ROAD AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTIONfischersz/Education/Road and railway construction/Road... · Bitumen • First usage about BC 5000 • Egyptians, Persians, Romans • 14th and 15th century

ROAD AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTION

MSC COURSE

2016/2017 AUTUMN SEMESTER

BITUMENS

SZÉCHENYI ISTVÁN UNIVERSITY Dr. Péter FÜLEKI assistant professor

Paving grade bitumens


Bitumen

SELF-EXPERIENCE!


Bitumen

Asphalt (cement) - US English

Bitumen - British English (outside of US) (plural Bitumens or Bitumina)

• Black

• Sticky

• Highly viscous fluid

Tar – distilled from coal

• Earlier used, but it has health risk

• Not used anymore in road construction

Crude bitumen – naturally occurred bitumen (Trinidad and Tobago, France, Venezuela, Los Angeles)


Basic definitions

Sample – small amount of bitumen prepared for tests

Specimen – in the standards determined amount of

asphalt mixtures prepared for tests

Neat or pure sample – unaged bitumen sample

Aged sample – bitumen after RTFOT or PAV aging

process


Bitumen

• First usage about BC 5000

• Egyptians, Persians, Romans

• 14th and 15th century was used for tarring

ships (waterproof material)

• John Loudon McAdam (UK around 1820)

• Waterproofing


Origin and production of bitumen

• Organic material with colloidal structure

• Components of asphalt are classified into four classes of compounds:

• Saturated hydrocarbons

• Naphtene aromatics

• Polar aromatics

• Asphaltenes

• Distilled from crude oil

• Basically a by-product (main product is fuel)

• Its quality depends on quality of crude oil

• Naturally asphalt lakes


Production of bitumen


Products from crude oil

• Distillation

• Different molecular groups precipitate on different temperatures

• The most viscous fluid at the end is BITUMEN


Natural asphalt lakes


Viscosity

Viscosity

• inner friction

• inner resistance to gradual deformation

by shear stress or tensile stress

Viscosity of bitumen

• depends on temperature

• reversible process



Bitumen behaviour at different temperatures: At low temperature: elastic or solid At moderate temperature: viscoelastic At high temperature: viscous (fluid) Significance of these properties:

• Pumping viscosity (1000-2000 mm2/sec)

• Mixing viscosity (100-300 mm2/sec)

• Spraying viscosity (50-100 mm2/sec)

• Compaction viscosity (over the temperature belongs to 1000 mm2/sec)



Kin

em

ati

c v

isc

os

ity

Temperature

Pumping

Mixing

Spraying


Quality requirements of bitumens

(EN 12591)

Parameter Measure Test

method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle

penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 20 – 30 35 – 50 50 – 70

70 –

100

160 –

220

Softening

point R&B °C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

EN

12607-1

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

Penetration

after

RTFOT, min.

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37




method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening

point R&B

after RTFOT,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

Softening

point rising

after RTFOT,

max.

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

Flash point,

min. °C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220

Solvability,

min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0

Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

mm2/s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

Fraas

breaking

point, max.

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Test of bitumen – Needle penetration

• Conditioning at 25°C (Time period depends on bitumen’s type)

• Let the needle penetrate into the sample for 5 seconds

• Read the value of penetration in 0,1 mm units




method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle


70 –

100

160 –

220

Softening

point R&B °C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

EN

12607-1

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

Penetration

after

RTFOT, min.

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37


Test of bitumen – Softening point

Ring&Ball

In this test the softening point is determined as being the temperature at which a sample of bitumen, subjected to a progressive increase of temperature and to the weight of a steel sphere, reach a consistence that leads to its flow through a ring of steel, until obtain a specific deformation (25 mm).




method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle


70 –

100

160 –

220

Softening

point R&B °C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

EN

12607-1

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

Penetration

after

RTFOT, min.

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37


Test of bitumen – Rolling thin film oven

tester (RTFOT)

1. Determination of the initial characteristics of the pure bitumen.

2. Ageing of the bitumen in the oven.

3. Determination of the characteristics of the aged bitumen.

4. Comparison with the initial characteristics of the bitumen to evaluate the ageing.

Simulating thermalschock during production of asphalt mixtures.

• 163°C

• 4000 cm3/min hot

air blowing

• 15 rotation/min.

• 75 minutes

• 35g

sample/storage




method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Needle


70 –

100

160 –

220

Softening

point R&B °C EN 1427 55 – 63 50 – 58 46 - 54 43 – 51 35 - 43

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

EN

12607-1

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

m/m% 0,5 0,5 0,5 0,8 1,0

Penetration

after

RTFOT, min.

% of

original

PEN

55 53 50 46 37




method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening

point R&B

after RTFOT,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

Softening

point rising

after RTFOT,

max.

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

Flash point,

min. °C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220

Solvability,

min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0

Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

mm2/s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

Fraas

breaking

point, max.

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Test of bitumen – Kinematic viscosity

• At 135°C




method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening

point R&B

after RTFOT,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

Softening

point rising

after RTFOT,

max.

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

Flash point,

min. °C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220

Solvability,

min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0

Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

mm2/s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

Fraas

breaking

point, max.

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Test of bitumen – Fraass breaking point

• Searching to the first

cracking (on the

bitumen sample)

belongs temperature




method

Requirements

20/30 35/50 50/70 70/100 160/220

Softening

point R&B

after RTFOT,

min.

°C EN 1427 57 52 48 45 37

Softening

point rising

after RTFOT,

max.

°C EN 1427 8 8 9 9 11

Flash point,

min. °C EN 22592 240 240 230 230 220

Solvability,

min. m/m% EN 12592 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0 99,0

Kinematic

viscosity at

135°C, min.

mm2/s EN 12595 530 370 295 230 135

Fraas

breaking

point, max.

°C EN 12593 - -5 -8 -10 -15


Modified bitumens

mB – modified bitumen

PmB – polymer modified bitumen

PmB-A – with elastomer modified bitumen

more elastic behaviour

PmB-B – with plastomer modified bitumen

more plastic behaviour

CrmB (GmB) – Crumb rubber modified bitumen

more elastic behaviour

Modified bitumens

Modified bitumens

Most common used modifiers:

• Ethylene vinyl acetate copolymers

(EVA, 3-7 m/m%)

• Styrene butadiene rubber copolymers

(SBR, 2-4 m/m%)

• Ethylene-propylene terpolymer

(EPDM, 3-5 m/m%)

• Styrol butadiene styrol copolymers

(SBS, 2-5 m/m%)

Modified bitumens

Modified bitumens

Principal functions of modifiers :

• Improve deformation resistance of bitumen,

• Improve behaviour at low temperature range,

• Improve adhesive and cohesion properties

• Increasing the plastic temperature range

(between softening point R&B and Fraass breaking

point)

IMPROVING BITUMEN’S PERFORMANCE!

Modified bitumens

Quality requirements of mBs (EN 14023)

Parameter Measure Test method Requirements

10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60

Needle

penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 10 – 40 25 – 55 45 - 80

Softening point

R&B, min. °C EN 1427 65 65 60

Cohesive

energy at 5°C,

min.

J/cm2 EN 13589

EN 13703 - - 2

Cohesive

energy at 10°C,

min.

J/cm2 EN 13589

EN 13703 2 2 -

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

EN 12607-1

Modified bitumens

Test of mBs – Cohesive energy (force

ductility)

• Stretching sample with measure of stretching force

• Energy calculated from the measured force between 20 cm and 40 cm

Modified bitumens



10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

m/m% 0,3 0,5 0,5

Penetration after

RTFOT

% of original

PEN EN 1426 50 50 50

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

°C EN 1427 8 8 10

Fraass breaking

point, max. °C EN 12593 -10 -12 -18

Elastic recovery at

25°C, min. % EN 13398 60 80 80

Storage stability,

softening point

difference, max.

°C EN 13399

EN 1427 5 5 5

Flash point, min. °C EN ISO 2592 250 250 250

Modified bitumens

Test of mBs – Elastic recovery

• Stretching sample for 20 cm

• Cutting in the middle

• Elastic recovery for 30 min

• Measure of distance between the sample pieces

Modified bitumens



10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

m/m% 0,3 0,5 0,5

Penetration after

RTFOT

% of original

PEN EN 1426 50 50 50

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

°C EN 1427 8 8 10

Fraass breaking

point, max. °C EN 12593 -10 -12 -18

Elastic recovery at

25°C, min. % EN 13398 60 80 80

Storage stability,

softening point

difference, max.

°C EN 13399

EN 1427 5 5 5


Modified bitumens

Test of mBs – Storage stability

• Fill samples into 3 tubes

• Conditioning for 3 days at 180˘C

• Reclaim cold samples from the tubes

• „A” case homogeneous

• „B” case inhomogeneous (modifiers are settled down in the tube)

Modified bitumens

Bitumens

What is known about B 50/70?

What is known about PmB 25/55-65?

Almost everything

Modified bitumens



10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60

Needle

penetration 0,1 mm EN 1426 10 – 40 25 – 55 45 - 80

Softening point

R&B, min. °C EN 1427 65 65 60

Cohesive

energy at 5°C,

min.

J/cm2 EN 13589

EN 13703 - - 2

Cohesive

energy at 10°C,

min.

J/cm2 EN 13589

EN 13703 2 2 -

Resistance

against

stiffening

RTFOT

EN 12607-1

Modified bitumens



10/40-65 25/55-65 45/80-60

Changing of

weight after

RTFOT, ±

m/m% 0,3 0,5 0,5

Penetration after

RTFOT

% of original

PEN EN 1426 50 50 50

Softening point

rising after

RTFOT, max.

°C EN 1427 8 8 10

Fraass breaking

point, max. °C EN 12593 -10 -12 -18

Elastic recovery at

25°C, min. % EN 13398 60 80 80

Storage stability,

softening point

difference, max.

°C EN 13399

EN 1427 5 5 5


Modified bitumens

Bitumen aging method

RTFOT for simulating

thermal shock during

production of asphalt

mixture

PAV - Pressure aging

vessel

PAV for simulating all

of effect during lifetime

of pavement under

pressure

Bitumens aging

Bitumens

Thank you for your attention!

Documents

ROAD AND RAILWAY CONSTRUCTIONfischersz/Education/Road and railway construction/Road... · Bitumen • First usage about BC 5000 • Egyptians, Persians, Romans • 14th and 15th century