ROAD TO REVOLUTIONROAD TO REVOLUTION

20002000 22

PROBLEMS WITH THE PROBLEMS WITH THE FRENCHFRENCH

20002000 33

French in North AmericaFrench in North America• Mostly fur traders

and subsistence farmers

• Generally on good terms with the Indians

• Major settlements were Quebec, Montreal, New Orleans

20002000 44

French and Indian WarFrench and Indian War• Last in a series of four wars

between the British and French• Called the Seven Years’ War in

Europe

20002000 55

Reasons for the WarReasons for the War• Opposing world empires

• Control of the fur trade• Control of land west of the Appalachian Mountains• Indian raids against the colonists

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Beginning and End of the Beginning and End of the WarWar

• George Washington loses at Fort Necessity

• British defeat the French at Quebec

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Treaty of Paris of 1763Treaty of Paris of 1763

• Canada to the British

• all lands east of the Mississippi River to England• Florida to England

(from Spain)

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Implications of the French and Implications of the French and Indian War for ColonistsIndian War for Colonists

• British went into debt fighting the war• British wanted colonists to pay for troops stationed in America• Colonists did not want to pay• Proclamation of 1763

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Proclamation of 1763Proclamation of 1763

• British prohibited the settlement of Colonists west of the Appalachians

• Feared conflicts with Native Americans

• Colonists resented the Proclamation

• Difficult to enforce

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TENSIONS RISE BETWEEN THE TENSIONS RISE BETWEEN THE ENGLISH AND AMERICANSENGLISH AND AMERICANS

20002000 1414

British enforce the British enforce the Navigation ActsNavigation Acts

• Four in number

• Reinforced Mercantilism

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MercantilismMercantilism

• Economic system followed by England, France, and other major trading nations

• A nation's government strictly regulates economic affairs to enrich its treasury

20002000 1616

BRITISH BEGIN TO TAX BRITISH BEGIN TO TAX AMERICANSAMERICANS

20002000 1717

British Taxation PoliciesBritish Taxation Policies

• Sugar Act

• Quartering Acts

• Stamp Act

• Townsend Revenue Act

20002000 1818

Sugar ActSugar Act• 1764• Revenues for

the crown, not spent on the colonies

• Admiralty Courts tried offenders

20002000 1919

Admiralty CourtsAdmiralty Courts

• Courts could host trial anywhere in empire

• No trial by jury• Judges biased; paid

based on fines issued

20002000 2020

Quartering ActsQuartering Acts

• 1765, 1766

• Ordered the colonies to supply the soldiers with living quarters, fuel, candles, and cider or beer

20002000 2121

Stamp ActStamp Act• 1765• Purpose was to raise revenue to support British troops in America• Placed a tax on 50 trade items such as: newspapers,

playing cards, diplomas, legal documents, etc.

20002000 2222

““No Taxation Without No Taxation Without

Representation is tyrannyRepresentation is tyranny””• Became slogan of the Colonists• First said by Patrick Henry• Colonists were not seeking representation• Did not want to be taxed more than other British Citizens

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AMERICANS RESISTAMERICANS RESIST

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Three actionsThree actions

• Committees of Correspondence

• Stamp Act Congress

• Organized a boycott

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Committees of Committees of CorrespondenceCorrespondence

• Cells in all the colonies

• Kept colonists informed about what was happening throughout the colonies

• Helped unite Colonists in protest

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Stamp Act CongressStamp Act Congress• 1765• First example of the

colonists working together

• Declared that stamp taxes could not be collected without the people's consent

20002000 2727

British repeal the Stamp ActBritish repeal the Stamp Act

• 1766• Passed the

Declaratory Acts • Stated that the King

and Parliament had full authority over the colonies in all matters

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Organized a BoycottOrganized a Boycott• Not one penny of tax was

paid

• Enforced by Sons and Daughters of Liberty

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Sons and Daughters of LibertySons and Daughters of Liberty

• Groups of patriotic societies that resisted paying taxes

• Oftentimes used intimidation and violence to force other colonists to participate in boycott

20002000 3030

Townsend Revenue ActTownsend Revenue Act• 1767• Import tax on glass, lead, paper, TEA• Money collected used to pay salaries

of royal governors, British judges• Another boycott organized

20002000 3131

Increased TensionIncreased Tension

20002000 3232

ConflictsConflicts

• British station troops in Boston

• Boston Massacre

• Boston Tea Party

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British station troops in BostonBritish station troops in Boston• 1768• British wanted to make sure that

the colonies remained under control

• Soldiers stationed there known as “Lobsterbacks”

• Caused increased tension as Colonists resented the presence of the soldiers

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Boston Massacre / RiotBoston Massacre / Riot• 1770• Soldiers and townspeople

clashed in a street fight • Frightened British soldiers fired

into a crowd of rioters • Five men died as a result,

including a black patriot named Crispus Attucks.

• They were the first colonists to lose their lives in protest against British

20002000 3535

A Massacre?A Massacre?

• Samuel Adams and others used this event as propaganda against the British

20002000 3636

Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party• 1773• Protest against Tea

Act, which allowed tea to be sold for less than smuggled tea

• Bostonians disguised as Indians raided British ships docked in Boston Harbor and dumped their cargoes of tea overboard.

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Consequence of the Consequence of the Boston Tea PartyBoston Tea Party

• Enraged the King, the Prime Minister and members of Parliament• There were no arrests or convictions• The British wanted to punish Boston as a warning to other

colonists

20002000 3838

Intolerable ActsIntolerable Acts• 1774 also called

Coercive or Repressive Acts

• Passed to punish Boston and Massachusetts• Closed Port of Boston• Gave governor

dictatorial powers• Took away the charter of Massachusetts

20002000 3939

Declaration of RightsDeclaration of Rights

• 1774• The First Continental

Congress met• American response to

the Intolerable Acts• Voted to cut off colonial trade with Britain• None called for Independence

20002000 4040

FIGHTING BREAKS FIGHTING BREAKS OUTOUT

20002000 4141

Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord• 1775• British looking for supplies stored

by Americans• On their way to Concord, British

met American minutemen near Lexington

• Night of “Paul Revere’s Ride” as well as Samuel Prescott and William Dawes, alerting minutemen

• “Shot heard ‘round the World”; who shot first?

• 8 minutemen dead and 1 British soldier

20002000 4242

British moved on to ConcordBritish moved on to Concord

• One group of redcoats met minutemen

• 3 redcoats and 2 minutemen were killed.

• The British then turned back to Boston

• Along the way, patriots fired at them from behind trees and stone fences.

• British dead and wounded for the day numbered about 250, and American losses came to about 90

Old North Bridge near Concord, MA

20002000 4343

Lexington and ConcordLexington and Concord

20002000 4545

Second Continental Second Continental Congress MeetsCongress Meets

• Drafted Appeal to Reason, also known as the Olive Branch Petition, and sent it to the king; Hoped to avoid

further conflict• Started an army and navy• Named George Washington

C in C

20002000 4747

King Proclaims the King Proclaims the colonies in rebellioncolonies in rebellion

• August 1775• Denies Olive

Branch Petition• No more

negotiations King George III

20002000 4848

Common SenseCommon Sense Published Published

• January 1776• Author was Thomas Paine• Called for American

independence and a strong, federal union

• Attacked inherited rule• Became the most widely

circulated pamphlet in American history to that time.

• Supported by Washington, Jefferson, and others

20002000 4949

THE FINAL BREAKTHE FINAL BREAK

20002000 5050

Declaration of Declaration of IndependenceIndependence

• June 1776 first formal debate on independence• Richard Henry Lee of Virginia

introduced the resolution inCongress

• "That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be,

free and independent States. ...”• Congress appointed a committee to draft a declaration of independence

20002000 5151

• Thomas Jefferson was the primary author of the document

{Other committee members were John Adams, Ben Franklin, Roger Sherman, and Robert Livingston}

• Borrowed ideas from famous Enlightenment thinkers, such as John Locke

• Lee’s Resolution passed on July 2

• The Declaration of Independence was made public on July 4th

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What does it say?What does it say?

20002000 5353

PurposePurpose

• United the colonies

• Put blame of conflict on the British

• Invited foreign countries to help Americans• Stiffened resistance to

the British

20002000 5454

Statement of Basic Statement of Basic Human RightsHuman Rights

Life, Liberty, Happiness…

20002000 5555

Purpose of Government…Purpose of Government…

…To protect these basic human rights

20002000 5656

King did not safeguard King did not safeguard our rightsour rights

• Most of the document lists the things the king did wrong

• Puts blame for the war on the British

20002000 5757

We asked the king to We asked the king to changechange

20002000 5858

Withdrawal of our Withdrawal of our “consent to be “consent to be

governed”governed”

20002000 5959

IN SUMMARY - IN SUMMARY - REASONS FOR THE REASONS FOR THE

REVOLUTIONREVOLUTION

20002000 6060

The English government did The English government did not really care about the not really care about the

colonies and didn’t listen to colonies and didn’t listen to the grievances of the the grievances of the

AmericansAmericans

20002000 6161

We felt that the English only We felt that the English only cared about the wealth we cared about the wealth we added to the British Empire added to the British Empire

(mercantilism)(mercantilism)

20002000 6262

Taxation without Taxation without RepresentationRepresentation

20002000 6363

• Admiralty Courts

• Control of taxes• Removal of our right to a representative government

Rights of Americans as British Rights of Americans as British Subjects were taken awaySubjects were taken away

20002000 6464

The EndThe End