Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Class Period: _______________2018 Fall Semester Exam Review

Topic E1: Plate Tectonics1. What evidence do we have that continents that are now separated were once joined?

a. Identical plant and animal fossils are found on continents that are now separatedb. rock strata (layers) – the layering of the rock matches across continentsc. continents fit like puzzle piecesAny others? Coal deposits, mountain chains

2. Name and describe the boundaries, landforms and processes labeled above.a. Divergence- Plates pull apart and magma pushes up between divergent oceanic plates creating ridges, new crust and seafloor spreadingb. mid-ocean ridges created by O-O divergence and seafloor spreadingc. divergent zone. Rock gets olderd. Oceanic-continental convergent zonee. oceanic plates – dense and thin, sit deep down in the upper mantle (asthenosphere) deep ocean trench – created as dense oceanic plate is pushed/dragged under less dense continentalf. plate and pulls ocean floor down deeper. Deepest places in oceang. Continental plate – ‘light’ (less dense) and thick, float high up on the asthenosphereh. convection currents in the asthenosphere (upper mantle)i. not labeled: volcanic island chains, volcanic mountain ranges created by subductionj. subducted oceanic plate – water-soaked seafloor creates thin, gassy magma that creates dangerous, explosive stratovolcanoes near plate boundariesJ. folded mountains

3. There is no active uplift occurring at this mountain range. Sketch a picture to show how the mountains may have appeared in both the past and the future.

Past Current Future Age---50 million years ago Age---100 million years in the

Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Class Period: _______________

Topic E2: Topographic Mapping

4. On a contour map, what do the contour lines represent? Lines of the same elevation5. What happens to all mountains and hills over time? How does this affect elevation?

Weathering and erosion. Decreased elevation and less steep.

6. On the contour map above, show a possible course of water flow. Indicate the direction of flow. Some are bold, some are red, some are blue (very light)

7. Draw a side profile of the topographic map below. (like on Topographic Basics, but no color)

8. Which side of the hill depicted above is steeper? left9. Which has a gentler slope? right10. How do the contour lines represent this? Steeper lines are closer together

Topic C: Earth, Sun & Moon Cycles11. What gives us seasons? Earth’s 23.5 degree axial tilt and revolution around the sun. 12. What gives us day and night? Rotation (spinning) of Earth on its axis. ½ of the Earth is always in

day and ½ is in night, but because of the tilt, either the north or south hemisphere gets more daylight in the summer.

Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Class Period: _______________13. If the Northern hemisphere is tilted away from the sun, which season is it experiencing?

winter in the northern hemisphere, summer in south

14. Which places on Earth experience the greatest change in daylight and night

hours from one season to another throughout the year? The poles.

15. Most – x, the equator to the tropics (23.5 degrees N or S)

16. Least – w & y, the poles to the arctic/Antarctic circles(23.5 deg from poles)

17. Days when everyplace on Earth gets 12 hours of daylight and 12 hours of darkness, are called: equinox. Vernal (spring) equinox and autumnal (fall) equinox.

18. What is the main cause of global convection currents? Uneven heating of the Earth by the sun 19. How long does it take for one revolution of the Earth around the Sun? a year (365.25 days) 20. Sketch and label a diagram showing the Sun, Earth, and Moon during all 8 named phases.

(visual primer)

21. Which phase of the moon occurs 21 days after the third quarter? Full moon (all light)

22. Which phase of the moon occurs 14 days after the full moon? New moon (all dark)23. Which phases of the moon are present during spring tides? Label on 19 above. New moon & full moon

24. Which phases of the moon are present during neap tides? Label on 19 above. 1st & 3rd quarter 25. What is a neap tide? The least difference between high and low tide twice per month. 26. What is a spring tide? The most extreme difference between high and low tide 2x per month.

Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Class Period: _______________

Topic F: The Universe 27. Describe our galaxy’s shape. A flattened disk with spiral shaped arms 28. In which type of galaxy is our solar system? Its name? Where in the galaxy? Spiral. Milky

Way. Outer 1/3 of one of the spiral arms

29. Label the area of star formation above. What is it? Nebula. Stellar nursery – gigantic cloud of gas, dust and elements from older stars’ supernovas. Big enough to generate many stars.30. What size star is our Sun? How is it classified on the HR Diagram? Medium to small yellow star, sometimes called a yellow dwarf, about 6000 K so class G star in the main sequence.31. As our Sun runs out of hydrogen, what will it become first? Red giant. Thousands of times brighter and as large diameter as the Earth’s orbit is now.32. As our Sun runs out of fuel, what will it become last? White dwarf after most of its helium has fused to carbon, oxygen and other heavier elements until it starts creating iron (Fe). That reaction is so hot that it blows out a ring of material (planetary nebula) and the core will continue to glow for billions of years before fading to a black dwarf.33. Why do astronomers make observations in different wavelengths?

34. Sketch the electromagnetic spectrum and label from longest wavelength to shortest wavelength. Label shortest frequency to highest frequency. Label highest –lowest energy. Highest energy/ shortest wavelength/highest frequency = gamma raysLowest energy/longest wavelength/lowest frequency = radio waves

Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Class Period: _______________

35. On the H-R Diagram below, label the following: white dwarfs, main sequence, giants, supergiants and the location of the sun. 36. According to your labels, which stars are most likely to grow brighter as temperature increases? White dwarfs and main sequence stars both have positive slopes (since the x-axis is backward)37. According to the diagram, which types of stars have the lowest brightness? White dwarfs

Topic D: Weather

38. Based on the map above, describe the weather expected in the next 24 hours for:a. Minneapolis brief, violent storms followed by calm, sunny weather with lower temperaturesb. Atlanta rainy, overcast and cloudy for a day or days. Perhaps slightly warmer.

39. What fuels the most violent storms? Where on the Earth would these occur most often? Convection currents in the atmosphere created by uneven heating of the Earth’s surface by the sun, especially over large bodies of water like the oceans. So these would occur most often over warm ocean water, especially near the equator.

White Dwarfs

Main Sequence

Giants

Supergiants

Sun

Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Class Period: _______________ Topic B: Ecology

Use the graph below to answer the next 3 questions

40. Which species of fish would thrive in warm water with many suspended particles that flows at slow speeds? Only Species 3 41. Which species of fish would thrive in cold water with few suspended particles that flows faster? Species 1 and 242. Which species of fish would thrive in mild temperatures, some suspended particles, flows at medium speed? All three—Species 1, 2 &343. What kinds of compounds used to control aquatic plants and algae might be spilled so that the plant populations would be reduced?

A. runoff from lawn fertilizers in a cityB. a leaking fertilizer tank at a large farmC. copper compounds that interfere with photosynthesisD. compounds that make fish grow larger and increase zooplankton

44. Pigeons eat seeds and other plant materials in the wild, but in large cities they find many more diverse and plentiful food to scavenge. In the wild many other birds and small mammals compete with them for food, keeping them from overpopulating. According to this passage, why do so many pigeons flock to large cities?

A. Less competition than the wild B. better shelterC. no food in the wild D. they are adaptable

45. What might likely happen to an animal species living in a place that, over many years, gets colder and food becomes more scarce? Adding a thick layer of fat under the skin46. Before adaptation can occur, what must happen to a population? Decrease in number (most die)

Name: ____________________________________________________ Date: _____________________ Class Period: _______________

47. Which organisms compete for the same food source in this food web?

48. Which organisms above are most likely to compete for minerals and sunlight.

Microscopic algae and microorganisms49. What is the impact of sinking old ships and oil rigs on the organisms of the area? Creation of artificial reefs and more habitat for organisms.50. Plants that live in estuaries and tidal marches where saltwater from the sea mixes with

fresh water must have what adaptation? Ability to filter excess salt

Mummichogs and white suckers for detritus. Mummichogs, white suckers and banded killfish for algae. Etc.