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Roadmap for Cathode Materials for Electric Vehicles
Joe DiCarlo
August 2012
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1 | Introduction BASF
2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities
3 | Cathode Portfolio
4 | Next Generation Cathodes
5 | Summary
02-03-2011 3
BASF Headquarter in Ludwigshafen, Germany
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BASF – The Chemical CompanyThe World’s Leading Chemical Company
We create Chemistry for a sustainable future
We combine economical success with social responsibility and the protection of the environment
Sales 2011: m€ 73,497
EBIT 2011: m€ 8,586
Employees (December 31, 2011): 111,000
About 1,100 new patents filed in 2011
6 Verbund sites and about 390 production sites
02-03-2011 5
BASF and the Automotive Industryca 10 – 15 % of total BASF Sales
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Electrical energy efficiency― Solar roof with transparent organic solar cells― Transparent organic OLEDs
Smart Forvision in Cooperation with BASFTechnologies for the Car of Tomorrow
Chemistry as Enabler of Electromobility
Temperature management― IR-reflecting films/pigments― High performance foams for insulation
Multifunctional lightweight construction ― Lightweight ergonomically designed seats ― Thermoplastic polyamide wheel
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Go online at www.smartforvision.basf.com
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1 | Introduction BASF
2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities
3 | Cathode Portfolio
4 | Next Generation Cathodes
5 | Summary
BASF products BASF R&D
Li-Intercalation Anode
Electrolyte Cathode
Binder
Li-Batteries for Automotive ApplicationsOverview: Lithium Ion Battery Material Solutions by BASF
Battery Cell Chemistry:• Decrease cost• Increase range• Increase lifetime
Raw Materials Cells Pack OEMMaterials
BASF is a Material Supplier for LiBs
BASF Customer/Partner
The battery determines characteristics of an electric vehicle ― Range, costs, safety,…
The battery allows for differentiation and value creation ― Challenging technology and chance for chemistry / engineering / OEMs
Materials are the heart of the battery cell ― Chemistry plays a central role as material supplier
Strategy: Strengthen Organic Growth of BASF Battery Materials
BASF Battery Unit:Investments and Acquisitions by BASF
NiMHx POST-Li-ION
Ovonic Battery Company: Acquisition (2.2012)
CATHODES
Li-IonELECTROLYTES
Merck Elektrolyte: Acquisition of Elektrolyte Activities of Merck (2.2012)
LFP License: Licensing agreement to acquire LFP technology from LiFePO4+C (4.2012)
Sion Power: Investment of 50mio USD (1.2012)
Novolyte: Acquisition of Business (4.2012)
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1 | Introduction BASF
2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities
3 | Cathode Portfolio
4 | Next Generation Cathodes
5 | Summary
02-03-2011
0.0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
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0.2
0.4
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0.8
1.0 0.0
0.2
0.4
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0.8
1.0
Mn
Co
NCM-111NCM-433
NCM-424 NCM-523
NCM-622
NCM-514 NCM-811
Co (LCO)
Ni (LNO)Mn (LMO)
NCM-929
HE-NCMs
HV spinel
LNCO
NCM-415
High capacity – low safety region
Classic high stability region
Lower cost region
Ni
Phase Diagram
BASF Cathode – PortfolioFor Today, Tomorrow and … the Future:
HE-NCM:HV-Spinel:
NCM (xyz): Example: Li1+x(Ni0.33Co0.33Mn0.33)1-xO2
Today
Tomorrow
LFP: LiFePO4
+ known materials, demonstrated technology- Low energy content
+ Higher energy content- Development stage
Future Li-SLi-Air
+ Higher energy content- (Pre) R&D stage
BASF has licensed broad cathode patent portfolio from Argonne National Laboratory (ANL) covering NCMs
BASF licensed global rights for the production and sale of LFP from LiFePO4+C Licensing AG, Switzerland
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Picture: Journal of Materials Chemistry, Vol 17, Thackeray et al.
1 | Introduction BASF
2 | BASF’s Battery Material Activities
3 | Cathode Portfolio
4 | Next Generation Cathodes
5 | Summary
1: HE-NCMs
“High Energy” NCMs: Capacity increase at slightly lower av. Voltage
Discharge profilesBASF HE-NCM vs. NCM-111
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0 50 100 150 200 250 300Capacity [Ah/kg]
HE-NCMNCM-111
Voltage [V]
E = Q × U
High Voltage Region
Standard Voltage Region
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Improvements High Energy HE-NCM
0
5
10
15
20
25
Q1/2010
Q2/2010
Q4/2010
Q1/2011
Q3/2011
1,0
1,5
2,0
2,5
3,0
Q1/2010
Q2/2010
Q4/2010
Q1/2011
Q3/2011
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Q1
/20
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Q2
/20
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Q4
/20
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Q1
/20
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Q3
/20
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Capacity at 1C [mAh/g] Irreversible Capacity [%] Tap density [g/ml]
All Materials scaled to pilot plant scale at 100kg
Improvement of BASF HE-NCMs (last 5 Quarters):
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Morphology BASF HE-NCM Materials
D50 = 16 µm
1500 : 1 20µm
D50 = 11 µm
20µm1500 : 1
Control of particle size and Improved Particle Morphology:
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BASF’s HE-NCM Rate Capability
Improved Capacity vs. C-Rate capability:
0
50
100
150
200
250
300
0,1 1 10C-Rate
Cap
acit
y [m
Ah
/g]
2C
4C
Half-cell / Li-anode
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BASF HEDTM HE-NCMs
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50
100
150
200
250
300
0 100 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000
NCM-523
HE-NCM
Spe
cific
cap
acity
[Ah/
kg]
Cycle No.
25°C - 0.5 C
Cycling Stability of HE-NCM (Graphite Anode) vs. normal voltage NCMs
2: HV-Spinel
“High Voltage” Spinel: Voltage increase at slightly lower Capacity
Discharge profilesBASF HV spinel vs. NCM-111 and LFP
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
4.0
4.5
5.0
0Capacity [Ah/kg]
Voltage [V]
50 100 150
NCM-111
HV spinel
E = Q × U
LFP
High Voltage Region
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BASF HEDTM HV-spinel
Cycle No.
25°C, 1.0 C
4.25V – 4.80V
Specific capacity [Ah/kg]
Standard cell chemistry
Cycling Stability of HV Spinel (Pouch Cell vs Graphite)
Cell chemistry 1 (“additives in electrolyte”)
Cell chemistry 2 (“modification”)
Comparison of Cathodes Material
Specific capacity [Ah/kg]
Av. voltage vs. Li/Li+ [V]
Specific Energy Density [Wh/kg]
NCM-111 155 3.85 597
NCM-523 165 3.85 635
HE-NCM 270 3.65 986
HV Spinel 140 4.65 651
LMO Spinel 125 3.95 494
LFP 160 3.45 552
How much of it can be realized on the cell level ?
HE-NCM, HV-Spinel cathode material can deliver up to 65 % more specific energy density vs. NCM-111
Energy Density of different Cathode Materials:
Energy Density on the Layer Level
Cu Alanode separator cathode cathode separator anode Cuanode
Energy Density on Layer Level: repeating units of Anode, Cathode Current Collectors, Electrolyte
Thickness [µm]
Porosity Layer density [g/cm3]
% active material
Aluminum foil 18 0% 2.7
Cathode 200 30% Dependent on cathode material
92%
Separator 20 50% 0.7
Anode Balanced on cathode
25% Dependent on anode material
92%
Copper foil 12 0% 8.9
Parameters
Layer levelThe pores are filled with electrolyte of density 1.3 g/cm3.
The anode thickness is calculated, so that the following balancing equation is fulfilled: 1st cycle charge capacity per cm2 of cathode = capacity per cm2 of anode 1st cycle charge capacity = specific capacity / (100% – irrev. Capacity) Irreversible capacity on the anode (SEI formation) and anode over-sizing is neglected in the model.
Comparison Cathodes on the Layer Level
Grav. Energy Density [Wh/kg]
Comparison to NCM-111
Vol. Energy Density [Wh/l]
Comparison to NCM-111
NCM-111 293 (Reference) 0% 804 (Reference) 0%
NCM-523 306 +4% 833 +4%
HE-NCM 379 +29% 949 +18%
HV Spinel 320 +9% 881 +10%
LMO Spinel 257 -12% 709 -12%
LFP 259 -12% 641 -20%
HE-NCM and HV-Spinel cathode materials provide significant energy density advantage on the cell level
Gravimetric and Volumetric Energy Density on the Layer Level:
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Metal Costs ComparisonNCM vs. HE-NCM / Spinel
Pure metal value fluctuations in 10y period in 1 kg of NCM-111, HE-NCM and Spinel
Average Metals costs overthe last 10 year (USD/kg)
Lithium utilization (%)
NCM-111 5-28 56%
HE-NCM 2-11 80%
HV-Spinel 2-11 99%
Next generation cathode materials with marked improvements in costs and energy content.
Summary:
BASF is a committed supplier of materials for Lithium-Ion-Batteries
Cathode Materials (NCMs, LFP), Electrolytes and Technical Polymers are commercial products of BASF
Next Generation Materials such as HE-NCM and HV-spinel offer significant advantage of energy density
BASF develops these novel cathode materials tailor-made for high-energy applications
BASF will improve performance of today’s Lithium Ion Batteries with an optimized combination of materials like HE-NCM and tailor-made electrolytes
