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Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017 Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

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Page 1: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System

Robin WordsworthHBS Workshop on the 

Business and Economics of Space11/4/2017

Robin WordsworthHBS Workshop on the 

Business and Economics of Space11/4/2017

Page 2: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Talk Outline

• Mars climate and habitability research– The Faint Young Sun Paradox– Mars 2020 Rover Landing Site Selection

• Exoplanet research– How do exoplanet atmospheres evolve?– Is remote life detection possible?

• Thoughts on the intersection between fundamental science and space exploitation

Page 3: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017
Page 4: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Abundant liquid water flowed on Mars in the past…

Wordsworth, Ann Rev EPS, 2016Data and images from: Tanaka (1987), Williams et al. (2013), Malin & Edgett (2003), Howard et al. (2005), Head & Pratt (2001)

Page 5: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

…but the climate should have been very cold!

• The young Sun was 25% fainter than it is today

• Our models show that under these conditions, early Mars should have been cold enough to freeze out CO2 onto the surface

• How could Mars have possibly sustained habitable conditions?

Page 6: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

R = 0.23p < 0.001

R = −0.0033p = 0.93

Wordsworth et al., JGR, 2015

WARMSCENARIO RAINFALL

COLDSCENARIO SNOWFALL

ORBITER OBSERVATIONS

MODEL / DATA INTERCOMPARISONS

GLOBAL VALLEY NETWORK MAPHynek et al. 2010

Page 7: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Wordsworth, Ann Rev EPS, 2016

Our ‘icy highlands’ hypothesis for the early martian climate

Page 8: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Bursts of methane and hydrogen may have warmed Mars in the past

http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA16834

Wordsworth & Pierrehumbert 2013, ScienceWordsworth et al. 2017, GRL

Curiosity rover drill core Etiope et al., Icarus, 2013 

Page 9: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Bursts of methane and hydrogen may have warmed Mars in the past

http://photojournal.jpl.nasa.gov/catalog/PIA16834

Curiosity rover drill core Etiope et al., Icarus, 2013 

ESA Trace Gas Orbiter:

Page 10: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Mars 2020 Landing Site Selection

NE Syrtis

Gusev CraterJezero Crater

Page 11: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Mars 2020 Landing Site Selection

http://www.americaspace.com/wp‐content/uploads/2015/08/si‐mars_w_v8.jpg

Page 12: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Exoplanets: Is there life on other worlds?

Gliese 1132b:(discovered last year by Harvard CfA team)

TRAPPIST‐1system

Page 13: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Exoplanets: Is there life on other worlds?

Gliese 1132b:(discovered last year by Harvard CfA team)

Berta‐Thompson et al. 2016, Nature

TRAPPIST‐1system

Page 14: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Observational techniques

https://palereddot.org/696‐2/http://nexsci.caltech.edu/workshop/2012/talks/HeatherKnutson_124.pdf

TRANSIT SPECTROSCOPY HIGH‐DISPERSION DOPPLER SPECTROSCOPY

Snellen et al., 2010

Page 15: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

How do we look for life remotely?

CO2 + H2O + hν  CH2O + O2

Holland, 2006

Earth’s oxygen atmosphere is created by life! But O2 can also be produced abiotically…

Wordsworth & Pierrehumbert (2014)

Tian & Ida (2015); Luger & Barnes (2016)

LOW ATMOSPHERIC NITROGEN

HIGH EARLY LUMINOSITY (RED DWARF STARS)

Page 16: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Models of exoplanet atmosphere evolutionATMOSPHERIC CIRCULATION PHOTOCHEMISTRY

ATMOSPHERIC ESCAPE TO SPACE

OUTGASSING FROM INTERIOR

Page 17: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Atmospheric Predictions

Schaefer et al., ApJ, 2016Wordsworth et al. submitted, 2017

Page 18: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Atmospheric Predictions

Testable by JWST from 2019 onwards!

Morley et al., ApJ, 2017

Page 19: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

Science Conclusions• Mars was intermittently habitable in the past, and the most 

viable explanation for this is transient H2/CH4 greenhouse warming of a mainly icy early climate. 

• Mars 2020 Rover and Trace Gas Orbiter data will help test these ideas further, as well as many other aspects of the planet’s geology, climate and potential for human habitation. Beyond 2020, the future of Mars exploration in the U.S. is uncertain.

• Earth‐like exoplanets have been discovered. We are developing models to allow us to search for life on them remotely. The James Webb Space telescope and other large‐scale facilities will be able to detect the atmospheres of these planets and hence directly test model predictions. 

Page 20: Robin Wordsworth.pptx [Last saved by user]€¦ · Planetary Habitability in and outside the Solar System Robin Wordsworth HBS Workshop on the Business and Economics of Space 11/4/2017

http://time.com/4003903/best‐cassini‐saturn‐photos/

• Images such as this one, and space science in general, are an important public good

• Traditional funding system = small amount of direct taxation, missions by national agencies (e.g. NASA)

• In the knowledge economy, are there alternative ways to drive space exploration (citizen science, outreach, philanthropy, ?) that better reflect its true worth to society?