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Rock & Roll
Origins, Evolution, & Modern Music
“Rock ‘n’ Roll”
“Rock and roll” was black slang for having sex.
The term “rock ‘n’ roll” was used as a marketing ploy by DJ Alan Freed in the early 1950s.
Origins of Rock & Roll
Two primary rootsBluesFolk
Other influencesGospel, rhythm & blues, jazz, and country
It’s not “black” or “white” music but an energetic mixture of the two
Origins of Rock & Roll
Initial appeal was to white, middle class teens.
Parents of these teens responded negatively.
“Race music” was censored as being too rebellious, sexual, and anti-social.
Characteristics of Rock & Roll
High dynamic level of sound Loud
Fast and hard rhythms
Conversational lyrics
Social messages What movie?
Blues Influences
Origins – Slave responsorials
Songs about hard work or hard lives
3 Line Verse West Africa
Lead Belly Huddie Ledbetter
Lead BellyTake this Hammer
West African Influences
Guttural Call & Response Talking Improvisation Sexuality
Sam Cooke
Sam CookeNothing Can Change This Love
Radio Version Live in Harlem Square
1950s
Favorable economic times during the post-war era allowed rock ‘n’ roll to flourish
Leo Fender invented the electric guitar
Dawn of teenage culture defined by purchasing power
Major Label Recording Practices in the 1950s
Rerecord minor hits released by small companies.
Turn them into smash hits by making them less daring and gearing them towards white middle America. Frank Sinatra
1950s
Rock and Roll was the expression of youth culture Dancing Sexual freedom Rebellion against
parents and cultural norms
The Coasters – Yakety Yak
Small Labels Strike Back with “Unique” Talent Chuck Berry Little Richard
Chuck BerryJohnny B. Goode
Elvis Presley
In 1952, Sam Phillips, of Sun Records, started a search for a “white man who sounds like Howlin’ Wolf”
In 1954, he found Elvis
Elvis PresleyThat’s Alright Mama
Elvis on the Billboard Charts
Most Hot 100 Entries
1. Glee Cast – 137
2. Elvis – 108
3. James Brown – 91
Most Top 10 Singles
4. Madonna – 37
5. Elvis – 36
6. The Beatles – 29
Most Top 40 Hits
1. Elvis – 104
2. Elton John – 56
3. The Beatles - 51
Most #1 Hits
4. The Beatles – 20
5. Mariah Carey – 18
6. Elvis - 17
Major Labels Strike Back
Dick Clark’s American Bandstand
1960s
Massive changes to American cultureThe Baby BoomersCivil Rights MovementCuban Missile CrisisWomen’s MovementVietnam
Rock no longer reflected social changes… it influenced them
1960s
Counterculture Hallucinogenic drugs
• LSD• Psychedelic Experiments
Communal living Summer of Love - 1967
Monterey Pop Festival - 1967
Woodstock - 1969
1960s - Folk music called for social changes
Music designed to be performed by the masses
Social messages Woody Guthrie – 30s &
40s Pete Seeger – 50s Bob Dylan – 60s
Pete SeegerWaist Deep In The Big Muddy
1960s – Folk
Bob Dylan Blowin’ in the Wind
“Freedom songs” in support of civil rights movement Played at Dr. King’s
March in 1963
British Invasion
The Beatles The Who The Rolling Stones
The Ed Sullivan Show
The Beatles The Rolling Stones
1960s – Soul
Rock became “white” so black pop music picked a new name Later soul became funk
Mix of Gospel and R&B James Brown Aretha Franklin
Aretha FranklinRespect
1960s Blues Revisited
Driven by electric guitar Urban sound Improvisation Eric Clapton
The Yardbirds Cream Derek and the Dominoes
The Doors
CreamCrossroads
1960sJazz Revisited
Van Morrison Steve Winwood Chicago
Van MorrisonMoondance
1960s San Francisco Scene
Berkley’s “free speech movement” Hippies Haight-Ashbury Psychedelic drugs The Grateful Dead Jimi Hendrix
Jimi HendrixHey Joe
1970s
The 1970s saw worsening economic conditions (especially in England).
Young people who earlier believed that rock and roll music could be used to fight racism and war became less confident and more introspective.
Rock became part of American culture instead of a force to change it.
1970sSoft Rock
James Taylor Simon & Garfunkel Elton John Crosby Still & Nash (& Young)
1970s Soft Rock
Elton John
Your Song
Simon & Garfunkel
The Sound of Silence
1970s – Different Directions
The majority of Americans were listening to folk and soft rock
As in art, some musicians went in a new directionHard rockArt/Progressive rockGlam rockFunkDiscoPunk
1970s Hard RockLed Zeppelin
“Borrowed” lyrics and tunes from old blues songs
Very loud songs Their fourth album,
Led Zeppelin IV (1971), is the third highest selling album in US history
Led ZeppelinImmigrant Song
1970sArt Rock (Progressive Rock)
Yes Genesis Rush Pink Floyd
Darkside of the Moon – Third in world album sales
The Wall – Fourth in US album sales
Usually trained in classical or jazz music
Embraced electronic music Very long songs
Pink FloydMedley from Dark Side of the Moon
1970SGlam Rock David Bowie Alice Cooper KISS
David BowieZiggy Stardust
1970sFunk
Music from Motown was too optimistic for many young blacks
New vision of African-American urban lifeSly and the Family StoneIsaac HayesJames BrownGeorge Clinton (Funkadelic)
James BrownI’m Black and I’m Proud
1970sDisco
Dance music that brought whites and blacks together
Peaked in 1977 with Saturday Night Fever Soundtrack still in top
25 for US album sales
1970sDisco
Bee Gees Village People Donna Summers
Bee GeesStayin’ Alive
1970sPunk
Emerged in the UK during disco’s peak Simple lyrics and songs performed quickly
and loudly Messages spoke out against established
authoritySex PistolsThe ClashRamones
Sex PistolsAnarchy in the UK
1980s
During the 1980s Americawitnessed economic decline.
Major changes in musicCompact DiscsMTV
“Rock ‘n’ roll which used to be about breaking rules, now seems to be about learning them.” – Music Critic Greil Marcus
1980sRock Falls to Pop
Madonna After MTV aired two of
her videos her next 15 singles reached the top ten on the charts.
Michael Jackson Thriller ranks as
the number one album for the US and world charts.
Michael JacksonThriller
Rap
Words chanted in rhymed couplets over an intense, rhythmic beat
Social Messages:ViolencePoor, urban lifeDangers of life on
the street
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious FiveThe Message
Run DMC (Featuring Aerosmith)Walk This Way
Rap
Grandmaster Flash and the Furious Five
The Message
Run DMC (Featuring Aerosmith)
Walk This Way
Heavy Metal Guitar-based rock with
amplified guitar and bass reinforcing each other
Rebellion against authority and mainstream culture
Some aspects (black magic, satanic overtones, etc.) used to sell records more than incite change
Metallica
MetallicaMaster of Puppets
Heartland Rock
Roots in folk music Socially conscious
songs about the plight of average AmericansVeteransFarmersBlue Collar
Workers
Bruce Springsteen John Cougar
Mellencamp
John Cougar MellencampRain on the Scarecrow
1990s
Prosperous time in America Pop (and other genres) continued to
take market share from rockMariah Carey, Whitney Houston,
Garth Brooks, Britney Spears, Boyz II Men, etc.
Internet Completely digital music
Grunge The name comes
from the anti-fashion appearance of flannel shirts and jeans.
Social Messages:UnemploymentBroken HomesApathy
Pearl Jam Soundgarden Nirvana
NirvanaSmells Like Teen Spirit
1990s Rock
Alanis Morisette Hootie and the Blowfish
Hootie and the BlowfishHold My Hand
Rock in the 2000s
Death of albumsiTunesMP3 playersNapsterPirating
In 2001 record sales fell 5%
Globalization of rock
Rock in the 2000s
Emo Rock Wheezer
Indie Rock The White Stripes Modest Mouse Fall Out Boy My Chemical
Romance
My Chemical RomanceSing
Musical Experimentation
Dub FX No instrument other
than his voice Roland Effects Box Loop Pedal
Dub FXLove Someone
Dub FX (Featuring Mr. Woodnote)
Flow