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8/3/2019 Robert Giegengack_The Looming Global Water Crisis
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THE LOOMING GLOBAL WATER CRISIS(Happy World Wuddah Day!!)
IGEL 3/22/2011Robert Giegengack
Earth & Environmental Science
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ESCALATION OF HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Time 2011
Human population growth
6.8 billion
10 billion?
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1/2 mi
1 mi1 mi
6.8 x 109
6.8 billion people is not
a large biomass
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ESCALATION OF HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Time 2011
Human population growth
Human resource use (water, energy, etc.)
+ disposal of waste products of that use
6.8 billion
10 billion?
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ESCALATION OF HUMAN IMPACT ON THE ENVIRONMENT
Time 2011
Human population growth
Human resource use
Human impact on the environment
6.8 billion
10 billion?
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Water is moved closeto the Earths surface
by solar energy,gravity, and the energyof the Earths rotation
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Water is moved close tothe Earths surface by
solar energy, gravity,and the energy of theEarths rotation
All water is recycled!
The amount of freshwater available for
human use is a tinypercentage of thewater on Earth
All water is recycled!
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Anthropogenicmodificationrepresented by
red arrows
All water is
recycled!
The amount of freshwater available for
human use is a tinypercentage of thewater on Earth
All water is recycled!
?
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DIRECT HUMAN WATER CONSUMPTION:
At 4 liters/person/day, the worlds human population (6.8
billion) requires 100,000,000,000 m3/yr.
Annual precipitation (rain, snow) just over over the State
of Pennsylvania is 10 times that!!
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DIRECT HUMAN WATER CONSUMPTION:
At 4 liters/person/day, the worlds human population (6.8
billion) requires 100,000,000,000 m3/yr.
Annual precipitation (rain, snow) just over the State of
Pennsylvania is 10 times that!!
There is a lot of water
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DIRECT HUMAN WATER CONSUMPTION:
At 4 liters/person/day, the worlds human population (6.8
billion) requires 100,000,000,000 m3/yr.
Annual precipitation (rain, snow) just over the State of
Pennsylvania is 10 times that!!
But it isnt uniformly distributed
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DIRECT HUMAN WATER CONSUMPTION:
At 4 liters/person/day, the worlds human population (6.8
billion) requires 100,000,000,000 m3/yr.
Annual precipitation (rain, snow) just over the State of
Pennsylvania is 10 times that!!
Nor is it efficiently used
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Trends in Global Population, Diet, Energy:
The global human population is growing The per capita water demand is growing faster
than the population:
# cal/person/day is rising
we are all eating higher on the food chainwater is used in all industrial processes
domestic water use rises as the standard of living rises
Energy use/person is growing faster than the population
These trends will continuewe are losing
Despite our brave rhetoric, we are moving rapidly away fromsustainability
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Worldwide, many watershedsface a supply crisis
A US example:
: The Colorado River Basin
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.
Source of directcontaminants
Further inputs may
come from proposed
development of new
energy sources(uranium, oil shale)
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McDonald, 2007
out-of-basin transfers
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McDonald 2007
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Colorado River Compact (1922) allocation: 16.50 maf
1906-2004 mean flow: 15.03 maf
508-yr dendrochronologically determined mean flow: 14.67 maf
NAE, 2007
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Salton Sea
Imperial Valley
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McDonald, 2007
Players in the Colorado Basin:Municipalities: Denver
Las Vegas
Phoenix
LA-San Diego
other towns
Irrigation districts: Imperial Valley
SW Colorado
E Utah
Industry: mining
ore processing
Ecosystem services: NPS
Recreation: NPS
Mexico!
The 1922 compact allocated 1.4 maf to
Mexico; that commitment is rarely met
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Other river basins under stress:
Jordan
NileTigris-Euphrates
YangtzeMekong
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Tel Aviv
Beirut
125
250125
500
+150
+500
+150
Total flow to DeadSea: ~1800 Mm3/yr;
Israel now uses ~2350
Litani 800
Amman
Jerusalem
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99,000 Mm3/yr
White Nile:26,000 Mm3/yr
Blue Nile:67,000 Mm3/yr
to Egypt
Atbara: 12,000
1.4
1.4
2.82.3
1.51.0
Mm3/yr
Evaporation in
m/yr
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~33,00E0
Mm3
/yr
Euphrates at Hit:
Tigris: ~
Khabur: 6%
Balikh:
Hit
0.6%
Kharun:
~24,000 Mm /yr3
Khabur 6%
Balikh 0.6%
Euphrates at Hit:
~33,000 Mcm/yrTigris: ~44,000 Mcm/yr
Kharun: 24,000 Mcm/yr
Area of rainfall in the Tigris-
Euphrates Watershed
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Qurna
Hammar
Huwaiza
Marshlands in the lowerTigris-Euphrates watershed
Planned GAP
impoundments
on the upper
Euphrates andTigris
M hl d d i j t 1992 1995
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Qurna
Hammar
HuwaizaMain Outfall Drain, or Third River,
or Saddam River, or
Mother of BattlesRiver
Marshland drainage projects, ~1992-1995
Glory River, or
Loyalty to the Leader Canal
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SOME EXAMPLES OF PROPOSED
INTERBASIN WATER TRANSFERS ON
A GRAND SCALE:
China
Former Soviet Union
Canada
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THE FUTURE OF GROUND WATER
The USAThe Great Libyan Man-Made River
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Groundwater
overdraft from
the OglalaAquifer
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The Great Libyan Man-Made River
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Solutions:
Expand supply
Reduce demand
Reform global food industry
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Solutions:
Expand supply:
exploit traditional sources
interbasin transfersgroundwater extraction
desalinationcapture icebergs
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Global growth of
desalination
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Antarctic Icebergs:sources of fresh
water
S l i
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Solutions:
Reduce demand:conserve
improve irrigated agricultureapply water directly to plants
avert losses (evap., leakage)reduce industrial consumption
re-use grey water, raw sewage
S l i
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Solutions:
Reform the global food industry:improve irrigation practices
eat lower in the food chainimprove food crops:
select drought-resistant varietiesengineer higher photosynthetic
efficiency
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The water crisis is more threatening to
human welfare than climate change,
and more immediate than the energycrisis
Climate change may contribute to the
water crisis, but it is a small player
We can address the water crisis with
available technology and resources
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