihermglh jidevgfu-

rea espibts fn tffg usi elm mgsberm.

:. Pfst-mipfsgtgflea surnebi kfmgngbetgfls

Eatdfuhd kely fn tdi siaibtim pgibis eppierim qugti nrisd

wdil vgiwim wgtd tdi lecim iyi, wdil ixekglim ulmir tdi

kgbrfsbfpi tdiy turlim fut tf ji petgletim? tdi surnebi

ixdgjgtim e hriesy austri. Rfkitgkis tdgs austri wes bfl-nglim tf e jelm eaflh tdi imhi, wdgai tdi rikeglmir fn tdi

surnebi wes stgaa riesflejay nrisd. ]dgs jelm fn hriesy austri

bel iesgay ji kgstecil nfr nrisd dgmi pfagsd es glmiim des

jiil tdi besi gl tdi pest (bn.Zfijrfics 574=j). Gt gs pri-

bgsiay tdi imhis elm rgmhis tdet eri tdi ngrst perts fn tdi tffg

tf ji ennibtim jy petgletgfl (bn.Ciiaiy 57403 Zfttaelmir

5789e). Jisgmis devglh e hriesy austri, tdi surnebi fn kely

fn tdi Jiavçmäri naglts eppierim tf devi jiil mgssfavim elm

dem e 'suhery' eppierelbi (ngh.a==e, 5==j), g.i. tdi surnebi

wes lf aflhir e naet paeli elm dem bdelhim gltf e oukjai fn

gaa-minglim pgts elm bretirs. Es e bflsiquilbi, tdi surnebi

59: EPPILMGT G

]ejai :>? Bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi sekpai stumgim nfr tdi prisilbi fn trebis fn usi-wier.

sgti tftea ailhtd ailhtd tftea agtdfstretghrepdgbearibfvirim :-9 bk \ 9 bk ixekglim ettrgjutgfl

JBIN

H

* Gt kust ji kiltgflim tdet = fn tdi 9 ixekglim ertinebts nrfk Rgti J mirgvi nrfk e lierjy sibtgfl.

9 2 : 9* Ylgt G^-B20>8 >4= 552 2= Ylgt G^-B

79 98 55 5 Ylgt ^G-M5:59 :>= =9 50 Ylgt G^-B

94 :0 55 9 Ylgt G^-B

kfst pgibis tf turl yiaafw tf veryglh mihriis, prfjejay mui

tf pribgpgtetgfl fn tdi bfkpfulm CBa (pftessgukbdafrgmi).

Entir riliwim gkkirsgfl gl DBa elm := dfurs fn rglsglh gl

g n d aa a mg m

tdi surnebis fn tdi stflis tdet turlim yiaafw dem mgssfavim

(jiil petgletim) sf ixtilsgviay tdet miip pfris dem jiil

nfrkim gltf wdgbd CBa dem jiil mipfsgtim.

G g mgnng a m m d n



rullglh tep-wetir, sfki fn tdi yiaafw bfafur mgseppierim.

]di rikeglglh pftessgukbdafrgmi wes afmhim gl tdi miip

pfris fn tdi stfli. Zikercejay ilfuhd, tdi niw naglts

wdgbd dem lft turlim yiaafw prfvim eleaysejai. Epperiltay

Ngh. 5==. Rurnebi fn e naglt tffg nrfk Rgti C. e) mgribtay entir ixbeve-tgfl, j) tdi seki surnebi 9 kglutis aetir3 lfti tdi 'suhery' eppier-elbi. ]di sbeae jer kiesuris 500 l.

Gt gs viry mgnngbuat tf ulmirstelm tdi ixebt prfbiss fn

petgletgfl elm tdi bgrbukstelbis ulmir wdgbd gt fbburs.

Kfrifvir, petgletgfl gs e betbdeaa tirk nfr e vergity fn

pdilfkile. Fntil, kibdelgbea ejresgfl gs easf glbaumim gl

tdi betihfry 'petgletim'. Ejresgfl prfjejay mgm paey e rfai

gl tdi Jiavçmäri pgt jibeusi sfki virtgbea mgspaebikilt gs

ettistim3 gl sfki glstelbis gt ekfults tf :9-=0 bk (Zfi-

jrfics, tdgs vfauki). ]di selmy ketrgx gl wdgbd tdi erti

nebts wiri ikjimmim bfuam tdus iesgay devi ejremim tdi

tffas. Dfwivir, tdisi ejresgvi prfbissis prfmubi 'hafss'

elm bellft ji diam rispflsgjai nfr tdi mgssfavim naglt sur

nebi. Gt gs kfri Dciay tdet tdgs gs ettrgjutejai tf bdikgbea

prfbissis. Zfttaelmir (Zfttaelmir 5789e, 5789j) des erhuim

tdet hafss-petgle bel ji nfrkim gl el ebgmgb ilvgrflkilt,

subd es gl e piet ketrgx. Gt gs ulagciay tdet tdgs wes tdi besi

wgtd tdi Jiavçmäri ketirgea. ]di risuat sdfuam ji e skfftd,

sdgly paeli elm lft tdi grrihuaer, bretirim elm 'suhery'

surnebi fn kely fn tdi Jiavçmäri naglts. Kfrifvir, e pD-

eleaysgs fn sfki sfga sekpais glmgbetim tdet, fl tdi wdfai,tdi ketrgx gs eaceagli. Bafsi tf Rgti H, tdi tfp pert fn Ylgt

G^ ygiamim e pD fn 4.> µ 0.00: wgtd tdi DoF kitdfm elm fn

8.> µ 0.005 wgtd tdi CBa vergelt (pirs. bfkk. O. êlmil-

jirhdi, Ekstirmek, 5748). E sekpai nrfk Rgti B ygiamim e

sfkiwdet afwir pD? > - >.9. Gt wfuam tdirinfri siik tdet

tdi sfga bflmgtgfls wiri lfwdiri glmubgvi tf tdi nfrketgfl

fn hafss-petgle. Gt gs easf lftiwfrtdy tdet gl eries wdiri tdi

fvirayglh aeyir bflteglim bdeac, es wes tdi besi wgtd Rgti H,

tdi pgibis wiri gl bflsgmirejay jittir bflmgtgfl. Pirdepstdi hriesy austri fjsirvim fl sfki naglts (nfr glstelbi tdfsi

wgtd e jrfwl petgle) gs mui tf hafss-petgletgfl jut ivil tdgs

592 EPPILMGT G

Jiavçmäri ketirgea entir e pirgfm veryglh nrfk twf meys tf

e niw kfltds. ]di kgbrfsbfpi wes put up fl tdi sgti sf es

tf ji ejai tf ixekgli tdi naglt es sffl es gt wes ixbevetim.

Nfr tdi ngrst twf kglutis fr sf tdi stfli surnebi eppierim

nrisd, wgtd e naet paeli. Dfwivir, gt qugbcay mgssfavim elm

jibeki 'suhery' (nghs .5==e, 5==j). Epperiltay, tdi naglt

surnebi dem eariemy jiil eatirim gl subd e wey prgfr tf gts

rikfvea nrfk tdi hrfulm tdet ixpfsuri tf aghdt elm/frmissgbetgfl beteaysim tdi mgssfautgfl prfbiss. Gkkirsgfl fn

tdi ertinebts gl wetir elm stfrehi gl e merc paebi stfppim

tdgs prfbiss. Xetir baieray pgeyim e brubgea rfai gl tdi petg

letgfl prfbiss, es des eariemy jiil strissim jinfri (El-

mirsilE^dgtafw 5742). ]di prfbiss fn petgletgfl gs grrivirs-

gjai, sf gt gs agciay tdet jfulm wetir gs rikfvim nrfk tdi

Bdikgbea bfkpfsgtgfl fn tdi naglt. Kfri risierbd gltf tdgs

pdilfkilfl wga! ji mfli gl tdi nuturi.

]ejai :8? Zisuats fn tdi eleaysgs fn tdi nrisd pgibis.

ertinebt sgti bdeac ketrgx gltirpritetgfl

J^ >: J (Ylgt G^-B) yis lf trebis

M-54/9 B (Ylgt G^-B) lf kiet

:5/:2-9= N (Ylgt G^-B) lf lf trebis

=>/50>-5 H (Ylgt G^-B) yis lf trebis

=8/50=-5 H (Ylgt G^-B) yis lf trebis

=8/509-2 H (Ylgt G^-B) yis kiet

=>/50>-55 H (Ylgt G^-B) yis dgmi



p

Zghdt lfw gt sunngbis tf bflbaumi tdet fn tdi 99 siaibtim

ertinebts ixekglim, =4 ixdgjgtim pfst-mipfsgtgflea surnebi

kfmgngbetgfls (mgssfavim surnebi fr hriesy austri). Fn tdisi,

5> dem jiil hrietay ennibtim, :: kfmiretiay sf, wdgai 50

wiri flay aghdtay petgletim. Es nfr tdi aest betihfry, gt wes

sfkitgkis pfssgjai tf tiltetgviay steti wditdir e pgibi wes

agciay tf devi jiil usim fr lft.

2. Ysi-wier trebisFlay 8 fn tdi 99 naglts wdgbd wiri ixekglim wiri nrisd

ilfuhd tf eaafw el gltirpritetgfl gl tirks fn tffg nulbtgfl

(tejai :8). Nfur fn tdisi sdfwim lf trebis fn usi (Jv >:3

:5/:2-9=3 =>/50>-53 =8/50=-5). ]dgs mfis lft libissergay

kiel tdet tdisi naecis dem lft jiil usim? ixpirgkilts devi

sdfwl tdet wier trebis risuatglh nrfk bfltebt wgtd sfnt

ketirgeas, subd es kiet, nrisd dgmi elm birtegl hriil paelts

miviafp viry safway (Ylretd it ea. 574>3 êl Hgol 574>3

Kfss 5742e). Flay tdrii tffas mgspaeyim glmgsputejai trebisfn wier.

Fli, e jaemi-agci naeci (M-54/9) wgtd tgly imhi-rikfveas

eaflh gts aetirea imhis (ngh.5=9) elm imhi-elhais fn 2:° elm

29", ixdgjgtim e vehui jelm fn rfuhd, hriesy pfagsd, ejfut :

kk wgmi, wdgbd des jiil gltirpritim es tdi risuat fn bfl

tebt wgtd kiet. Gt wes vgsgjai fl jftd aetirea imhis. ]di

pfagsd sdfwim lf mgribtgfleagty, strgetgfls jiglh ejsilt, jut

tdi afw imhi-elhais elm tdi hilirea sdepi fn tdi tffg suh-

hist tdet gt dem jiil usim gl e buttglh kftgfl. ]di neglt

trebis fn ritfubdglh eri prfjejay tf ji essfbgetim wgtd tdi

tffa's nfrkir usi elm mf lft siik tf ji gltiltgflea ji-

Ngh. 5=9. Pfsgtgfl fn wier trebis fl M-54/9 nrfk Rgti B, Ylgt G^-B(sbeae :?2).

Ngh. 5=>. Pfsgtgfl fn wier trebis fl =8/509-2 nrfk Rgti H, Ylgt G^-B(sbeai :?2).

sunngbgiltay mgstglbtgvi tf eaafw gltirpritetgfl. ]di tffg, el

çmet mçjfrmelt {silsu Jiyrgis/Jfãme 5742) ixdgjgtim

59= EPPILMGT G

fretim jy tdi prisilbi fn e niw vehui strgetgfls rullglh

pereaaia tf tdi imhi fn tdi tffg. ]di ejfvi-kiltgflim bfk-

jgletgfl fn wier-trebis pfglts tf dgmi es tdi kfst agciay

bfltebt ketirgea.

Gt gs wfrtd spibuaetglh e agttai fl tdi bderebtir fn tdi dgmi

but wgtd tdgs aerhi jebcim jaemi. ]di hriesgliss fn tdi

pfagsd gl sfki eries suhhists tdet tdi dgmi wes gl e retdir

nrisd steti. Fl tdi ftdir delm, tdi pfagsd's kett bderebtirgl ftdir eries glmgbetis bfltebt wgtd e mrgim dgmi. ]di

strgetgfls key ji mui tf tdi prisilbi fn selm fr mgrt pertg

bais fl tdi scgl, wdgai tdi retdir ixtilsgvi imhi mekehi

pfglts tf e kimguk-derm ketirgea. ]di typi fn scgl tdet

elswirs tdgs misbrgptgfl gs tdet fn pebdymirketfus elgkeas

subd es rdglfbirfs elm iaipdelt. ]digr scgls bfltegl kely

mgrt pertgbais, eri qugti derm elm tdi ipgmirkea perts eri mry

elm dfrl-agci



elm dfrl agci.

]drii ixpirgkilts wiri berrgim fut fl iaipdelt scgl (ngh.590), fli wgtd e aerhi letureaay jebcim jaemi, twf wgtd

skeaair jaemis. ]di nfrkir, wdgbd bafsiay risikjaim tdi

erbdeifafhgbea çbaet mçjfrmelt gl tirks fn mgkilsgfls elm

imhi elhai, prfvim e n er kfri innibtgvi tffg nfr tdi viry

Ngh. 5=8. Xier trebis fjsirvim et pfglt E fl =8/509-2 nrfk Rgti H.

]di sbeai jer kiesuris 500 l-

Ngh. 5=4. Pfsgtgfl fn wier trebis fl =>/50>-55, e aerhi jebcim jaeminrfk Rgti H (sbeai :?2).

tdgbc (ejt. 5.9 bk) iaipdelt scgl tdel tdi twf skeaair flis.

Ylnfrtuletiay, tdi liws fn tdi fppfrtulgty tf scgl subd el

iaipdelt riebdim us e nuaa twf wiics entir tdi elgkea dem

mgim, jy wdgbd tgki tdi berbess dem stertim tf mibfkpfsi

elm tdi scgl wes prfjejay sfntir tdel tdet fn e ribiltay

cgaaim elgkea. Livirtdiaiss, tdi wier-trebis fjsirvim fl

tdi ixpirgkiltea tffas bafsiay ketbdim tdfsi fl tdi erbdeifafhgbea flis. ]di pfagsd wes mgstrgjutim gl e jelm, jut gts

bderebtir wes kfst mgstglbtgvi fl prftrumglh pfglts? gt wes

599 EPPILMGT G

Ngh. 5=7. Pfagsd fjsirvim et pfglt E fl tffg =>/50>-55. Mui tf tdi

bafsi risikjaelbi? fl tdi viltrea espibt tdi ritfubd wes

tgly, sbeaer elm fviraeppim fli elftdir (ngh. 595j), wdgai

fl tdi mfrsea sgmi tdi ritfubd wes spebim kfri wgmiay. Fl

tdi jesgs fn tdisi risikjaelbis e pebdymirketfus bfltebt

ketirgea bfuam ji suhhistim ivil tdfuhd tdi trebis fl tdi

erbdeifafhgbea jebcim jaemi mgnnirrim saghdtay nrfk tdfsi fl

tdi ixpirgkiltea fli (g.i.tdi ejsilbi fn strgetgfls fl tdi

ixpirgkiltea tffas). Nurtdir ivgmilbi bfrrfjfretglh tdgsgltirpritetgfl gs tdi nebt tdet tdi tffg wes nfulm ekgmst e

bflbiltretgfl fn ouvilgai rdglfbirfs rikegls (Zfijrfics,

tdgs vfauki). Gt sdfuam ji strissim tdet tdi nglm bgrbuk-

stelbis fn tdi tffas wiri lft clfwl tf tdi kgbrf-wier

eleayst prgfr tf tdi stumy. ]di essfbgetgfl fn tdi jebcim

jaemi wgtd tdi jflis wes flay bfkkulgbetim tf dir entir

tdi eleaysgs dem jiil bfkpaitim.

Fn bfursi, gt gs gkpfssgjai tf mitirkgli wditdir tdi



saghdt petgletgfl kubd aghdt wes rinaibtim nrfk tdi tffg. ]di sbeai jerkiesuris 500 Qg.

Ngh. 590. Ixpirgkilt wgtd el iaipdelt scgl.

p

elgkea dem ebtueaay jiil cgaaim jy kel fr wditdir gt wesnfulm miem, eariemy cgaaim jy ftdir primetfrs. Fr, tf put gt

mgnniriltay, kgbrfwier eleaysgs bellft sdim aghdt fl tdi

quistgfl wditdir (pri-)Lielmirtdea kel wes e dultir fr e

sbevilhir (bn. Zfijrfics, tdgs vfauki). Zfijrfics erhuis

Ngh. 595. Xier trebis fjsil/im fl el ixpirgkiltea tffg usim tfjutbdir (pert fn) el iaipdelt. ]di sbeai jer kiesuris 500 | g .

59> EPPILMGT G

gl nevfur fn tdi aettir pfssgjgagty elm gl tdi rikeglmir fn

tdgs pepir rinirilbi wgaa ji kemi tf tdi kfri hilirea tirk

'kiet-bfYibtglh'.

Gl emmgtgfl tf tdi tdrii tffas misbrgjim ejfvi wgtd riae-

tgviay baier pfagsd, elftdir sgx tffas wiri ribfvirim tdet

wiri sf aghdtay petgletim (sii perehrepd :) tdet gt wes pfs-

sgjai tf mgstglhugsd tdi prisilbi fn trebis fn wier. ]disi eri

I-58/50, B-:5/59, M-:5/5, Jv-5:>9 elm Jv-5:=4, eaa nrfkRgti B, elm :2/:2-25 nrfk Rgti N. ]di wier-trebis, dfwivir,

eri sf glmgstglbtgvi tdet tdi tffas bel ji misbrgjim es 'prfj-

ejay usim' flay. Dem tdi tffas jiil ikpafyim fl e risgstelt

fr ejresgvi bfltebt ketirgea, subd es jfli, mry dgmi, eltair,

sgagbgfus paelts fr derm wfim, tdi risuatglh trebis wfuam

birteglay devi jiil mitibtim. ]disi tffas wiri tdus prfj-

ejay usim fl e ygiamglh ketirgea, subd es sfnt paelt, nrisd

dgmi fr kiet.

trebis jiil prisilt fl tdi aghdtay petgletim Jiavçmäri

ertinebts, tdiy wfuam birteglay stgaa devi jiil vgsgjai.

Rfkitgkis tdi kelunebturi fn jfli- fr eltair-wfrcglh

tffas elm tdi sbrepglh fn mry dgmi (g.i.kecglh e mrgim dgmi

suppai nfr ixekpai jy wfrcglh hriesi gltf gt) eri misbrgjim

es aejfur-gltilsgvi kegltilelbi ebtgvgtgis elm tdus glmgbe-

tgvi fn jesi-bekps. ]dgs gs fjvgfusay lft iltgriay trui ji

beusi, nfr glstelbi, jfli elm eltair tffas bel innibtgviay jikelunebturim fl dultglh stelms tf cgaa tdi tgki wdgai wegt-

glh nfr heki (]frrilbi 5742). Fl tdi ftdir delm, tdi

prfbissglh fn rew dgmis glmiim riqugris e bflsgmirejai

ekfult fn tgki jibeusi tdi sfntilglh fn tdi dgmis (gl tdi

prfbiss fn wdgbd tdi 'mry-dgmi sbrepirs' eri essukim tf ji

usim) gs viry tgki-bflsukglh.

Lfli fn tdi aghdtay fr kfmiretiay petgletim tffas nrfk

Jiavçmäri ixdgjgts trebis fn wier suhhistglh jfli/eltair-



=. E nulbtgflea gltirpritetgfl fn tdi sgtis nrfk

agtdfstretghrepdgb Ylgt G^-B

Gl tdi pribimglh perehrepds wi devi siil tdet tdi keofrgty

fn tdi essikjaehis nrfk tdi Jiavçmäri pgt wiri ennibtim jy

petgletgfl tf subd el ixtilt tdet eaa pfssgjai wier-trebis

dem jiil fjsburim. Gt wes tdirinfri lft pfssgjai tf mitir-

kgli tdi nfrkir nulbtgfl fn iebd glmgvgmuea ertinebt. Dfw

ivir, gt gs wfrtd dypftdisgzglh e agttai nurtdir ejfut tdi

nulbtgfl fn tdi Jiavçmäri essikjaehis nrfk agtdfstretg-

hrepdgbea Ylgt G^-B. ]di nfYfwglh mgsbussgfl gs jesim fl

tdi eleaysgs fn tdi 9= ertinebts siaibtim nrfk tdgs ulgt nfr

wier-trebi ixekgletgfl (sii perehrepd 5).

]di tffas ixdgjgtglh flay aghdt tf kfmireti petgletgfl stgaa

eaafw us tf ixbaumi birtegl bfltebt ketirgeas. Jfli/eltair,

mry dgmi elm sgagbgfus paelts prfmubi e pfagsd fl tdi naglt

entir flay e sdfrt pirgfm fn usi. Lft flay mf pfagsdis risuat

glh nrfk bfltebt wgtd tdisi ketirgeas miviafp n est, tdiy erieasf mgstglbtgvi elm retdir wiaa-minglim gl tirks fn tdigr

bflstgtuilt pfagsd ettrgjutis. Zibilt jaglm tists devi gl-

mgbetim tdet jfli/eltair elm mry(gsd) dgmi eri qugti bflsgs-

tiltay gmiltgngim jy eleaysts (Ylretd it ea. 574>). ]dgs gs easf

mui tf tdi nebt tdet, gl emmgtgfl tf e baier pfDsd, ftdir

bderebtirgstgb wier ettrgjutis eri nfrkim, subd es e rfulmim

tffg imhi wdil tdi tffg gs usim fl dgmi, fr ixtilsgvi imhi

rikfveas gl tdi besi fn usi fl jfli. Ngleaay, ixpirgkilts

sgkuaetglh vergfus pfst-mipfsgtgflea surnebi kfmgngbetgflsdevi glmgbetim tdet jfli pfagsd gs tdi kfst risgstelt tf subd

ettebcs (Pagssfl 5742, 574>). Dgmi pfagsd bel ji ennibtim tf

hh h

wfrcglh fr mry-dgmi sbrepglh. ]di mihrii fn petgletgfl fntdisi pgibis gs bflsgmirim glsunngbgãlt tf devi fjsburim subd

trebis, dem tdiy jiil prisilt. ]di aebc fn ivgmilbi fn

'kegltilelbi ebtgvgtgis' subd es dgmi-prfbissglh wfuam tdus

keci tdi Jiavçmäri sgtis tikpfrery ilbekpkilts, nfr

ixekpai dultglh stelms. Dfwivir, tdgs gs fn bfursi lft e

veagm erhukilt gl gtsian es gt gs jesim sfaiay fl lihetgvi

ivgmilbi. Mry-dgmi- fr jfli-wfrcglh tffas bfuam devi jiil

prisilt ekflh tdi pert fn tdi essikjaehis lft siaibtim nfr

usi-wier eleaysgs jibeusi tdi tffas wiri tff skeaa fr tff

petgletim. Kfrifvir, gt gs qugti pfssgjai tdet dgmis wiri

wfrcim et sfki mgstelbi nrfk tdi agvglh erie gl vgiw fn tdi

stilbd essfbgetim wgtd tdgs ebtgvgty? subd el erie bfuam iesgay

devi neaail futsgmi tdi ixbevetim trilbdis.

Xdet ivgmilbi mf wi devi6 Ivil tdfuhd lf pfagsd wes

fjsirvejai fl kfst fn tdi Jiavçmäri tffas, ftdir ettrgjutis,

subd es imhi mekehi elm imhi-rfulmglh, eri stgaa gltirprite-

jai. ]di sgtis fn tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^-B essikjaehis wiribfvirim jy nauvgetgai simgkilts wgtdgl e viry sdfrt pirgfm fn

tgki (Zfijrfics, tdgs vfauki). Jibeusi fn tdgs elm tdi nebt

tdet tdi ixbevetgfl elm stfrehi fn tdi ertinebts wes mfli gl

e viry berinua kellir gt gs bflsgmirim oustgngim tf glnir tdi

nulbtgfl fn tdi tffas nrfk tdi mgstrgjutgfl elm kfrpdfafhy

fn tdi imhi-rikfveas jibeusi tdi pfssgjgagty fn tdi nfrke-

tgfl fn imhi-rikfveas mui tf pfst-mipfsgtgflea prfbissis

elm beriaiss ixbevetgfl prfbimuris key ji ixbaumim.

]di usi-ritfubd fl kely naecis wes sbeaer wgtd enietdir-sdepim tirkgletgfl spebim rihuaeray eaflh tdi imhi.

Lfli fn tdi naecis sdfwim ixtilsgvi imhi-rfulmglh. ]dgs

598 EPPILMGT G

ixpirgilbim pirsil, tdi tffg dermay bfkis gltf bfltebt wgtd

jili3 tdiri gs viry Dttai imhi mekehi elm pfagsd gs nfrkim

ixtrikiay safway. Dilc Lgoaelm (Zisierbd Glstgtuti nfr

Leturi Kelehikilt), wdf mgssibts elgkeas iviry mey,

pirnfrkim nfur mgskikjirglh ixpirgkilts usglh miir elm

rebbffl. ]di tffas di dem usim nfr tdgs purpfsi mgnnirim

kercimay nrfk tdfsi usim jy tdi eutdfr gl tdet tdiy sdfwim

viry agttai ivgmilbi fn usi. Ivil entir >0 kglutis fn wfrc,

tdi tffas sdfwim lf sghls fn pfagsd wdetsfivir, wdgai imhi-

rikfveas bflsgstim fn sbeaer sbers wgtd nietdir tirkgletgfls

mgstrgjutim grrihuaeray eaflh tdi imhi elm devglh kexgkuk

wgmtds fn epprfx. 5 kk. ]di tffas sdfwim viry agttai imhi-

rfulmglh3 gl ebtuea nebt tdi imhi wes flay skfftdim. Pet-

tirsfl ripfrts sgkgaer wier nieturis fjsirvim entir tdi

jutbdirglh fn miir. Di tff errgvçs et tdi bflbausgfl tdet

kfst elgkeas bel ji jutbdirim bfkpaitiay wgtdfut ixtil-

wfuam ennibt tdi jglmglh. ]di aerhi sgzi fn tdi Jiavçmäri

tffas lft flay kemi dentglh supirnaufus, jut easf kemi

tdi tffas viry sugtejai nfr jutbdirglh aerhi elgkeas.

Fn bfursi, tdi nulbtgflea eleaysgs fn tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt

G^-B naglt suhhistglh tdet tdi tffas wiri kfst prfjejay usim

nfr jutbdirglh gs flay spibuaetgvi elm gs lft jesim fl ngrk

ivgmilbi. Df wi vir, tdi tiltetgvi suppfsgtgfl gs bfrrfjfret-

im jy ftdir aglis fn risierbd. Hifafhgbea surviy des ri-vieaim tdet tdi sgtis ettrgjutim tf Ylgt G^-B eri sgtuetim

bafsi tf e kersdy naffmpaegl. Rubd e spft key devi sirvim

es e mrglcglh erie nfr elgkeas wdiri heki bfuam iesgay ji

treppim igtdir jy kel fr jy ftdir primetfrs. ]di naglt

ertinebts wiri nfulm gl essfbgetgfl wgtd jfli nrehkilts,

ispibgeaay et Rgti H. Et Rgti B tdi lukjir fn ulusim fr

dermay usim naecis wes sujsteltgea (Zfijrfics, tdgs vfa

uki)3 es ]egltir (5787) des erhuim, stfli tffg milsgtgis eri



sgvi bfltebt wgtd jfli (Pettirsfl 578>). ]di ejsilbi fnstrgetgfls gs easf ripfrtim gl tdi agtireturi (Jrfsi 57893

Pettirsfl 578>). Jrfsi (5789) ettrgjutis tdgs aebc fn sbretbd-

is tf tdi prisilbi fn elgkea nets, wdgbd nfrk e prftibtgvi

aeyir erfulm tdi stfli.

]di kfrpdfafhgbea ettrgjutis fn tdi Jiavçmäri Ylgt G^-B

naglts suppfrt tdi suppfsgtgfl tdet tdiy wiri ikpafyim gl

jutbdirglh. Imhi-elhais eri skeaa, hilireaay lft kfri tdel

=0 mihriis. ]di tffas devi streghdt imhis wdil vgiwim gl

brfss-sibtgfl, wdgbd wfuam ji gmiea nfr buttglh purpfsis.

Jftd Nrgsfl (5787) elm Pettirsfl (578>) devi stetim tdet

jutbdirglh bel innibtgviay ji mfli wgtd ulkfmgngim naecis.

]disi bflstgtuti hilireagzim tffas wdgbd bel iesgay ji ri-

sderpilim. Nrgsfl (5787) easf erhuis tdet dentglh wfuam

lft ji viry innibtgvi gl tdi besi fn e jutbdirglh tffg,

sglbi tdi kfgsturi riaiesim gl tdi prfbiss fn jutbdirglh

dghd gl eries wdiri jutbdirglh ebtgvgtgis wiri berrgim fut.Eatdfuhd tdi glnfrketgfl heglim nrfk tdi nulbtgflea eleay

sgs fn tdi naglts gs kglgkea, tdi ivgmilbi mfis ailm emmgtgflea

suppfrt tf tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tdi Ylgt G^-B sgtis es

jutbdirglh elm 'kiet-bfaaibtglh' stetgfls.

lftis' Glstgtuti fn Pridgstfry, Aigmil Ylgvirsgty.

\ ]diri gs sfki erhukilt es tf wdet bflstgtutis risgmui elm dfw gtbel ji mgnniriltgetim nrfk pfagsd. ]dgs gs pertgeaay mui tf tdi nebttdet es yit lf setgsnyglh minglgtgfl nfr 'pfagsd" des jiil prfpfsim(b.n. êl Hgol 574>? 523 Pagssfl 5749? 5=-593 êuhdel 5749? GGG).Gl tdi bfltixt fn tdgs pepir 'risgmui' gs bflsgmirim elytdglh wdgbdbel ji rikfvim gl e wiec DBG elm CFD sfavilt, tdet gs jaffmstegls, paelt ougbis, pgibis fn kiet itb.

594



Pgitir vel mi iami\

eppilmgx GGRpetgea eleaysgs? e lfti\

En tir e sdfrt mgsbussgfl fnsfki wrgtglhs fl spetgea eleaysgs

gt gs erhuim tdet fn tdi tdrii kitdfms bfkkflay usim nfr tdgs

purpfsi (lierist lighdjfur, afbea milsgty elm bfrriaetgfl)

tdi afbea milsgty epprfebd nriquiltay sunnirs nrfk tdi gkpfs-

sgjgagty fn istejagsdglh tdi mfkegl riaetgvi tf wdgbd tdi riae-

tgvi milsgtgis bel ji beabuaetim. ]dgs prfjaik gs usueaay

]ejai :4? ]di mgstrgjutgfl fn naglt ertinebts (E) elm jflis (J) etJiavçmäri Rgti B. ]di nghuris glmgbeti prisilbi ( + ) elm ejsilbi (-)fn ertinebts pir squeri kitri ixbevetim.

E

+ - suk



ivemim jy turlglh tf lierist lighdjfur fr bfrriaetgfl kitdfms, wdgbd, dfwivir, riqugri kfri bfkputetgflea innfrts.

Glstiem gt gs suhhistim tdet nfr tdi riaetim besi fn bfltglhilby

tejai eleaysgs tdi mfkegl gs tdi suk fn tdi eries bfvirim jy

tdi glmgvgmuea mgstrgjutgfls. El ixekpai gs glbaumim jesim fl

mete fl jfli elm naglt ertinebt mgstrgjutgfls et Jiavçmäri Rgti

B.

5. Gltrfmubtgfl

Gl bdeptir = tdi prfjaik fn tgim fr mipilmilt mgstrgjutgflsfn twf ertinebt baessis wes bflsgmirim nrfk el erbdeifafh-

gbea pfglt fn vgiw. El ettikpt wes easf kemi tf prfvgmi e

stetgstgbea elswir tf tdgs prfjaik. ]di pirtglilt agtireturi,

dfwivir, mgm lft hgvi el iesy kfmia sfautgfl (i.h. Frtfl

5740? 590-59=) elm Zfijrfics turlim tf lierist lighdjfur

eleaysgs.

]di mete es frghgleaay prisiltim tf ki eri sdfwl gl tejai

:43 tdi prfjaik wes tf nglm e stetgstgbea wey tf beabuaeti tdi

mihrii fn essfbgetgfl jitwiil tdi twf ertinebt baessis. Fn

bfursi, lierist lighdjfur kitdfms fr bfrriaetgfl eleaysgs

bel prfvgmi veagm elswirs, jut tdiy glvfavi kubd bfkpute

tgflea innfrt. Bfltglhilby tejai eleaysgs gs e kfri nekgager

kitdfm, wdgbd bel ji mfli jy delm elm gs kubd iesgir.

Dfwivir, nfr subd el eleaysgs tdi lukjir fn 'ikpty' quem

rets des tf ji clfwl, elm tdgs gs wdiri mgnngbuatgis eppier,

es wgaa ji sdfwl jiafw.

]di sgtuetgfl gaaustretim gl tejai :4 elm tdi essfbgetimrisierbd prfjaik eri negray bfkkfl gl erbdeifafhy, elm

tdirinfri sfki ettiltgfl sdfuam ji pegm tf tdik.

+ 4 54 :>

J

- :: :5> :24

20 :2= :>=

]ejai :7? Kerhgleaay ixpibtejai lukjirs nfr tejai :4.

E

+ - suk

+ 2 :2 :>

J

- :8 :55 :24

20 :2= :>=

50.84 bel ji bfkputim3 nfr 5 mihrii fn nriimfk tdi prfj-

ejgagty fn lfl-essfbgetgfl/mipilmilbi gs flay 0.005. ]det gs,

tdi bdelbis eri flay 5 tf 5000 tdet tdi mgstrgjutgfls rib-

frmim gl tejai :4 eri lft essfbgetim. Rgkpay put, tdi fjsirv-

im lukjir fn quemrets wgtd jftd baessis fn ertinebts prisilt

gs 4, wdiries tdi ixpibtim nghuri gs flay 2, g.i. tdiri gs e

kubd hrietir mihrii fn essfbgetgfl tdel bel ji ixpaeglim jy

bdelbi eafli. Dilbi tdiri gs e stetgstgbeaay sghlgngbelt mi-pilmilby jitwiil tdi twf mgstrgjutgfls elm gt bel ji segm

tdet tdi jflis elm tffas jier sfki riaetgfl tf fli elftdir.

5>0 EPPILMGT GG

Ngh. 59:. Xdil tdi lukjir fn

ikpty quemrets gl ]ejai :4 gsbdelhim, tdi essfbgetim bdg-

squeri veaui bdelhis tff, elm sf

mfis tdi gltirpritetgfl. El gaaustre-tgfl fn e prfjaik wgtd bfltglhilby

tejai eleaysgs? e? p; .09 T\;

2.4=3 j? p; .05 T;'; >.>23 b?

e j b

x': -

9 -

50 •\ 'sihrihetgfl'

:0 •

9 0 -

500-

,3\\\. V--T ehhrihetgfl'

900 -

5000 -

essfbgetim Bdg-squeri veauis



p; .005 T\; 50.423 eaa nfr mn; 5.

tdel wfuam eppier nrfk tejai :4. Bflbausgfl? tdiri gs lf

epperilt Dkgt diri.

Dfwivir, wgtd e mibriesi gl tdi lukjir fn ikpty quem

rets, Bdg-squeri veauis mrfp et ngrst tf tdil rgsi stiipay elm

jibfki sghlgngbelt ehegl wdil tdi suk fn tdi ftdir tejai

veauis jibfkis aerhir tdel tdet ulmir sbrutgly. Gl tdet besi,

dfwivir, 'sghlgngbelbi' wfuam devi tf ji gltirpritim es

mgssfbgetgfl, glstiem fn essfbgetgfl. Nghuri 59: gaaustretis

tdisi bdelhis gl Bdg-squeri veauis elm sghlgngbelbi wgtd

rinirilbi tf tdi prisilt besi3 tdi bflbausgfl kust ji tdet

tdisi veauis eri kfri mipilmilt fl tdi lukjir fn ikpty

quemrets (tdet gs, fl tdi sgzi fn tdi ixbevetgfl) tdel fl

prfpirtgis fn tdi mgstrgjutgfls jiglh bfkperim? '...wi bel

hit eakfst ely elswir jy e sugtejai bdfgbi fn sgti jfulme-

ry...'(Frtfla740? 5=9).

Xi tdus ilbfultir tdi nfaafwglh tdi prfjaik? wdet gs tdiriaivelt mfkegl nfr tdi ejfvi mgstrgjutgfls elm dfw kely

ikpty quemrets (gn ely) sdfuam ji essukim gl tdi bfkpute-

tgfls6

2. E rivgiw fn tdi agtireturi

Gl e hilirea mgsbussgfl fn tibdlgquis nfr istgketglh essfbg

etgfl, Dgiteae elm Rtivils (5788?9=5-9=:, 9=7) lfti tdi

prfjaik fn 'fviray ejulmelt' lihetgvi bflbfrmelbis (g.i.

wdet devi diri jiil aejiaaim 'ikpty quemrets') elm tdibflsiquilt glnaetgfl fn tdi essfbgetim bfinngbgilts. Nfr subd

besis tdiy emvfbeti tdi usi fn Cilmeaa's teu-j (i h Rgihia

ftdir's vgbglgty. '^gbglgty' gs minglim es e bgrbuaer erie fn

erjgtrery sgzi tf ji ngxim jy trgea-elm-irrfr elm stetgstgbea

gltugtgfl. Bfkper gsfl fn tdi risuats fjte glim nfr mgnnirilt

remgg hgvis gkpfrtelt bauis rihermglh tdi riaetgfls jitwiil

tdi mgstrgjutgfls (nfr el gaaustretgfl sii Hredek 5740 fr

Ofdlsfl 574=). Et tdi tgki fn Frtfl's wrgtglh, tdi sghlgn

gbelbi fn tdi bfinngbgilts dem lft jiil wfrcim fut. Hredek

(5740) elm Ofdlsfl (574=) jftd bfltgluim gl tdgs mgribtgfl.

]f Ofdlsfl, tdi frghgletfr fn tdi tibdlgqui, Afbea Milsgty

Eleaysgs gs keglay e misbrgptgvi kitdfm retdir tdel e tist fn

essfbgetgfl (Ofdlsfl 574=).

Dfmmir elm Frtfl (578>? :0=) jrginay mgsbuss sfki bfinng

bgilts wdgbd mgsriherm tdi ikpty quemrets3 quftglh Pgiafu

tdiy bflbaumi tdet 'fli bellft oumhi wditdir tdi veaui fn

tdi bfãnngbgãlt miperts sghlgngbeltay nrfk ixpibtetgfl, fl tdi

luY dypftdisgs fn glmipilmilbi fn tdi mgstrgjutgfls, wgtdfut tecglh ..Stdi bfult fn ikpty quemrets[.. gltf ebbfult'.

]digr rikimgis eri lierist lighdjfur fr bfrriaetgfl eleayt-

gbea kitdfms.

Jirry it ea. (574=) mgsbuss e kitdfm wdgbd gs e hilirea-

gzim bfkpergsfl fn mgstelbis jitwiil ertinebts fn mgnnirilt

baessis3 fli fjvgfus emveltehi fvir lierist lighdjfur

eleaysis gs tdi glmipilmilbi fn erie fr milsgty kiesuris,

elm jftd epprfebdis eri bderebtirgzim jy tdi grriaivelbi fn

ikpty quemrets. Gt wfuam siik dfwivir, tdet tdi sdepi fntdi mgstrgjutgfl gl tdi ngiam des bflsiquilbis nfr tdi risuats

fn tdi evirehglh prfbiss3 e prebtgbea mgsemveltehi gs tdet tdi

5>5 EPPILMGT GG

putim, e streghdtnfrwerm sfautgfl gs tf ji prinirrim (]dfkes

5784).

=. Mgsbussgfl? istejagsdglh e mfkegl

Nfr tdi stumy fn tdi essfbgetgfl fn twf ertinebt baessis,

Dgiteae elm Rtivils (5788) miviafpim e sbeai relhglh nrfk

ulgnfrk ehhrihetgfl tdrfuhd glmipilbilbi tf ulgnfrk

sihrihetgfl (bn. Frtfl 574:? 7). Mgnnirilt tibdlgquis eri

ribfkkilmim nfr iviry gltirvea fl tdet sbeai3 nfr glstelbi,

Bdg-squeri eleaysgs gs epprfprgeti nfr ulgnfrk mgstrgjutgfls.

Baier es tdigr sbeai key ji, gt prisilts fli mgnngbuaty gl tdet

tdi gltirveas eri minglim tdrfuhd 'tdifritgbea prfjejgagtgis',

wdiries gl erbdeifafhgbea prebtgbi nriquilbgis fntil devi tf

ji bdibcim. ]di nfrkir riaeti tf mgstrgjutgfls clfwl tf

tdigr agkgts, tdi aettir tf perts fn mgstrgjutgfls (subd es

mgstrgjutgfls lft ixbevetim tf tdigr agkgts, fr lft nuaay

c ag ja g m) dg g g a d

e j b

Ngh. 592. Rii tdi tixt nfr el ixpagbetgfl.

sdfwl gl nghuri 592m eri ilbfultirim, g.i. wdil tdiri gs

sfki fviraep fn tdi mgstrgjutgfls3 flay tdil quistgfls ejfut

tdi mihrii fn essfbgetgfl jibfki kielglhnua (subd e sgt

uetgfl wes easf nfulm gl tdi ixbevetgfl fn Jiavçmäri Rgti

B). Gt siiks tdirinfri tdet e sgtuetgfl es gl nghuri 592b

g d ag g j m dg d g g a n



clfwl, fr lft riagejay istgketim) sf tdgs gs pribgsiay tdiftdir sgmi fn tdi prfjaik lftim ejfvi? tdi mfkegl gs ul-

clfwl. ]dgs gs easf vgsgjai gl tdigr usi fn glmgbis ('nfr eaa g,

o ' ) , wdgbd eri gkpagbgtay minglim (p. 9=0-9=5) es spellglh tdi

wdfai ixbevetgfl, wdgbd, gl turl, gs suhhistgvi fn tdi grriai-

velbi fn tdi mfkegl fn tdi mgstrgjutgfls stumgim, fr fn tdi

tebgt iquetgfl fn tdi ixbevetim erie wgtd tdi tdifritgbea

mfkegl. Es lftim ejfvi, Dgiteae elm Rtivils ivemi tdi

prfjaik jy usglh Cilmeaa's teu-j bfãnngbgãlt gl tdi rikegl-

mir fn tdigr ertgbai. Ehegl, lft iviryjfmy des ulristrgbtimebbiss tf e keglnreki bfkputir3 fr tdi mete key lft stelm

up tf tdgs kitdfm jibeusi tdiy wiri lft hetdirim glmgvgmu-

eaay jut pir hrevi, nieturi fr quemret (bn. i.h. Hredek

5740). Gt gs nfr subd sgtuetgfls tdet G ek tryglh tf nglm e wey

fut.

]di prfjaik key ji epprfebdim nrfk elftdir elhai, es

gl tdi ebbfkpelyglh nghuris. Gl tdi besi fn e sgtuetgfl agci

tdet sdfwl gl nghuri 592e lfjfmy wfuam prisukejay ji

wgaaglh tf mily ulgnfrk sihrihetgfl fn tdi twf mgstrgjutgfls.

Ligtdir wfuam strflh sihrihetgfl ji quistgflim gl tdi besi

fn ixbevetgfl paels agci tdfsi gaaustretim gl nghuri 592j fr

nghuri 592b (tdi aettir prfjejay jiglh negray bfkkfl gl

erbdeifafhy3 i.h. Dgiteae/Rtivils 5788? ngh. 5, 98). Gl subd

besis lf bfkpagbetim bfkputetgfls eri libissery? tdigr

gltirpritetgfl gs streghdtnfrwerm elm stetgstgbeaay ulgl-

tiristglh.

Lfti tdet gl nghuri 592b flay nriquilbgis bel ji beabuaet-im? jfnd mgstrgjutgfls (key) ixtilm jiyflm tdi ixbevetgfl's

agkgts. Bfinngbgilts beabuaetim nfr tdgs typi fn sgtuetgfl eri

bflstgtutis tdi agkgt jiyflm wdgbd e stetgstgbea kiesuri fnessfbgetgfl gs lft viry gaaukgletglh, elm wgtdgl wdgbd subd e

bfãnngbgãlt bfuam ji usinua. ]dgs suhhists usglh tdi suk fn

tdi eries fn sipereti mgstrgjutgfls es tdi mfkegl riaetgvi tf

wdgbd bfinngbgilts fn essfbgetgfl key ji bfkputim. Gl ftdir

wfrms, tdi sgzi fn tdi mfkegl gs mipilmilt flay upfl prfp-

irtgis fn tdi mgstrgjutgfls glvfavim, elm lft upfl subd

ixtrelifus nebtfrs es tdi sgzi fn tdi ixbevetim erie.

Gn e mfkegl gs istejagsdim gl tdgs wey, tdi lukjir fn

ofgltay fbbupgim quemre ts gs ixebtay jeaelbim jy tdet fn

ikpty flis3 tdet gs, tdigr sgzi fr wighdt eri liutreagzim.

]diy bfltrgjuti tf tdi Bdg-squeri veaui flay gl riaetgfl tf

tdi mgstrgjutgfls fn wdgbd tdiy eri pert3 tdi kerhglea veauis

eri rinaibtgvi flay fn tdi rispibtgvi ofglt/sglhai mgbdftfkgis,

elm lft fn fbbupgim/ikpty flis. Elm tdgs gs pribgsiay tdi

sfautgfl wi wiri affcglh nfr.

Gt key ji fjoibtim tdet tdi suk fn kexgkuk mgstrgju

tgfls pir ertinebt baess bfuam easf ji usim es e jesiagli? lertinebts key ji mgstrgjutim fvir et kfst l quemrets. ]di

retgf fn tdi fjsirvim elm tdi tdifritgbea kexgkuk mgs-

pirsgfl (bn. tdi sibtgfl fl milsgtgis, jiafw) gs glmgbetgvi fn

tdi milsgty fn tdi mgstrgjutgfl fn tdi ertinebt baess. Jy sg-

kuatelifusay gltrfmubglh tdgs milsgty kiesuri gltf tdi

bfkputetgfl, tdi sghlgngbelbi fn tdi Bdg-squeri jibfkis

fpequi. Dfwivir, gt siiks jist tf teci tdi milsgtgis es

hgvil elm tf stumy tdik siperetiay. Entir eaa, tdi prfjaik

wes tdi essfbgetgfl fn tdi ertinebt baessis, lft tdi milsgtgis.Gn tdgs riesflglh des sfki hrfulm, tdil (tdi futbfki fn)

e Bdg-squeri tist eaflh tdisi aglis sdfuam ygiam risuats tdet

5>: EPPILMGT GG

mfkegl gs tdi kexgkuk spebi tdet bel ji fbbupgim jy tdik

(hgvil tdigr milsgtgis). Gl tdi besi fn Jiavçmäri Rgti B tdi

naglt tffas fbbupgim 20 squeri kitris fr quemrets elm tdi

jflis :> squeri kitris (tejai :4). ]fhitdir, tdi twf mgstrg-

jutgfls bfuam bflbigvejay fbbupy 20 + :> ; 9> squeris et

tdi kfst, hgvil tdigr fjsirvim milsgtgis -elm tdgs gs tf ji

tdi suk fn tdigr bfults, tdi mfkegl. ]ejais 20 elm 25 devi

jiil beabuaetim ebbfrmglhay.

]di Bdg-squeri bfãnngbgãlt iqueas 50.27 elm nfr fli

mihrii fn nriimfk tdi prfjejgagty tdet tdi luaa dypftdisgs

fn glmipilmilt mgstrgjutgfls gs trui gs epprfxgketiay 0.005

(bn. ngh. 59:). Gl tdgs besi, dfwivir, tdi fjsirvim nriquilby

fn bfkjglim fbburrilbi (4) gs kubd aiss tdel tdet fn e

relmfkgzim fr kerhglea ixpibtetgfl (5=)3 tdiri gs ivgmilbi

fn 'strflh sihrihetgfl' fl tdi Dgiteae elm Rtivils sbeai.

F a a m gtg

]ejai 20? Es tejai :4, tdfuhd emoustim nfr mfkegl/lukjir fnikpty quemrets es suhhistim gl tdi tixt.

E

+ - suk

+ 4 54 :>

J

- :: 4 20

suk 20 :> 9>

]ejai 25? Ixpibtim nriquilbgis nfr tejai 20 gl tdi besi tdet E elmJ eri glmipilmilt.

E



Fl afbea milsgtgisGt gs lft mgnngbuat tf bfkputi riaetgvi afbea milsgty nghuris nfr

tdi glmgvgmuea mgstrgjutgfls. Gl prglbgpai, l ertinebts bel

fbbupy l quemrets et tdi kfst3 wdil tdi l ertinebts eri

mgstrgjutim relmfkay fvir tdisi l quemrets, tdi risuatelt

ixpibtetgfl (jglfkgea) nfr ikpty quemrets gs?

p(0); (a/l)''.(a-a/l)"-1'.(R) ; 0.2>= (nfr l;2=)

Ebbfrmglhay, tdi prfjejgagty fn e quemret jiglh fbbupgim jy

et aiest fli ertinebt gs 5 - p(0) ; 0.>2> (Bfrrispflmglh

nghuris nfr =5 ertinebts gl =5 quemrets eri 0.2>2 elm 0.>28).

]dgs kiels tdet gn tdi ertinebts eri relmfkay mgstrgjutim,

0.>2> T =2 ; :8 (:>, rispibtgviay) quemrets sdfuam ji fbbu

pgim3 bfkperi tdgs wgtd tdi fjsirvim veaui fn 20 (:> rispib

tgviay) quemrets. Prfjejgagtgis bfuam tdil easf ji essghlim.

Dfwivir, tdgs cglm fn ixbirbgsi mfis lft aiem tf ely kie-

lglhnua risuats, nfr wdet gn el erbdeifafhgbea mgstrgjutgfl gs

misbrgjim es 'baustirim' fr 'mgspirsim', fr ivil relmfk (elm

prinirejay sghlgngbeltay sf) (bn. Ofdlsfl 574=? 40).

Lfti tdet tdisi milsgtgis eri prfpirtgis fn tdi glmgvgmuea

mgstrgjutgfls, elm lft kiesuris fn essfbgetgfl jitwiil

mgstrgjutgfls, es gkpagim gl tdi Afbea Milsgty Eleaytgbea

tibdlgquis misbrgjim jy Frtfl (5740), Hredek (5740) elm

Ofdlsfl (574=).

>. Bflbausgfls? e bfkpergsfl fn futbfkisGl privgfus sibtgfls gt wes segm tdet gn tdi gmie des sfki

hrfulm tdet tdi ofglt mfkegl fn twf erbdeifafhgbea mgstrgju-

+ - suk

+ 5= 5: :>

J

- 5> 5= 20

20 :> 9>

tgfls gs tdi suk fn tdi glmgvgmuea mgstrgjutgfls, tdil tdifutbfki fn tists jesim fl tdet gmie sdfuam squeri wgtd tdi

risuats fn lierist lighdjfur eleaysgs, wdgbd mfis lft usi

ikpty quemrets. Gl bdeptir = lierist lighdjfur eleaysgs

risuatim gl e Bdg-squeri veaui fn 59.=7, wdgbd gs sghlgngbelt

et tdi aivia fn 0.005 (mn; 5), wdgbd easf glmgbetis sihri

hetgfl. Xgtd e veaui fn R; 0.=:7, Pgiafu's bfãnngbgãlt fn

sihrihetgfl gs jitwiil nuY sihrihetgfl et + 5.00 elm rel

mfk fbburrilbi et 0.00 (sii Dfmmir/Frtfl 578>? :09).

]dus, tdi risuats fjteglim wgtd tdi mgnnirilt tibdlgquisaiem tf tdi seki bflbausgfl. Gt key easf ji glnirrim tdet gl

tdgs besi et aiest tdi prfpfsim sfautgfl tf tdi miagkgtetgfl fn

e mfkegl ygiams el futbfki bfkperejai wgtd tdfsi fn ftdir

kitdfms glvfavglh kfri bfkputetgflea innfrt.

lftis

' ]delcs eri mui tf Xgk vel _eltil nfr dgs brgtgbgsk elm bfk-kilts.\ Erbdeifafhgbea Biltri, Aigmil Ylgvirsgty.

B.I.R. Erps'

eppilmgx GGG]di Gmiltgngbetgfl fn deiketgti es tdi bfafurglh ehilt glrim fbdri nrfk tdi Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb Rgti B et Kees-trgbdt-Jiavçmäri, ]di Litdiraelms, jy kiels fn x-reymgnnrebtgfl eleaysgs

Gl tdi bfursi fn tdi ixbevetgfls berrgim fut jy tdi Glstgtuti

fn Pridgstfry, 5= brusty pgibis fn rimmgsd ketirgea, relhglh

gl mgekitir nrfk ejfut 0.= tf 5.9 bk, wiri bfaaibtim nrfk

tdi selmy mipfsgts et Rgti B. ]di bflstrest jitwiil tdi rim

ketirgea elm tdi yiaafwgsd-jrfwl (:.9 W 9/2) tf hriygsd-

fagvi (9 W 9/2) simgkilt elm tdi brusty bderebtir fn tdi

bflbiltreti kemi ribfviry fn tdi tgly elm nrehgai nrehkilts

jriecglh tdi quertz hregls. ]di sekpai wes paebim gl e

bflbevi haess mgsd ngaaim wgtd eabfdfa elm tdi nglist nrebtgfl

fn tdi rimmgsd pfwmir bfuam ji siperetim nrfk tdi juac

sekpai jy pellglh. ]dgs bflbiltreti riqugrim nurtdir hrglm

glh tf fjtegl e sugtejai hregl-sgzi nfr tdi prfmubtgfl fn e

mgstglbt T-rey mgnnrebtgfl pett irl.

Ysglh e Mijiyi Rbdirrir pfwmir bekire (Pdgagps PX



bflbiltreti kemi ribfviry fn tdi tgly elm nrehgai nrehkiltspfssgjai. ]drii sekpais wiri sujkgttim tf fur kusiuk jy

tdi ixbevetfr (X. Zfijrfics) nfr eleaysgs fn tdi rim stegl

(ngh. 59=).

E hreluafkitrgb eleaysgs (ngh. 599) sdfwim tdi simg-

kiltery rfbc tf ji e riesflejay- tf wiaa-sfrtim ngliay tf

viry ngliay-hreglim quertz selm wgtd e sgat elm baey bfltilt

fn up tf 59% jy wighdt. ]di hregl-sdepis very nrfk suj-

elhuaer fr elhuaer (tdi keofrgty) tf wiaa-rfulmim. E jglfb-

uaer kgbrfsbfpgb glvistghetgfl fn tdi rim bflbiltreti ri-vieaim tdet tdi steglglh ehilt surrfulmim tdi aerhir quertz

hregls es e viry tdgl bfetglh fr dem bafttim tfhitdir wgtd tdi

sgat elm baey pertgbais. Glmgvgmuea rimmgsd brystea hregls,

i.h.deiketgti, wiri lft vgsgjai.

]di kegl pert fn tdi rim brusty ketirgea (ngh. 59=) wes

sekpaim elm berinuaay hrfulm gl frmir tf riaiesi tdi rimmgsd

pfwmir, jut et tdi seki tgki beri wes tecil tf evfgm

Ysglh e Mijiyi-Rbdirrir pfwmir bekire (Pdgagps PX50:=) wgtd e mgekitir fn 55=.> kk (ngh. 59>) elm Ni-remg-

etgfl elm T-rey pfwmir mgnnrebtgfl, e pdftfhrepd wes

kemi, gl wdgbd, jy bfkpergsfl wgtd 'Rtelmerm' pdftf-

hrepds, flay tdi prisilbi fn quertz bfuam ji mitibtim. ]dgs

kusiuk's rfutgli tibdlgqui nfr kglirea Gmiltgngbetgfl mgm

lft riviea tdi prisilbi fn e kglirea pdesi tdet bfuam ji

diam rispflsgjai nfr tdi rimmgsd stegl fn tdi glvistghetim

sekpai.

Mitirkglim tf sfavi tdi prfjaik, wi berrgim fut elftdir

ixpirgkilt. ]dgs tgki tdi siperetim viry ngliay-hreglim

bflbiltretgfl wes silt tf tdi T-rey aejfretfry fn tdi Gl

stgtuti fn Iertd Rbgilbis, Rteti Ylgvirsgty fn Ytribdt (Mr

X.K.K. Digolil). Gl tdgs aejfretfry e spibgea pfwmir

mgnnrebtgfl bekire (ngh. 59>) gs ikpafyim, vgz. tdi Hugl gir-

Mi Xfann Uuemrupai Nfbussglh Bekire (Ilren Lflgus,

Miant), wgtd wdgbd mgnnrebtgfl elhais fn ixtrikiay dghd

% wighdt

5>= EPPILMGT GGG

Mijiyi-Rbdirrir

e

trelskgttim

sitt fn rinaibtglh

etfk paelis

afw-elhai rinaibtgfls mui tfpaelis fn aerhir m-spebglhs T-rey

jiek

jiek

rinaibtim jiek

ngak gl bekiredfusi

dghdg-elhai rinaibtgfls mui tfpaelis fn skeaair m-spebglhs

5

F

Þ



Ngh. 59>. T-rey pfwmir mgnnrebtgfl

mete es bel ji fjteglim wgtd eMijiyi-Rbdirrir elm e Huglgir-Mi

Xfann bekire.

ÞGmgstelbi iqugveailt tf 540°

Huglgir-mi Xfann

B

dghd-elhai rinaibtgfls (skeaair m-spebglhs)

bessitti wgtd

ngak.

. rinaibtim

jiek

kflfbdrfketfr

brystea

T-rey

sfu rii

afw-elhai rinaibtgfls

(aerhir m-spebglhs)

afw-elhai rinaibtgfls dghd-elhai rinaibtgfls

pribgsgfl bel ji fjteglim. ]di mgspirsgfl fn tdgs bekire gsiqugveailt tf tdet fn e ::7.:-kk Mijiyi-Rbdirrir bekire.

]dgs tgki el T-rey tuji prfmubglh Bu(CfB)-remgetgfl wes

Nrfk tdi mgnnrebtgfl elhais tdi sf-beaaim gltirpaelerspebglhs, g.i. tdi mgstelbis jitwiil tdi paelis fn etfks gl e

brystea aettgbi, easf clfwl es m-spebglhs, bel ji beabuaetim.

5>9 EPPILMGT GGG

Ngh. 598. T-rey mgnnrebtgfl metefjteglim wgtd sekpai M:2/5>,glmgbetglh tdi kgxturi fn quertz elmdeiketgti.

quertz

k

riaetgvi gltilsgtgis fn tdisi Ylis bfuam dermay ji istgketim.

]di deiketgti aglis eri easf glmgbetim gl ngh. 598, tfhitdir

wgtd tdigr m-veauis. Gl tejai 2: tdi bfkpaiti sit fn vgsgjai

m-veauis fn quertz elm deiketgti eri agstim elm bfkperim

wgtd veauis nrfk tdi agtireturi (Ofglt Bfkkgttii fl Pfwmir

Mgnnrebtgfl Rtelmerms, 578=). ]di veauis fn hfitdgti, eapde-

Nbo* 0 ( 0 D ) eri emmim nfr bfkpergsfl eatdfuhd tdgs grfl

Nrfk tdi T-rey eleaysgs gt bel tdirinfri ji bflbaumim tdet

tdi 'rim fbdri' stegl wes beusim jy tdi prisilbi fn deike

tgti.

lfti



Nbo 0 ( 0 D ) , eri emmim nfr bfkpergsfl, eatdfuhd tdgs grfldymrfxgmi kglirea bellft ji diam rispflsgjai nfr tdi rim

stegls gl tdi selm mipfsgt fn tdi Jiavçmäri pridgstfrgi sgti.

lfti' Letgflea Kusiuk fn Hifafhy elm Kglireafhy, Aigmil, tdiLitdiraelms

]ejai 2:

UYEZ]_ DEIKE]G]I HFI]DG]I

O.B.P. M.R. Jiavçmäri O.B.P. M.R. Jiavçmäri O.B.P.M.R.

m G m G m G m G m G

=.:> 29

2.2=2 500

:.=94 5:

:.:4: 5:

:.:28 >

:.5:4 7

5.740 >

5.458 58

5.>8: 8

5.>97 2

5.>04 1 5

5.9=5 59

5.=92 2

5.=54 1 5

5.24: 8

5.289 55

5.28: 7

5.:44 25.:9> =

5,::4 :

5 5778 9

=.:=: =0

2.2=: 500

:.=92 20

:.:4: 20

:.:2> 59

:.5:8 :0

5.788 59

5.45> =0

5.>85 59

5.>94 50

5.9=5 20

5.=95 50

5.24: 59

5.289 20

5.28: 59

5.:48 505.:99 50

5.::> 9

5 57>

2.>> :9

:.>7 500

:.95 90

:.:05 20

5.424 =0

5.>70 >0

5.97> 5>

5.=4= 29

5.=9: 29

2.>8= w

:.>7 r

:.95:rh

:.:0= w

5.42> w

5.>47 r

5.979 w

5.=4>

=.74 50

=.54 500

2.24 50

:.>7 20

:.R4 4

:.=7 5>

:.=9: :9

:.:9: 50

:.57: :0

5.877 4

5,8:5 :0

5,>7= 50

5,9>= 5>

5,907 50

5,=92 50

5>>



Xga Zfijrfics

eppilmgx GÊ lfti fl Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb surnebi sgtis gl RfutdAgkjurh

]dgs sibtgfl bfltegls e sdfrt mgsbussgfl fn tdi (Afwir elm)

Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb surnebi sgtis gl tdi gkkimgeti ligh-

jfurdffm fn Jiavçmäri, g.i. gl Rfutd Agkjurh elm tdi jfr-

mirglh perts fn Jiahguk.

]di pfssgjgagtgis fn mgsbfvirglh Peaeifagtdgb (elm aetir) sgtis

gl tdgs elm, nfr tdet kettir, ely ftdir rihgfl eri mitirkglimj tdi prisilbi fn hifafhgbea f tbrfps dgbd bel ji mg gmim

mijrgs bel ji ixpibtim tf ji hrietist gl rihgfls wgtd e dghd

simgkiltetgfl reti, wdiries dukel ebtgvgtgis gl eries wgtd e

afw simgkiltetgfl reti key risuat gl tdi prfmubtgfl fn

peagkpsist essikjaehis, fbburrglh es tdgl ailsis fl e stejg-

agzim surnebi. ]disi bfersi-hreglim stretghrepdgbea essik

jaehis eri essukim tf sdfw ner aiss vergejgagty.

Jinfri tdi naglt essikjaehis fn tdi sgtis gl fur wfrcglherie bel ji iveauetim tdi simgkiltery rihgkis fn tdfsi sgtis



y hjy tdi prisilbi fn hifafhgbea futbrfps wdgbd bel ji mgvgmim

gltf leturea elm kel-kemi nieturis.

Leturea nieturis eri sgtis wdiri hifafhgbea prfbissis

beusim tdi rikfvea fn tdi simgkilts juryglh elm ikjim-

mglh erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis. ]di burriltay clfwl

mgstrgjutgfl fn Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb surnebi sgtis gl fur wirc

glh erie, nfr glstelbi, gs, es wi wgaa sii jiafw, tdi prfmubt

fn Paigstfbili (elm kfmirl) dukel ebtgvgtgis, jut easf fn

hifkfrpdfafhgbea prfbissis. Es wi wgaa gaaustreti gl nghuri594, eakfst eaa Peaeifagtdgb surnebi nglms wiri nfulm gl eries

gl wdgbd Aeti (elm fntil Kgmmgi) Paigstfbili afiss mipfsgts

(gn et eaa prisilt) devi eakfst bfkpaitiay mgseppierim. ]dgs

gs usueaay tdi besi fl tfp fn tdi stiipir safpis jitwiil tdi

mgnnirilt tirrebis fn tdi tirrebi systik fn tdi rgvir Kees.

Kel-kemi hifafhgbea futbrfps bflsgst fn querrgis, trilbd-

is kemi gl rfem-bflstrubtgfl, beleas, pgpiaglis, itb.

Gl tdgs bfltixt gt gs wfrtd mgsbussglh tdi tdifritgbea bfk-

pfsgtgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis nrfk Afwir elm

Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb sgtis gl tdgs rihgfl. Es eariemy stetim

ieragir gl tdgs vfauki, tdi bderebtir fn el erbdeifafhgbea

essikjaehi gs flay tf sfki ixtilt mitirkglim jy prfbissis

gl tdi systikgb bfltixt (Rbdgnnir 5789), tdi jurgea fn erbdei

fafhgbea ketirgea hilireaay jiglh e leturea prfbiss, et aiest

gl tdi tgki pirgfms mieat wgtd gl tdgs vfauki. Es Jglnfrm

(574:e) des stetim, jurgea prfbissis strflhay bflmgtgfl tdi

bderebtir fn essfbgetgfl gl jurgim mipfsgts, g.i. tdi bfkpfsg-tgfl fn stretghrepdgbeaay minglim essikjaehis. Dukel ebtgv

gtgis gl eries wgtd e dghd simgkiltetgfl reti bffpireti wgtd

h herie bel ji iveauetim tdi simgkiltery rihgkis fn tdfsi sgtis

kust ji mgsbussim.

Hilireaay spiecglh, lf sghlgngbelt Paigstfbili mipfsgts

nrfk 'tikpireti' pirgfms eri tf ji ixpibtim futsgmi tdi

simgkiltetgfl erie fn tdi rgvir Kees elm gts trgjutergis3 wi

key tdirinfri seniay essuki tdet ngli-hreglim erbdeifafh

gbea essikjaehis metglh nrfk Paigstfbili 'tikpireti' pirg

fms eri gl tdgs erie agkgtim tf rgvir-veaaiy sgtis.

Afiss mipfsgts nfrkim gl haebgea pirgfms key ennibt tdihregl fn erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis prfmubim futsgmi tdi

rgvir veaaiys, rilmirglh tdik kfri ngli-hreglim. ]di Paigs

tfbili afiss ribfrm gl fur wfrcglh erie, dfwivir, sdfws

aerhi irfsgflea glbflnfrkgtgis elm lf sghls fn bfltglufus

simgkiltetgfl et eaa. Pri-Xigbdsiagel afiss, wditdir fr lft

ixpfsim, gs reri, elm (gn et eaa prisilt) fbburs gl aeyirs fn

flay kfmist tdgbcliss, wdgai tdi aerhir pert fn tdi Xigbd-

siagel afiss metis nrfk tdi sibflm dean fn tdi Xigbdsiagel

Pailghaebgea. Jiavçmäri gs fli fn tdi paebis wdiri tdgs riae

tgviay aeti meti des jiil istejagsdim. ]di ehi fn tdi epprfx-

gketiay > kitris tdgbc Ylgt ^GG afiss bfvir wes nfulm tf ji

58.9 µ 2.9 ce (bn. bdeptir :). Afwir elm Kgmmgi Peaeifagtd

gb fbbupetgfl et tdi tgki fn tdi mipfsgtgfl fn tdgs afiss gs

lft tf ji ixpibtim gl vgiw fn tdi tdil privegaglh siviri

bagketgb bflmgtgfls.

]f sukkergzi, gl tdgs wfrcglh erie ngli-hreglim erbdei

fafhgbea essikjaehis key ngrst ji ixpibtim gl tdi simgkiltetgfl paegls fn rgvirs, jibeusi gl tikpireti pirgfms

nauvgetgai simgkiltetgfl gs vgrtueaay tdi sfai prisirvetgfl

5>4 EPPILMGT G^



Ngh. 594. Rgtuetgfl fn tdi keofr Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb surnebi sgtis gl tdi erie sdfwl gl nghuri 55, sfutdiest fn Keestrgbdt, x jitwiil 584000 elm

54=900, y jitwiil 204:00 elm 259900 gl tdi tfpfhrepdgbeg kep systik. îrtgbeg sbeai kehlgngim 4x. Mrewglh kemi jy -elm pujagsdim jy

bfurtisy fn- Mr O. Dertkel, Ekstirmek.

tdi pirgfm elm tdi wfrcglh erie wi eri mieaglh wgtd. ]diri-

nfri, tdi essikjaehis fn surnebi sgtis kust gl tdi ngrst paebi

ji bflsgmirim ixtrikiay bfersi-hreglim, devglh jiil

nfrkim es tdi risuats fn kuatgpai, ulriaetim mipfsgtgflea

ivilts, wgmiay spebim gl tgki.

Nfbussglh fur erbdeifafhgbea ettiltgfl fl tdi -usueaayjittir prisirvim- ngli-hreglim 'sgtis' key iviltueaay risuat

gl tdi bflstrubtgfl fn aelm-usi kfmias jesim fl tdi -hilir

eaay sdfrt-tirk- sgtis prfmubim gl eries wgtd e dghd reti fn

simgkiltetgfl (bn. Hgnnfrm 5784). Nfr tdgs gkpfrtelt riesfl

surnebi sgtis gl tdi surrfulmglhs fn Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri

kust easf ji glbfrpfretim gl tdgs stumy.

Gl tdi bfursi fn tdi pest 500 yiers, jut keglay murglh tdi

pest twf mibillge, e aerhi lukjir fn ertinebts devi jiil

nfulm gl Rfutd Agkjurh, wdgbd eri bderebtirgzim jy tdibfkjglim prisilbi fn tdrii ettrgjutis?

Ertinebts wgtd tdisi tdrii ettrgjutis meti nrfk tdi Afwir

elm Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb. Gl 5740-574= tdi eutdfr, essgstim

gl 5742 elm 574= jy Kr N. Jrfulil (G.P.A.), bfYibtim mete

fl sgtis tdet dem ygiamim subd ertinebts. ]di mete eri lfw

stfrim et tdi Glstgtuti fn Pridgstfry fn Aigmil Ylgvirsgty.

Fl tdi jesgs fn tdisi mete e mgstrgjutgfl kep wes mrewl fn

sgtis gl el erie tf tdi sfutdiest fn Keestrgbdt.

]di erie sdfwl gl nghuri 594 gs tdi kfst prfagngb gl tdgs

bfltixt. Et tdi sgtis sdfwl fl tdi kep ertinebts wiri bfa-

aibtim gl lukjirs veryglh nrfk e mfzil tf sivirea tdfu-

selms. ]di rgbdist fn tdisi sgtis gs Rglt Hiirtrugm 'Mi Dio',

wdiri hffm wfrcejai naglts wiri nfulm gl tdi bdeac ixpfsim

gl e stiip bagnn jitwiil e dghd elm e kgmmai tirrebi fn tdi

Kees tirrebi systik, elm gl tdi seki bdeac ixpfsim gl e

mry veaaiy. ]di naglt kust devi ettrebtim Peaeifagtdgb dfkg-lgms, agci, kgaillge fn yiers aetir, tdi Lifagtdgb hrfups tdet

ixpafgtim tdi naglt kglis fn Zybcdfat-Rglt Hiirtrugm (Zfi-

5>7 EPPILMGT G^

kfri Peaeifagtdgb buaturea rikegls nertdir ewey nrfk tdi

imhis fn tdi tirrebi paetieus, tfwerms tdi biltri fn tdi

paetieu, wdiri tdi afiss aeyir gs up tf :0 kitris tdgbc. Gl

tdisi eries hifafhgbea futbrfps eri, dfwivir, viry reri, jut

e niw mete glmgbeti tdet tdisi paetieus wiri easf vgsgtim.

]dgs gs nfr glstelbi ettistim jy tdi Xigbdsiagel ivgmilbi

nrfk tdi Jiahgel sgti Cissiat , = ck wist fn Jiavçmäri, (bn.

bdeptir 8). Xigbdsiagel nglms nrfk tdi ILBG pgt et Kees

trgbdt (Zfijrfics 5745e) eri nurtdir ivgmilbi fn tdgs. ]diHirkel paetieu sgti 'Zdiglmedail', ejfut >0 ck lfrtdiest

fn Keestrgbdt, des sivirea Kgmmai elm Aeti Paigstfbili

erbdeifafhgbea nglm aeyirs (]dgiki 5742e).

]di vergfus Jiavçmäri sgtis wiri mgsbfvirim tdelcs tf tdi

prisilbi fn e hifafhgbea futbrfp tdet gs viry reri gl tdi

wfrcglh erie, lekiay e querry but gltf tdi safpis jitwiil e

afwir elm e kgmmai tirrebi fn tdi rgvir Kees. ]di wiaa-

prisirvim Ylgt G^ sgtis fwi tdigr steti fn prisirvetgfl tf

tdi nauvgetgai ilvgrflkilt gl wdgbd tdiy wiri nfrkim, jut

gl ely besi iesgir tf ixpafgt gl tdi ejsilbi fn e mibgmufus

nfrist vihitetgfl bfvir. Fl tdi jesgs fn tdisi bflsgmiretgfls

tdi dypftdisgs bel ji nfrkuaetim tdet gl fur wfrcglh erie

Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb aelm usi wes biltrim erfulm tdi rgvir

veaaiys gl gltirhaebgea pdesis, wdgai tdi dghdir paetieus

futsgmi tdi rgvir veaaiys wiri kfri sghlgngbeltay gltihretim

gl tdi aelm usi fn Peaeifagtdgb hrfups gl (bfamir) pirgfms

wgtd aiss vihitetgfl.

Dfwivir, es eariemy stetim ejfvi, tdi fvireaa ejsilbi fnsimgkiltetgfl futsgmi tdi rgvir veaaiys gl gltirhaebgea pirg

fms kecis gt retdir mgnngbuat tf tist tdgs dypftdisgs. ]difrit-

gbeaay, Peaeifagtdgb essikjaehis metglh nrfk Kgmmai fr Aeti

Paigstfbili gltirhaebgeas wgaa sgkpay lft devi jiil prisirvim

gl e wey wdgbd lfw kecis tdik ribfhlgzejai es ivgmilbi fn

fbbupetgfl fn fur wfrcglh erie gl e 'tikpireti' bagketi

ulgiss tdiy wiri sgtuetim gl simgkilt treps agci bevis, ejrgs,

cerst miprissgfls elm mry veaaiys. Dfwivir, sf ner lf subd

prisirvim ivgmilbi des jiil ribfvirim.



tdi steti fn prisirvetgfl fn tdi Rgti I essikjaehi key ji

kfri bfkkfl fn bfam-stehi ebbukuaetgfls prfmubim fut-

sgmi rgvir simgkiltetgfl eries, es sdfwl jy, nfr glstelbi,

tdi ivgmilbi nrfk Cissiat (Aeuwirs/Kigos 5749). Aievglh

tdgs sgti fut fn bflsgmiretgfl, tdi flay Glnfrketgfl prfvgmim

jy tdi clfwl sgtis futsgmi tdi rgvir-veaaiy eries fl peaei-

filvgrflkilt, metglh fr dukel jidevgfur gs tdet 'et sfki

tgki gl tdi Afwir elm Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb dukel hrfupswiri prisilt diri'. ]di mete fjteglejai nrfk tdisi surnebi

sgtis elm nrfk tdi paetieu rihgfl gl hilirea eri pertay mi-

pilmilt fl tdi quistgfls escim jy tdi erbdeifafhgst stumy-

glh tdgs tfpgb. El gkpfrtelt quistgfl gl tdgs bfltixt gs

wditdir gt gs oustgngim tf triet tdi essikjaehis nrfk tdi

paetieu sgtis es devglh jiil et aiest pertay prfmubim gl

ilvgrflkilts bfkpaitiay mgnnirilt nrfk tdfsi wgtd 'nuaa

gltirhaebgea' bflmgtgfls. Gt bfuam ji glnirrim tdet gl 'haebgea'

pirgfms ixpafgtetgfl fn tdi ilvgrflkilt wes sghlgngbeltaymgnnirilt nrfk ixpafgtetgfl gl nuaa gltirhaebgea bflmgtgfls. Gl

gltirhaebgea pirgfms tdi rgvir Kees elm gts trgjutergis key

devi nfrkim tdi jesgb aglis fn bfkkulgbetgfl tdrfuhd e

wgmiay nfristim erie. Ixpafgtetgfl fn tdi ilvgrflkilt wes

prfjejay aerhiay jesim fl tdi prisilbi fn tdisi leturea

weys, wdgbd wiri easf tdi sfurbi fn gkpfrtelt glfrhelgb

risfurbis agci wetir elm naglt. Gl bfamir pirgfms et aiest tdi

naglt futbrfps gl stiip bagnns wfuam ji iesgir tf mgsbirl, elm

Gl tdi eutdfr's fpglgfl, erbdeifafhy kust et aiest try tf

miviafp tdi kiels nfr riaetglh tdi niw wiaa-prisirvim sgtis

tf tdi mete nrfk tdi kubd aiss glnfrketgvi (surnebi elm

ftdir) sgtis prfvgmglh tdi juac fn erbdeifafhgbea ivgmilbi.

Nfbussglh fur erbdeifafhgbea ettiltgfl fl tdi spibtebuaer

wiaa-prisirvim sgtis bel ji bfkperim wgtd tdi epprfebd gl

dgstfry bflbiltretglh fl tdi misbrgptgfl fn tdi agvis fn

'wiaa-mfbukiltim' kikjirs fn tdi uppir baess, cglhs elmprglbis, wgtdfut ivil tryglh tf eleaysi tdi sfbgea elm ibf

lfkgi bfltixt gl wdgbd tdisi wiaa-mfbukiltim pirsfls

(sgtis) nulbtgflim elm nafurgsdim.

Gl vgiw fn eaa tdi mgsbussim prfjaiks, Rfutd Agkjurh elm

tdi lighdjfurglh Jiahgel elm Hirkel afiss eries eri el

gmiea rihgfl nfr stumyglh tdi tfpgbs kiltgflim ejfvi? gl tdi

ngrst paebi tdi Jiavçmäri risierbd, es prisiltim gl tdgs

vfauki elm gl êl Cfansbdftil elm Zfijrfics (ims.) 5749,

des prfvgmim us wgtd e nrekiwfrc wdgbd bel ji ngaaim gl glhrietir mitega gl aetir risierbd. Ribflmay, tdi Rteti Hifafh

gbea Rurviy des glvistim e trikilmfus ekfult fn ilirhy gl

e mitegaim keppglh fn Uuetirlery elm pri-Uuetirlery

mipfsgsts gl Rfutd Agkjurh (Niamir/Jfsbd 574=, 5744).

Ngleaay, tdi ebtgvgtgis fn tdi afbea eketiur erbdeifafhgsts

ilejaim tdi mrewglh fn e mgstrgjutgfl kep fn Kgmmai Peaei

fagtdgb surnebi sgtis, e niw fn wdgbd misirvi nurtdir ri

sierbd.

580



ebclfwaimhkilts

]di cglm fn risierbd prisiltim gl tdgs vfauki bellft ji

riedzim wgtdfut tdi glvfavikilt fn e aerhi lukjir fn

pifpai, tf wdfk G fwi e hriet mijt.

Gl tdi ngrst paebi G wfuam agci tf tdelc Kissrs C. Hrfi

lilmgoc (Ibciaremi), P. Dillicils (Keestrgbdt), elm O.P.

mi Xerrgkflt (Hiuaai) nfr tdigr bflstelt essgstelbi elm

stgkuaetglh mgsbussgfls. ]digr diap bellft ji fvirikpde-sgzim.

Zilsglc (Ytribdt), L. Rbdaelhir (Oiruseaik), M. Rtepirt

(Hrflglhil), P. vel mi îami (Aigmil) elm E. ^ffrrgps

(Ekstirmek).

Rpibgea tdelcs hf tf Kr E.K. Xfutirs (Ailt), wdf

glspgrim ki tf hf gltf Peaeifagtdgbs. Dgs stgkuaetglh rfai gl

tdi stumy fn tdi Mutbd Peaeifagtdgb kust ji strissim diri,

ispibgeaay gl tdi bfltixt fn fur burrilt mijeti fl tdi ertgng-

bgea bderebtir fn tdi Mutbd 'BBB' nglms (bdeptir 7).

Kissrs D.E. mi Afrk elm O. Limirafn (Aigmil) priperim

tdi mrewglhs nfr tdgs vfauki, elm D.E. mi Afrk wes ebtgvi

ay ilhehim gl tdi nglea aey-fut, O. Cfail (Aigmil) priperim

tdi mrewglhs fn tdi Rgti O naglts. Krs K. Xelmirs-êl mir

Relmil (Aigmil) typim elm ritypim sivirea virsafls fn tdi

tixt, elm prfvgmim bfltglufus essgstelbi gl tdi prfbissglh

fn tdi tixt. ]di Ilhagsd tixt wes riem elm bfrribtim jy

Krs.R. Kiaafr (Zfirkflm). Rfki fn tdi frghglea ngiam

mrewglhs wiri kemi jy Kr O. Jffhirm (Aigmil), wdgai KrO. Peuptgt (Aigmil) tffc beri fn tdi pdftfhrepdgb wfrc. Kr



]f ky bfaaiehuis fn tdi Fuetirlery risierbd hrfup wdf

devi jiil stumyglh tdi Jiavçmäri sgtis wgtd ki G fwi e

hriet mijt nfr tdigr bfaaejfretgfl gl 5740-5744, elm nfr tdi

usi fn tdigr (pertay pujagsdim) risuats? K. Egtcil elm O.

Duxtejai (Fxnfrm), ]. vel Cfansbdftil (Ytribdt), X.

Cugopir (Aigmil), ]. Kigoir (Deeraik), I. Kigos (Ytribdt),

D.O. Kñbdir (Ekstirmek), O. êlmiljirhdi (Ekstir

mek). Elm nurtdirkfri tf? B.I.R. Erps (Aigmil), Z. Hrñl(Bfafhli), X. Diylil (Ytribdt), F. Cetziljirh (Bfafh

li), A. Kigoir (Keestrgbdt), X. Rbdfbd (Jgrkilsmfrn) elm

X. vel mi Xistirglhd (Xehilglhil).

]di hifafhgbea espibts fn tdgs tdisgs wiri supirvgsim jy

Kr X.D. _ehwgol (Deeraik), wdfk G tdelc nfr dgs brgtgbea

rikercs elm dghday eppribgetim mgsbussgfls.

Kissrs P.X. Jfsbd, X.K. Niamir elm F.R. Cuya gl-

trfmubim ki tf tdi hifafhy fn tdi wfrcglh erie murglh ky

5740-5745 stey et tdi Hifafhgbea Rurviy et Diirail, fn

wdgbd G ritegl hffm kikfrgis.

Prfn. Mr P.O.Z. Kfmmirkel hevi ki tdi fppfrtulgty tf

glgtgeai tdi Jiavçmäri prfoibt. Prfn. Mr H. Jfsglscg (Bfafh

li) mgm lft flay brgtgbeaay riem tdi kelusbrgpt, jut easf

diapim gl hittglh tdi Jiavçmäri prfoibt stertim. Prfn. Mr

A.P. Afuwi Cffgokels (Aigmil) riem elm kemi bflstrub-

tgvi bfkkilts fl mrents fn tdi vergfus bdeptirs gl sivirea

stehis fn tdi wfrc, elm tdus prfvgmim trikilmfus suppfrtgl wrgtglh tdgs tdisgs. Di wes easf ebtgviay ilhehim gl diap

glh tf sfavi prebtgbea prfjaiks gl tdi rullglh elm nglelbglh

O. Peuptgt (Aigmil) tffc beri fn tdi pdftfhrepdgb wfrc. Kr

Z. Hrfililmgoc (Hrflglhil), hevi sfki ertgst's gkpris-

sgfls fn tdi peaeifilvgrflkilt fn tdi Ylgt G^ sgtis, wdgbd

glgtgetim e stgkuaetglh mgsbussgfl fl tdgs tfpgb.

G fwi e hriet mijt tf eaa tdi pifpai wdf tffc pert gl tdi

5745-5749 ixbevetgfls ripfrtim fl gl tdgs vfauki, ispibgeaay

tf N. Jrfllil, Z. Dfic, K. Dffhaelm, ]. Oebfjs, I.

Zilsglc, A. îrdert elm B. _goastre. Nurtdir tf? D. Elmrçimi ae Pfrti-Oelss, E. Jeaoit-Pitirs, L. vel Jfmihrevil, Z.

Jrilhirs, E. Buypirs, P. Miuldfuwir, E. vel Migobc, J.

Ihhil, K. vel Issil, Z. Nrelc, I. vel Hglcia, C. vel mir

Hreen, Z. Hrfililmgoc, O.-C. Dehirs, C. Dellglil, K.

vel aipiril, K. Oelsil, D. Oflhipgir, I. Oulhirgus, J. vel

mir Ceey, K. Cekkglhe, K. Cirstil, O. Cfail, N.B.

Creeyildehil, M. mi Afibcir, D. Auytil, G. Kitz, M. vel

Kiurs, H. Kfas, O. Kfrii, K. Kullgbds, ]. Fumikels, Z.

Pelduysil, K. vel mi Paes, O. vel mir Zfist, C. Zfkpil,

]. Rbdeipkel, C. Rbdglcia, Z. Rbdþlaeu, O. Rbdriurs-

îrwir, E. Raffs, A. Rkgts, H. Rfitirs, E. Rpgicske, P.

Rpgocir, Z. Rtiilvffrmil, N. ]gkkirkels, E. êsjglmir,

K. vel îil, E. îrkiir, K. Xelsaiijil elm Z. vel

_wiimil.

Gkpfrtelt nglelbgea elm afhgstgbea suppfrt beki nrfk tdi

nfaafwglh glstgtutgfls elm pirsfls? tdi Kulgbgpea Rirvgbi nfr

Erbdeifafhgbea Zisierbd et Keestrgbdt (]. Pelduysil), tdiPrfvglbi fn Agkjurh, tdi Nflms vffr Rfbgeai Glstiaaglhil et

Dfilsjrfic (N B Creegoildehil) Krs X N vel Jiul-

58:



rinirilbis

Emek, C.M. 5795 Mir Xeamiainelt vfl Aidrglhil - igli Oehmjiuti mis mgauvgeail Kilsbdil, Uuerter 9,

87-7:.

Egtcil, K.O.

O. Duxtejai

L.B. Mijildek

5782 Mgi 'Erti necti mis Dfkf stigldigkilsgs' eas Jiaihi urhisbdgbdta gbdil Grrils, Rtutthertir Jigtrehi zur Leturculmi J>, 5-77.

574> ]dirkfaukglisbilbi metglh gl tdi Peaeifa gtdgb? jurlim naglt, steaehkgtgb beabgti, elm

simgkilt, Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. suppa. :>, 8-5=.



Elmirsil, D.D.

D.O. Xdgtafw

Elmirsfl-Hirneum, P.

Elmriws, O.].

Euhusti, P.

Jecias, B.B.

Jeccir, D. mi

O. Rbdiaaglh

Jerejes, K.

E. Kelhglg

K. Rerltdigk

D. Rtrikki

5742 Xier trebis elm petgle tgfl fl Melgsd naglt ertinebts , Lubaier Glstrukilts elm Kitdfms glPdysgbs Zisierbd :54, =>4-=8=.

5745 Bfltrgjutgfl kçtdfmfafhgqui e a'eleaysi mis kgbrf-trebis m'utgagsetgfl sur ais futgas prçdgs-tfrgquis, tdisi mu trfgsgäki bybai prçsiltçi ä a'Ylgvirsgtç mi Jfrmieux G.

5742 Rdfrt gbi ehi :20.000 yiers ehf6 . Leturi 202, :5-::.

574> Eppfrts peaçfltfafhgquis it erbdçfzffafhgquis mi a'çtumi mis hrelms kekkgnäris miJgebdi-Rt-êest (Pes-mi-Beaegs). Pepir miagvirim et tdi bflnirilbi fl 'Buaturis it glmustrgis peaçfagtdgquis il kgagiu afissgqui'. Mibikjir 574>, Ekgils.

5784 Nfur Aglierjelmcirekgc sittaikilts elm tdigr ilvgrflkilt? e peaeifibfafhgbea stumy fnRgtterm, Rtigl, Iasaff elm Dgildigk, mgssirtetgfl Aigmil (; Eleaibte Preidgstfrgbe Aig-milsge 55).

57>> Rystiik vel jfmikbaessgngbetgi vffr Limiraelm. Mi dfhiri lgvieus, Xehilglhil.

5744 ]di Ehi fn tdi Dfastigl Gltirhaebgetgfl? e Zipay, Uuetirlery Zis. :7, 40-4=.05

Jertfl, L.I.

B E . Jirhkel

Jertstre, H.O.

574: Kultirs et Dilhgs tjury? sfki ivgmilbi nrfk ixpirgkiltea erbdeifafhy, Xfram Erbdeifafhy 5=, :28-:=4.

5788 Psiumf-ertinectil ugt mi Paigstfbili Keesti rressil vel _ugm Agkj urh, Kusifafhge 5,

>9-80.

Jeukell, X.

M. Kelge5742 Mgi peaefagtdgsbdil Liunulmi vfk Kerccaiijirh jig Aigpzgh, Jiragl.

58=

Jirlsil, O.O.E.

ZINIZILBIR

57:8 ]di hifafhy fn tdi ]ihagel baey elm gts nfssga rikegls fn rdglfbirfs, Mgssirtetgfl, Ek

stirmek.

5720 Igli Zivgsgfl mir nfssgail Reuhitgirneule eus mil ]flil vfl ]ihi ail, Letuurdgstfrgsbd Keelmjaem 57, 5=>-59:.

5725 Igli Zivgsgfl mir nfssgail Reuhitgirneule eus mil ]fli l vfl ]ihia il, Letuurdgstfrgsbd KeelmjaemaU, :9-253 >8-853 50=-5043 592-594.

572: Igli Zivgsgfl mir nfssgail Reuhitgirneule eus mil ]fli l vfl ]ihi ail, Letuurdgstfrgsbd

Keelmjaem :5 , :0-:>3 84-45.

5722 Igli Zivgsgfl mir nfssgail Reuhitgirneule eus mil ]flil vfl ]ihiail, Letuurdgstfrgsbd Keelmjaem!!, 52>-524.

572= Igli Zivgsgfl mir nfssgail Reuhitgirneule eus mil ]flil vfl ]ihiail, Letuurdgstfrgsbd Keelmjaem :2, 24-=>.

Jirry, C.O.

P.X. Kgiaci

C.A. Cvekki

Jiyrgis R

574= Inngbgãlt pirkutetgfl nfr eleaysgs fn ertgnebt mgstrg jutgfl s. Gl? D. Dgitea e (im .), GltresgtiRpetgea Eleaysgs gl Erbdeifafhy, 9=-8=, Bekjr gmhi.

5742 Itum i tibdlfafhgqui it trebis m'utgagsetgfl mis 'çbaets mçjfrm elts' mi Bfrjidik (Pes-mi-



Jiyrgis, R.

I. Jfãme

Jgjus, I.

5742 Itum i tibdlfafhgqui it trebis m utgagsetgfl mis çbaets mçjfrm elts mi Bfrjidik (Pes-mi-

Beaegs), Juaaitgl R.P.N. 40, :89-:87.

578= Ejtrehulhs- ulm Jfmiljg amulhspdesil gk Zgssaþss, Igszigteatir ulm Hihilwert :9,

5>>-54:.

Jglnfrm, A.Z. 5784 Mgkilsgflea eleaysgs fn jidevgfur elm sgti strubturi ? aierlglh nrfk el Iscgkf dultglh

stelm, Ekirgbel Eltgqugty =2, 220-2>5.

5745 Jflis. Elbgilt Kil elm Kfmirl Kytds, Liw Wfrc/ Aflmil.

574:e ]di Erbdeifafhy fn Paebi, Ofurlea Eltdrfp. Erbd. 5,9-25.

574:j Zipay tf Z. Xdgti's 'Zitdglcglh tdi Kgmmai/Yppir Peaifdtdgb trelsgtgf l', Burrilt Eltdrfp. :2, 588-545.

5749 Dukel Elbistfrs? Bdelhglh ^giws fn ]digr Jidevgfr, Ofurlea Eltdrfp. Erbd. =, :7:-

2:8.

Jglnfrm, AZ.

R.Z. Jglnfrm

Jglnfrm, A.Z.

L.K. Rtfli

Jgsdfp, K.O.

574> Gsfaetglh tdi trelsgtgfl tf buaturea emeptetgfl s? el frhelgzetgflea epprfebd . Pepir pri-

siltim tf tdi emvelbim sikgler fl ']di frghgls fn kfmirl dukel emeptetgfls', Relte Ni,

Liw Kixgbf.

5748 Rierbdglh nfr Bekps elm Kgssglh tdi Ivgmilbi6 ? Elftdi r Affc et tdi Afwir Peaifdtdg b.

Gl? F. Rfnnir (im.), ]di Paigstfbili Fam Xfram. Zihgflea Pirspibtgvis, 58-2:, Liw Wfrc.

57>> E Priagkglery Eleaysgs fn Nulbtgflea êrgejgagty gl tdi Kfusti rgel fn Aiveaafgs Nebgi s,

Ekirgbel Eltdrfp. >4(:), :24-:79.

574> _dfucfum gel? E Bafsir Affc, Burrilt Eltdrfp. :8, =92-=89.

578= E priagkglery ripfrt fl tdi Kgmmai Paigstfbili kekkea dierglh mipfsg ts fn Xistju ry-

,'3 «]v .-. 3” <- •(! OBg,

589

Jfãme, I.

ZINIZILBIR

574=

Jflgney, I.

574>

5789

5744

Jfrmis, N. 57>5

578:

5789

5740

574=

Jfrsuc-Jgeaylgbce , K. 5782

Kitdfmi m'çtumi m'ul lubaius Aiveaafgs c a'çbaet prçnçriltgia. Bedgirs hçfhr. pdysgqui 9,

79-52=.

Ai mçjgtehi Aiveaafgs mi Jgebdi-Reglt- eest (Pes mi Beaegs)? prikgär i çtumi tibdlfaf-

hgqui. Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. suppa. :>, :07-:54.

Rtretghrepdgi mu quetirlegri it ehi mis hgsikilts pridgstfrgquis mi ae zfli agttfreai mis

Eapis Kergtgkis, Juaaitgl R.P.N. 8:, 578-:04.

Aulia ^gia it a'Ebdiuaçil mu Kgmg kçmgtirrelçil nrelbegs. Pepir miagvirim et tdi bflnir

ilbi 'Mgi eatisti Jisgimaulh Iurfpes', :0-:> Kerbd 5744, Elmirle bd.

]ypfafhgi mu Peaçfagtdgqui elbgil it kfyil, Jfrmieux.

E ]eai fn ]wf Bevis, Liw Wfrc.

Rur ae lftgfl mi sfa m'dejgtet il prçdgstfgri peaçfagtdgqui. Juaaitgl R.P.N. 8:, 527-5==.

Ai mçjgtehi Aiveaafgs it sis vergeltis. Juaaitgl R.P.N. 88, =9-=7.

Açbfls sur ai peaçfagtdgqui. ]fkç GG. Ai peaçfagtdgqui il Iurfpi, Jfrmieux.

Rtumgis fl tdi Paigstfbili rdglfbirfs Bfiafmflte eltgqugtetgs (Jaukiljebd), Ebemikgi



y ,

Jfsbd, P X . 5789

Jfsbdiglil, O. 574=

H. Jfsglscg

C. Jrullebcir

Y. Cfbd

]. vel CfansbdftilI. ]urlir

J. Yrjel

Jfsglscg, H. 57>>

57>8

574:

q ( ),

Pfaflegsi mis Rbgilbis Glst. mi Peaçfzffafhgi :7, 5-7=.

Mi hrfivi 'Jiavçmäri' ti Keestrgbdt, Hrflmjffr il Dekir :7, :-5:.

Igl eatpeaefagtdgsbdir Nulmpaetz jig Kgisildigk, Crigs Keyil-Cfjailz/Liuwgimir

Jibcil, Erbdmfafhgsbdis Cfrr.ja. 5=, 5-8.

Mir peaefagtdgsbdi Nulmpaetz Zdiglmedail, _gihiaig Mriisil-Xistwelm, Jfllir Oedrj.5>>, 254-2==.

Mgi kgttiapeaefagtdgsbdi Nulmi gk wistagbdil Kgttiaiurfpe, Cþal.

]di trelsgtgfl Afwir/Kgmmgi Peaeifagtdgb gl Lfrtdwistirl Hirkely. Gl3 E. Zflil (im.),

]di ]relsgtgfl nrfk Afwir tf Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb elm tdi Frghgl fn Kfmirl Kel. J.E.Z.

Gltirl. Rir. 595, 5>9-589.

5742e Mgi oehirgsbdi Hisbdgbdti mis Zdigl aelmis. Iglsgbd til ulm Añbc il, Oedrjubd mis Zþk.-Hirk. _iltreakus. 20, 45-55:.

5742j Igszigtoehir gk Liuwgimir Jibcil. Erbdefafhgi mis Igszigteatirs ek Kgttiardigl, Cfjailz.

5742b Mgi Eushrejulhil gl Ceragbd/Liuwgimir Jibcil, Jigaehi zuk Oedrisjirgbdt 574: mirHirme Dilcig Rtgntulh, 7-:0, Mñssiamfrn.

5744 Eatpeaefagtdgcuk gk Zdigla elm. Pepir miagvirim et tdi bflnirilbi 'Mgi eatisti JisgimaulhIurfpes', :0-:> Kerbd 5744, Elmirlebd.

58> ZINIZILBIR

Jfsglscg, H.

C. Crfhir

O. Rbdenir

I. ]urlir

574> Eatstiglzig tagbdi Rgimaulhspaetzi eun mil Fstig nia-ûacelil, Oedrjubd Zþk. -Hirk. _iltreakus. 22, 78-520.

Jfutil, X.

H. vel Igosmil

E.B. Gkisfl

N.O.P.K. Cweem

D.O. Kñbdir

E. ]gctec

5749 Flts teel il irfsgi vel mi aþssaiik-hrflmil gl _ugm-Agkjurh , C.L.E.H., Hifhrengsbd]gomsbdrgnt 57, 57:-:04.

Jfwil, M.U.

Jrgmhaelm, M.Z.

P.A. Hgjjerm

P. Dermglh

Z.E. Cikp

H. Rfutdheti

Jrfsi, M.R.

5784 Uuetirlery Hifafhy. E Rtretghrepdgb Nrekiwfrc nfr Kuatgmgsbgpaglery Xfrc, Fxnfrm.

574= Liw glnfrketgfl elm risuats nrfk ribilt ixbevetgfls et Jerlngiam Pgt, Rwelsbfkji,

Uuetirlery Liwsaitair =0, :9-27.

5789 Nulbtgflea eleaysgs fn stfli tffas? e beutgflery lfti fl tdi rfai fn elgkea nets, Ekirgbel Eltgqugty =0, 4>-7=.



Jruiril, O.X.Z.

Jrugls, D.O.

Jrullebcir, C.

D. JutzciD.-M. Medk

D. Medk-Edrils

D.-O. Mujjir

N.-M. Ircwfd

D. Kirtils

I. Kñbcildeusil

X. Pees

O. Rbdeagbd

C. Rcupgl

C-D. XgaaX. Xgrtd

I. vfl _izsbdwgtz

Jrullebcir, C.

C.-M. Oehir

H.O. Dillgh

O. Priuss

Jull, D.

O.X.C. Derrgs

H. Gseeb_. Ceunuau

I. Crfaa

57=9

5740

574:

5742

5740

Dit tirressilaelmsbdep vel _ugm-Agkjurh (Kimimi aglhil vel mi Hifa . Rtgbdtglh Rirgi

B-^G lf. 5), Keestrgbdt.

Peaifkehlitgsbdi metirglh vel mi Keestirressil gl _ugm-Agkjurh il mi hilisi vel midgirkii virjflmil Fum-Paigstfbili aþssebdaghi simgkiltil, ].E.P. Prfoibt, tussiltgoms

reppfrt, A.D. Xehilglhil.

Peaefjþmil gl Lfrmrdigl-Xistneail, Hifafhgsbdis Oedrj. 5=,5>9-:92.

Zemgfkitrgsbdi Yltirsubdulhil zur Metgirulh kgttiaiurfpegsbdir ]revirtglvfrcfkkil,

Itdlfhrepdgsbdis Erbdmfa. _. :=, :58-:>>.

NxOoRF? el Ieray Paigstfbili sgti gl lfrtdirl Cilye, Xfram Erbdeifafhy 5:, 507-52>.

588 ZINIZILBIR

Bedil, M.

A.D. Ciiaiy

N.A. vel Lftil

5787 Rtfli tffas , tffacgt s elm dukel jidevgfr gl pridgstfry, Burrilt Eltdrfp. :0, >>5->42.

Bedil, M.

O. Kgbdia

Bedil, M.

O. Kfiyirsfls

Beaikjirt, A.

Beaafw, P.

574> Ai sgti Peaçfdtdgqui kfyil elbgil mi Kisvgl G^ (Degleut, Jiahgqui), Juaaitgl E.N.I.U.suppa. :>, 47-50:.

5788 Rujsurnebi kfvikilts fn stfli ertinebts elm tdigr gtlpagbetgfls nfr tdi pridgstfry fn

Biltrea Enrgbe, Leturi :>>, 45:-459.

579= Ais nfrketgfls tirtgegris mi ae deuti Jiahgqui, Gl? P. Nfurkergir (im .), Prfmrfki m'ulimçsbrgptgfl hçftfhgqui mi ae Jiahgqui, Agähi , 950-92:.

574>e ]di Reeagel glmustrgis fn Ae Bftti mi Reglt-Jriaemi, Oirsiy (Bdellia Gsaelms), Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. suppa.:>, 5:7-5=5.

574>j Paigstfbili Aelmsbepis elm tdi Peaeifagtdgb Ibfl fky. Gl? P. Beaafw/O.K. Bfrlnfrm

(ims.). Ae Bftti mi Rt.Jriaemi 57>5-5784. Ixbevetgfls jy B.J.K. KbJurliy, 2>9-28>,

Lfrwgbd.

Beaafw, P.O.K. Bfrlnfrm (ims.) 574> Ae Bftti mi Rt.Jriaemi, 57>5-5784. Ixbevetgfls jy B.J.K. KbJurliy , Lfrwgbd.



Besper, O.P.

Bdeagli, O.

Baerc, O.M.

B^. Deylis

Bfaagls, M.K.

Bffc,O.

Bffc.O.

B.J. Rtrglhir

EP. Burrelt

D.P. Rbdwerbz

E.H. Xgltai

574= Ketçrgeux agtdgquis mi ae prçdgstfgri. Gl? M. Bedil/P. Deiseirts (ims.), Piupais bdessiursmi ae Jiahgqui prçdgstfrgqui mels aiur bemri leturia, 508-55>. Jruxiaais.

5784 Ais rflhiurs mi Jgebdi-Reglt-êest (Pes mi Beaegs) it aiurs gkpagbetgfls stretghrepdgquis

it bñketgquis. Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. 59, ==-=>.

5780 El iaipdelt jutbdiry sgti et Kwelhelme's vgaaehi, Cerflhf, Keaewg, elm gts riaivelbi

nfr peaeifagtdgb erbdeifafhy, Xfram Erbdeifafhy 5, 270-=55.

57>7 Buaturi tremgt gfls elm ilvgrflkilt fn ieray kel. Burrilt Eltdrfp. 50, :>8-25>.

5742 Mgi Nfrsbdulhserjigt el mir Nulmstiaai Xistjury-suj-Kilmgp, Rfkirsit/Ilhaelm,

Itdlfhrepdgsbdis Erbdefa. _. :=, 9:4-925.

574> E jaemi glmustry nrfk Rtflidek's pgt, Breynfrm. Gl? R.L. Bfaabutt (im.), ]di Peaeifagtdgbfn Jrgtegl elm gts Lierist Lighdjfurs? Zibilt ]rilms, 5>-57, Rdinngiam.

574: E Zivgiw fn tdi Bdrflfafhy fn tdi Iurfpiel Kgmmai Paigstfbili Dfkglgm Zibfrm,

Wierjffc Pdys. Eltdrfp. :9, 57->9.

Bfrmy, O.-K.

Bfrmy, O.-K.

K. Yargx-Bafssit

5740 Ai peaçfcerst mi Jiaai Zfbdi (Rprgkflt, Agähi)? prikgir hgsikilt peaçfltfafhgqui it

erbdçfafhgqui mi Paigstfbili kfyil il Jiahgqui, Bfkptis rilmu Ebem. Rb. Pergs :75

(M), 8=7-89:.

5745 Mçbfuvirti m'ul hgsikilt cerstgqui mu Peaçfdtdgqui glnçrgiur ä ae berrgäri mi ae Jiaai

Zfbdi, bfkkuli mi Rprgkflt, Ebtgvgtçs 40 R.F.R. Nfugaais :, 7:-74.

5745 Ae hrftti mi ae Jiaai Zfbdi c Rprgkflt. Yl hgsikilt ä heaits ekçlehçs mu Paigstfbili

kfyil elbgil, Lftei Preidgstfrgbei 5, 20.

584

Brikirs, O.

Bzgisae, I.

Mgjjai, D.A.

ZINIZILBIR

57:9

Mgsbd, E.

Mgxfl, X.O.N.O. Kessiy

Mffrkeea, O.B.E. vel

Jiavçmäri (mi kiist gltirisselti paic vel Limiraelm), Letuurdgstfrgsbd Keelmjaem 5=,590-592.

574> Yjir mes _usekkilpessil vfl hisbdaehilir Rtiglertinecti, Erbdefafhgsbdis Cfrr.ja.5>,:95-:>9.

5748e ]di Gltirpritetgfl fn Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb Rbrepir Kfrpdfafhy, Ekirgbel Eltgqugty 9:,507-558.

5748j Zimubtgfl Riquilbis gl tdi Kelunebturi fn Kfustirgel Gkpaikilts fn Nrelbi. Gl? F.

Rfnnir (im.), ]di Paigstfbili Fam Xfram. Zihgflea Pirspibtgvis, 22-=9, Liw Wfrc.

57>7 E.B. Cilhil fvir fphrevglhil ti Bejirh-Keestrgbdt 57:8-5722, Oeerfvirzgbdt Erbdifa.Xirchikiilsbdep Agkjurh 57>7, 25-24.

5785/ Pri- il prftfdgstfrgsbdi vflmstil fp mi Bejirh ti Keestrgbdt, Oeerfvirzgbdt Erbdifa.578: Xirchikiilsbdep Agkjurh 5785-578:, 22-=8.

5798 Gltrfmubtgfl tf stetgstgbea eleaysgs, Liw Wfrc.

5798 Flmirzficglhil jitrinnilmi mi aþsshrflmil vel _ugm-Agkjurh, mgssirtetgfl, Xehil-glhil.



Mfppirt.O.X.Bdr.H.D.O. ZuihhB.O. vel RteeamuglilX.D. _ehwgolO.H. _elmstre

Mugstirkeet, D.

Imwerms, R.I.Z.X. Bagllgbc

Ilmi, E. vel mil

Is, O. velB.O.D. Nrelssil

Niamir, X.K.P.X.Jfsbd

Niamir, X.K.P.X. JfsbdF.R. Cuya

NgtzPetrgbc, I.E.

Nfssi, H.

57898 Nfrketgis vel dit Cwertegr il Jfvil-]irtgegr gl Limiraelm. Gl? X.D. _ehwgol/B.O. velRteeamuglil (ims.), ]fiagbdtglh jgo hifafhgsbdi fvirzgbdtsceertil vel Limiraelm, 55-99,Deeraik.

5748 ^ffrafpgh risuateet vel iil keaebfafhgsbdi eleaysi vel iil prfngia ugt Rgti H vel mi

Jiavçmäri, Gltirl Zeppfrt G.P.A., Aigmil.

5740 Ciipglh tdi Afwir Peaifagtdgb gl Pirspibtgvi, Kel 59, 245-242.

5429 Fvir nfssgiai jiilmiril vel mi Cejirh jgo Keestrgbdt, îrsaeh vel mi 50i virhemirglh aicaessi Cfl. Lim. Glstgtuut 5429, 27-=5.

574= Ertinebtil vel dit BBB ugt dit ^rfih-Paigstfbiil il Aeet-PGgfbiil vel Limiraelm, Erbdeifafhgsbdi Jir. lf. 59, =-:7.

574= Hifafhgsbdi ceert vel _ugm-Agkjurh il fkhivglh. Prç-Cwertegr, Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst,Deeraik.

5744 Hifafhgsbdi ceert vel _ugm-Agkjurh il fkhivglh. Fppirvaecticeert, Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst,Deeraik.

5740 Mi hifafhgi vel dit Hirilmea il fkhivglh. Pujagbetgis Letuurdgst. Hil. Agkj. 20, 5-2:.

5785 Pimfafhy, Imgljurhd.

574> Ai Kfustçrgil mu Lfrm-Bftiltgl (mçpertikilt mi ae Kelbdi)3 prikgirs risuatets mi trfgs

587 ZINIZILBIR

Nriikel, A.H.

Nriumiltdea, K.

]. Kigoir

O. vel mir Kiuail

5742 Mi Digmiajirh-bfkpflilt vel dit BBB gl mi stuwweaail il dit BBB gl dit eahikiil,

Erbdeifafhgsbdi Jir. lf. 52, :5-5=5.

5789 Ebdiuaiel sgtis elm stretghrepdy gl Gjirge elm tdi Kehdrij . Gl? C.X. Jutzir/H.AG. Gseeb

(ims.), Entir tdi Eustreafpgtdibglis. Rtretghrepdy, Ibfafhy elm Buaturi Bdelhi gl tdi Kgmmai Paigstfbili, >>5-8=9, ]di Dehui.

578> Priagkglery ripfrt fl e ngiam bekpeghl gl tdi Bfltgliltea Paigstfbili fn ]ihiail (]di

Litdiraelms), Rbrgpte Hifa. 2=, 5-:8.

Nrgsfl, H.B. 5787 Fjsirvetgfls fl tdi usi fn stfli tffas3 muaaglh fn wfrcglh imhis fn sfki bdgppim stfli

tffas gl jgsfl jutbdirglh. Gl? J. Deymil (im.), Agtdgb usi-wier eleaysgs, :97-:>4, Liw

Wfrc.

Hekjai, B.

Hesbfyli, K.

D.P. Rbdwerbz

574> ]di Peaeifagtdgb Rittaikilt fnIurfpi, Bekjrgmhi.

5748 Kel tdi Rdfviair? Eatirletgv i Kfmias nfr Kgmmai Paigstfbili Bfaflgzetgfl elm Fbbupe-

tgfl gl Lfrtdirl aetgtumis. Gl? F. Rfnnir (im.), ]di Paigstfbili Fam Xfram. ZihgfleaPirspibtgvis, 45-74, Liw Wfrc.

5749 Yrelguk-sirgi s metis nfr tdi Afwir Peaifagtd gb sgti fn Jiaai Zfbdi, Jiahguk, Burrilt Eltdrfp. :>,>=5->=:.



Hilisti, O.K. 5749 Eleaysi agtdgqui m'glmustrgis kfustçrgillis mu Pçrghfrm? uli epprfbdi tibdlfafhgqui mubfkpfrtikilt mis hrfupis dukeglis eu Peaçfagtdgqui kfyil, tdisi Ylgvirsgtç Jfrmieux

G.

Hgnnfrm, M.P.

Hgnnfrm, M.P.

E. C. Jidrilskiyir

Hgol, E.A.vel

Hgajirtsfl, M.M.

E.J. Dewcgls

574>e _fle tgfl çbflfkgqui mu kgagiu it frhelgse tgfl spetgeai mis vistghis mels mis sgtis Kfus-

tçrgils mu Rum-Fuist mi ae Nrelbi. Gl3 K. Ftti (im.), Bfaafqui gltirletgflea a'Dfkki mi Lielmirtea, imgtgfl eltgb gpçi, 580-58=, Agähi.

574>j Rystäkis m'epprfvgsgfllikilt il ketgäris prikgäris eu Peaçfagtdgqui kfyil it eu

Peaçfagtdgqui supçrgiur il Equgtegli. Gl3 K.Ftti (im.). Bfaafqui gltirletgflea a'Dfkkimi Lielmirtea, çmgtgfl eltgbgpçi, :=7-:9:. Agähi.

5784 Itdlferbdeifafhgbe a fjsirvetgfls fn leture a prfbissis ennibtglh buaturea ketir geas . Gl?

Z.E. Hfuam (im.), Ixpafretgfls gl Itdlferbdeifafhy, 88-505, Eajuquirqui.

5740 Itdlferbdeifafhgbea Bfltrgjutgf ls tf tdi ]epdflf ky fn Dukel Rgtis. Gl? E.C, Jid-

rilskiyir/E.P. Dgaa (ims.), Nfssgas gl tdi kecglh. îrtijreai ]epdflfky elm Peaifibfa-

fhy, 72-50=, Bdgbehf.

5788 Fjsirvim Nfrket gfl elm Jurgea fn e Zibilt Dukel Fbbupet gfl Rgti gl Cilye, Uue-tirlery Zis. 4, :=9-:>>.

574> Ngsd pfagsd3 Nebt elm Ngbtgfl. Gl? A.Fwil /H. Ylretd (ims .), ]ibdlgbea Espibts fn Kgbrf-wier Rtumgis fl Rtfli ]ffas, 52-:8, ]ñjglhil.

5784 ]di Paigstfbili subbissgfl et Cil, Rfkirs it, Juaaitgl Hifa. Rurv. H.J. >>, 5-=5.

Hflhhrgop, H. 574: Mi hrfivi Jiavçmäri (A), iil hifafhgsbd kflukilt. Zgocsglstgtuut vffr Letuu rjidi irZeppfrt 4:/>, Aiirsuk.

540

Huiltdir, I.X.

Huçrgl, B.

Huaailtfps, N.

Dejits, O.

Deiseirts, P.

I. Ouvghlç

F R . Cuya

D.O. Kñbdir

X. Zfijrfics

ZINIZILBIR

5789 Mgi Jebcilzedli mir Iaineltil vfl Idrglhsmfrn jig Xigker, Ejdelmaulhil _ilgr.Hifa. Glst. :2, 277-=9:.

5740 Ais Zdglfbirftgmei (Kekkeage, Pirgssfmebtyae) mi Kgfbäli Rupçrgiur eu Paigstfbälitirkglea il Iurfpi fbbgmilteai, Ayfl.

579= Bfltrgjutgfls e ae bdrflfafhgi mu paigstfbäli it mis nfrkis mu riagin il Jiahgqui, Kçkfgris mi rglstgtut Hçfafhgqui mi a'Ylgvirsgtç mi Afuvegl 54, 5:9-:9:.

5448 Fumdim il, hivflmil jgo dit jfuwil vel dit nfrt Xgaaik ti Keest rgbdt , Mi Keeshfuw 7,

5:4.

5745 Bfkpti rilmu mi 5'ixbursgfl mu 52 ougl 5745, il Disjeyi it eu Agkjfurh Lç irael megs ,

bflsebrçi e ae bdrflfstretghrepdgi mis afiss mu paigstfbäli supçrgiur, Elletis Rfb. Hçfa. Jiah. 50=, ::2-:=0.

Derkfl, Z.R.

O. Haezic

C. Lfwec

Deymil, J.

5740 :20]d/:2=Y metglh fn trevir tgli nrfk tdi Jgazglhsaijil erbdeifafhgbea sgti . Leturi :4=,

52:-529.

578> Buretgfl, fam elm liw. Gl? O.R. Zeykflm/J. Afvisitd/B. Erlfam /H. Ziermfl (ims.),



Deylis, H.

Deys, X.A.

Deys, O.M.

O. Gkjrgi

L.O. Rdebcaitfl

Digk, O.

O.P. Aeutrgmfu

O. Keubfrps

O.O. Pugssçhur

O. Rfkkç

E. ]dçvilgl

Diglzitgl, O. mi

Dgiteae, D. (im.)

Dgiteae, D.O.

M.R. Rtivils

Dfmmir, G.

B. Frtfl

Dfnkel, O.A.

Prgkgtgvi ert elm tibdlfafhy, =8-97, Ylgvirsgty fn Beahery Priss.

5787 Peaeifagtdgb Zinaibtgfls, Beljirre.

5744 Aflhgtumglea Rtumgis fn Enrgbel Iaipdelt Miet d elm Jfli Mipfsgts , Ofurlea Erbd. Rb.

59, 525-598.

5782 Rtetgstgbs nfr tdi sfbgea sbgilbis, Aflmfl.

578> êrgetg fls gl tdi iertd's frjgt ? pebikecirs fn tdi gbi ehis, Rbgilbi 57=, 55:5-552:.

574: Ebdildigk3 uli sçquilbi-typi mis afiss mu paigstfbäli kfyil it supç rgiur. Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. 57, 5=8-597.

5788 Yl ertinebt mi ae tirressi mi Rglt-Pgi tirsjirh (Deaikjeyi, Bfkkul i mi Debbf urt , Prfv.

mi Agähi), Diaglguk 58, :25-:2=.

574= Gltre-Rgti Rpeagea Eleaysgs gl Erbdeifafhy, Bekjrgmhi.

5788 Rpetgea Eleaysgs? Kuatgpai Prfbimuris gl Pett irl Zibfhlgt gfl Rtumgis, Ekirgbel Eltgqug-

ty =:, 927-997.

578> Rpetgea eleaysgs gl erbdeifafhy, Bekjrgmhi.

574> îrtgbea kfvikilts gl eaauvgea elm stretgngim mipfs gts, Burrilt Eltdrfp. :8, 5>2-585.

545 ZINIZILBIR

Dfrsbd, D.

G. Ciiskel

57:7 Zgocskusiuk vel Fumdimil ti Aigmil. îrsaeh vel mil Mgribtiur fvir dit oeer 57:4, Mil

Deeh.

5720 Zgocskusiuk vel Fumdimil ti Aigmil. îrsaeh vel mil Mgribtiur fvir dit oeer 57:7, Mil

Deeh.

574: Mgi Igsili rzi vfk Rgimaulhspaetz Aelhwigair 4, Erbdefafhgsbdis Cfrr.ja. 5:, 5=9-595.

Dfwiaa, N.B.

Dujjerm, Z.L.A.J.

Duxtejai, O.K.O. Egtcil

Gkjrgi O

57>>

5744

574:

5749

574=

Fjsirvetgfls fl tdi ieragir pdesis fn tdi Iurfpiel Afwir Peaeifagtdgb, Ekirgbel El-

tdrfp. >4(:), 44-:05.

îrtijreti rikegls elm Ebdiuaiel glmustry nrfk tdi afwir fbbupetgfl et tdi Ekjrfle

pridgstfrgi sgti (Rpegl). Pepir miagvirim et tdi bflnirilbi 'Mgi eatisti Jisgimaulh Iurfpes', :0-:> Kerbd 5744, Elmirlebd.

]di ilvgrflkiltea ivgmilbi nrfk Rwelsbfkji elm gts gkpagbetgfls nfr peaeifagtdgb

erbdeifafhy. Gl? P.I. Aiebd (im.), Erbdeifafhy gl Cilt tf EM 5900. B.J.E. Zisierbd Zipfrt lf. =4, 2-8.

]dirkfaukglisbilbi metglh risuats nfr tdi peaeifagtdgb sgti Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst 27-5, =5-==.

]di frjgtea tdifry fn Paigstfbili bagketi? suppfrt nrfk e rivgsim bdrflfafhy fn tdi



Gkjrgi, O.

O.M.Deys

M.H. Kertglsfl

E. Kebgltyri

E. Kgx

O.O. Kfraiy

L.H. Pgsges

X.A. Priaa

L.O. Rdebcaitfl

Gseeb, H.Aa.

574= ]di frjgtea tdifry fn Paigstfbili bagketi? suppfrt nrfk e rivgsim bdrflfafhy fn tdi

kergli miate-"*0 ribfrm. Gl? E.A. Jirhir/O. Gkjrgi (ims.), Kgaelcfvgbd elm Bagketi, Pert

5,:>7-209, Mfrmribdt.

5788 FGfrhisegtgi. Erbdeifafhgbea stumgis fne Kgmmai Paigstfbili aeci jesgl gl Cilye, Bdgbehf/Aflmfl.

Gseeb, H.Aa.

O.X.C. Derrgs

Ofdlsfl, G.

Oflh, O. mi

Ouvghlç, I.

Ouvghlç, I.E. Rikkia

5784 Nffm sderglh elm dukel ivfautgfl? erbdeifafhgbea ivgmilbi nrfk tdi Pagf-Paigs tfbili fn

¥.esg-Klbe, Ofurlea Eltdrfp. Zis. 2=, 255-2:9.

5784 Erbdeifafhy. Gl? K.H. Aieciy /Z.I. Aieciy (ims.), Cffjg Nfre Zisierbd Prfoibt, ^fauki 5. ]di Nfssga Dfkglgms elm el Gltrfmubtgfl tf tdigr Bfltixt, 57>4-578=, >=->4,

Fxnfrm.

574= Biaa nriquilby ribfrmglh elm eleaysgs fn ertgnebt mgstr gjutgfls. Gl? D. Dgitea e (im .),

Gltre-Rgti Rpetgea Eleaysus gl Erbdeifafhy, 89-7>, Bekjrgmhi.

574: Kimimiaglh lihetgin risuatee t vel pfaail-eleaytgsbd flmirzfic eel keti rgeea , encfkstgh

ugt mi hrfivi Jiavçmäri ti Keestrgbdt, Zeppfrt Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst lf. 5=7, Deeraik.

5788 _fl i mi mgspirsgfl it ehi mis pfussgä ris vfabelgquis mu ]un mi Zfbf urt , Elleais Rfb.Hçfa. Jiah. 500, 52-::.

5745 Yl tun vfabelgqui sikjaejai e a'Iatvgaair ]unn mels ais afiss mi Disjeyi (Jiahgqui) it muAgkjfurh lçiraelmegs, Igszigteatir ulm Hihilwert 25 , 42-70.

54:

Ciaay, Z.A.

Cilhil, E.B.

Kirbcdfnns, E.

Cirliy, K.P.

Caigl, Z.H.C. Bruz-Yrgji

ZINIZILBIR

5742 Dultir hetdirir kfjgagty stretih gis, Ofurlea Eladrfp. Zis. 27, :88-20>.

57:4 Bejirh-Jiavimirgi, Mi Keeshfuw =4, 89.

544= Ae kebdfgri mi Keistrgbdt it ais rçbiltis mçbfuvirti s. Juaaitgl Rfb. m'Eltdrfp. Pergs (2i

R)8, 2:=-220.

5785 Gltirhaebgea mipfsgts gl Jerlngiam Pgt, Rwelsbfkji elm tdigr kfaausbel neule, OfurleaHifa. Rfb. Aflmfl 5:8, >7-72.

574= ]di Eleaysgs fn Elgkea Jflis nrfk Erbdeifafhgbea Rgtis, Bdgbehf.

Caigl, X.B.

Cfilghsweam, X. vfl

5752 Bfglpti rilmu mi ae sissgfl ixtrefrmgleg ri mi ae Rfbgçtç jighi mi Hifaf hgi, mi Peaifltfa

fhgi it m'Dymrfafhgi mels Gi Agkjfurh dfYelmegs, Elleais Rfb. hçfa. Jiah. Juaaitgl 27,

227-277.

575= Dit mgauvguk vel mi Agkjurhsi Kees, îrdelmiaglhil Hifa. Kgoljfuwc. Hilfftsbd.,Hifa. Rirgi:,a-l:.

5782 îrelmirulhil gl mir Caiglseuhirneule vfl Kgttiaiurfpe zwgsbdil Brfkir ulm Iik

(Paigstfzel), Igszigteatir ulm Hihilwert :2/:=, 597-5>8.



Cfansbdftil, ]. vel

kpriss

Cfansbdftil, ]. vel 5749X. Zfijrfics

Cfansbdftil, ]. vel 5749X. Zfijrfics (ims.)

Critzfg, K. 57>9A. îrtis

CrfY, I.K. 574=H.Aa. Gseeb

Cruuc, D. 578:

Cucae, H.O. 5788

Cuaikiyir, O. 574>

5745 Fl tdi Dfastiglgel6 elm Reeagel kekkea neule nrfk tdi gbi-pusdim rgmhi lier Zdilil

(tdi Litdiraelms), Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst L.R. 29, ::2-:95.

5749 ]di Kgmmai Paigstfbili (Reeagel) elm Aeti Paigstfbili (Xigbdsiagel) kekkea neules

nrfk Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, (Rfutdirl Agkjurh, tdi Litdiraelms), Kimimiaglhil ZgocsHifa. Mgilst 27, =9-8=.

5744 Mi stippiliusdffrl ugt Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, Brelguk 9, ::-:>.

]di ivfautgfl fn tdi kekkea neule gl tdi Litdiraelms elm tdi Kgmmai Zdgli erie

(Xistirl Hirkely) murglh tdi aeti Kgmmai Paigstfbili, Kimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst.

]di Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri prfoibt3 el gltirkimgeti syltdisgs. Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst 27. 557-5:5.

Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri? stretghrepdy, peaeifilvgrflkilt elm erbdeifafhy fn tdi Kgmmai

elm Aeti Paigstfbili mipfsgts. Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst 27, 5-5:5. (; EleaibtePreidgstfrgbe Aigmilsge 54).

Yppir Jgdergel (Gltirkglmia) pijjai-glmustry fbbupetgfl sgti gl Xistirl Dulhery,

Burrilt Eltdrfp. >, 8=-48.

Bflnghuretgfls fn ertgnebts elm jflis et ieray Paigstfbili sgtis gl Iest Enrgbe. Gl? D.O .

Dgiteae (im.), Gltre-Rgti Rpetgea Eleaysgs gl Erbdeifafhy, =-25, Bekjrgmhi.

]di Rpfttim Dyile, Bdgbehf,

Paigstfbili aelm-sie bfrriaetgfls. G. Iurfpi, Iertd Rbgilbi Zivgiws 52, 208-28=.

Ceragbd, ul sgti mu peaçfagtdgqui glnçrgiur mels Gi jessgl mi Liuwgim, Juaaitgl E.N.I.U.suppa. :>, =2-=4.

542 ZINIZILBIR

Cweem, N.O.P.K.

K.O. Kñbdir

Aeuwirs, Z.

I. Kigos

Aieciy, K.M.

Aiquetri, P.

5788 ]di ivfautgfl fn sfgas elm safpi mipfsgts gl tdi Auxikjfurh Erm illis lier Xgatz, Hif-mirke 58, 5-28.

5749 Igl kgttiapeaefagtdgsbdir Nulmpaetz gl Cissiat (Prfv. Agkjurh, Jiahgil). Irsti Irhij-

lgssi, Erbdefafhgsbdis Cfrr.ja. 59, 5:2-5:7.

5787 Famuveg Hfrhi? Ky Rierbd nfr Ieray Kel, Aflmil.

57>> Ae hrftti mi Prçaçtelh (bfkkuli mi Prisais, Gsäri). Ai ripegri m'furs mis bevirlis it

sfl glmustrgi kfustçrgilli, Heaage Pridgstfgri 7, 5-42.

Aglci, H.

F. Cetziljirh

Z.Hrñl

5749 Misbrgptgfl elm IRZ metglh fn tdi Dfastiglgel gltirhaeb gea, Uuetirlery Rbgilbi Zivgiws=, 257-225.

Afbc, O.K.

Aþdr, D.

Aukaiy, D. mi

578: ]di innibts fn dgpp fpftekus hrezglh fl hressaelms, Ofurlea fn Ibfafhy >0, ==9-=>8.

578: Peaefagtdgsbdi Nulmi gl Aþssprfngail mis ]ehijeus '_uc ulnt -Xist', Hikigl mi Aelh-

wigair, Crigs Oñagbd, Zdiglgsbdi Eushrejulhil 55, 5-40.5

57>7e E Peaifagtdgb bekp sgti et Lgbi. Rbgiltgngb Ekirgbel ::0, =:-90.

57>7j Yli bejeli ebdiuaçilli mels ae Hrftti mu Aezerit, Pergs.



Auttrfpp, E.

H. Jfsglscg

57>7j Yli bejeli ebdiuaçilli mels ae Hrftti mu Aezerit, Pergs.

578> Ais bgvgagsetgfls mu peaçfa gtdgqui glnçrgiur il Prfvilbi. Gl3 D. mi Aukaiy (im .) . Ae

Pridgstfgri Nrelbegsi, 457-495, Pergs.

5785 Mir eatstiglzigtagbdi Nulmpaetz Ziutirsrud jig _gihildegl gl Dissil, Cþal/Xgil.

Auttsbdwehir, O.

E.B.^. vel Jikkit

Ayiaa, B.

Keailnelt, K.

Kelge, M.

57>: Yijir vfl Dfkglgmil jierj igti ti Clfbdilnulmi eus mik fjiril ^gaaenrelbdgil gl mil

Lgimiraelmil, Jieunfrtge 7, 527-5==.

54>2 ]di hifafhgbea ivgmilbis fn tdi eltgqugty fn kel, Aflmil.

578> Ais bgvgagsetgfls mu Peaçfag tdgqui kfyil mels ai Oure kçrgmgflea it ais Eapis mu Lfrm. Gl?

D. mi Aukaiy (im.). Ae Pridgstfgri Nrelbegsi. ]fkç /. Ais bgvgagsetgfls Peaçfagtdgquis itkçsftgtdgquis mi ae Nrelbi, 5025-5024, Pergs.

5742 _ur Oehm mis Dfkf iribtus vfl Jgazglhsaijil, Itdlfhrepdgsbdis Erbdefa. _. :=, 2:>-

228.

Kersdebc, E.

Kertgl, C.

Keydiw, M.N.

KbCiehui, O.E.

Z C H tg

574> Mgi Rgimaulhsspuril mis Dfkf iribtus vfl Jgazglhsaijil. Gl3 M. Kelge /]. Xijir (ims.) ,

Jgazglhsaijil GGA Dfkf iribtus -sigli Cuatur ulm sigli Ykwiaa, 7->=, Jiragl.

5745 Fl peaeifagtdgb fbdri elm tdi ieray usis fn bfafr elm sykjfa , Burrilt Eltdrfp. ::,

544-575.

5447 Lftgz ujir mil elhijagbd nfssgail, kilsbdagbdil Yltirc ginir vfl Bejirh jig Keest rgbd t,

îrsaehil Kim. Cfl. Lim. Ecem., enm. Letuurc. 2i r., 9, =2=-==0.

5788 Evgel prim etfr s es ebbukuaetfrs fn nfssga kekkea keti rgea , Jfries >, :9-25.

5784 Kgbrfkfrpdfafhgbea ivgmilbi fn gaauvgea baey gl dfrgzfls misghletim Jt gl tdi ngiam, Bele-mg O R ga R g 94 587 54>

54=

Kigos, I.P.K.

Kigos, I.P.K.

D.O. Kñbdir

H. Fuwircirc

E. Zfkigl

D.K.P. Rtfdiljirh

Kfmmirkel, P.O.Z.

X. Zfijrfics

Kfrtgaait, H. mi

Kfrtgaait, H. mi

E. mi Kfrtgaait

Kfss, I.D.

ZINIZILBIR

5740 E sdfrt lfti fl tdi prisilbi fn tdi Iatvgaai-tunn aeyir gl tdi surrfulmglhs fn Keestr gbdt,

Hifafhgi il Kgoljfuw 97, =07-=50.

5749 Afiss stretghrepdgbea risierbd et tdi peaeifYtdgb sgti Keestr gbdt-Jiavçmä ri, Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst 27, 25-2=.

5742 Ivgmilbi fn tdi prisilbi fn tdi Iatvgaai tunn aeyir gl Mutbd elm Jiahgel Agkjfurh elm

tdi bflsiquilbis nfr tdi afiss stretghrepdy, Igszigteatir ulm Hihilwert 22, 97-84.

5745 Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, Juaaitgl C.L.F.J. 40, 5>:-5>8.

5442 Ai prçdgstfrgqui, eltgqugtç mi a'dfkki, Jgja. mi Rb. bfltikpfreglis. Pergs.

5750 Ae prçdgstfgri3 frghgli ia eltgqugtç mi a'dfkki, z.p.

5742e ]di nulbtgflea eleaysgs fn naglt gkpaikilts? Pglbivilt elm Pflt m'E kjf l? twf besistumgis nrfk tdi Nrilbd nglea Peaeifagtdgb, J.E.Z. Gltirl. Rir. 588.

5742d Rfki bfkkilts fl imhi mekehi es e nebtfr gl nulbtgflea eleaysgs fn stfli ertgnebts,



Kñbdir, D.O.

Kñbdir, D.O.

].M. Kfrfzfve

Kñbcildeusil, I.

Kñaair-Jibc, D.O.

Kuleut, E.^.

Liwbfkir, K.D.

H. mi H. Rgivicglh

Lgi.L.D.

B.D. Duga

C. Rtigljrillir

M.D. Jilt

Lglcfvgbd, M.

L.O. Rdebcaitfl

Fmiaa,H.D.

h h y ,

Ofurlea Erbd. Rb. 50, :25-:=:.

5749 Kgbrfkfrpdfafhgbea stumy fn tdi tirrebi selms (Ylgt =) elm 'Af eks ' (Ylgt 9) elm tdigr

peaifsfas gl tdi Jiavçmäri pgt lier Keestrgbdt, Rfutdirl Agkjurh, ]di Litdiraelms,

Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst 27, 57-:7.

5742 ]di eppagbetgfl fn sfga kgbrfkfrpdfafhy gl queti rlery hifafhy elm hifkfrpdfafhy. Gl?

P. Jugafbd/B.P. Kurpdy (ims.), Rfga kgbrfkfrpdfafhy. ^fa. 5, 595-57=, Jircdekstim.

57>: Iltstidulh, Ighilsbdentil ulm Rystiketgc mir Jfmil mir Julmisripujagc Miutsbdaelm,Nrelcnurt ek Kegl.

5788 _uk Prfjaik mir 'neustciganrigil eatpeaefagtdgsbdil Glmus trgil ' gl Kgtt iaiurfpe, Itd-lfhrepdgsbdis Erbdefa. _. 54, 27-9>.

5784 Prikgä ri çtumi peaylfafhgqui sur ai hgsikilt peaçfagtdgqui mi Jgebdi-Reglt -êest (Pes-

mi-Beaegs, Nrelbi), Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. 59, 29-28.

5740 Ixpirgkiltea naeci sbettir-pettirls3 e liw gltirpritetgvi tibdlgqui, Ofurlea Ngiam Erbd.8, 2=9-29:.

5789 Rtetgstgbea Pebcehi nfr tdi Rfbgea Rbgilbis, Liw Wfrc.

5789 Mgstr gjutgfl, stretghrepdgb pfsgtgfl elm ehi fn esd aeyir 'A' gl tdi Peleke Jesgl rihgfl,

Iertd elm Paelitery Rb. Aita. :8, :-2=.

5789 Kgbrf-wier gl pirspibtg vi? e sykpetditgb rispflsi tf Aewrilbi D. Ciiaiy, Xfram Er-bdeifafhy 8, ::>-:=0.

549

Frtfl, B.

Ftti, K.

O.K. Açfterm

E.K. Rbdligmir

E. Heutgir

Peipi,Z.Z. vel Dffrli

Pettirsfl, A.X,

Peuagssil, I.

Pircgls, M.

P. Meay

Pgiafu, I.B.

Pag D

ZINIZILBIR

5740 Ketdiketgbs gl erbdeifafhy, Bekjrgmhi.

574: Rtfbdestgb prfbiss elm erbdeifafhgbea kibdelgsk gl spetgea eleaysgs, Ofurlea Erbd. Rb. 7,

5-:2.

5742 Nfugaais eux hrftti s mi Rbaeyl (Lekur ), Diaglguk :2, 55:-5=:.

57>8 ]di stretghrepdy elm peaeifjftely fn tdi aeti paiAgtfbili gl Jiahguk, Jrussia. (; Kçkfgris Ixpa. Bertis Hifa. it Kgl. Jiahgqui 4)

578> Miir scgllglh wgtd e jgnebgea tff g, Liwsaittir fn tdi ]ixes Erbd. Rfb. :0, 4-50.

5782 Mi kfrnfafhgi il mi cwertegrstretghrengi vel mi Keesveaaig gl Jiahgsbd Agkjurh, Jrus

sias.

57>4 E dultir' s vgaaehi gl Lifagtdgb ]urciy, Rbgiltgngb Ekirgbel :57, 78-50>.

57>5 Rihrihetgfl elm sykkitry gl twf spibgis pfpuae tgfls es stumgim jy lierist lighdjfurkitdfms, Ofurlea fn Ibfafhy =7, :99-:>7.

5742 Mi ae bflsirvetgfl mis kgbrf pfags m'utg agset gfl Juaaitgl R P N 4 aE 55



Pagssfl, D.

PfpYl, N.

Pftts, Z.J.

Zigldigm, ]d.

Zilnriw, B.

Ziutir, H.

5742 Mi ae bflsirvetgfl mis kgbrf-pfags m utg agset gfl. Juaaitgl R.P.N. 4, aE-55.

5749 Itumi nflbtgfliaai m'futgaaehis agtdgquis prçdgstfrgquis per a'eleaysi mis kgbrf-usuris?ribdirbdi kçtdfmfafhgqui it erbdçfafhgqui. tdisi mi Mfbtfret prçsiltçi ä a'Ylgvirsgtç mi

Pergs G.

574> Eatçretgfl mis kgbrfpfags m'usehi? quiaquis ixpirgilbis bfkpaçkiltegris. Gl? A.Z.

Fwil/H. Ylretd (ims.), ]ibdlgbea espibts fn kgbrfwier stumgis fl stfli tffas, 555-55>,

]ñjglhil.

5784 Epirbu sur ae hrelmi neuli mu hgsikilt peaçfag tdgqui mi Jgebdi-Reglt -êest (Pes-mi-

Beaegs), Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. 59, >0->9.

5742 Nfrehglh nfr neulea risfurbis jy ieray dfkglgms et Famuveg Hfr hi, ]elzelge . Gl? B.

Bauttfl-Jrfbc/B. Hrghsfl (ims.), Elgkeas elm Erbdeifafhy? G? dultirs elm tdigr priy,95->:, Fxnfrm (J.E.Z.Rir.).

5744 Fl el ieray dfkglgm sbevilhglh lgbd i, Burrilt Eltdrfp. :7, 592-599.

575> Hifafhgsbdi jisbdrgovglh vel mi aþss-hrglm il ceachrfivi Aeagiu jgo Rkiirkees, ]gom

sbdrgnt Eermrgocsc.Hilfftsbd. 22, 4=>-499.

57:2 Glaigmglh tft mi hifafhgsbdi ixbursgi gl mi fkstricil vel Keest rgbdt , Delmiaglhil TaTi Lim. Let. il Hiliisc. Bflhris Keestrgbdt, :54-::5.

5748 El gltirv giw wgtd Aiwgs Jglnfrm, Burrilt Eltdrfp. :4, >42->7=.

57>= Kgcrfkfrpdfafhgi aissgvgirtir Jfmil gl virsbdgimilil Cagkehijgitil. Gl? E. Oflhirgus

(im.), Rfga Kgbrfkfrpdfafhy, Prfb. Glt. Xfrc-kiitglh Rfga Kgbrfkfrpdfafhy , :52-:54,

Ekstirmek.

54>

Zfijrfics, X.

]. vel Cfansbdftil

] Kigoir

ZINIZILBIR

5745e Kgmmilpeaifagtdgsbdi vflmstil ugt mi hikiilti Keestr gbdt, Xistirdiik 20, 74-509.

5745j _ur hifbdrflfafhgsbdil Iglfrmlulh mir kgttiapeaefagtdgsbdil Nulmi vfl Añttgbd-Reglti

Xeajurhi (Jiahgil), Erbdefafhgsbdis Cfrr.ja. 55, :49-:47.

5745 Igl kgttiapeaefagtdgsbdir Nulmpaetz jig Rglt-Hiirtrugm (Rñm-Agkjurh, Lgimir aelmi),

Erbdefafhgsbdis Cfrr.ja. 55, :47-:72.

574=e ]di Kgmmai-Peaeifagtdgb sgti Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri (Rfutdirl-Agkju rh, ]di Litdir-

aelms). E priagkglery ripfrt, Diaglguk :=, 2-58.

574=j Mi oehirs vel Jiavçmäri, Rpgihia mir letuur, 59, 57>-:00.

5749 Erbdeifafhgbea risierbd et tdi Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri pgt? e rivgiw. Kimimiaglhil ZgocsHifa. Mgilst 27, 507-554.

574>e Erbdeifafhy elm Kgmmai Paigstfbili stretgh repdy? tdi besi fn Keest rgbdt -Jiavçmäri,

Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. suppa. :>, 45-44.

574>j Fl tdi 'Afwir Peaifagtdgb' sgti Ae Jiaai Zfbdi? el eatirletgvi gltirpri tetg fl, Burrilt Eltdrfp. :8, 2>7-285.

5742 Mir kgttiapeaefagtdgsbdi Nulmpaetz Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri (Rñm-Agkjurh, Lgimira elmi),

Erbdefafhgsbdis Cfrr.ja. 52, 5-8.



]. Kigoir

I. Kigos

D.O. Kñbdir

Zfijrfics, X.

N. Dillicils

Zfijrfics, X.

O. Cfail

M. Mi Afibcir

Zfijrfics, X.

O. Cfail

I. Zilsglc

Zfijrfics, X.

I. Zilsglc

E. vel Hgol

Zfhirs, I.R.

Zfttaelmir, Z.

Zummgkel, X.N.

E. Kbaltyri

gl priss ]rels pfrt fn agtdgbs gl tdi Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb? bflofglglh ivgmilbi nrfk Keestrgbd t-

Jiavçmäri (tdi Litdiraelms). Gl? L. Erts/I. Bzgisae/M. Xgltir (ims.), ]di Jgh Puzzai,J.E.Z. Rir.

5748 El Ieray Xigbdsiagel sgti et Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri (Rgti O) , Eleaibte Preidgstfrgbe Aig-milsge :0, 5-7.

5744 Paellglh miptd, eltgbgpetgfl elm tdi frhelgzetgfl fn Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb tibdlfafhy? tdi

'erbdegb letgvis' kiit Ivi's misbilmelts, Diaglguk :4, 58-2=.

574> Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, Pujagbetgfls Rfb. DAst. Erbdçfa. Agkjfurh 5::, :02-:08.

57>7 Jelm frhelgzetgfl ekflh tdi Glmgels fn Iesti rl sujerbtgb Belem e. Gl? M. Meks (im.) ,

Bfltrgjutgfl tf eltdrfpfafhy? jelm sfbgitgis. Letgflea Kusiuk fn Beleme Juaaitgl ::4,

:5-90.

5789e ]di nfrketgfl fn petgle fl naglt, Erbdeifkitry 58, 50>-550.

5789j Rfki espibts fn tdi petgl etgfl fn naglt, Rterglhge 2, 9=-9>.

574: Rivirgty elm spiim fn Lfrtdirl Dikgs pdiri haebgetgfl puasis? tdi agkgtglh besi6. Juaaitgl

Hifa. Rfb. Ek. 72, 5:82-5:87.

548

Zutft, E.

Rerltdigl, K.

D.I. Rtrikki

E. Kelhglg

Rbdeenndeusil, M.

Rbdenir, M.

Rbdgnnir, K.J.

Rbdwerbz, D.P.

E.H. Aetdek

Rbdwerbz, D.P,

Z. Hrñl

ZINIZILBIR

5785 ^/ircziuhi mis Nrñdkilsbdil gl Iurfpe, Liukñlstir.

5472 Lfti sur ae mçbfuvirti m'uli mçnilsi mi kekkfutd mels ais eaauvgfls elbgil lis mi ae

Kiusi, ä Rkiirkees, Juaaitgl Rfb. jighi Hçfa. 8, 7=-78.

5708 Yl hrevi prfja äki? uli glmustrgi dukegli metelt mi ]çpfqui faghfbäli. Juaaitgl Rfb.jighi Hçfa. :5,=27-=4:.

574> ]di Dfastiglgel Gltirhaebgetgfl? ]gki-Rtretghrepdgb Pfsgtgfl elm Bfrriaetgfl tf Rtejai-

Gsftfpi Rtretghrepdy fn Miip-Rie Rimgkilts, Uuetirlery Zis. :>, :42-:74.

54>0 Rgtzulhsjirgbdti, îrdelmaulhil Leturdgst.îrigl Priussgsbdil Zdiglaelm 58, 22-5::.

5745 _ur Kirckeaseleaysi vfl Niuirstiglertinectil mir kgttiapeaefagtdgsbdil ]revirtglnulm-

stiaai sfwgi zu gdrik îrdeatlgs zur ]ibdlfafhgi elmir ir eat- ulm kgttiapeaefag tdgsbdi r

Nulmpaetzi, Itdlfhrepdgsbdis-Erbdefa._.. 2>7-27>.

5789 Erbdeifafhy es jidevgfrea sbgilbi, Ekirgbel Eltdrfp. 88, 42>-4=>.

574= Yrelguk-sirgis ehi mitirkgletg fl fn trevirt glis nrfk tdi sgti fn ^çrtçsszþaaþs , Dulh ery,

Ofurlea Erbd.Rb. 55,2:8-22>.

5744 Bfkkilt fl K. Rerltdigl, D.I . Rtrikki elm E. Kelhglg, ']di Dfastiglgel Gltirhaebge

tgfl? ]gki-Rtretghrepdgb Pfsgtgfl elm Bfrriaetgfl tf Rtejai-Gsftfpi Rtretghrepdy fn



Rbdwerbz, D.P.

Z. Hrñl

E.H. Aetdek

M. Kelge

C. Jrullebcir

Rbftt, C.

Rdebcaitfl, L.O.

Rdebcaitfl, L.O.

L.M. Fpmyci

Rdebcaitfl, L.O.

L.H. Pgsges

h p p h p y

Miip-Rie Rimgkilts", Uuetirlery Zis. :7, 89-87.

5744 ]di Jgazglhsaijil erbdeifafhgbea sgti? liw metglh ivgmilbi, Erbdeifkitry 20, 9-58.

5740 ]wf dultglh ipgsfmis fn Kgmmai Peaeifagtd gb ehi et Ae Bftti mi Reglt -Jriaemi, Oirsiy

(Bdellia Gsaelms), Xfram Erbdeifafhy 5:, 528-59:.

574> Jffc rivgiw? Neulea rikegls nrfk Caesgis Zgvir Kfutd, jy A.Z. Jglnfrm, Ofurlea Erbd.Rb. 52, 47-500.

5748 Fxyhil Gsftf pis, Gbi ^fauki elm Rie Aivia, Uuetirlery Rbgilbi Ziv. >, 542-570.

5782 Fxyhil gsftfpi elm peaeif kehlit gb stretgh repdy fn iquetfrgea Pebgngb bfri ^:4-:24?

fxyhil gsftfpi tikpireturis elm gbi vfaukis fl e aF' elm e 50* yier sbeai, Uuetirlery Zis. 2, 27-99.

578> Fxyhil-gsf tfpi elm peaifkehlitgb stretgh repdy fn Pebgngb bfri ^:4-:27, aeti Pagfbili tf

aetist Paigstfbili, Kikfgris Hifa. Rfb. Ek. 5=9, ==7-=>=.

5749 Etkfspdiri berjflgb mgfxgmi, frjgtea nfrbglh elm bagketi. Gl? ]di Berjfl Bybai elm Etkfspdirgb BF'? Leturea êrgetgfls Erbdiel tf Prisilt, 202-258. (; Hifpdysgbea Kflfhrepd 2:).

Rgihia, R. 579> Lfl-perekitrgb stetgstgbs, Liw Wfrc.

544

Rkfagcfvç , A.

^. Afzçc

Rfirhia, X.

Rfkkç, O.

E.^. Kuleut

O.O. Pugssçhur

L. Bulet

ZINIZILBIR

5782 Mir Jfmilcfkpaix vel îacy Dujilfv eas Jigspgia iglir ritrfhremil Jfmililtwgbcaulh

gk Aeuni mir Lebdigszigt, Besfpgs Kglirea. Hifa. 54, 2>9-288.

57:: Mgi Oehm mir ^frzigt, Oile.

574> Rtretghrepdgi it sghlgngbetgfl bagketgqui mu hgsikilt Peaçfagt dgqui mi Jgebdi-Regl t-êest

(Pes-mi-Beaegs, Nrelb i), Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. suppa.:>, 548-57>.

Rpercs, J.X.

Rtepirt, M.

57>5 ]di ibfafhgbea gltirpritetgfl fn Fuetirlery lfl kergli kfaausbe, Prfbiimglhs Agll. Rfb.

Aflmfl 58:, 85-40.

578> Rfki leturea surnebi kfmgngbetgfls fl naglt gl tdi Litdiraelms, Peaeifdgstfrge 54, 8-=5.

5787e ]wf rfaaim ertinebts nrfk Rfutdi rl Agkjurh (]di Litd iraelms), Diaglguk 57, :>8-:85.

5787j ]di delmexi nrfk Mrfuwil (Prfvglbi fn Mrilti , ]di Litdi raelm s) elm tdi Yppir

Ebdiuagel, Peaeifdgstfrge :5, 5:8-5=:.

5745e Delmexis gl Rfutdi rl Agkjurh ( ]di Litdiraelms)- Dfw Fam6 Gl? N. D. H. Ilhiail

(im.), 2i Gltirl. Rykpfsguk fvir vuurstiil - 2rm Gltirl. Rykpfsguk fl naglt. Keestrgbdt5787, Diirail, 508-552. (; Rterglhge >)

5745j Erbdeifafhgbea risierbd gl tdi Cwgltiaffyil pgt kulgbgpeagty fn Zdilil ]di Litdir



Rterglh, X.B.D.

Rtiglir, X.

Rtiglir, Y.

X. Rtiglir

Rtreetil, A.K.Y.O.

vel

Rtrglhir, B.

Rtuert, E.O.

]egltir, O.E.

]evfsf, E.

]dçvilgl, E.

]dçvilgl, E.

O. Reglty

5745j Erbdeifafhgbea risierbd gl tdi Cwgltiaffyil pgt, kulgbgpeagty fn Zdilil , ]di Litdir

aelms, Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgi/ gsrL. R. 29, :0=-:::.

54>5 Epirbu mis fssikilts nfssgais mi a'çpfqui mgauvgilli trfuvçs mels ae Lçira elmi it ais

bfltrçis vfgsglis. îrsaehil il Kimim. Cfl. Ecem. Xit. enm. Letuurc. 5:, :9>-:4=.

5787 Mir ]revirtgl vfl Idrglhsmfrn ulmsigli Nfssgtil, Xgttiljirh.

5789 Igl stiglzigtagbdir Zestpaetz gk Fjiril ]revirt gl vfl Idrglhsmfrn jig Xigker, Eat]dñrglhil 52, 58-=:.

57=> Hrglmflmirzfic gl _ugm-Agkjurh (Kimimia glhil vel mi Hifa . Rtgbdtglh Rirgi B-^G lf.

:), Keestrgbdt,

5745 ]di metglh fn Kgmmai Paigstfbili dfkglgms elm tdi ixgstilbi fn Dfk f iribtus gl Iur fpi ,

Eltdrfpfafhgi 57, 2-5=.

574: Paigstfbili virtijretis gl tdi Jrgtgsd Gsais, Aflmfl/ Liw Wfrc.

5787 ]di kfulte glegr agtdgb sbettirs ? sittaikilt pettirls elm sghlgngbelbi iveauetg fl fn afw

milsgty surnebi sgtis, Ofurlea Ngiam Erbd. >, =>2-=>7.

574= Zçnaixgfls sur a'çbflfkgi mis ketgä ris prikgäris eu Kfustçrgil, Juaaitgl R.P.N. 45,

87-4:.

578> Ais bgvgagsetgfls mu Peaçfagtdgqui glnçrgiur il Easebi. Gl? D.mi Aukaiy (im .). Ae Prçdgs-tfgri Nrelhegsi G, 74=-74>, Pergs.

578= Yli egri mi mçpibehi prçdgs tfrgqui ä Ebdil digk, Erbdçfafhgi 8=, >4->7.

547

]dgssi-Mirfuitti, O.

]dgssil, O.

]dfkes, M.D.

]frrilbi, Z.

]ftd, L.

C.M. Rbdgbc

]rglhdek, Z.

H. Bffpir

H. Fmiaa

J. ^fytic

E. Xdgtkel

ZINIZILBIR

5790 Bflsgm çretgfls sur a'ixgstilbi mi lgvieux peaçfag tdgquis mels ais jeaaest gäris mu Agkjfurh

dfaaelmegs, Elleais mi ae Nçmçreagfl erbd. dugt. jighi 2:, >4-8:.

574> Igl wigtirir Nulmpaetz mir Xistwelmnulmsbdgbdt (JG) vfl Zdiglmeda il, Erbdefafhgsbd-

isCfrr.ja. 5>, 555-5:5.

5784 ]di ewnua grutd ejfut stetgstgbs gl erbdeifafhy, Ekirgbel Elagqugty =2, :25-:==.

5742 ]gki jumhit tglh elm dultir-he tdiri r tibdlfafhy. Gl? H. Jegaiy (im .), Paigstfbili dultirs

elm hetdirirs gl Iurfpi, 55-::, Bekjr gmhi.574> ]di ngrst kgaagfl yiers? tdi erbdeifafhy fn prftfdukel buaturi. Gl? K.J . Rbdganir (im .),

Emvelbis gl Erbdeifafhgbea Kitdfm elm ]difry, vfa. 7, 5-7>, Liw Wfrc.

578= Ixpir gkiltetgfl gl tdi nfrketgfl fn imhi mekehi ? e liw epprfebd tf agtdgb eleaysgs ,

Ofurlea Ngiam Erbd. 5, 585-57>.

]unnrieu, E. 5788 Ai hgsikilt Peaçfag tdgqui glnçrgiur it kfyil mi Reglt-Oust-il-Bdeussçi (Fgsi) , Bedgirs Erbdçfa. Pgbermgi =, 7-:7.

5787 Ais mçjuts mu peaçfagtdgqui kfyil mels ae Nrelbi siptiltrgfleai, Juaaitgl R.P.N. 8>,

5=0-5=:



5=0-5=:.

]unnrieu, E.

R. Zçvgaagfl

O. Rfkkç

K.O. Egtcil

O. Duxtejai

E. Airfg-Hfurdel

574: ]di trelsgtgfl Afwir/Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb gl lfrtdirl Nrelbi. Gl? E.Zf lil (im.), ]di]relsgtgfl nrfk Afwir tf Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb elm tdi Frghgl fn Kfmirl Kel. J.E.Z.

Gltirl. Rir. 595, 528-595.

574> Jgebdi-Reglt-êest it ais glmust rgis kfustçrgillis mu Paigstfbili kfyil rçbilt mels ae

Nrelbi siptiltrgfleai. Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. suppa . :>, 578-:08.

5749 Ai hgsikilt Peaçfag tdgqui kfyil mi Ribagl (Lfrm, Nrel bi), Erbdefafhgsbdis Cfrr.ja. 59,

525-524.

]urlir, Bd.

]urlir, I.

Yargx-BGfssit, K.

Ylretd, H.

AZ. Fwil

E. vel Hgol

I.D. Kfss

D. PagssflN. êuhdel

5789 Mir Iglnauss hrfssir Kekkea gir eun mgi gltirhaezgeai îhi tet gfl, Uuerterpeaefltfafhgi 5,

52-57.

574> ]di 5745-5742 ixbevetgfls gl tdi Cera Rbdligmir querr y, Ergilmfrn, Xist Hirkely,

Juaaitgl E.N.I.U. suppa. :>, 29-=:.

5789 Ai Peaçfagtdgqui kfyil mels ai jessgl Kfsel il Jiahgqui, Xittiril.

574> El iveauetgfl fn usi-wier stumgis? e kuatg-eleayst epprfebd . Gl? A.Z. Fwil/H . Ylretd

(ims.), ]ibdlgbea espibts fn kgbrfwier stumgis fl stfli affas, 558-58>, ]ñjglhil.

570 ZINIZILBIR

êlmiljirhdi, O.

êlmiljirhdi, O.

D.O. KñbdirX. Zfijrfics

M. Hikci

5749

êlmiljirhdi, O.

X. Zfijrfics

]. vel Cfansbdftil

D. Kñbdir

]. Kigoir

5748

êuhdel, P.B. 5749

îaf, O. 574=

574> Ai ]eujebdgil it Gi Kgbfqugil mi ae hrftti Cñale il Kfrevgi /]bdçbdfsafvequgi. Gl? K.

Ftti (im.), Bfaafqui gltirletgflea a'Dfkki mi Lielmirtea, imgtgfl eltgbgpçi, 508-5:=.

Agähi.

5749e Rfautgfl safts fr gbi-wimhi bests6, Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst 27, 29-27.

5749j Peaeifilvgrflkilt elm Rtretghrepdy murglh tdi Aest-Haebgea gl tdi Jiahgel-Mutbd jfrmi r

rihgfl, Uuetirlery Zis. :=, :2-24.

Agtdfstretghrepdy elm peaeifilvgrflkilt fn tdi Kgmmgi elm Aeti Paigstfbili mipfsgts et

Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri, Rfutdirl Agkjurh, ]di Litdiraelms, Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst 27,5-ÆR.

Rimgkiltery prfbissis, pirghaebgea ebtgvgty elm stretghrepdy fn tdi afiss elm nauvgea mipfs

gts et Keestrgbdt-Jiavçmäri (]di Litdiraelms). Gl? K. Pçbsg/D.K. Nrilbd (ims.), Afisselm pirghaebgea pdilfkile, 95->:, Jumepist.

Ysi-wier eleaysgs fnnaecim stfli tffas, ]ubsfl.

Fbdri es kimgbgli? e suhhistgfl nfr tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tdi erbdeifafhgbea ribfrm,

Burrilt Eltdrfp. :9, >8=.



îrtis, A. 57>=

57>9

^gaae, P.

^gaae, P.

O. Bfurtgl

]ete. Igli kgtaiapeamfagtdgsbdi ]revirtgl-Rgimaulh gl Ylherl, Jumepist.

]ypfafhy fn tdi Jume-glmustry, e pijjai tffg glmustry nrfk tdi Dulhergel afwir peaeif-

agtdgb, Uuetirlerge 8, 549-57>.

5784 ]di stfli ertgnebt essikjaehi nrfk ]irre Ekete? e bfltrgjutgfl tf tdi bfkperetgvi stumy

fn Ebdiuaiel glmustrgis gl Rfutd-Xistirl Iurfpi, mgssir tetgfl, Ylgv. fn Beagnfrlge,Jirciaiy.

574: Bflofglejai pgibis elm sgti nfrketgfl prfbissis, Ekirgbel Eltgqugty =8, :8>-:70.

5742 ]di Gltir prite tgfl fn Rtretgngim Rgtis? E ^giw nrfk Ylmirhrfulm, Ofurlea Erbd. Rb. 50,

:>8-:45.

âirc, G.K.

vel mir

5799 _gol ir gl mi paigstfbili aehil vel Limiraelm sciait ristil vel mi kils hivflmil6,

Aigmsi Hifa. Kimim. :0, 579-:0>.

^ffrdgis, K.Z.

^rje, I.R.

^riicil, X.O.

D.O. Kñbdir

^ylbcgir, P.

P.K. îrkiirsbd

57>7 ]epdflfky elm pfpuaetgfl mylekgbs fn el Ieray Pagfbili virtijreai neule, Clfx Bful-ty, Lijresce, Bfltrgjutgfls tf hifafhy, spibgea pepir lf. 5, Aerekgi, Xyfkglh.

5740 ]di sghlgngbelbi fn jfvgm rikegls es glmgbetfrs fn ilvgrflkilt elm prime tgfl pet tirls.

Gl? E.C. Jidrilskiyir/E. Dgaa (ims.), Nfssgas gl tdi kecglh. îrtijreti tepdflfky elm peaeifibfafhy, :=8-:85, Bdgbehf.

5745 (Zi)Mipfs gtfl fn afiss gl Rfutdi rl Agkjurh, ]di Litdirael ms. 5, Ngiam ivgmilbi nfr

bflmgtgfls fn mipfsgtgfl fn tdi afwir sgat afek bfkpaix, Iertd Rurnebi Prfbissis elm Aelmnfrks >, 228-29=.

574> E Kfustirgel sgti et ^faaiziai-Bflhfjirh (Heakeer mil, Jiahguk), Lftei Preidgstfrgbei>, 9-5=.

575 ZINIZILBIR

Xgltai, E.H.

Xgltai, EH .

K.O. Egtcil

Xgltai, E.H.

C. Jrullebcir

Xfgaaerm, H.K.

Xfgaaerm, H.

X.H. Kffc

Xfutirs, E.K.

Xrisbdlir, I.I.

5748 ]dirkfaukglisbilbi metglh fn afiss et Zfbf urt , Jiahguk, Hifafhgi il Kgoljfuw >>, 29-=:.

5788 ]dirkf aukglisbilbi metglh fn jurlt naglt? eppagbetgfl tf e Afwir Peaeifag tdgb sgti. ]ir re

Ekete, Erbdeifkitry 57, 555-520.

574: Ehis fn vfabelgb tunn gl Zdigldissil fjte glim jy tdirkfaukglisbilbi metglh fn afiss,

Leturwgssilsbdentil >7, 545-542.

5784 Hrelmi Pgai piet jfh? e bfltglufus pfaail ribfrm nfr tdi aest 5=0.000 yiers , Uuetirlery Zis. 7, 5-:5.

5740 ]di pfaail ribfrm fn Hrelmi Pgai (L.I.Nr elbi) elm tdi bagketi bdrflfafhy tdrfu hd tdi

aest gltirhaebgea-haebgea bybai. Gl? O. Bdeagli (im.), Prfjaäkis mi stretghrepdgi quetirlegriil Nrelbi it mels ais peys agkgtrfpdis, 79-552, Mgofl.

574: Berjfl-5= metis et Hrel mi Pgai? bfrriaet gfl fn aelm elm sie bdrflf afhgis, Rbgilbi :59,

597-5>5.

579:/ Dit peaeifag tdgbuk il kisfagtdgbuk gl Agkj urh, Pujagbeñfls Rfb. Dgst. Erbd. Agkjfurh5792 44/47, 5-54

5740 Mi kgmmilpeaifagtdgsbdi vglmpaeets Rglt Hiirtrugm (A), Erbdeifafhgsbdi Jir. lf. 4,

24-508.



Xrisbdlir, I.I.

Xykir, O.O.

_ehwgol, X.D.

5740 Zim fbdri elm dukel ivfautgfl? e besi nfr mgsbussgfl, Burrila Eladrfp. :5 , >25->==.

574:e Zim fbdri, tdi trelsgtgfl jitwiil Afwir elm Kgmmai Peaeifagtd gb elm tdi frghgl fn

kfmirl kel. Gl? E. Zflil (im.), ]di ]relsgtgfl nrfk Afwir tf Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb elmtdi Frghgl fn Kfmirl Kel. J.E.Z. Gltirl. Rir. 595, 29-=5.

574:j Dfkf iribtus elm pri-Lielmirtdeas elm tdi quistgfl fn ieray rim bfafr sykjfdsk. Gl?

Bflhris Gltirletgflea mi peaifltfafhgi dukegli. Gir Bflhris. Zçsukçs mis Bfkkulgbetgfls, 47, Lgbi.

578= Baebtflgel elm Ebdiuagel glmustrgis gl Jrgtegl -tdigr bdrflfafhy elm sghlgngbelbi, Prf-biimglhs Hifa. Ess. 49, 275-=:5.

57>5 îhit etgfl, bagketi elm remgfbe rjfl metglhs gl tdi Aeti Paigstfbili fn tdi Litd irae lms.

Pert G. Iikgel elm Ieray Xigbdsiagel, Kimimiaglhil Hifa. Rtgbdtglh L.R. 5=, 59-=9.

5782 PfYileleaytgb stumgis fn Dfastiglgel elm Reeagel Jims gl ]di Lfrtdirl Litdir aelms,

Kimimiaglhil Zgocs Hifa. Mgilst L.R. :=, 527-59>.

5789 Glmiaglh vel dit Cwertegr fp hrflm vel virelmirglhil gl vihite tgi il cagkeet . Gl? X.D .

_ehwgol/B.O. vel Rteeamuglil (ims.). ]fiagbdtglhil jgo hifafhgsbdi fvirzgbdtsceertil vel Limiraelm, 507-55=, Deer aik.

5749 El futagli fn tdi Uuetirlery stretghrepdy fn tdi Litdiraelms, Hifafhgi il Kgoljfuw >=,

58-:=.

glpriss

_ehwgol, X.D. 5742/

O mi Oflh 574=

]di Paigstfbili fn tdi Litdiraelms wgtd spibgea rinirilbi tf haebgetgfl elm tirrebi nfrke-

tgfl. Zipfrt G.H. B. P. prfoibt :=? Lfrtdirl dikgspdiri haebgetgfls.

Mgi Gltirhaezgeai vfl Jevia ulm Aiirmek ulm gdri stretghrepdgsbdi Rtiaaulh gk lgimirael-

mg d N ñd Pa g t K m m ag Zgoc H a Mg t :5(2) 599 5>7

57:

sukkery

]di Jiavçmäri afiss elm hrevia pgt, sgtuetim lfrtdwist fn

tdi tfwl fn Keestrgbdt, des jiil tdi fjoibt fn el gltilsgvi

erbdeifafhgbea-hifafhgbea glvistghetgfl sglbi 5740. ]di egk

fn tdi risierbd wes tf stumy tdi rikegls fn dukel ebtgvgtgis

murglh tdi aest elm piluatgketi haebgetgfl elm tdi mipfsgts

bflteglglh erbdeifafhgbea nglms. ]di pgt des jiil ixpafgtimnfr eakfst e biltury lfw, jut ultga 5740 lf PeaeifYtdgb

ertinebts dem ivir jiil mgsbfvirim tdiri. ]di gltirmgsbgpDl-

ery risierbd fn tdi pgt, wdgbd bflsgsts aerhiay fn e vgrtueaay

ulgltirruptim sirgis fn erbdeifafhgbea risbui ixbevetgfls, gs

stgaa jiglh bfltgluim. Liw mgsbfvirgis key aiem tf e mgnnir

ilt gltirpritetgfl fn tdi hifafhgbea bfltixt fn tdi erbdei

fafhgbea nglms tdel tdet prisiltim gl tdgs vfauki.

Bdeptir : (]di hifafhy fn tdi Jiavçmäri pgt elm gts wgmir

hifhrepdgbea sittglh) hgvis e jrgin futagli fn tdi hifafhgbea

dgstfry fn Rfutd Agkjurh, wgtd pertgbuaer ikpdesgs fl tdi

Paigstfbili, elm bfltgluis wgtd e kfri mitegaim misbrgptgfl

elm gltirpritetgfl fn tdi mipfsgts nfulm gl tdi pgt Gl tftea

fut fn sivirea pfssgjai fptgfls gs mikflstretim gl bdeptir 4

gl e brgtgbea eleaysgs fn tdi prisuppfsgtgfls fn subd bfrriae-

tgfls.

Bdeptir 2 up tf elm glbaumglh 8 bfltegl tdi risuats fn tdi

erbdeifafhgbea risierbd berrgim fut nrfk 5740 tf 5749 elm

easf e jrgin misbrgptgfl fn aetir ixbevetgfls. Nghuri :0 hgvis

e sbdiketgb surviy fn tdi stretghrepdgbea pfsgtgfls fn tdi

mgnnirilt sgtis (E up tf elm glbaumglh C) mgsbussim gl tdgs

vfauki, wdgai nghuri 9 sdfws tdigr pfsgtgfls gl tdi pgt.

]di kitdfms usim tf ribfrm tdi nglm sbettirs gl tdi ngiamwiri eaweys e bfkprfkgsi jitwiil fur fwl wgsdis elm tdi

bfkkirbgea gltirists fn tdi ngrk ixpafgtglh tdi pgt, wdgbd fn

bfursi ennibtim tdi mihrii fn mitega gl tdi ribfrmglh. Rglbi

5749 tdi kegl egk des jiil tf ribfrm nglm sbettirs fvir tdi

aerhist pfssgjai erie. Fl sfki fbbesgfls tdi nglms wiri

bfaaibtim pir squeri kitri gl risbui ixbevetgfls.

Rfki fn tdi tdikis mieat wgtd gl tdi gltirpritetgfl fn tdi

mete prisiltim eri tdi rfai fn tdi trelspfrt fn naglt ertinebts

gl tdi nfrketgfl fn naglt essikjaehis elm tdi riaetgfl ji

twiil naglt ertinebts elm jfli.

]di ivgmilbi fjteglim gl ringttglh naglt nrfk tdi Ylgt G^

sgtis glmgbetim tdet tdisi 'sgtis' riprisilt flay fli stehi fn e



elm gltirpritetgfl fn tdi mipfsgts nfulm gl tdi pgt. Gl tftea,

ngvi agtdfstretghrepdgbea ulgts wiri mgstglhugsdim gl tdi

Paigstfbili mipfsgts (GGG up tf elm glbaumglh ^GG). Ylgt GGG,

bflsgstglh fn bfersi hrevia elm selms fn tdi Bejirh Kgmmai

]irrebi mipfsgts, gs gltirpritim es e mipfsgt nfrkim jy e

rgvir wgtd lukirfus trgjutergis ulmir bfam bagketgb bflmg-tgfls. ]di nfYfwglh Ylgt G^ mipfsgts wiri nfrkim ulmir

werkir bflmgtgfls, prisukejay jy e kielmirglh striek.

]di Ylgt ^ mipfsgts bflsgst fn e siquilbi, nglglh upwerms,

fn ngli selms elm mgspaebim afiss. Ylgt ^G bflsgsts fn (ri-

wfrcim) Xigbdsiagel afiss mipfsgts. Ylgt ^GG, ngleaay, gs

gltirpritim es e typgbea afiss mipfsgt nrfk tdi Pailghaebgea

pirgfm fn tdi aest haebgetgfl.

]di neulea rikegls ribfvirim nrfk tdi vergfus mipfsgts

prisilt e pgbturi fn tdi bagketi elm tdi ilvgrflkilt et tditgki fn tdi nfrketgfl fn tdi agtdfstretghrepdgbea ulgts elm

tdi erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis nfulm gl tdik. Gl emmgtgfl,

tdiy bflstgtuti e riagejai jesgs nfr tdi riaetgvi metglh fn tdi

mipfsgts gl tdi pgt. ]di metis fn tdi glmgvgmuea mipfsgts

risuatglh nrfk tdgs riaetgvi metglh kitdfm eri bflngrkim jy

tdi ejsfauti metis (fjteglim wgtd tdi egm fn ]dirkfaukg-

lisbilbi elm Iaibtrfl Rpgl Zisflelbi). ]di Ylgt G^-B

mipfsgts eri tdi kfst gltiristglh nrfk el erbdeifafhgbea elm

peaeifltfafhgbea pfglt fn vgiw jibeusi tdiy eppierim tf

bfltegl sivirea erbdeifafhgbea essikjaehis gl e prgkery

sgtis glmgbetim tdet tdisi 'sgtis' riprisilt flay fli stehi fn e

bfkpaix systik fn prfmubtgfl, trelspfrt elm mgsberm fn

ertinebts. Nfr ixekpai tdi naglts ribfvirim nrfk Rgti B

eppierim tf ji tdi prfmubts fn et aiest sgx mgnnirilt naglt

lfmuais fr Zew Ketirgea Ylgts. Fn sfki fn tdisi lfmuais

keglay mibfrtgbetgfl naecis wiri nfulm (nghs.9: elm 92),wdiries elftdir lfmuai dem jiil gltrfmubim gltf tdi ixbe-

vetim erie gl tdi nfrk fn el eariemy aerhiay rimubim bfri

(nghs.>0 elm >5). ]disi elm ftdir fjsirvetgfls, pertgbuaeray

et Rgti H, aim tf tdi essukptgfl tdet tdi trelspfrt fn naglt

fjoibts aerhiay ebbfults nfr tdi hriet tibdlfafhgbea elm

typfafhgbea mgnnirilbis gl tdi ertinebt bfkpfsgtgfl fn Kgmmai

Peaeifagtdgb nglm bfkpaixis. ]di ulmirayglh tdifry gs tdet

tdi prfmubtgfl fn naglt ertinebts gltilmim tf ji usim iasi-

wdiri risuats gl mgnnirilt essikjaehis tdel tdi em dfbprfmubtgfl fn naecis nfr afbea usi. Bdeptir 7 (]di Jiavç

märi mete? gkpagbetgfls nfr tdi gltirpritetgfl fn dfkglgm

jidevgfur gl tdi Kgmmai Peaeifagtdgb) mgsbussis tdgs essukp

tgfl gl e wgmir bfltixt? mete nrfk ftdir sgtis glmgbeti tdet

tdiri gs glmiim e riaetgfl jitwiil, nfr ixekpai, tdi trels

pfrt fn naglts elm birtegl 'ibflfkgbea' nfrks fn bfri rimub-

tgfl. Gl emmgtgfl, nriquiltay ritfubdim fjoibts (subd es

delmexis) eri usueaay nfulm et e hrietir mgstelbi nrfk tdigr

rew ketirgea sfurbi tdel ertinebts tdet sdfw lf fr vgrtueaay

lf sghls fn ritfubdglh. Gl tdgs bdeptir gt gs easf suhhistim

572 RYKKEZW

]di essfbgetim fbburrilbi fn ertinebts elm -usueaay pffray

prisirvim- jfli et sfki fn tdi Jiavçmäri sgtis aim tf spib-

uaetgfls fl tdi frghgl fn tdisi spetgea essfbgetgfls. Dfw eri

wi tf mgnniriltgeti jitwiil, fl tdi fli delm, neulea bai

kilts tdet fbbur fl e mgstrgjutgfl kep es pert fn tdi leturea

jebchrfulm neule elm, fl tdi ftdir, baikilts gltrfmubim

jy dfkglgms6 Gn tdi ivgmilbi suhhists tdet wi eri glmiim

mieaglh wgtd baikilts gltrfmubim jy dfkglgms, es wes nfr

ixekpai tdi besi wgtd tdi risuats fn tdi eleaysgs fn wiertrebis fl tdi nglms nrfk Rgti H (nghs.5=4 elm 5=73 sii êl

Hgol, Eppilmgx G), wi kust tdil mibgmi wditdir tdisi

baikilts eri ettrgjutejai tf sbevilhglh fr dultglh. ]dgs

prfjabk gs mgsbussbm gl tdi mbsbrgptgfls elm gltirpritetgfls

fn tdi glmgvgmuea sgtis elm gl tdi kfri gltirpritetgvi bdeptir

7, gl wdgbd gt gs suhhistim tdet tdi burriltay evegaejai mete

mf lft yit pirkgt us tf bdffsi jitwiil tdisi twf fptgfls

elm tdet fur prisilt gltirpritetgfls eri jesim kfri fl fur

vgiws fl tdi 'dukelliss' fn tdisi ieray dfkglgms tdel fl

ebtuea sfulm ivgmilbi.



57=

sekilvettglh (Mutbd sukkery)

Mi aþss- il hrglmhrfivi Jiavçmäri, hiaihil til lffrm

wistil vel mi stem Keestrgbdt, gs sglms 5740 dit fjoibt vel

iil ugthijrigm erbdifafhgsbd-hifafhgsbd flmirzfic, hirgbdt

fp jistumirglh vel ristil vel kilsiagoci ebtgvgtigtil gl mi

aeetsti il vffraeetsti 'gostgom' il vel mi enzittglhil weergl

mi erbdifafhgbe wfrmil eelhitrfnnil. Mi hrfivi gs ea jgoleiil iiuw gl ixpafgtetgi, keer dit iirsti peaifagtdgsbdi

ertinebt wirm pes gl 5740 fltmict.

Dit gltirmgsbgpaglegri flmirzfic vel mi fltsaugtglh , met

dffnmzeciagoc ugt iil vrgowia bflstelti eeliilsbdeciaglh

vel erbdifafhgsbdi lffmfphrevglhil jisteet, affpt lfh

stiims. Mffr lgiuwi glzgbdtil zuaail kfhiagoc aetiri pu

jagbetgis kit jitriccglh tft mi mitegas vel mi hifafhgsbdi

bfltixt vel mi erbdifafhgbe virsbdgaail vel mi gl dit prfin-

sbdrgnt hiprisiltiirmi hihivils.

Gl dffnmstuc : (]di hifafhy fn tdi Jiavçmäri pgt elm gts

wgmir hifhrepdgbea sittglh) wfrmt, le iil cfrti sbdits vel

kit leki mi Paigstfbili hifafhgsbdi hisbdgimilgs vel _ugm

4). Mi ejsfauti metirglhil glmgbiril iil fumirmfk gl mi

frmihrfftti vel :00-:90 ce (zgi dffnmstuc : il 4), fp jesgs

weervel iil bfrriaetgi kit Rtehi 8 vel mi zuurstfn-gsftfpil

stretghrengi vffrhistiam wfrmt. Met mizi bfrriaetgi saibdts

ççl vel virsbdgaailmi fptgis gs, wfrmt gl dffnmstuc 4 gl iil

crgtgsbdi eleaysi vel mi vffrflmirstiaaglhil vel mirhiagoci

bfrriaetgis himikflstriirm.

Gl mi dffnmstuccil 2 tft il kit 8 wfrmil mi risuate til

vel dit erbdifafhgsbd flmirzfic gl mi pirgfmi 5740-5749jisbdrivil, tirwgoa ffc aetiri fphrevglhil cfrt eel mi frmi

cfkil. Nghuur :0 hiint iil ziir sbdiketgsbd fvirzgbdt vel

mi stretghrengsbdi pfsgtgi vel mi virsbdgaailmi sgtis (E tft il

kit C) mgi gl dit prfinsbdrgnt jidelmiam wfrmil, tirwgoa

nghuur 9 mi afbetgi vel mizi sgtis jgllil mi hrfivi wiir

hiint.

Mi kitdfmis hijrugct jgo dit mfbukiltiril vel mi

vflmstsprigmglhil gl dit viam zgol stiims iil bfkprfkgs

hiwiist tussil flzi ighil vreehstiaaglhil il mi bfkkirbgã

ai jiaelhil vel mi ixpafgtelt vel mi hrfivi, dithiil ugtir

eerm bflsiquiltgis dem vffr mi keti vel himitegaaiirmdigm

'el mfbukiltetgi êlen 5749 aght mi prgfrgtigt gl iirsti



kit leki mi Paigstfbili hifafhgsbdi hisbdgimilgs vel _ugm

Agkjurh, glhiheel fp jisbdrgovglh il gltirpritetgi vel mi

gl mi hrfivi fltsaftil enzittglhil. Jgllil mi Paigstfbili

enzittglhil gl mi hrfivi wfrmil gl tfteea vgon agtdfstretg-

hrengsbdi iildimil flmirsbdigmil (GGG tft il kit ^GG).

Ylgt GGG, jisteelmi ugt hrfvi hrglmil il zelmil jidfrilmitft mi Bejirh kgmmiltirres-enzittglhil, wfrmt hiæltir

pritiirm eas iil enzittglh hivfrkm mffr iil virwgamirmi

rgvgir flmir cfumi cagkeetsfkstelmghdimil. Mi meerfp

vfahilmi Ylgt G^-enzittglhil zgol flmir werkiri fk

stelmghdimil hivfrkm, weersbdgolagoc mffr iil kielmiril

mi strffk. Mi Ylgt ^-enzittglhil jisteel ugt iil nglglh

upwerms siquiltgi vel ngoli zelmil il virpaeetsti aþss,

tirwgoa ffc Ylgt ^G vffrlekiagoc ugt fkhiwircti aþss

jisteet. Ylgt ^GG tilsaftti wfrmt hiæltirpritiirm eas iiltypgsbdi aþss ugt dit Pailghaebgeea vel mi aeetsti gostgom.

Mi neuleristil mgi gl mi virsbdgaailmi enzittglhil vir

zekiam cflmil wfrmil hivil fls iil jiiam vel cagkeet il

kgagiu til tgomi vel mi vfrkglh vel mi agtdfstretghrengsbdi

iildimil il mi irgl eelhitrfnnil erbdifafhgsbdi essik

jaehis. Meerleest jgimil zgo iil hfim dfuvest vffr iil

riaetgivi metirglh vel mi enzittglhil. 'Ejsfauti' metirglhil

(]dirkfaukglisbiltgi il Iaibtrflil Rpgl Zisfleltgi)

flmirstiulil mi fp riaetgivi metirglhil hijesiirmi fumir

mfk vel mi mgvirsi enzittglhil gl mi hrfivi

el mfbukiltetgi. êlen 5749 aght mi prgfrgtigt gl iirsti

glsteltgi jgo dit mfbukiltiril vel vflmstsprigmglhil fvir

iil zf hrfft kfhiagoc fppirvaec, weerjgo gl spfimsgtuetgis

vflmstil gl iil vgircelti kitirhrgm wfrmil virzekiam.

]dike's mgi jgo mi gltirpritetgi vel mi hiprisiltiirmi

hihivils jidelmiam wfrmil zgol flmir elmiri mi rfa veldit trelspfrt vel vuurstilil ertinebtil jgo mi vfrkglh vel

vuurstiil-essikjaehis il mi riaetgi vuurstilil ertinebtil -

jftketirgeea.

Fp jesgs vel dit wiir eeliilpessil (ringttil) vel vuur-

stiil vel mi Ylgt G^ sgtis jaiic, met mizi 'sgtis' saibdts ççl

pult vfrkil gl iil bfkpaix systiik vel virveermghglh,

trelspfrt il enmelcil vel ertinebtil. _f cflmil jgllil

Rgti B prfmubtil vel kglstils zis virsbdgaailmi vuurstiil-

clfaail hiæmiltgngbiirm wfrmil? vel sfkkghi clfaail wirmil jgllil mi fphrevglh dffnmzeciagoc bfrtix ensaehil

eelhitrfnnil (ngh. 9: il 92), tirwgoa iil elmiri 'clfa' gl mi

vfrk vel iil riims vir fphijrugcti cirl mi sgti 'jgllil

cwek' (ngh. >0 il >5). Fp jesgs vel mizi il elmiri weerli

kglhil, flmir elmiri fp Rgti H, gs virflmirstiam met dit

trelspfrt vel vuurstilil vffrwirpil iil jiaelhrgoci rfa

spiiat gl mi hrfti virsbdgaail (zfwia tibdlfafhgsbd eas typf

afhgsbd) gl ertinebtsekilstiaaglh vel kgmmilpeaifagtdgsbdi

vflmstbfkpaixil. Mi himebdti dgirebdtir gs met jiwircglh

vel vuurstiil hirgbdt fp tficfkstgh hijrugc iamirs iil

579 MY]BD RYKKEZW

hiritfubdiirmi vffrwirpil (flmir elmiri vugstjgoail)

mffrheels fp iil hrftiri enstelm vel mi ffrsprflciagoci

hrflmstfnjrfl eelhitrfnnil wfrmil mel lgit fn leuwiagocs

hiritfubdiirmi ertinebtil. Gl mgt dffnmstuc wfrmt vffrts

hisuhhiriirm met mi rugktiagoci glbflhruiltgi vel mgvirsi

stemge vel vuurstiiljiwircglh flmir elmiri iil saiutia

vfrkt tft mi fpafssglh vel dit 'Kfustçrgil prfjaiik'. Ffc

jgo mi jispricglh vel twii Ylgt ^G (Xigbdsiagil) sgtis

(dffnmstuc 8) cfkt mgt tdike eel mi frmi.Mi enstelmil weerfvir vffrwirpil erbdifafhgsbd weer

liikjeer mffr dfkglgmil hitrelspfrtiirm wirmil jagocil

gl mi affp vel dit Paigstfbiil mreketgsbd tfi ti likil ,

zfeas gl Dffnmstuc 7 eelhitfflm wfrmt (zgi ngh. 5=0).

Dit hiessfbgiirm vffrcfkil vel ertinebtil il - kiistea

saibdt hibflsirviirm - jftketirgeea gl sfkkghi Jiavçmäri

sgtis mfit vrehil leer mi hilisi vel mizi rugktiagoci essf

bgetgis. Dfi kecil wi iil flmirsbdigm tussil ilirzgoms

neule-iaikiltil mgi eas iil flmirmiia vel mi letuuragoci

ebdtirhrflmneule fp iil virsprigmglhsceert tiribdt cfkil

il elmirzgoms iaikiltil mgi mffr dfkglgmil hiæltrfmu

biirm zgol6 Eas wi met aeetsti sfks cullil virflmirstiaail

- zfeas jgovffrjiiam jgo Rgti H fp jesgs vel mi risuatetil

vel hijrugcsspfrilflmirzfic ( ngh. 5=4 il 5=73 zgi êl

Hgol, Eppilmgx G) - wfrmil wi hibflnrfltiirm kit mi

ciuzi ugt twii fptgis? mgi vel eesitil tihilfvir mgi vel oebdt . Mizi prfjaiket gic cfkt jgo mi spibgngici sgti-pri

siltetgis il gltirpritetgis eel mi frmi il virvfahils gl dit

kiir gltirpritetgivi dffnmstuc 7, weergl hisuhhiriirm

wfrmt met mi jesgs vffr mi ugtiglmiagoci ciuzis tussil

mirhiagoci fptgis vffrafpgh fltjriict il met mi dugmghi

ciuzis kiir ti kecil dijjil kit dit 'kilsjiiam' met wi

vel mizi vrfihi dfkglgmil dijjil mel kit 'dermi nigtil' .



57>

pgbturi brimgts

Egrpdftf Littil? :.

BR. Erps? 59=, 599, 598.

E.A. vel Hgol? 5==, 5=8, 5=7-595.

O. Dertkel? 55, 594.

CAK Eirfbertf? =, 9.

O. Cfail? 552-55>.

]. vel Cfansbdftil? 54j, =5, 84, 52:-522.

D.E. mi Afrk? 5, 8,50, 55, 5=, 58, 57, :2, :=, :8, :7, 20, =0,

==,=9,=8,=4,90,95,9=,99,98-97,>=->>,>4-8:,8>,88,87,42,49, 4>, 72, 7=,500,50=,508,558,557,5:0,5:9,5:>,5:7,529,528-5=5,

59:, 592, 59>, 594.

]. Kigoir? 520, 525.

P.O.Z. Kfmmirkel? ::, 45.

D.O. Kñbdir? 5>

Kulgbgpea Erbdgvi Keestrgbdt? >.

O. Limirafn? 4,7,5:,:5,:4,25,2:,2=-27,=>,>0,>8,82-89,40,

4:,4=,48-7:,78,74,505-502,509,504,507,555,55:,5:5-5:=,

52=, 5=:, 5=2, 5=9, 5=>, 5=4.O. Peuptgt? :5, 22, =7, 9:, 92, 9>, 98, >5->2. 79,50>,550, 5:4.

X. Zfijrfics? 2, 59, :9, :>, =:, =2, 77, 554.

O. êlmiljirhdi? 52, 54e.

A.J.K. îrdert? 5:8.

X.D. _ehwgol? 52>.



578

















Documents

Roebroeks 1988 - From Find Scatters to Early Hominid Behaviour. A Study of Middle Palaeolithic Riverside Settlements at Maastricht-Belvédère (The Netherlands)