Rockets and People Vol 2

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Creating a Rocket IndustryVolume II:


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Rockets and People Creating a Rocket Industry

F b Sp D, U.S. G P OI: b.p. P: (866) 512-1800; DC (202) 512-1800

Fx: (202) 512-2250 M: Sp SSOP, W, DC 20402-0001

Volume II:

Boris Chertok

Asif Siddiqi, Series Editor

The NASA History Series

National Aeronautics and Space AdministrationNASA H DO Ex R

W, DCJ 2006NASA SP-2006-4110


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Lb C C--Pb D

C, B. E. (B E), 1912[R . E]

R Pp: C R I (V II) / b B E.C ;

[ b] A A. S.p. . (NASA H S) (NASA SP-2006-4110)

I bbp x.1. C, B. E. (B E), 1912 2. A

S UBp. 3. Ap S Bp. 4. AS UH.I. S, A A., 1966- II. . III. S. IV. SP-2006-4110.L789.85.C48C4813 2006629.109222

2006020825

I dedicate this book

to the cherished memory

o my wie and riend,

Yekaterina Semyonova Golubkina.


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ContentsS I b A A. S ixI V II xxi

A Fw N b xxiiiL Abb xxv

123456789

10

111213141516171819

202122

23242526272829303132

T Nw , T S C 1T R 25F U I G I 43I N. 88 D G 75T A w S 93Dp U 109F F w R-1 M 119T R-1 M G I S 141M C 155NII-885 O I 177

A D M 199F b S 219M C W F D 239O F M Sb 247P N S 265T S Pb R-7 M 289T B F R 31315 M 1957 337N B 355M I 369B Sp 379F-Dp C 393

T R-7 G S 415F Hw I B 421L A 435B RNII 457T G M 477F S C Sp 491

Y-2 F M W F K 519T B 1960 539Ow M... V 563Cp 597

Ix 643


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Series Introduction

I x , A B Y C x . H w pp p - w , ,

w , , . C b 1930 Mw. , w S U w ppw: Y G, w p . C x-

- , p b x p b Sp G, S pp, , Rockets and People. I -, A C b b, b x p p b xp .

A C , xp C W, p- p pp p pb p p bw A R p p. F W W II p , p U S S U ( w, R) b xb .

A , C w x S p xp

p, pp p, b R A.C w, b C W,

pj w p b p p. C- - x S , , p G W W II p pw w J Gb W xp p- G w.1 C b w S

1. J Gb, Science, echnology, and Reparations: Exploitation and Plunder in Postwar Germ(S: S U P, 1990).


7/383

Rockets and People: Creating a Rocket Industry

x x

C D S P K wG . B 1950, p j R-7, w b . U , SU Sp 4 Ob 1957 A.

S p p xp, p Sp 1957 b Y G 1961, w b-

C W. Sp b S , U S , N A Sp A (NASA), p xp. A G p , 1961, K A NASA - M E b .2 S w A p p w b A S p b p w b p b . p p b w p b 1960, b

A w Ap N A. A Ew E. Bzz A, J. b M J 1969.

Sw Ap w b : W pp S-

w b w Sp G? Uw , S M p . A , S U p p p 1970 1980 M p . A p b p p w Sp S. Dp p p, p p w pw p . W S U 1991, p pp w b j p b p b p I Sp S(ISS).

A C p p b

p j S p p-, b W W II S U 1991. D w, p S U -pw p, BI. I w, C-, , p pG . I S , w p - p ,

2. U.S. C, Senate Committee on Aeronautical and Space Sciences, Documents on International Aspects o the Exploration and Uses o Outer Space, 1954-1962, 88th Cong., 1st sess., S. Doc. 18(W, DC: GPO, 1963), pp. 202-204.

NII-88 (p -88) Mw. I 1956, K OKB-1 b p p S p p. A p OKB-1, C w b p S p pj : V, V, Sz, w p S, Epb, B p .

C w S - -

px, z S pp, w S U p . , C . W w pb, p B Y. 3 L w S p p C W, C w w w. W p pb ; b - p p b p bw pp x C P. b xp S U bxp M Gb pw 1985 - glasnost(p).

C pp p wpp Izvestiya Sp 1987. I w- w Sp, C p w p b, K. H b w wp z-p S .4 H w w glasnostp, pb 1988 A F jAviatsiya i kosmonavtika (A C-), K w S p p.5 B , w p p p p w p b ; R w , xp

w w . Pp C w w

p b xp w . R w b p K b 1930, b p Sz-1 1967, b

3. S xp, C ? (H A?) b M.V, ., Shagi k zvezdam (Fp S) (Mw: M , 1972), pp. 281-287.

4. B. K, R zz (D S), Izvestiya, Ob 1, 1987, p. 3.5. B. C, L (L), Aviatsiya i kosmonavtika . 1 (1988): pp. 3031 . 2

(1988): pp. 4041.

Series Introduction


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x x

M pj 1960.6 C p - pb Izvestiya 1992 Gb S p W W II.7

U w p, A C b w . O, w b xp pw , b w. R p p , Rakety i liudi(R Pp) pb 1994, C

w, p b , pb 1996, 1997, 1999, S pp.8

M w p : I w b w b, p pj p C W. ,, b w p. A I , w, I b b

A C , w -b b . I w, I b b b, , p w- b W S p p. B C -

, W w S p pp, -, CW . I C , w pp w w x .

C b p p. I b -, C p z

6. F K p, Y. M, K (T C C D), Izvestiya, J 11, 1987, p. 3. F Sz-1 M p, L. N. K, Zz K (KS), Poisk. 5 (J 1989): pp. 45 L. N. K, S z b (F

E M B), Poisk. 12 (J 1989): pp. 78.7. Izvestiya p B K pp pb, w U S b (S R p H GO). S Izvestiya, M 4, 1992, p. 5; M 5, 1992, p. 5; M 6, 1992, p. 5; M 7, 1992,p. 5; M 9, 1992, p. 3. K pb x G b A . S U z b (A R p A H G O), Izvestiya, M 10, 1992, p. 7. K z w pp G V B V M. S B K,ayna Sovetskogo raketnogo oruzhiya (S S R A) (Mw: ZEVS, 1992).

8. Rakety i lyudi (R Pp) (Mw: M, 1994); Rakety i lyudi: FiliPodlipki yuratam (R Pp: F Pp ) (Mw: M,1996); Rakety i lyudi: goryachiye dni kholodnoy voyny (R Pp: H D CW) (Mw: M, 1997); Rakety i lyudi: lunnaya gonka (R Pp: TM R) (Mw: M, 1999). A w b pb G.

. H b p p w w . F xp, C jxp - xp S p 1930, p A, w G 1930 w S p S .

C p pw p b S p G

W W II. Ip w p , b j, , -x w p S p G. I b, C G , w w - w p G w (V I, Cp 21). 9 C G, xp Nz b p D b- 1945, p G USSR 1946. C w p x. S bp S U 1991, pp p w b xp, b w

p S p b x S, S - px, S - .10 p b R S A S- D 1990 , Dorogiv kosmos(R Sp), p b -p w S p p, b w, p, p -

9. F pb p p G w, N M. N, TeRussians in Germany: A History o the Soviet Zone o Occupation, 1945-1949 (Cb, MA: TBp P H U P, 1995), pp. 69140.

10. F w p S - px, N. S.S, Voyenno-promyshlennyy kompleks SSSR v 1920-1950-ye gody: tempy ekonomicheskogo rosta,struktura, organizatsiya proizvodstva i upravleniye (T M-I Cpx USSR 1920 1950: R E Gw, S, Oz P C)(Mw: ROSSPEN, 1996); I. V. B,Voyenno-promyshlennyy kompleks sssr v gody kholodnoyvoyny (vtoraya polovina 40-kh nachalo 60-kh godov) [T M-I Cpx USSR Y C W (T L 1940 E 1960)] (Mw: IRI RAN, 2000). F E b w p w , J Bb M H, ., Te Soviet Deence-Industry Complex rom Stalin to Khrushchev(H, UK: M P, 2000).

Series Introduction


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x x

, .., - w w .11 C xp S p p b b , p, , p S U.

bC pp p S p, p , p b x w, p,

p w b S p p. w b p b S .12

I A C , w p, , p pp. I px S p p, . O pp

w b . S p , p ,x p . Fw w- w b p bj.13 M w . I , C w, , I . . . w w I p

. Cp, b xp . I , b bj.C b , w, p , p b p p b pw - S U.

S, xp, C b pw - pb, w w S U w R R-

11. Y. A. Mzz ., ., Dorogi v kosmos: Vospominaniya veteranov raketno-kosmicheskoytekhniki i kosmonavtiki, tom I i II (R Sp: R V R-Sp C: V I II) (Mw: MAI, 1992) Y. A. Mzz .,., Nachalo kosmicheskoy ery: vospominaniya veteranov raketno-kosmicheskoy tekhniki i kosmonavtiki:vypusk vtoroy(T B Sp E: R V R-Sp C: S I) (Mw: RNIKD, 1994). F p E , J R, ., Roads to Space: An Oral History o the Soviet SpaceProgram (Nw Y: A W Gp, 1995).

12. F w S , K E. B, echnologyand Society under Lenin and Stalin: Origins o the Soviet echnical Intelligentsia, 1917-1941 (P,NJ: P U P, 1978); L R. G, Science in Russia and the Soviet Union:A Short History(Cb: Cb U P, 1993); N K, StalinistScience(P, NJ: P U P, 1997).

13. F A p p bj, P N, Tat Noble Dream: Te Objectivity Question and the American Historical Proession(Cb, UK: Cb U P, 1988).

1917. H S L G w w p S U .14 b w, , S -, b b p b, S - pj G Dp D Sb w 1970 1980 p w p. W

w C w, p b p w p b pw . A , p - mentalit S b , z w .

C p pb Sp , p ( ) pb C . M p -. I 1990, w w pb w b S p, w p . N B C,b V M, K K, B Gb, YMzz, K F, V F, pb

.15

O z j p , w b w . Y G Korolev: Fakty i Miy (K: F M), w w E p R M Sp F, .16 AF G N K 1960 1970, pb

14. F b, xp, L G, Te Ghost o the Executed Engineer:echnology and the Fall o the Soviet Union (Cb, MA: H U P, 1993).

15. V. M. F, Vospominaniya o lunnom korablye (R L Sp) (Mw:K, 1992); K K,Dorogi v kosmos (zapiski predsedatelya Gosudarstvennoy komissii) [R

Sp (N C S C)] (B: Azbj, 1995); V. M. F,Putk Energii(P E) (Mw: GRAAL, 1996); V. P. M, Ot sozdaniya ballisticheskikhraket k raketno-kosmicheskomu mashinostroyeniy (F C B R R-Sp M B) (Mw: I-Z, 1998); B. I. Gb,rium i tragediya energii:razmyshleniya glavnogo konstruktora (T p E: T R CD) (Nz : NIER, 1998-2000); K F,rayektoriyazhizni: mezhdu vchera i zavtra (L j: Bw Y w) (Mw: V,2000); N. A. A, ., ak eto byloMemuary Yu. A. Mozzhorin: Mozzhorin v vospominaniyakhsovremennikov (Hw WM Y. A. Mzz: Mzz R Cp) (Mw: ZAO Mz p bz, 2000).

16. Y G, Korolev: akty i miy(K: F M) (Mw: N, 1994); Y. P. S, ., Raketno-Kosmicheskaya Korporatsiya Energiya imeni S. P. Koroleva (ER-Sp Cp N A S. P. K) ( K: RKK E, 1996); V. V. F I. V. M, ., Voyenno-kosmicheskiye sily (voyenno-istoricheskiy trud): kniga I[M-Sp F (A M-H W): B I] (Mw: VKS, 1997). Sb wpb 1998 2001.

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x x

1990, S p p.17

w R w W pb w E. M xp, S K R Spp E . J H pb 1997 bp S K b p x w w S pp.18 M w b, Challenge to Apollo: he Soviet Union and the Space Race,

1945-1974, w p z w - p S p p. 19 SZ p pb p p he Krem-lins Nuclear Sword: he Rise and Fall o Russias Strategic Nuclear Forces, 1945-2000,

w S p wp.20

W w b w b p w, -. F xp, S-p G, I Rb, w . C S , G D.21 I , L G w S

1945 w p S p; S pp G w pb p - (V I, Cp 22). L S p , w-, w G w S 1945.22 S, R S M D USSR C M S p 1950, w , b

17. T pb w N. P. K, Skrytiy kosmos: kniga pervaya, 1960-1963gg.(H Sp: B O, 1960-1963) (Mw: I IF, 1995). Sb 1964-1966, 1967-1968, 1969-1978 w pb 1997, 1999, 2001 p.

18. S N. K, Nikita Khrushchev and the Creation o a Superpower (U P,PA: T P S U P, 2000); R Z. S, Te Making o a Soviet Scientist:My Adventures in Nuclear Fusion and Space From Stalin to Star Wars(Nw Y: J W & S,1993); J H, Korolev: How One Man Masterminded the Soviet Drive to Beat America to theMoon (Nw Y: J W & S, 1997).

19. A A. S, Challenge to Apollo: Te Soviet Union and the Space Race, 1945-1974(W, D.C.: NASA SP-2000-4408, 2000). T b w pb w- w Sputnik and the Soviet Space Challenge(G, FL: U P F, 2003) TeSoviet Space Race with Apollo (G, FL: U P F, 2003).

20. S J. Z, Te Kremlins Nuclear Sword: Te Rise and Fall o Russias Strategic NuclearForces, 1945-2000(W, DC: S I P, 2002).

21. G. V. D, D. N. Fpp, V. I. I, Pamyatnyye starty(Mb L)(Mw: IPK, 2001), p. 69.

22. A. V. K, A. D. C, A. A. Cb, A z p b I. V. S (Apb L V K O I. V.S), Istoricheskii arkhiv. 4 (1998): p. 50.

p p A-bb pj.23 I , p ( , , , pp , .).

A C w p -p: S p , b , b p b documentary. D S , w b -

b b . A S U b p, G V b p -b . V, K b, p pb w x p K .24 Nw Mw S A R F (GARF), RS A E (RGAE), A R A S (ARAN) p , b pp. G M U CpM U S b w R .25 I w b R- j Novosti kosmonavtiki(Nw C) w

B B Hx S p . w w p pp . F xp, w b pp p Szp, w 4 Db 1963. 26 S,

23. V Zb C P, Inside the Kremlins Cold War: From Stalin toKhrushchev(Cb, MA: H U P), p. 172; G, Korolev, p. 454. F S M D, b Db 27, 1949, S,Voyenno-promyshlennyy komples sssr, pp. 225-226.

24. M. V. K, ., vorcheskoye naslediye Akademika Sergeya Pavlovicha Koroleva: izbrannyyetrudy i dokumenty(T C L S P K: S W D)(Mw: N, 1980); G. S. V B. V. Rb, ., S. P. Korolev i ego delo: svet i teni v

istorii kosmonavtiki: izbrannyye trudy i dokumenty(S. P. K H C: Sw L H C) (Mw: N, 1998). F w pb p, V. S. A . M. E, . M. V. Keldysh: izbrannyye trudy: raketnayatekhnika i kosmonavtika (M. V. K: S W: R C)(Mw: N, 1988); B. V. Rb, .,Materialy po istorii kosmicheskogo korablya vostok: k30-letiyu pervogo poleta cheloveka v kosmicheskoye prostranstvo (M H VSp Sp: O 30 A F F H Sp) (Mw: N,1991).

25. M U, Stalins V-2: Der echnolgietranser der deutschen Fernlen-kwaentechnik in dieUdSSR und der Aubau der sowjetischen Raketenindustrie 1945 bis 1959(B, G: B& G-V, 2001); Cp M, Forschen r Stalin: Deutsche Fachleute in der sowjetischenRstungsindustrie 1945-1958(M: R. Ob, 2000); A A. S, T R RG: Sp R I, 1857-1957, P.D. , C MU, 2004.

26. O z p Sz (O C Sz Cpx), Db 4,1963, RGAE, . 298, p. 1, . 3495, . 167-292.

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x xx

p b 3 A 1964 S U p w A Ap p, w .27 A C p , p.

b p C . I E , C b -

, P N. 22 F, xp W W II, G 194546 p G .

I , w S U, p S G V-2 p S NII-88 Mw bb Pp (w K). H b p w b , R-7; Sp; - pb M, M, V.

I , b w Y G, p. H p b S p p 1960, p

ICBM, , Cb , S - M-1, p V V p, L p pb M, S K . H p b p- Sz p, w -p V K.

S pj - M 1960, p p N-1 . p S M p p, w p - E-B pj, p A SpS.

I w w A C 2003. D , C, p - , p p- p b w jb p R p p. A I , I w C pb w 1987. I b S K p, C

27. KPSS S SSSR, p (C CKPSS SSSR C M D), A 3, 1964, RGAE, . 29, p. 1, . 3441, . 299-300. F E- , A A. S, A S U: T S D L C M, Spaceight46 (2004): pp. 205-213.

: , , [] w, , b .28 S p w b p p S xp p, w w -z b - . A- B Y C pb , p w j w bb E-p .

Asi A. SiddiqiS EOb 2004

28. K, R zz.

Series Introduction


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Introduction to Volume II

A w V I, B C x xp - V II R x. I , C p G S U 1946. A , S pw p Mw. C p w S p. D , w - w NII-88 V-2 w G b p pw w R-2, R-5M, j R-7, w b. W b , C

w B C Kz.

H b p V II b Sp p pb C D S K 1950 1960. H

w p R-16 p w N, w pp 1960.

W pj b x p. Iw b w b

E-p w. A b, I S Gb, w p- pj NASA H D. H p p. S, J P pp bw w p R U S. W , p-p, pp, pj w b pb.

M NASA H b pb -, NASA C H S J. D, N J. A, W- P. B, .

H Pz M Cp w pp b. Pw S A H


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xx xx

b w p p S Sp C.A S, A L w p , DNw xp jb p b, S W w p p. H p p Jf ML HSp p p.

A , w w , jb w pb b w-w I, I., b H, x.

: C R (), L B L N(b ), Ax A Sp (b p-), p, Y Sz, L G ( ), DG ( ), N Rb ( ), E S-.

I w D P. M, O Pzb, P G, D. M- U, . V. P p pp VII. F, A S pp - p.

A , jb w E w C R pb. A , I E--

w b p b . p - w C , w p, b pp p p. I p p b C E-p . F, Ip xp p b R . R b w , w wp b C.

Asi A. SiddiqiS E

J 2006

A Few Notes aboutTransliteration and Translation

HE RUSSIAN LANGUAGE IS WRIEN C pb, w 33 . W bz E , , w w, b p . B , b R (.., w L pb), b , .

RussianAlphabet

* U w

Pronunciation

bzz

p

( ) ( )

Library ofCongress

b

zz

p

US Board onGeographic Names

b

* / * /

zz

p


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xx xx

F , E A S U.S. B Gp N , w U C , b C, w R- p b . w:

R , - ;

R b E ( w), K, pK.

b w. w b w p p, Y Y, , B (LC) B (USBGN).

I Rakety i lyudi, w I bbw x , E. F , w w A S . , , C- pp p.

b : F M NG (V. 1, Cp 7) w E p , w b, b, b p w Nw , w . j b p 1930 1940 p . A ,

w w p w b . P p w xp . Rakety i lyudi b pj, w j b C E-p w.

I translation teamH, X

Ob 2004

List of Abbreviations

AFU A F S AK E b C AMS A Ip S APR A M D AS A S ASSR A S S Rpb AVD E E Sw AVD-APR E E Sw E M

D

AVDU E E U SwBDU Sp Pp UBESM L E-Cp MBKIP O B Pw SwbBMP A F VBN B NBON Sp Pp BBS B SEKR Exp C MEPAS Ap-Sz Exp FFED F E DzzFIAN P I A S

FI P- IFU P- UGAU M A DGAI S Ab IpGAZ G Ab FGDL G D LbGIPK S I App CGIRD Gp S R MGKA S C A GKO S C D GKRE S C R E


15/383


xx xx

GKS S C Sp BGOKO S C DGp S P CGb M D S PGSKB S Sp D BGSKB Sp S Sp D B Sp M BGSO Appx S O

GKB S C D BGP S C F RGULAG M D Lb CpIKI I Sp RIP SKB D BKBV W CKD C SKDI D Dp KDU C E UKIK C-M CpxKIS C A S

KN W NKR W SKRL -KRZ K R FKS S WKUNG A-Pp S C BLII F-R ILIPAN A S I LbLKI F-Dp LMZ L M WLVMI L M-M IMEI Mw Pw E I

MGU Mw S UMIFI Mw E P IMIIGAK Mw E I G, A S

CpMIK Ab BMNII N S-R IMNIIEM Mw S-R I EMOM M G M BMPSS M C S IMVU Mw H SNDMG U DzNII S-R I

NIIAP S-R I A I B

NII A S-R I ANIII S-R I C SNIIP S-R F RNIIPM S-R I App MNIP G M P

NIR S-R WNIRA S I R ANISO S I A EpNKVD Pp C I AfNS S- COKB Exp D BOPM Dp App MOb Sp BPGU F M DPIK F M CpxPOS A L APS Sp S

PSO C S OPR P C DbPVRD RjPVU P DRKK E E R-Sp CpRKKA W P R ARKO R C ObRKS App V R/CROKS A C R L (22)RNII R S-R IRUP R-C G SRVGK Sp C R

RVSN S R FSAS E R SSB Sp BSKB Sp D BSOB Ep SSOBIS Dp S SzSOZ Sp Spp SSPVRD Sp RjSUBK Ob Cpx C SSUK S H ISVA S M AASS p A S U


16/383


GU T M D

NA bpp AbOGE P O Hp ExpP E FAGI C A IAKB C A D BIAM C S I A M C

KB C D BNII C S-R INIIAV C S-R I A ANIIC C S-R I B MNIIM C S-R I M BSKB C Spz D B

U CUD AVDNK Exb A N EVEI A-U E IVISKOM A-U I A M BVKP(b) A-U C P (B)

VNIIEM A-U S-R I EVNII A-U S-R I C SVPK M I C


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Chapter 1

Three New Technologies, Three StateCommittees

D W W II, w wp pp bb, , . B I , p, I w w b w S U z w w p z .

World War II orced us to learn quickly. Dp , ,, b , U B-, w w, , , ,

w p , , p


18/383


2

Tree New echnologies, Tree State Committees

3

p , w ,

w p bb, pp w -. D w w p

wp, b b p w . b ,w w ?

bz , ,

b pb p .1 I , G, w wp p b w p p G .

D w, , , p p- b p zxp. B w b p w ? S w b Pp C?2 E b w b w G, - pb pp b . p p b P-

b b, w w p S w w b z, b b p, p p w w b b , p- b.

he irst such governmental agency to e estalished as or domesticradar technology. W , p w w. O 4 J 1943, b K, S D C (GOKO) b S O C- GOKO R C.3 S pp G. M. M CC.4 , w pp w p,

w p. B - , p p w b - p x w pb z w

1. B p, bz S x w , pp W W II.

2. Pp w b . A 1946, C w .

3. GOKOGosudarstvennyy komitet oborony.4. G M M (190288) w p

S . I 1953, S C USSR C M, p 1955, w w f b N K.

. Hw, w p z , - w . Az, w w b w , -.

b w RC Dp C A I B. H w p- , - , b b p. I AB 1943. A F N. 293 K w w p

A C R L (ROKS) BI.5 M p , R Pp, w AI p, w w w w. H K.

A , B p p Dp Pp C E I. H w M p R C, b p b A S. I p, A I w I p w p. I p w L Lb p PB b Radio Engineering.6F p . R

p, w w V A w K. B w pp , p p p . H p, w ROKSb .

w- , I w 75-- B A S p. H w b w b.

F b w B 70 b 1963 75b 1968. H bp b b - . A B w Sw I. N w p-p bp , p R b . D W W I, 22-- B w b- , b b R. Fw w, B N A, , p p .

Hw

5. ROKSradioopredelitel koordinat samoleta.6. M w pb A. I. B, I. S. Dz, Radiotekhnika i elektronika

i ikh tekhnicheskoye primeneniye [Radio Engineering and Electronics and Teir echnical Applications](Mw: AN SSSR, 1956).


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4


5

p b w R N? b , w-w p- w .Hw, b p B . B . H p xp- : b p. O w pp, b I p .7

I M 1943, B w N A ppp pp . R Ob 1944, A I p R C , w w p Pp C E I.

I J 1947, R C w Sp C N.3, R C USSR C M. M. Z. Sb,C USSRGosplan, w pp .8 A. I. S,

w w b p , -- .

B z b C S-RI N. 108 (NII-108) R C.9 F 1953

1957, p - p USSR p . B w w w p. H p-p w j p w. A ,

A I p b . I p p, xp b p p p. D pw , b p b , p , j , b p.10 B, w p b b , b w .

R C w b A 1949, pbw M A F -

b . I 1951, w p

7. T w R kontrrevolutsionnyy, w kontr-admiral, p w.

8. GosplanGosudarstvennaya planovaya komissiya (S P C) 1921 b C Pp C, w S.

9. NIIsentralnyy nauchno-issledovatelskiy institut.10. F w b b S U,

N K, Stalinist Science (P, NJ: P U P 1997); SG, From Newspeak to Cyberspeak: A History o Soviet Cybernetics (Cb, MA: T MIP, 2002).

b , L B, M D- (GU) w USSR C M.11 MD w w . Rb w pp , K, V, S w pp p-.12

B , K pV M, K B, I pp p p w VK. I 1948, w S-R I N. 10 (NII-10) M Spb I, w V Kz w.13Kz b pp p - .

A b, K p b, p w p p- . H w . H pj, -, b ww wb ppb b . w p. K w

w-, , b p , p w , ,p V Kz b B 1941 p

G b w.14I 1954, K w pp . I

w , .H , p, (w b , p b pp) - - p, z, . A w p N C, I w w b V D K.15 w p b -p . w I .

11. GUretye glavnoye upravleniye. T S pj A 1950 z GU w Fb p.

12. V D K (190874), S I V (190591), A N S (1900) b - S - px.

13. NIINauchno-issledovatelskiy institut.14. Authors note: I 1941, V. I. Kz w B p

. W w , S z G, w p USSR.

15. K 1974 65.


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he leadershi o the atomic rolem , w , pj, w p. W p z RC, wp, w p w z b, w US G. Hw, b , b b p

w b-z pj, w w

. A 1942, I. V. K w w p pb A- A. F. I. S p p p. B p xp, w .

A , Dp C C Pp C M. G. P- w z pj. 16 H w Pp C C I. S, b pp

16. T C Pp C w b S . I 1946, w USSR C M.

xp pj w - pp w . I , -w A xp, b .O p -pw L B p .17

O 20 A 1945, S D C p z p GOKO, w w b Sp- C N. 1. A , Sp C p w b:

1. L. P. B (C)2. G. M. M3. N. A. Vz4. B. L. V (Dp C)5. A. P. Z6. I. V. K7. P. L. Kp8. V. A. M9.M. G. P (Dp C)

: Sp C GOKO b w pj , w - pw p p p bb.18

w . I B pp , b p b . I w , w Dp C C Pp C. B. L. V, Pp C A b B p Sp C. V z F M D (PGU), w w

USSR.19

B B , p w b w, b w p

17. L P B (18991953) w S .Bw 1938 1945, NKVD, p KGB.

18. T GOKO N. 9887/p, A 20, 1945 w pb V. I.I, P K N: p [A H N: T O N P], Voyenno-istoricheskiy Zhurnal[M-H J],4 (1995):6567.

19. PGUPervoye glavnoye upravleniye. T PGU w b Sp C bb.

In 1947, Sergey Korolev created one o the most innovative management mechanisms in theearly Soviet missile programthe Council o Chie Designers. This photo, a still rom a rarelm rom the postwar years, shows the original members o the Council and Boris Chertokat a meeting. From the let, Chertok, Vladimir Barmin, Mikhail Ryazanskiy, Korolev, ViktorKuznetsov, Valentin Glushko, and Nikolay Pilyugin (standing).

From the authors archives.


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9

p w K - j p w b p w pw . A pp b, p , w p - p w . U w , , b , -, - , pp p , w b p bw

w b Kp Y, , P (NIP) .23 W p b w b 1952, w

w w p, xp -, , pp. K w w b , p U, w, , w. Nw, , w U . w pb b w , , .

W w w M D w p, b w b b GULAG p, b b b; p M Dp p p w. I w, w w

w - x.

State Committee No. , or Secial Committee No. , w , w , b w bz . I w b p C C C M 13 M 1946, N. 1017-419. b z p S U. N, p p pp. I z b pb p p p pp G p.

w p p x USSR C M 13 M 1946, bw. S x w b b p .24

23. NIPNazemnyy izmeritelnyy punkt.24. T x , w C p, w pb p 1994 b

pb b R S R F. S Vp z. I I. D.S, ., Khronika osnovnykh sobytiy istorii raketnykh voysk strategicheskogo naznacheniya (Mw:IPK 1994), pp. 227234.

GULAG Ap p Pp C I A ( NKVD) b -.20

B p, B L V, w . N , , p Jw pp, , - b, b w , p xp z . I 1941, p Pp C A, b w w . H w p

Lb P, b w -pw Pp C B w . W w w b B p wp?

W V w p, p w b 33-- B F L, D F U.

w j . A , w b , w w w, w p w p-p , , , S B b V .H w Lb P S, w, pp, V, pp, p Pp C- A w

pp., V U, w p , w

w.21 D w, V bw pb p . , w b p S B, p V p Jw , p p p bb F M D.

B 1947, w w b p Mw b p- p w , w p -pw, p-, b b-b p , w . w V- w. H w B w b.I 1947, K w -pw . H w - A S I Lb (LIPAN).22 , K A E I LIPAN.

D , Kw

20. T M D C Lb Cp (Glavnoye upravleniye ispravitelno-trudovykh lagerey, GULAG) w p b p p S U. T NKVDNarodnyy komissariat vnutrennykh del(Pp C I Af)w p KGB.

21. V w (194246), U w (194146)

22. LIPANLaboratoriya izmeritelnykh priborov akademii nauk.

R k d P l C i R k I d T N h l i T S C i


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o be returned within 24 hours to the USSR Council o MinistersAdministration (U.D.) special group 25

SECRE(SPECIAL FILE)

USSR COUNCIL OF MINISERS

DECREE No. 1017-419 top secret13 May 1946, Moscow, KremlinOn Questions o Reactive Armaments

Considering the creation o reactive armaments and the organization o scientiic-research and experimental work in this ield a vital task, the USSR Council o MinistersDECREES

I.1. o create a Special Committee or Reactive echnology under the USSR Council o

Ministers with the ollowing members:G. M. Malenkov chairmanD. F. Ustinov deputy chairmanI. G. Zubovich deputy chairman, having been relieved o his

duties at the Ministry o the Electrical Industry

N. D. Yakovlev Committee memberN. I. Kirpichnikov Committee member

A. I. Berg Committee memberP. N. Goremykin Committee memberN. E. Nosovskiy Committee member

2. o entrust the Special Committee or Reactive echnology with the ollowingresponsibilities:

a) Supervise the development o scientiic-research, design, and practical operationsor reactive armaments; review and submit plans and programs directly or the approvalo the Chairman o the USSR Council o Ministers; develop scientiic research and prac-tical operations in the aorementioned ield; and also speciy and approve quarterly needs

or monetary appropriations and material and technical resources or reactive arma-ments projects;b) rack the completion status o the scientiic research, design, and practical opera-

tions assigned by the Council o Ministers to the ministries and departments involvedwith reactive equipment;

c) Cooperate eectively with the appropriate ministries and departmental directors toensure the timely ulillment o the aorementioned assignments;

3. he Special Committee shall have its own sta.4. o establish that the work ulilled by the ministries and departments on reactive

25. UDUpravleniye delami.

armaments shall be monitored by the Special Committee or Reactive echnology. Noinstitutions, organizations, or individuals shall have the right to interere with or ask orinormation concerning the work being conducted on reactive armaments without thespecial permission o the Council o Ministers.

5. he Special Committee or Reactive echnology must submit its plan o scientiicresearch and experimental operations or 1946-1948 to the Chairman o the USSRCouncil o Ministers or approval. Its top-priority task will be the reproduction o V-2(long-range guided missiles) and Wasserall (surace-to-air guided missiles) rockets using

domestic materials.II.

6. he ollowing shall be designated as the head ministries or the development andproduction o reactive armaments:

a) Ministry o Armamentsor missiles with liquid-propellant rocket engines;b) Ministry o Agricultural Machine Buildingor missiles with solid-propellant

rocket engines;c) Ministry o Aviation Industryor cruise missiles.7. o establish that the primary ministries involved with subcontractor production

and tasked to carry out scientiic research, design, and experimental operations, and alsoto ulill orders or the head ministries approved by the Committee shall be:

a) Ministry o Electrical Industryor ground-based and onboard radio controlequipment, tuning equipment and television mechanisms, and radar stations or target

detection and ranging;b) Ministry o Shipbuilding Industryor gyroscopic stabilization equipment, resolv-ers, naval radar stations or target detection and ranging, shipborne launcher stabiliza-tion systems, homing missile warheads or use against undersea targets, and or [other]instruments;

c) Ministry o Chemical Industryor liquid propellants, oxidizers, and catalysts;d) Ministry o Aviation Industryor liquid-propellant rocket engines or long-range

rockets and aerodynamic research and rocket tests;e) Ministry o Machine Building and Instrumentationor mountings, launch

equipment, various compressors, pumps and equipment or them, as well as other acces-sory equipment;

) Ministry o Agricultural Machine Buildingor proximity uses, munitions, andgunpowder.

III.8. In the interests o ulilling the tasks entrusted to the ministries, the ollowingdirectorates shall be created:

in the Ministries o Armaments, Agricultural Machine Building, and the ElectricalIndustryMain Directorates or reactive technology;

in the USSR Ministry o Armed Forcesa Directorate o reactive armaments withinthe structure o the GAU and a directorate o reactive armaments within the structureo the Navy;26

26. GAUGlavnoye artilleriyskoye upravleniye(M A D).

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in the Ministries o Chemical Industry, Shipbuilding Industry, and Machine Build-ing and Instrumentationdirectorates o reactive technology;

in the Gosplan o the USSR Council o Ministersa department o reactive technol-ogy headed by a deputy chairman o Gosplan.

9. he ollowing scientiic-research institutes, design bureaus, and test ranges or reac-tive technology shall be created in:

a) Ministry o ArmamentsScientiic-Research Institute o Reactive Armaments andDesign Bureau using the acilities o Factory No. 88, taking all its other programs anddistributing them among the other Ministry o Armaments actories;27

b) Ministry o Agricultural Machine BuildingScientiic-Research Institute oSolid-propellant Reactive Projectiles using the acilities o State Central Design BureauNo. 1 (GsKB-1), a design bureau using the acilities o the Ministry o Aviation Indus-try NII-1 Branch No. 2, and the Scientiic-Research est Range or Reactive Projectilesusing the acilities o the Sorinsk est Range; 28

c) Ministry o Chemical IndustryScientiic-Research Institute o Chemicals andPropellants or Rocket Engines;

d) Ministry o Electrical IndustryScientiic-Research Institute with a design bureauor radio and electronic control instruments or long-range and surace-to-air missilesusing the acilities o the NII-20 telemetry laboratory and Factory No. 1. ask ComradeBulganin with reviewing and making a decision on the issue o transerring FactoryNo. 1 o the Ministry o Armed Forces to the Ministry o Electrical Industry so thatthe responsibility or this actorys program will rest with the Ministry o the ElectricalIndustry;

e) USSR Armed Forces MinistryGAU Scientiic-Research Reactive Institute andState Central est Range or Reactive echnology or all o the ministries involved withreactive armaments.

10. It shall be the responsibility o the Ministries o Armaments (Ustinov), Agri-cultural Machine Building (Vannikov), Electrical Industry (Kabanov), ShipbuildingIndustry (Goreglyad), Machine Building and Instrumentation (Parshin), AviationIndustry (Khrunichev), Chemical Industry (Pervukhin), and the Armed Forces (Bul-

ganin) to approve the structures and sta o the directorates, NIIs, and design bureaus othe corresponding ministries.

IV.11. he ollowing work on reactive technology in Germany shall be considered top-

27. T z b S-R I N. 88 (NII-88), w w S p .

28. GKBGosudarstvennoye tsentralnoye konstruktorskoye byuro. GKB-1 b NII-1, Mw I T , p - R bICBM p. T NII-1 B N. 2 w w KB-2 GSNII-642. C, w GNIP OKB Vp p p R p p.

priority tasks:a) he complete restoration o the technical documentation and models o the V-2

long-range guided missile and Wasserall, Rheintochter, and Schmetterling surace-to-airguided missiles;

b) he restoration o the laboratories and test rigs with all the equipment and instru-mentation required to perorm research and experimentation on V-2, Wasserall, Rhein-tochter, Schmetterling, and other rockets;

c) he training o Soviet specialists who would master the design o V-2, surace-to-air guided missiles, and other rockets, testing methods, and production processes or rocket

parts, components, and their inal assembly.12. Comrade Nosovskiy shall be named director o operations or reactive technol-

ogy in Germany and shall reside in Germany. He shall be released rom other worknot related to reactive armaments. Comrades Kuznetsov (GAU) and Gaydukov shall beappointed as Comrade Nosovskiys assistants.

13. he Reactive echnology Committee shall be responsible or selecting the necessarynumber o specialists with various backgrounds rom the corresponding ministries andsending them to Germany to study and work on reactive armaments, keeping in mindthat each German specialist shall be assigned a group o Soviet specialists so that the lattermay gain experience.

14. he ministries and departments shall be orbidden to recall, unbeknownst to theSpecial Committee, their employees working on committees studying German reactivearmaments in Germany.

15. he Ministries o Armaments, Agricultural Machine Building, Aviation Industry,Electrical Industry, Chemical Industry, Machine Building and Instrumentation, and theUSSR Armed Forces shall have one month to prepare and submit or the approval to theSpecial Committee or Reactive echnology speciic plans or design, scientiic-research,and experimental operations in Germany on reactive armaments, speciying assignmentsand deadlines or each design bureau.

Comrades Ustinov, Yakovlev, and Kabanov shall be sent on assignment to Germanywith a group o specialists or 15 days in order to amiliarize themselves with the workbeing conducted on reactive armaments in Germany, with a view toward preparing a

plan or impending operations.16. he USSR Ministry o Armed Forces shall be tasked with orming a special artil-

lery unit in Germany to master, prepare, and launch V-2 rockets.17. he transer o the design bureaus and German specialists rom Germany to the

USSR by the end o 1946 shall be predetermined.It shall be the responsibility o the Ministries o Armaments, Agricultural Machine

Building, Electrical Industry, Aviation Industry, Chemical Industry, and Machine Build-ing and Instrumentation to prepare acilities or the placement o the German designbureaus and specialists. he Special Committee or Reactive echnology shall submit

proposals on this matter to the USSR Council o Ministers within a month.18. he Special Committee or Reactive echnology shall be permitted to pay a higher

salary to German specialists recruited or work involving reactive technology.

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19. It shall be the responsibility o the USSR Ministry o Armed Forces (Khrulev) toallocate the ollowing items in support o all the Soviet and German specialists involvedin work on reactive armaments in Germany:

ree rations per norm No. 111000 units;supplementary rations per norm No. 23000 units;vehicles: passenger cars100 units;trucks100 units;

provide uel and drivers.20. It shall be the responsibility o the USSR Ministry o Finance and the Soviet

Military Administration in Germany to allocate 70 million marks to inance all o theoperations conducted by the Special Committee or Reactive echnology in Germany.

21. he Special Committee or Reactive echnology shall be granted permission toorder various special equipment and hardware in Germany or the laboratories o thescientiic-research institutes and or the State Central est Range or Reactive Armamentsas reparations. he Special Committee jointly with Gosplan and Ministry o Foreignrade shall be charged with speciying a list o orders and their delivery dates.

22. he Special Committee shall be assigned to submit proposals to the USSR Coun-cil o Ministers concerning a business trip by a commission to the U.S. to place ordersand procure equipment and instruments or the laboratories o the scientiic-researchinstitutes or reactive technology, having stipulated in these proposals that the commissionbe granted the right o procurement by public license or a sum o 2,000,000 dollars.

23. Deputy Minister o Internal Aairs Serov shall be responsible or creating therequisite conditions or the normal operation o the design bureaus, institutes, laborato-ries, and actories involved with reactive technology in Germany (ood supply, housing,transportation, etc.).

he USSR Ministry o Armed Forces (Khrulev) and SVA Supreme CommanderSokolovskiy shall be responsible or assisting Comrade Serov as needed.29

V.24. he Special Committee or Reactive echnology shall be responsible or taking

inventory o all the equipment, tools, hardware, as well as materials and models o reac-tive technology brought back to the USSR by the various ministries and departmentsand also or redistributing them among the appropriate ministries and departments inaccordance with the tasks assigned them.

25. he USSR Ministry o Armed Forces (Bulganin) shall be tasked with makingproposals to the Council o Ministers concerning the site or and construction o the StateCentral est Range or reactive armaments.

26. he Special Committee or Reactive echnology shall be responsible or sub-mitting or approval to the Chairman o the USSR Council o Ministers its policy onawarding bonuses or the development and creation o reactive armaments, as well as

29. SVASovetskaya voyennaya administratsiya (S M A).

proposals or paying a higher salary to particularly highly qualiied employees in the ieldo reactive technology

27. he Special Committee or Reactive echnology shall be permitted to considerthe scientiic-research institutes and design bureaus recently established by the Ministrieso Armaments, Agricultural Machine Building, Aviation Industry, Electrical Industry,

Machine Building and Instrumentation, Chemical Industry, and the USSR ArmedForces as equal to the scientiic institutions o the USSR Academy o Sciences in termso salaries and the provision o industrial and ood supplies in accordance with USSRCouncil o Peoples Commissars decree No. 514, dated 6 March 1946.

28. he Ministry o Aviation Industry (Khrunichev) shall be responsible or transer-ring 20 specialists in the ields o engines, aerodynamics, aircrat construction, etc. to the

Ministry o Armaments.29. Minister o Higher Education Katanov shall be responsible or arranging or

engineers and scientiic technician to be trained in the ield o reactive technology atinstitutions o higher learning and universities and also or retraining students close to

graduating who majored in other specialties or a reactive armaments specialty, ensuringthat the irst graduating class rom technical institutions o higher learning yields at least

200 specialists in the ield o reactive armaments and at least 100 rom universities bythe end o 1946

30. he Special Committee or Reactive echnology shall be entrusted, jointly with theMinistry o Higher Education, with selecting 500 specialists rom the scientiic-researchorganizations o the Ministry o Higher Education and other ministries, retraining them,and sending them to work in ministries involved with reactive armaments.

31. In an eort to provide housing or the German reactive technology specialiststranserred to the USSR, Comrade Voznesenskiy shall be tasked with providing 150 pre-

abricated sectional Finnish-style houses and 40 eight-apartment log houses per the ordero the Special Committee or Reactive echnology.

32. Work or the development o reactive technology shall be considered the mostimportant governmental task and it shall be the responsibility o all ministries and orga-nizations to prioritize reactive technology assignments.

USSR Council o Ministers Chairman I. StalinUSSR Council o Ministers Adminstrator Ye. Chadayev

L G, G P, V Rb pp x w M N Y M- D U.30 z

30. L M G (191198) p p G 194647. G N P (191193) w Gosplan pb w . V M Rb (190774) w U p M A.

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p, pp, w pp b b w. N, x w - w ppp w. A G , b 20 p w x w b M . S, wM p, w . p w . I , w pb pb p.

G M, w Sp C R -, b Sp C A Pb. H S w xp pp p p p C P b p 13 M 1946. 13 M b b- z p pp - w p. U, p- , w w pp , w M 1946 A F N. 88 b w G.

Ustinovs order o May announced the organiation o theState Head Scientiic-Research Institute No. (NII-), w w p- p -, , xp w -pp . NII-88 w A F N. 88, bb Mw w K Pp .

A w G, U 13 M p -, b A-U C P B (VKP[b)]).31 O 9 A 1946, b U, K b

A N. 1 - b .O 16 A C M U b

L. R. G NII-88. G w p MU w pp , w w p b (SKB).32 Dp N. 3 w p SKB. G

31. VKP(b)Vsesoyuznaya kommunisticheskaya partiya (bolshevikov), w S C P bw 1925 1952, w b Kommunisticheskayapartiya sovetskogo soyuza (KPSS) (C P S U [CPSU]).

32. SKBSpetsialnoye konstrukturskoye byuro.

w pp K NII-88 SKB DpN. 3.

M A b D. F. U . w b, b U p Rb w I RABE 1945. B w . w pp p bM Y B, N, B Fb 1946.

W G, , w w b - .

S I V, w M, C, z B. A , .

A , , w pb, p w -. E w w p B , Pxp w b xp w p w mischgert.33 I, w . O G, S I- w , w ,

w p .Sw xp, M w C N. 2.

H w R C b C N.1. E, S wp, w w w M w p. Hw, M

A F N. A. B p M C . 34N M B p p b . p b w pp w pp U,

Y, .R b, U V, w w pp

S M D w , p p p , w w .35 U-, Rb, p M A, w

33. T mischgertw p p V-2 .34. B p M M 1947.35. T S M D w w U M

A. S p bw x z , , , p . O M A - wp.



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g

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C M M D. Hw, 1955, Rb w pb - . pp w p R-7 .

Along ith the head institute o NII-, b z p p p S -. OKB-456, b C D V G, w wp -pp p.36 OKB

w F N. 84. B w, F- N. 84, K Mw, pz p L-2 p , p A DC-3p p b D. I 1938, OKB b V B

w Kz . W p 1939,I B OKB F N. 84. S , x -p , B b w xp FN. 293, OKB w.

A G, G w w p w B I, C, M, B, R, M-, w b . j G x K- Pp.

Ministry o Armed Forces Factory No. w - NII-885. N. D. M w pp M Rz p . I b, N P w p - . D w, w b NII-885 pz p - - p. . p , p, w Rz P -p p , K w p,

G w b -pp , w p w , p p.

V B w pp p -b - px p p, w V R p. z w GSKBSpM w KpF , w b p p

36. OKB b Osoboye konstruktorskoye byuro (Sp D B) Opytno-konstruktorskoye byuro (Exp-D B). I OKB-456, w .

Katyusha , - b - .37

O x , V Kz w pb-b . H pb NII z, w , w-pp b. A z- w p p - p p bz b . BKz w p . p p, w . H x - p , b pb p p p.

O, I pp Kz ( A- S) w z b b p,b w, b . Vxp w w . I b b w p . w w w j b b pp M p.

A , b p A4 (R-1) , , w Umormers.38 b - 24 40 w - 500 z pp pw p . M- E I NII-627 b. AG I NII. H w pb - , p, pz - .S A, K , . H w pp b p- w . NII-627 w - p- pz w-pw

. Mw Mpp F w -p b p.

Mw Pz F w w p - -b p. A MG w pp . C MIz L, w w L NII, w

37. GSKB SpGosudarstvennoye spetsialnoye konstruktorskoye byuro spetsialnogo mashino-stroyeniya (S Sp D B Sp M B).

38. Umormer G w .



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p w. M H E Iw w p p p p-.

A ord aout the customer or rockets Sp C p M D M A D (GAU). A- M N Y b . M AD w p - b . , p F M D M

A D b G A S. U A A S, p , NII-4, w M A D w pb pp . G A N b .G L G w N p. G pp G; S b K,G, p p w; I N. H w w w

w w b w . W w p p w M A D z? B w , b w w

jb ppp w- b.S , N w p NII-4 A A S, G S w p . H b S p P 1945.

L C G , b G p,b p M A D-.

I 1946 L-G V I Vz, w - j b w, w pp S C R (GP), w x. 39 C

A G K b S C R.

H w b D M C D Sp A, p R p .

Vz K w Kp Y . D w , b pp w pb b W

W II b p w. w w p b

39. GPGosudarstvennyy tsentralnyy polygon. T Kp Y, S - , w GP-4.

ppp w , , , w Mw, p p b C C G I S .

p , , ,

w pj. B w . A w z w xp w , , b . A z, , pb w . I p pw , w , , w ppppz Gosplan M F pp, p- , p b p.

H I b z b p pp. p C N. 2 p p. w w C M w w b

w.

O the three ne technologiesradar, atomic, and missiles w -. Pp b , Sp C- N. 1 w : I K P Kp.

M w Sp C ( ), - 194546; B (). B M Bp S, w , , x , , p . S p w b . S b p.O S w p 21 M 1946, O

Aw S D A U AE C R R Pj Cb S Pb.

w b w p pb. I p pz b w w H S Lb S Pz . A xp w b, S U, wp , , , b p p w , p ( w b ) w USSR b , w,



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p. L w w p b p , , p w w w. w w p- w USSR. N b S b . F w, w xp. S , ,

w w , p pp, b p b

.S w j . A , b-

1946, w w --- w p . B xp , p A S, w p 1946 p w 1945 b 1947!

I May (the day the decree as issued) b b- p USSR, w b p . p b b xp pp b w

, , pb. S D C (GOKO), w w b- W W II, . I z - p , wpp p wp pp p p w. U p b C

W, z p pb - w xp z p.

A w, S D C w C- M.40 , pp , p. Hw, w px pb p - b p. w p p

S p px pb xp, p, pp b .

px , w b p , w p C P C C. A , , w b

40. T GOKO w p b b p w . TC M w b- b S .

C M C C A-U CP B. b , B, M-, p P pp pp w p Sp C FM D b .

A B w w, , 1953, -p . O , M A I B pp

p F M D. B b w p P C C. W C C- ? b B . S is C C I w p .

I -1950, Sp C b -w. b xp b bb

w. A p w w z ,, . R x w p - ,, - . I w - b : , , .

A pp px - x, b z , p , - px. A p w w w C M-I I USSR C M, VPK.41 I w w b .

H I w w b b p b p , p- P C C, pp -, , Gosplan, w w, w , I p 1945 1955, p w b.

w j p w p - px w - p z. w p b p b w .

41. T b w C M-I I, b w w VPKKomissiya po voyenno-promyshlennym voprosam (M-IC). O Db 1957, VPK w p b S . C b p b ( ).


29/383


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Chapter 2

The Return

I p 21 G. j S p w w I RABE N p b , 6 12

. K w G b 15 . w S , V P G,N A P, V I Kz, V PB, M S Rz, p p , , p , pp -

, , b p, w . M w w

Rockets and People: Creating a Rocket Industry Te Return


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26 27

p . - , w x p, p b w. A p w, , S, w , w bj xpb p b b G w G-.

D w I G, , D b w D p A-

w , b b j b , b S ?

O I b. Y j .W, , w b G p, w

b p. S, p G p.O p b w p !

App p : W p p b Nz ? H - b p? H b b? I, w w ?

F I w w pw S , , pp , w bb , p- p p p p pp p pp . S, R, C

w w w H G. A , S . Up 1953, w pp w p. I, 1940 1950, p w b S pp, I w b S U p- R.

W w G, w w, - p w b p p p. W - b , w b . I 1946,K, w B, V K , G . A! U , K, w .

I 1947, p G, K, Pb, K, Rz, I, b

. w . p w-b , w w b p , , , w . A b V F B, p- p. Y, . F, w x p p, , , w b. O w b, w - .

A p b K p p b-

, . A 1947 p p K S. A 1938, wK V b w .

M w , . I w, w pp w , b w p w w. I Pp, w w NII-88

w , w pp. w p w w b b b b. Hw, w w b p!E w w w w - pb Kp Y , w w

w p.I w j p

p . W w - , w p b p, w w pw w b . p w b , b w xp b w.

D w, pp p F F!, F S!, F ! A b E , V-! W p , w - pp . B w, ,

w , wp.Hp b , w pp,

C P p p p w, pp w pp p-

w p w w p p S .

w w p p, w x, b b p b pw p , , S p. A w p w. A p


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30 31

. W w-b p. I w pp b, V Kz w w . O K, S C x p w b. NII-88 L Rb G pp.

W w w. Kp Y w w V R, p w w w. w bw

V Ab R. F w bV pp. L G V I Vz w pp .

I G Vz 1947 NII-88 . G K, V, - w . W w , b- - b- p .H w w w w bb G S H S U. H w , , .

W, w. I G G , b I - w Bz w.

O I b pp, p 40C (104F), w, , w . I w w p b, w b , w , w , w w. S b, Vz ,Hp , pp w w G p . W xp Vz b w .

w b P, w p b Swb H, j G. b w, w w b p w b . A w w p , p , p.

M w w b xp

jb w . I . w pz w b . . p b p p.

B Spb 1947, p G Vz , w . w w p . w p p b b. W w pp p w p w b b b w w b z pb w b . b w

p V Kz Z , Gorizont, Ver-tikant, Integrator p w p b. b b w Z J

w p w p b, w b b, p w j. w pp p .

A p b. Viktoriya w p . I G w

p w p . , NII-885, p M B, w p w b p p b b j p- w b . F p Kp Y S C R (GP) b w .

U p V B p V R Kp , w p -b p. -b p w -p, , pp b Pz F. AG w . H w w b

w G. pb p b p-

w A I, Mw E S--R I (MNIIEM), N L, S-R I C S (NIII).4 xp w p p NII-46C D M L. NII-20 M CS I (MPSS) p .5 GD Sp Pp B (BON) Cp K K,

w b G, p pp p .6 , x (K,G, P, Rz, B, Kz), w

w w b w (G, I,L, L).

I Spb 1947, p , w Kp Y, w M D S C R

4. MNIIEMMoskovskiy nauchno-issledovatelskiy institut elektromekhaniki; NIIINauchno-issledovatelskiy institut istochnikov toka.

5. MPSSMinisterstvo promyshlennosti sredstv svyazi.6. BONBrigada osobogo naznacheniya. T BON w b p

p G pw .



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32 33

Mb S C w , -- , w : Sp N. 2, w w , Sp N. 1, w w . pp b p w w w pp p; pp . K wpp . H p, , w -b C C. w V. P. G, V. P. B, M. S. Rz-, V. I. Kz. P w ,

b Rz P p. D 1947, P w . F, w E Dp N. 1 b - . S, p p. I w p p.

I b z wp G Sp Pp B (BON) b G w ppb p p, w p - p . w p

w w w p.

S C pp w z , p p. D w, b w w w z . E w -. I b w ? . Sp p

w x - pp pp- . p, p xp,, , , , pp p .

G p p p . HGp w G . H b p G. I , G w

w G p K.

On Octoer, w b p . bw b w H, , b . w p w G w P. I -b w, , , pb b pp px b . B R p M Y bpb p.

. W , w w pp .7 w pp b b w b . A z w w z .

b w, w p . w - , w w xp P

L. w b b P-. O jb w p w p p. w p .I w x , w p p p. A p w w, ppx . H b b b. B w b b b G , Panzerwagen,

w w (BMP); Panzerwagen w w b G V-2 .8

A w , , w b b b. , w b z b w , w w b w p --

- jb b w p M Vb.

A pp b - b USSR.

b w:1. N. D. YC, A M H

M A D2. D. F. UDp C, M A3. I. A. SF Dp M I A4. S. N. SDp M A I5. N. I. VDp M C I6. V. P. Dp M Spb

7. M. P. VbM, C I Ep

8. M. K. SH M D Ox IU C M

9. S. I. VH M D R A M A

10. P. F. ZDp C--C A F

7. C p p bj .8. BMPBronemashina pekhoty.



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34 35

p p , S p :

L, w ? W . W w w , , w zz, !

w p, b p w C GS, . W bobik. I

w p bankobus w -.

w b ww.W w w ? H z ?, S -

.K P p, , H . P-

xp, Y, w . A p.A w pb ? S.C Gzb, p P b p.Sw Gzb, S . P, w w

Gzb , p p w w , w p Gzb b w p . I , Sw D w .

F, 1617 Ob, p w P, S, V, Gzb, I w , w p ! p w x-! F , -pp b p S C R Kp Y. w , w b w . I p wp p w .

A w w ,b .

A -, w . I p , w w pp p.

I , w p x

. W A Jp, w , E, , w , pp pp w . ww : , w w p ; , w w , w

w w. w p b

Sp Pp B G. I p w w I RABE N p 1946, w jb. p w . E Mj Y. I. b w

w p Panzerwagen b ,w Cp S p V, P-, Gzb, . N w w , w, w p. p p , p. F p w . F w, A w bankobus S C .9 W p p S C. , Kp Y 1947, w b bobik, w b p . S , bobik. w Gzb , ppp, bankobus .

I w pp , w p p-

9.Authors note:T bankobusw b b w w, b ( ) b. W p b b p p w w .

Shown here are the leading participants who oversaw the historic rst A4 (V-2) launchesrom Kapustin Yar in the all o 1947. Sitting huddled on the ground are (rom let to right):M. I. Likhnitskiy, N. A. Pilyugin, G. A. Tyulin, N. N . Khlybov, and S. S. Lavrov. In the middlerow (let to right) are: M. S. Ryazanskiy, V. P. Barmin, S. P. Korolev, S. I. Vetoshkin, L. M.Gaydukov, and V. I. Kuznetsov. Standing at the back (rom let to right) are: unknown (aceobscured), V. P. Glushko, D. D. Sevruk, B. Ye. Chertok, M. I. Borisenko, L. A. Voskresenskiy,unknown, and V. A. Rudnitskiy.




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36 37

A p , S C pp . A S p :

I w w pp S. I w b ; w w pp w .

W p w S 270 w pp , w w . 231.4 , b b 180 . W w. A ,

w , U G. F , G p w w p G p . B , D. K M, p p, D. H H, xp , b

w p . U , ; . O p w w .

G w b , w w p p , b xp w p .D. M p b b. Wp p b b, mischgert p-

- p w - , p, xp b b . w , b . D. M w mukholapka, , p p p p, 100 z b pp .11 D. H xp p p-- p j . A , w . F Cp Vb, pp b , G b b w b b xp -

. Gp j b , I D. M D. H w w P w, B bb L

w b b . p b p: w p bw -

p p- w w - p w b b. D. H . H

11. Mukholapka .

b L. A. V b . w E Mj R V, B V.

D , K w .H w p. A U , G p,Cp Fz Vb, w .

he irst launch as eecuted on Octoer at : a.m. I w . D , I w w pp p , . w w ,

w w b p . w

206.7 b 30 . p . Sb w - p p.

. I w 20Ob. D p, p . N p w p, b --, I w w S.10

10. S b 800 Mw b V.

Shown here are Korolev and his principal associates during a break o the A4 (V-2) rockettests in Kapustin Yar in 1947. From let to right are N. N. Smirnitskiy, L. A. Voskresenskiy,S. P. Korolev, Ya. I. Tregub, and an unknown associate.




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38 39

w b .I b p

, b. w , M H p p b p G-1 w p.

I 1953, M G-, w p b - . H b p- M U. I1971, W B, K Mp Gyroscop:. heory and Appli-cations w pb.12 I 1974, p w Rb M pb b b p.13 M b

S- U. R

A N MC P M b. I Spb 2002,I w w R S U- b 90 b D S. D. S, w

, p , , D. M w w b b b .

H b pp p,I b M w S U b p- Kp Y 1947. I p b b: 60-- p pp b D. S pGeheim; 90 b S. P.K; E R-Sp Cp-

12. K M, Kreisel: Teorie und Anwendungen [Gyroscope: Teory and Applications] (B:Sp-V, 1971).

13. K. M, Giroskop [Gyroscope] (Mw: M, 1974).

On the thirtieth anniversary o the rstlaunch o the rst Soviet V-2, severalveterans reunited to celebrate in the eventin 1977. Standing in ront o the memorialare, rom let to right: General A. G. Karas,Ye. V. Shabarov, Gen. V. A. Menshikov, B. Ye.Chertok, and [initials unknown] Kolomiytsev.At the time, Karas was commander o theSoviet military space orces.


p p. W p x , w . L w .

b, U G p b w w b15,000 b j- . , , p w - w . W b . G p, w p p, S C.

D G , j p, I b D. M Ap 1945, A, I p, b , p w p p. p b pp b D. S, p b pGeheim, , S.

M, w p, b p.W p w?I , . B I b

w w b -p .O , D. H I p pp w -

w b b A4. p

Conditions at Kapustin Yar were dicult or even the most seasoned war veterans, withweather oscillating rom extreme heat to unbearable cold. Shown here in their rugged attireare the armored vehicle crew or the rst A4 (V-2) launches in the all o 1947. From let to

right are: A. M. Ginzburg, B. Ye. Chertok, N. A. Pilyugin, L. A. Voskresenskiy, N. N. Smirnitskiy,and Ya. I. Tregub. All o these men would later reach senior engineering or military positionsin the Soviet space program.




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40 41

U p , L! . L B F G .

W p p ww, p b p, b p, . Ab 20 p b.

D F , V, .

p . I w w

w S b. G , W ?W b B F. A w x p w . K b. G , . M Y ,, b b , p. W

w w U, b pp. O w V, , 20 , w x p p .

I w 11 G 5 . b w w G xp w. O 11 , 5 b b N 6 F N. 88. B b p w G. A

p b b. A4 1947 w w

18- G. w G p 1945 1946 w p G p b . 1947 w S p, b , p xp w p p- w, p .

M , 1947, R-1 w . I w pp w x p A4. Eb xp A4 , Kp Y w

w p , , w- p b. I p pp , w . E , b b z w w w R-1 .

w p. F, b- p w b z j . z xp px p b b .

.14 W p, M p, P I M, P G. S, b w I w 90 w b w p. w .

No lets return to the events o in Kaustin Yar. F , , w w . p p w w- , w p . w w p, w .

O 7 Nb, 30 G Ob

R, M U b S C p S. W 18- D p b p .

w w, w w S 100 .W V S.

14. M w G xp b S U 1946 w pb . S K M, Raketensklaven: deutsche Forscherhinter rotem Stacheldraht [Rocket Slave: German Scientists Behind the Red Barbed Wire] (S:D V-A, 1993).

Shown here are engineers responsible or the guidance and control systems during the historicrst A4 (V-2) launches rom Kapustin Yar in the all o 1947. Sitting in the ront row are A. M.Ginzburg, V. I. Kuznetsov, M. S. Ryazanskiy, N. A. Pilyugin, B. Ye. Chertok, and M. I. Borisenko.



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S, pp S C - -

b w w. Nw w j pb w w w p, w w p pj. A px w ,p w pp , , p, b, . G

pp b p . I , b b .I , I p, w b ,

S C . W z - , w pbb w p b b. Ex Dp C S C-, U Dp M V, w w MPSS. Hw w pp ? V w , 90 b 23 . Y . I , , ! W p! z w ww.

p w


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Chapter 3

From Usedom Island toGorodomlya Island

A 200 G p NII-88 G. W -, w 500 pp. A w w p-

w w w I RABE N M . G 13 p-, 33 P.D. , 85 . A S U, 23 G p w K w OKB-456 p p p A4 . OKB-456 C DV. P. G w p w jb p.

j G w p NII-88 L. R.G. p P-

Rockets and People: Creating a Rocket Industry From Usedom Island to Gorodomlya Island

1947 1948 I OKB 456 G p D Ow Pz p j G p NII 88 w


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44 45

19471948. I OKB-456, G p D. Ow Pz, p p, 5,000 b p . G pV. A. V 3,500 b. G w p G. O p w S p w

w NII-88 OKB-456, , G w w pp w w .

O w w p x

O Mw p, , , . , b bb w

w b pb p w. U S, w B p G-

I S L, w . w G p w b p b w G . F S pp w b, w w b p w w S U. ppp b POW p. I w - pb z w G p p. p w.

B , w, w w b p p w , w bp p -; G , b pp . S

w p b w - , Nz. W w b w ? bw p, . x w. I w . w, b E G .

O G p w p p w b 88. G

w pz b. NII-88 w p p w G 1946 1947

A4 R, p A4 -- b, b A4 , p w 100 , pp b w G p b - w p I N.

Pbb p w p pp A4 p. L w 1947 S C R Kp Y. G p, w

j G p NII-88 w B P. w - I RABE N, w w w . W B b G p w b w

w : USSR p H Gp B w p P p.

B -1947 400 p, 177 G, w w

G I NII-88 B N. 1. A G p w 5p, 24 P.D., 17 , 71 p.

I, G p w b 88. I A1947, G z, 88 w Dp G. G Gp b Dp G; pp w - b .

G p b G w NII-88 L S. F , w . I w p z-, b w b p p- . A p b b USSR w

b, w p w p w Sz, w x Ob 1947. Up S U, w b

w b. I w , p wp p w b b. R G I - , - w . I , p w p w- - p. W I , I w , b Mw I - - p, w w p w w 24 . M p w b, w .

G p , p -, , . , xp, D. M, Upb, S 6,000 b p , Gp W Swz 4,500 b , , , 4,000b . F p I w p p NII-88 ( 1947): K ( p )6,000 b; Pb ( )5,000 b; M (K p)2,500 b. M w 3,000 b. G p M A I, w OKB-456 w b, x S p. OKB-456 V. P. G 6,000 b p


w w pp b w p b p w w -


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46 47

w w pp b , w p b, w w b pb b w b . B,

w p 10 12 . G w , w H M, I , p A4 p .

I J 1947, NII-88 pp -z G p b w. Sx xp w G p, w w , w - w p . w w p , , - w pb p w px. N, Gp , w pp pw p w - b . w G-1 ( R-10 pp).Gp w pj w .

w p 88 - p j. I b b, , , , ,

b. , Y A Pb,b p, w NII-88 p-. A Pb p , I w p w G p w . NII p, N L U, w p w ,V N I w , L A V- w , .

hroughout and , I G . U- b p I wPb G. I b p p,

b p p, , -, p w w w ,p, p, b b S U.

O w p , Pb xp,B Y! I b z , , w G b

j w! b ( p) , w w U.S. . A w, w p w, w

b p w , w p b w .1

I w . NII-88 L RbG w H S Lb, b Jw p, w b w p . S w jb p Z p. I

w b .F I G, j b p-

w w I w , j . I w w G w G p, I -S p G -. A , I w p, w, b . B F Rpb G 1990, 1992, 2002, I -S, w

w .B 1948, C P ,

p b , , z-, , w

p. A p p, z R , , ,w xp. A w w j : R b bp p.2

B w b , U, M, Rb, K, V, - p w . K w G p, p p . H w p b w 1938, 1944 b p b , ,

G p w-

1. H, C b Zhdanovshchina[ Z] -p p p b S C P 1940 1950, w w . O p w W p R S . A w zJw S U.

2. F -p p, G D. R, International PolicyFormation in the USSR: Factional Debates During the Zhdanovshchina (H, C: A B,1983).


p. O b p C D, G p. K p, ,


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48 49

p p C , b G A4 w R-1, w b w x p A4. B b b p w w , - w w , p G . O p, M U, w p x p G A4 p p p, w K .

Ater the aorementioned encounter at the meeting in the NII-directors oice in June , G w w -p b w 600 . K pz w w G, b j - p p b , , NII-88 Sp D B (SKB) Dp N. 3. S NII-88 - p p Pb, -w RNII 1938, w b w- , b w pp G-1,H Gp, W B .3

W b p w 600

b I N. , M, L, B, S p pp pj . j w w w K p. I 1947, K p-, w R-1 , w w p w 600 , w R-2. O - , K x b p A4 R-1 . - x A4 , G OKB-456 b p . A K , pp R-2 NII-88 w -, p R-3 w p 3,000 R-1. K

p . Hw, w p Gw w pb p ww A4.

H bw w , K G,

3. RNIIReaktivnyy nauchno-issledovatelskiy institut(R S-R I). RNIIw z S . C b RNII Cp 26.

G p p , , w w G w LS. N G I, w G-p w G p. I , G p G p OKB-456 p pb p.H w p xp w b. Hw, G w w w w . A A4 w

p , RD-100 , b , G p w p .

Engine modiication ork at OKB- egan immediately uon theirarrival rom Germany. F , G w w NII-88 G I w b w G - w p G OKB-456. Hw, bp, pp A4 b p. A , b 35 37 b bpp b p p- b.

A4 G. L, - b I P 1945, G p. b b 25 35 . W A4 4 , w 800- 1,000- w 600 270 300 b !

Hw, b pp- xz. , w b b . , b w x w b b - . I 1947, w

-. R , ww . pb b p A4 wp.

w w p bb . B w R-2, - b p . F , pb w G A4 p w p w . B 1947, p, pp w


Gp, P Upb, D. H, Ab, A, W,


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50 51

R-2 , w pp. A w w p R-2 w , R-1 w R-1A xp R-2 w R-2E .

O pj Kw w b pp A4 ,z R-1 p, p b NII-88 G b G-1 ( R-10) b NII-88 S- C (NS) Spb 1947.4

D p H Gp p p. NII-88 L G . Pp wC M D R w M A- S V; C E NII-88 Y Pb; p M ; C D Rz, P, Kz; N. E. B Mw H IN; C D I; D USSR A S I- A pz P K; K pM B; , NII-88 p . K .

4. NSNauchno-tekhnicheskiy sovet.

p p S G I Pp G-1 .I p , G p b p w pp NII-88 p D S N U, w pz p -pp .

I p Gp , A w 600 b b p - , p

pb p w . R S p w p w , x A4 p, pp, F w p b , bp p b .

G-1 w w: R A4 w w -

pp G p b b

pb -b Sp pb

I Sp p j C pp U w -b x

I 1941, w B H Ob P,Ob A4 . A 1920, Ob w b pp b -b p . S b, , b b p, pz . W, , w B p ? A p w Ob , -b A4 p- . A4 pz w b

, b b . w w p b p . Pz w p . Gp G-1 K R-2 b p -b .5

A4 w . b

5. Authors note:Dp w w p; A Rb b. S B. V. Rb, German Obert, 1894-1989[Hermann Oberth,1894-1899] (Mw: N, 1993). T w pb E B V.Rb, Hermann Oberth: Te Father o Space Flight(C, NY: W-A, 1994).

A rare photograph o the Gorodomlya group o Germans while at Kapustin Yar during the allo 1947 when the Soviets tested the A4 (V-2) missile. From let to right are Karl (Viktor)Stahl, Dr. Johannes (Hans) Hoch, Helmut Grttrup, Fritz Viebach, and Hans Vilter.

The Collection of Olaf Przybilski.


pp x w b 600 , 385 G-1 w b .


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52 53

b b. A w p . w w p w p j p p, w w . p w , b j. R p b w p . w p pp w - .

W p pp (RKS) 1955, b p p 1957, R-7 - .6 Hw, w p p p . C, -pp , b b pp , RKS .

H Gp xp , w w pp. w w w p b w xp . A xp p b p , w ; b b w z, p b , b .

bw G-1 A4 R-1 ( p R-2 ) w pbb , w w w w . I Gorizont Vertikant p, p xp --- p, w D. K M p 1941. p w w b D. H H.

P p p b . C A , , b . b , , b b

w p . A , A4 w

3.17 1.87 , , , pxp w 0.74 0.95 . w p, pp . w p b p, , b b p .

I , Gp b: p 1.5- b 1.5- 300 , 67,500 A4 w b , w

6. RKSRegulirovaniye kazhushcheysya skorosti.

b p, b w w H p b L V-2 wp.

w w p b p w p. I p, M p w . H S w b w pp IN. Dp pp p [

A4] b G. A A 1946 w p-

b z A4 600 . Ww pb j w p N. 6 (S) p- N. 3 (I RABE).

M b G-1 w w p . W w w . w w b x xp p , b z . w w b w pp , , xp . Mw, x wb x , p-.

I , p , p M, Gp w- pp. W

pp w 600- w p. . w w w pp- . , w p b w p .

I , I pp p b ( , p) : w, w-

w -b-b , z , p, . p p, w w- p, x, b b px , b

p,b p p w p p. p- w ( , p), b p I .

Rp , Gp xp P. I , :

Using our method to evaluate the design it is quite suicient to present theoreticalprinciples. During the design process, we can update and conirm the theoretical prin-


ciples via experimentation. Ours is an industry that demands an article be abricatedh d dl d d h l

German production models and, consequently, we do not even have a complete under-d h d


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within speciic deadlines and, o course, we are not in a position to conduct theoreticalwork on a large scale.

hereore, as development progresses, we derive theory rom experimentation. Essen-tially, theory should help to ind the right direction or the experiment. Scientiic-researchinstitutes should provide the requisite textbooks or undamental physics research. Manycases show that an experiment leads more rapidly to the objective and gives better resultsthan theory. As one can easily understand, the second possible method requires some

time. We dont have much time to develop our rockets, considering the work that is goingon in the U.S. Nor is this method more reliable. When design theory and experimenta-tion cooperate closely, the end result is reliable and complete. his methodbased onlyon theoryhas only one advantage: it makes it easier or the customer to evaluate thedesign. But I think that this advantage is less important than the considerable ailure tomeet deadlines.

Gp w w px p, b pp . p z- p p , pp w ,B w ? A, , p.

I , K p w p - p . I p G, K b p pp pp . I Fb 1947, K pp p p p . K w:

It would be erroneous to think that the realization o the domestic R-1 rocket is amatter o simply copying German technology, o just replacing the materials with domes-tically produced materials. Besides replacing materials and restoring the entire manu-

acturing process or the rocket components and parts, we should keep in mind that theGermans did not bring the A4 rocket to that degree o perection that is required o a

product that has been accepted as an [operational] armament.

Our experience studying German rocket technology shows that to solve this problem,i.e., to achieve the inal optimization o the A4 rocket, the Germans expended enormousmanpower and resources. In addition to experimental design work, at numerous institu-tions on a broad scale, the Germans conducted scientiic-research work o both an appliedand problem-solving nature

It is also well known that a signiicant number o the Germans rockets broke upin the air, and the causes or this were not determined with any degree o certainty. Inmany cases they did not manage to achieve the required light trajectory and accuracy.here were many well-known cases o ailures during launch due to deects in the controlinstruments, propulsion system assemblies and mechanisms, etc

So ar, we have not succeeded in conducting tests in light on the previously assembled

standing o the design.All o this and many other issues must be extensively studied and tested in our scien-

tiic-research acilities, institutes, actories, on test benches, and at test ranges during thedevelopment and abrication o the irst batch o domestic R-1 rockets.

o do this, irst o all, we need to conduct light tests on existing A4 rockets that havebeen lying in storage or a long time at the NII. his will give us the necessary practicalexperience and will generate a whole series o new tasks or everyone working in the ield

o long-range rocketsRight now we need to start equipping the launch pads and light paths at the testrange to conduct light tests and we need to build a test rig near the test range

D w b K . W p xp A4 S C R Kp Y. I b p p. I w K p xp b w R-1 .

B G-1 , p G - , NS w -. M,

w b w j . H xp NS :he report on the G-1 rocket design contains a number o interesting, undamen-

tally new designs or the rockets individual structural assemblies. On the whole thedesign merits approval. O particular interest is the rocket control system used in thedesign, which solves the problem o improving the grouping capability compared with the

A4 rocket. However, the reports and the subsequent discussions show that many criticalcontrol system assemblies have not yet been optimized and do not meet the requirementso the drat plan he idea o separating the warhead rom the body o the rocket is anew one and deserves approval, as does Mr. Grttrups proposal to conduct experimentaloptimization o the payload on A4 rockets he load-bearing propellant tanks con-structed o light alloys might substantially lighten the structure o the G-1 rockets middle

section compared with the A4 he design o the G-1 (R-10) propulsion system makesit possible to simpliy the general layout o the propulsion system, to reduce its weightand its dimensions Driving the turbine with gases rom the combustion chambercertainly requires experimental testing Beore the development o the rockets detaileddesign, individual experimental models o the aorementioned G-1 assemblies need to be

abricated and tested under test rig conditions We need to speed up in every possibleway the more detailed development o the control system as a whole and its undamentalassemblies all the way to the mockup phase, and subject the design o the radio equipmentto an authoritative expert review We also need to expedite ollow-up on the theoreticaland experimental principles o the design and speed up its urther development in draw-ings so that at the next regularly scheduled NS plenary session we can once again hear


a presentation o the rockets drat plan.7 p b, I w V , b


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S V p w . I M A- w w NII-88,

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7. T p (eskiznyy proyekt) pj p ( ) b . O f p, w p b p xp wp.

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w b pw b, p b

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w G xp xp b w, , w p, . w ppx Ixp V.


H w w I , b U p, b G p

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b G p w. A , p w w .

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b jb. I S, p w w w . H w w pp G-1 , w b w pp w b- w b P, b w w b w pp .

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b b w , Pp NII-88 , K G

b. I , , S S OKB, w ,w w b z , b wpp w xp .

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I w, b w .Nx, Gp w , . A

w w b , I, S z w , w w.I w 1948; I I ? I

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w w . p pp b D M H

A b pp , G-p pp pb : W p


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p pp b D. M H,w p w p, p- w p b w A4 mischgert, p , p . O p, w b p.

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Gp p, w , D. W, Upb, Ab, H, B, M, Rp. B,Lp, I, G, I w w S .

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p pp pb : W p b P, b ,

w b b , x ,w p xp .

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p - b B w , p p p p G-1. O w,

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xp w.

One o the undamentally ne eatures in the control systems designrocedure as the use o Bahnmodel, G j -. I , w w . w, , , b pb w b b , - . , D. H, w w pb p A4


w b . w P. A , G, w,

p b, w w bz w D. H w