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Sample 1
NAME/TYPE: Basalt, Extrusive Igneous rock
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Mineralogy
Colour Dark Grey
Hardness 8
Cleavage Perfect
Lustre Shiny
Grain size Fine
Streak Dark grey
Magnetism None
Feel feels very light
Specific gravity 2.8-3.0
Taste None
It has fine interlocking crystal mosaic and has no textural orientation.
Occurrence
Basalt lava flows in bedded sequences. Most basalt magmas are formed
by decompression and melting of the mantle.
Structure
Its structure and shape depends on where it was erupted.
Weathering
Basalt is largely composed of minerals with little resistance to weathering. Hence, it
tends to disintegrate faster than felsic rock types like granite.
Rock strengthDensity dry t/m3
Porosity %
Dry UCS range MPa
Dry UCS mean MPa
Modulus of elasticityGPa
Tensile strength MPa
Shear strength MPa
Friction angle
3.0 4.5 42-355
150 50 4.84 42 48-50
Hydrology
Young lavas are good aquifers.
Value
Basalt can be used in aggregate and roadbeds. It is widely used for railroad track beds.
Sample 2
NAME/TYPE: Diorite, Intrusive Igneous rock
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Colour
Speckled Black
and white
Hardness 7
Cleavage Perfect
Lustre Metallic
Grain size Coarse grained
Streak Bluish black
Magnetism None
Feel Solid
Specific gravity 2.9
Taste None
Mineralogy
Plutonic rock of felsic composition, with Coarse grained interlocking crystal mosaic. 10% Feldspar and Quartz at between 5 to 20% of the rock.
Occurrence
Diorite is produced in volcanic arcs, and in mountain building where it usually
occurs in large volumes as batholiths in the roots of mountains. Locations include
Norway and Scotland
Structure
Its structure is characterized by idiomorphic plagioclase, which differentiates it from biotite. Diorite is not widespread and is found with granites and granodiorites, more rarely with other rock.
Weathering
Weathering produces epidote, calcite, sericite and kaolin.
Rock strength
Value
Since it has good strength and durability, can take a high polish, it can be used as an architectural or even a ornamental stone but usually has the same uses as basalt.
Density dry t/m3
Porosity %
Dry UCS range MPa
Dry UCS mean MPa
Modulus of elasticityGPa
Tensile strength MPa
Shear strength MPa
Friction angle
2.36 NA NA NA NA 15-30 NA NA
SAMPLE 3NAME/TYPE: LIMESTONE, NON CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Mineralogy
Mainly calcite, with shell fragments of dolomite and clay minerals.
Colour White
Hardness 3-4
Cleavage None
Lustre Dull
Grain size Coarse-Fine Grain
Streak White
Magnetism None
Feel
Specific gravity 2.3-2.7
Taste None
Occurrence
Chalks are pelagic limestone formed in shallow, marine water debris.
Structure
Usually well bedded in thick extensive successions, nodules of flint and marcasite
usually.
Weathering
Limestone areas are mainly affected by chemical weathering by rainwater, which
contains a weak carbonic acid. When it rains, the limestone dissolves. Rainwater
erodes the vertical joints and horizontal bedding planes. This creates karst scenery.
Rock strengthDensity dry t/m3
Porosity %
Dry UCS range MPa
Dry UCS mean MPa
Modulus of elasticityGPa
Tensile strength MPa
Shear strength MPa
Friction angle
2.5 5-20 48-210
102 48 5-25 10-50 35-40
Foundations
There is massive variability of strong rock with open cavities and fissures
Hydrology
Aquifer is efficient with diffuse and condult flow
Value
Limestone has many uses including, manufacture of paper, lime production, petrochemicals, and aggregate stone.
SAMPLE 4NAME/TYPE: SANDSTONE, CLASTIC SEDIMENTARY ROCK
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Colour
Varies from
White, Brown,
yellow, red, grey
Hardness 6-7
Cleavage Irregular
Lustre
Dull to
subvitreous
Grain size
medium-grained
Streak
Light Brown or
White
Magnetism None
Feel Sandy, gritty
Specific gravity 2.0-2.65
Taste None
Mineralogy
A wide variety of rock fragments with almost 75% quartz grains.
Occurrence
Mainly in lithified sedimentary sequences which consist of wholly deposits of clastic
fragments.
Structure
Bedding is apparent along with fossils and sedimentary structures.
Weathering
Erodes easily depending on the mineral composition which holds the grains
together. Also affected by physical and chemical weathering. Physical weathering
could crack rock along bedding planes. Single grains often resist weathering like
quartz.
Rock strengthDensity dry t/m3
Porosity %
Dry UCS range MPa
Dry UCS mean MPa
Modulus of elasticityGPa
Tensile strength MPa
Shear strength MPa
Friction angle
2.3 5-25 40-179
96 22 4-25 8-40 35-45
Hydrology
Aquifer is often productive with diffuse flow.
Value
Used mainly for construction, it is easy to work, the red-brown sandstone also known as brownstone has been used in many eastern cities for buildings.
Sample 5
NAME/TYPE: GNEISS, FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCK
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Colour
Black and white
lined
Hardness 7
Cleavage Irregular
Lustre Dull
Grain size
coarse grained
Streak
Lighter and
Darker coloured
gneiss
Magnetism None
Feel Rough patches
Specific gravity 2.6-2.9
Taste None
Mineralogy
Feldspar and quartz are abundant and they form the granular, light coloured layers.
Biotite and muscovite are present, any characteristics regional metamorphism of
minerals might occur.
Occurrence
Gneiss forms through recrystallization of pre-existing rocks under high temperature
and pressure. The rock remains completely solid during metamorphosis and
pressure is usually anisotropic, which then leads to the formation of new minerals.
Structure
Usually coarse grained texture while the other part of it often contains mica, may be
foliated.
Weathering
Gneiss usually weathers slowly, even though some minerals might be affected by
chemical weathering.
Rock strengthDensity dry t/m3
Porosity %
Dry UCS range MPa
Dry UCS mean MPa
Modulus of elasticityGPa
Tensile strength MPa
Shear strength MPa
Friction angle
2.7 0.5-1.5 73-340
159 58 5-20 NA 30-40
Hydrology
Zero flow
Value
Used as building stones and others for structural purposes, all part of the construction.Sample 6
Name/Type: Schist, Foliated Metamorphic rock.
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Colour
Dark red-brown,
Silver
Hardness 6.5
Cleavage Wavy
Lustre Shiny
Grain size Medium grained
Streak
White powdery
colour
Magnetism None
Feel gritty
Specific gravity 2.5-2.9
Taste None
Mineralogy
It is coarse grained. Muscovite and quartz are common. May contain other minerals
also which form as the rock during metamorphism.
Occurrence
There is regional metamorphism of rocks and clays at relatively high temps and
pressure.
Structure
Usually medium or coarse grained, might contain minerals of larger size than the
matrix, this is known as porphyro-blast, for example it may show folding of layers.
Weathering
Many metamorphic minerals are affected by chemical weathering, the crystal sizes
can be very small, causing weathering rapidly.
Rock strengthDensity dry t/m3
Porosity %
Dry UCS range MPa
Dry UCS mean MPa
Modulus of elasticityGPa
Tensile strength MPa
Shear strength MPa
Friction angle
2.7 0.76 NA 48 21 NA NA NA
Hydrology
Aquiclude
Value
Schist is a source for graphite and its also used in building trades and construction
industry.
Sample 7
Name/Type: Magnetite, Mineral
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Colour Greyish black
Hardness 5.5-6.5
Cleavage Irregular
Lustre Metallic
Grain size
Very small and
black sediments
Streak Black
Magnetism Magnetic
Feel
Metallic and
heavy
Specific gravity 5.2
Taste None
Mineralogy
In magmatic deposits, magnetite occurs with apatite and pyroxenes, while when it is
in contact with metamorphic rocks it is more commonly found with garnet, olivine
and metallic sulfides such as pyrite. When it is in high temperature hydrothermal
veins it is usually associated with galena.
Occurrence
Magnetite occurs in big deposits formed as shallow marine sediments.
Structure
The crystal structure of magnetite contains both the ferrous and ferric forms of ions.
A complicated pattern of electrons between the two forms of iron is the source of its
magnetic nature.
Weathering
Magnetite is susceptible to weathering but is still a common constituent of sand. In
some places sand may be so concentrated in magnetite that it could be used as an
iron ore.
Value
It is one of the most abundant and widespread of all mineral oxides and occurs in a
variety of environments.
Sample 8
Name/Type: Garnet, Mineral
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Colour
Varies from dark
red to brown
Hardness 6.5-7.5
Cleavage None
Lustre
Vitreous to
resinous
Grain size Coarse grained
Streak White
Magnetism Not magnetic
Feel
It feels quite
heavy
Specific gravity 3.6-4.3
Taste None
Mineralogy
Coarse grained crystal mosaic, garnet minerals crystallize in a cubic system. Garnet
in rocks may demonstrate beautifully developed crystal faces.
Occurrence
Garnet is usually found in some igneous rocks and highly metamorphosed rocks.
They usually form under the same high temperatures and pressures in which those
rocks were formed.
Structure
From what I’ve read, Garnet is a mineral group, not a single mineral. These minerals
share similar crystal structure but they have a variable chemical composition.
Weathering
Garnet is resistant to weathering.
Value
Used as abrasives for grinding and polishing. Not really much of a use in our construction field.
Sample 9
Name/Type: Galena, Mineral
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Colour Lead grey
Hardness 2.5
Cleavage Perfect
Lustre Metallic, Opaque
Grain size Fine-grained
Streak Lead grey
Magnetism Not magnetic
Feel Feels heavy
Specific gravity 7.4-7.6
Taste None
Mineralogy
Fine grained crystal mosaic. It is usually found in a granular form.
Occurrence
Galena usually occurs in low to medium temperature of hydrothermal veins of
igneous rocks.
Structure
Galena usually shows combinations of many forms of the cubic system. Galena is
also found in a massive and granular form.
Weathering
When galena gets exposed to the acid mine drainage, it will get oxidized to anglesite
by naturally occurring bacteria.
Hydrology
Galena specimens may usually tarnish when they come in contact with air,
becoming dull in lustre.
Value
Used in transportation in the form of batteries, fuel tanks, and even radiation shielding. Not much used in construction.
Sample 10
Name/Type: Scoria, Extrusive Igneous rock.
SAMPLE PROPERTIES
Colour
Varies from
black-dark grey
to reddish brown
Hardness 5-6
Cleavage Glassy
Lustre Opaque
Grain size Fine-grained
Streak
Usually red or
brown
Magnetism Not magnetic
Feel
Feels relatively
light
Specific gravity 0.8-2.1
Taste None
Mineralogy
Fine-grained mosaic with composed fragments of volcanic glass, and has few mineral crystals.
OccurrenceMagma usually encounters lower pressures, the gases are able to escape and form vesicles. The vesicles are then trapped when the magma cools and solidifies. An example is Mountain Wellington, in New Zealand
StructureScoria is a froth of felsic volcanic glass. It is relatively light and has a low mass but sinks in water, and it also has a glassy nature.
Rock strengthDensity dry t/m3
Porosity %
Dry UCS range MPa
Dry UCS mean MPa
Modulus of elasticityGPa
Tensile strength MPa
Shear strength MPa
Friction angle
2.6 40.07 NA NA NA NA NA NA
ValueFrom what I’ve read, Scoria doesn’t really have much use, in fact its name is derived from the word waste.
REFERENCES
Guide to Minerals, Rocks and Fossils. A.C.Bishop, A.R. Woolley, W.R. Hamilton.
http://www.sandatlas.org
http://geology.com/
http://www.oocities.org/unforbidden_geology/rock_properties.htm
http://academic.emporia.edu/abersusa/go324/igneous.htm
http://flexiblelearning.auckland.ac.nz/rocks_minerals/rocks/diorite.html
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article
http://www.bbc.co.uk/schools/gcsebitesize/geography/rock_landscapes/classification_rocks_rev1.shtml
http://minerals-n-more.com/
http://www.mindat.org/min-10272.html
https://wserv3.esc.cam.ac.uk/1acollections/items/browse?collection=6
http://www.edumine.com/xtoolkit/tables/sgtables.htm
http://www.rocksandminerals4u.com/magnetite.html
http://www.moeacgs.gov.tw/english2/twgeol/twgeol_eastern_12.jsp
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/earth-sciences/impact/geology/london/glossary/rocks/metamorphic/schist
http://www.encyclopedia.com/topic/schist.aspx
https://wwwf.imperial.ac.uk/earthscienceandengineering/rocklibrary
http://www.kgs.ku.edu/General/Class/metamorphic.html
https://www.ucl.ac.uk/earth-sciences/impact/geology/london/stpancras/weathering/factors
http://myweb.facstaff.wwu.edu/talbot/cdgeol/Structure/SSdikes/Sandstone_dikes.html
http://www.reade.com/Particle_Briefings/spec_gra2.html
http://www.mineralszone.com/stones/limestone.html
http://scialert.net/fulltext/?doi=ajes.2011.203.213&org=10
https://www.bestcrystals.com/hardness.html
http://www.rocks-rock.com/diorite.html
http://www.rockbreaker.com/equipment/rockbreakersystemsmain/26-products/booms/702-rockhardness.html
http://global.britannica.com/science/basalt
http://lib.icimod.org/record/21333/files/c_attachment_76_673.pdf