Robert A. PietrowskyDirector, Institute for Water Resources & the International Center for Integrated Water Resources Mgt. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

Robert A. PietrowskyDirector, Institute for Water Resources & the International Center for Integrated Water Resources Mgt. U.S. Army Corps of Engineers

55thth World Water Forum World Water Forum Istanbul, TurkeyIstanbul, TurkeyMarch 17, 2009March 17, 2009

Link Between Multi-Purpose Water Useand Social Stability, Economic Security

30% of owners and over 40% of tenants no toilets or outhouses 65% of owners and 80% of tenants have no access to clean water 95% of property owners and 98% of tenants have no electricity Only 8% of homeowners and less than 3% tenants even own radios More than 50% of owners and > 75% of tenants don’t read newspapers More than 75% of owners and > 85% of tenants don’t own cars or trucks Over 60% of the energy is provided from animals/horses and only 6% from electric power stations More then 90% of households have no lighting More then 90% of the households have no refrigeration – and routinely lose

more then 25% of their perishable food to spoilage Most people live on subsistence farming & most farming is on over-used soil Flooding is serious and repetitive to both rural and urban areas cities

Imagine a Place Where:

Imagine a Place Where:

Tennessee Valley (TVA)

THIS IS NOT A PART OF A DEVELOPING OR EMERGING NATION TODAY…

.. IT IS IN THE UNITED STATES – THE TENNESSE VALLEY IN 1935

FDR …. “Best of private and public…” Regional Authority with power –

authority for bonding & with

independence Also a Federal Corporation Broad economic and Social Development

- generate wealth, bring region out of poverty Integration, planning, development, management based on

basin Three main areas of responsibility:

- Energy - Environment - Economic Development

TVA as a Case Study:

$5.4 Billion in flood damages prevent throughout the valley Over 75% of homes with access to clean drinking water Over 75% of homes with flush toilets and 85% with plumbing Over 90% had electricity or gas energy sources Literacy increased to almost 100% Life expectancy increased to 70’s, ~ national average

– Small pox, malaria, typhoid largely eradicated Median per capita incomes at national levels Industrial production up over 500% Almost 700 miles of navigable water links to sea – waterway

tonnage increased from 32 million ton-miles in 1933 to 161 million ton-miles in 1942. Innovations in soil conservation, integrated watershed management, land use, non-structural flood mgt. & other areas

In a Generation +

What TVA Does Supplies reliable, affordable power

• 62 power production sites including 29 hydropower dams• 27,400 km (17,000 miles) of transmission lines• Serves 8.6 million people and 61 large industrial facilities

Supports a thriving river system• 1049-km (652-mile) commercial navigation system• Over 45 million metric tonnes (50 million tons) of cargo annually• Some 100 public recreation areas• Municipal, industrial and agricultural water supply

Stimulates economic growth• Provides flood protection preventing millions of dollars in annual

flood damage• Partner with public and private entities to promote commercial and

industrial development• Community investment loans• Site development• Research, engineering and design services

An Integrated Approach

TVA operates the Tennessee River system to provide a wide range of public benefits: year-round navigation, flood damage reduction, affordable electricity, improved water quality and water supply, recreation, and economic growth.

Most reservoir projects in the United States were built for a single purpose, such as irrigation, power production, or water supply. The Tennessee River system is different. Its dams, locks, and reservoirs were designed specifically to operate as one system that meets many needs.

Every day, TVA balances these competing – and sometimes conflicting – needs for water in order to deliver the greatest value for the people of the Tennessee Valley.

Chickamauga Lock& Hydropower DamChickamauga Lock& Hydropower Dam

U.S. Federal Rolein Waterway

Transport 1824 – authority to clear snags and make improvements Canal building era to mid-1800s (states) Post Civil War – suction dredging, jetties 1885: 1st of 46 locks and dams on Ohio

1930s: Present system of locks constructed on Upper Miss, Illinois, Tennessee and other waterways1930s: Present system of locks constructed on Upper Miss, Illinois, Tennessee and other waterways

1950s: Construction starts on present-day higher lift locks on Ohio1950s: Construction starts on present-day higher lift locks on Ohio

1960s-70s: Navigation improvements to Columbia-Snake, Arkansas River1960s-70s: Navigation improvements to Columbia-Snake, Arkansas River

1985: Tenn-Tom Waterway completed1985: Tenn-Tom Waterway completed

1994-Present: Upper Mississippi River & Illinois Waterway Navigation Study1994-Present: Upper Mississippi River & Illinois Waterway Navigation Study

U.S. Federal Rolein Waterway

Transport 1824 – authority to clear snags and make improvements Canal building era to mid-1800s (states) Post Civil War – suction dredging, jetties 1885: 1st of 46 locks and dams on Ohio

1930s: Present system of locks constructed on Upper Miss, Illinois, Tennessee and other waterways1930s: Present system of locks constructed on Upper Miss, Illinois, Tennessee and other waterways

1950s: Construction starts on present-day higher lift locks on Ohio1950s: Construction starts on present-day higher lift locks on Ohio

1960s-70s: Navigation improvements to Columbia-Snake, Arkansas River1960s-70s: Navigation improvements to Columbia-Snake, Arkansas River

1985: Tenn-Tom Waterway completed1985: Tenn-Tom Waterway completed

1994 – Present: Upper Mississippi River & Illinois Waterway Navigation Study1994 – Present: Upper Mississippi River & Illinois Waterway Navigation Study

Water Resources Development Context

1824 – 1936: Nation Building Era of primarily Single Purpose Navigation Projects

1936 – 1986: Era of Economic Efficiency focusing on Multi-Purpose Projects

1969 – 1986: Era of Environmental Enlightenment, focusing on Multi-Objective Planning

1986 – Present: Beneficiary Pays Era, evolving towards Integrated Water Resources Management

National Strategy for the U.S. Marine Transportation System

U.S. National Strategy Goal

“The United States Marine Transportation System will be a safe, secure, and globally integrated network that, in harmony with the environment, ensures a free-flowing, seamless, and reliable movement of people and commerce along its waterways, sea lanes, and intermodal connections.”

The National Strategy for the MTS, July 2008

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Waterway Transport Mission

“Provide safe, reliable, efficient, effective & environmentally sustainable waterborne transportation systems for movement of commerce, national security needs, & recreation.”

USACE Civil Works Strategic Plan, March 2004

Water Resources Missions• Primary

Navigation Flood Control & Shore

Protection Ecosystem Restoration Disaster Response &

Recovery

• Allied Purposes Hydropower Environmental

Stewardship Water Supply Recreation

• Regulatory Programs

U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Activities

United States Waterway Transport System

25,000 miles (41,600 km) of navigable waterways

1,000 harbor channels

360 deepwater & shallow draft harbors

Connects 152,000 miles of rail & 45,000 miles of interstate highway

2.3 billion metric tons of trade

8.4 million seaport related jobs

$2 trillion to economy

Foreign trade 22% of Gross Domestic Product

Supporting Global Competitiveness

Global gateways & key liquid pathways to rest of US intermodal freight transportation system & the nation’s economic hinterlands

U.S. Inland Waterway System

Columbia

Snake

Mississippi

Illin

ois

Missouri

Arkansas

White

Ouachita

Red

Low

erM

issi

ssip

pi

Tenn-

Tom Blk Warrio

r

Alab

ama

ACF

Tenne

sseeCumberland

Ohio Kanawha

Allegheny

Monongahela

Atla

ntic

Intra

coas

tal

Wat

erw

ay

Intracoastal

Gulf

Waterway

Upper

Kaskask

ia

GreenKy

Will

amet

te

Atchafalaya

Pearl

IWW

Nearly 19,300 km 2.7m & Over

198 Lock Sites / 241 Chambers

Moving Over 550 Million Tonnes

~2/3 Cost of Rail &1/10 the cost of Truck

Okeechobee

• Replacement Value $175+ Billion

Variations in capacity by waterway...

Large mixed tows of over 30 barges are common onopen water stretches of the Lower Mississippi River

Common 15-barge coal tow at366 m (1200’) lock on Ohio River

Lock SizesAnd Waterway Characteristics

U.S. Waterborne Commerceby Type of Traffic

2.6 Billion Tons (2006) 60% Foreign Trade / 40% Domestic Of Domestic: 61% Inland Waterway

Inland Waterway CommoditiesShare by Tons, 2006

Total 2006 Volume: 627 Million Tons

Coal29%

Petro & Petro Prod25%

Chemicals8%

Crude Materials19%

Primary Manufactured

5%

Food & Farm Prod12%

Manufactured2%

All Others<1%

Coal leads in tons

Coal for Power Plants• 209 million metric

tonnes (230 million tons) annual

• 20 % of utility coal supplied by waterway

Inland Waterway CommoditiesShare by Ton-Mile, 2006

Coal22%

Petroleum15%

Chemicals10%

Raw Materials18%

Primary Manufactured

9%

Farm Products26%

Other<1%

Total: 280 Billion Ton-Miles

Farm leadsin ton-miles

Grain Exports• Over 64 million metric tonnes

(70 million tons) annually• Over 50% of soybean and

corn exports move by barge

Petroleum• 327 million metric tonnes (360

million tons) annually between domestic points

• 21% of national total between reporting districts

Waterways Role in the Nation’s Economy

U.S. Ports & Harbors SystemPorts handling >10 million metric tons (2006)

MillionMetric Tons

Over 100

50 - 100

25 - 50

10 - 25

Houston

Corpus ChristiS. Louisiana

New Orleans

Baton Rouge

Texas City

Lake Charles

PlaqueminesTampaMobile

New York/NJ

Valdez

Long Beach

Beaumont

Norfolk

Lower DelawareRiver

Duluth/Superior

Los Angeles

Port Arthur

St. Louis

Portland

Seattle

Freeport

Huntington

Richmond

Oakland

Tacoma

Boston

Newport News

Port Everglades

Jacksonville

Memphis

Detroit

Cleveland

SavannahCharleston

Indiana Hbr

Cincinnati

Portland

Two Harbors

Anacortes

Honolulu

Chicago Pittsburgh

Baltimore

Pascagoula

Aging Infrastructure Increasing Domestic &

International Trade System Capacity Problems Constrained Funding Need for Integrated

Solutions to Water Resources Challenges• Navigation Systems• Environmental Restoration• Flood Management • Water Quantity & Quality

Emerging U.S. Water Transport Challenges

Growing Freight Demand in U.S.

Freight traffic expected to increase by 93% (2002-35) from 19 billion to 37 billion tons

Intermodal increases by 101% Highway traffic grows 98% from

11.5 billion to 23 billion tons Rail grows 88% from 1.8 to 3.5

billion tons How will this cargo be moved?

• Roads: Little room left to expand, especially in urban areas

• Rail: mileage has been decreasing; much former right-of-way has been developed

• Rail capacity constraints in urban areas, tunnel clearances, single-track bridges

U.S. Inland Waterway Alternative

More freight could shift to barge, if reliable

EU promotes waterways as environmentally-friendly alternative to highways and rail

Container-on-barge highly developed in Europe

Examples in US: Columbia-Snake; Gulf Coast service; Coastal movements along Atlantic

More in the future?Osprey Line 750 TEU

Tow on Mississippi River

Inland Container Barge

Modal Efficiency of Waterway Transport

One 15-Barge Tow

216 Rail Cars + 6 Locomotives

1,050 Large Semi Tractor-Trailers

Source: Texas Transp Inst., 2007

Inland Waterway Transport Conserves Fuel

How far one gallon of fuelmoves one ton of freight, average by mode…

0 100 200 300 400 500 600

Truck: 155Truck: 155

Rail: 413Rail: 413

Miles

Barge transportation is the most fuel efficient method of moving the raw materials needed by the nation.

Barge: 576Barge: 576

Source: Texas Transp Inst., 2007

Integrated Water Resources Management

Past development allows Inland Waterway projects to serve a variety of purposes

• Hydropower• Flood Protection• Environmental Restoration• Water Supply• Recreation

Contribution Contribution to Worldwide Initiativesto Worldwide Initiatives

Inter-linkage with other MDG ‘s

MDG 1:Eradicate extreme

poverty and hunger

MDG 6:Combat malariaand other water

bornediseases

MDG 8:Develop a global

partnershipfor development

MDG 7Ensure environmental sustainability

IWRM approaches, including Inland Waterway Transport, can help developing nations to achieve MDG’s

Provides safe, reliable, efficient, effective and environmentally Provides safe, reliable, efficient, effective and environmentally sustainable waterborne transportation systems for movement sustainable waterborne transportation systems for movement of commerce, national security needs, and recreation of commerce, national security needs, and recreation

Inland navigation handles over 600 million tons per year and is vital to Inland navigation handles over 600 million tons per year and is vital to the Nation’s economythe Nation’s economy

Many inland waterways in U.S. such as the Tennessee River, have been Many inland waterways in U.S. such as the Tennessee River, have been managed for multiple purposes including flood damage reduction, managed for multiple purposes including flood damage reduction, hydropower, water supply, environmental stewardship and recreationhydropower, water supply, environmental stewardship and recreation

Multi-purpose management requires an integrated approach to balance Multi-purpose management requires an integrated approach to balance competing uses and to ensure environmental sustainabilitycompeting uses and to ensure environmental sustainability

Managed properly, inland waterways can contribute to Millennium Managed properly, inland waterways can contribute to Millennium Development Goals, includingDevelopment Goals, including

• Eradicate Extreme Poverty and HungerEradicate Extreme Poverty and Hunger• Ensure Environmental SustainabilityEnsure Environmental Sustainability• Develop a Global Partnership for DevelopmentDevelop a Global Partnership for Development

U.S. Waterway Transport - Summary