Renaissance + Reformation Notes

WK1 lecture 1

• formation of modernity → formation of ‘early modern world’

• recognisable + unrecognisable → men + women, nature/religion

• time has history → timeline created in C18th

• how was time imagined power ?

• beginning - creation

• end - return of the messiah , when ?

• different testaments - different stories/ideas/clashes

• ~ 1500 The Chronicle - history of histories, 1st half = narrative bits, 2nd half = organised them, trying to mesh together

• line = not organising metaphor

• C13th E → clocks, everyone had own way of keeping time- farmer - own- monks - prayer- astrologers - stars

- parallel- grew - family trees- linear

• Renaissance = deeply concerned w/ time + history → ‘rebirth’ of worlds they understood as classical Greece/Rome

• study of antiquity - archaeology, art etc

• trying to push forward by looking back

• Renaissance = a self-conscious movement

• education - men devoted lives to study → e.g of goodness ? → introduced to world through persuasion 1000 before Ren, restore perfection of ancient world

• Ren = self aware, fundamental platform = persuasion, not just a period but a movement, a theory of history

• myth? - believe what they wanted us to, achieve their goals

• ancient/medieval/modern/contemporary understandings of how the world shaped itself

• mid ages didn’t exist before Ren called it that

• Jacob Burckhardt 1818-1897 → impression of Ren = relevant past 150years

• Ren - opened dialogue between fact/fiction

• ‘genius’ - characteristic of Ren

• medieval genius = a concept

• Ren genius = a person e.g da Vinci 1452-1519

• culture of persuasion - could sell themselves

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• Mona Lisa - we’ve given her a myth since this time i.e 1500 - makes her so interesting

• Ren - built myth around genius + persuasion of genius

• them being genius or just saying they’re genius → persuasion of genius

• Ren - what it wanted us to believe + what we made it, asks questions of fundamental ideas of period

• entertainment ?

• critical stance ?

• Leonardi

• Bruni

WK1 Lecture 2 - Medieval Inheritance, I - The Holy Roman Empire

• universe

• world

• empire

• Ptolemy = astronomer C16th → beyond the planets = God

• the world = surrounded by planets

• global geography - outward from Roman centre

• all textual - no images survive to depict this

• Spanish churchmen - topography leaders

• map of world from Albi → medieval map - general features in crude C8th map → a conception of the world which lasts for a very long time

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• T-O maps - Terrarum Orbis, sphere of the World → popular in middle ages + beginning of ren

• political - topographic maps - fraction of peoples, power of ancient texts to define geo, lack of

info beyond around the Mediterranean

Holy Roman Empire - think of it less as an entity but idea of sovereignty with lot of power- collection of lands collected/conquered by Romans

- republic → empire- 285 → empire = too big for one to rule ∴ split

- Barbarian attacks- Rome is not considered the centre anymore

- Emperor Constantine (272-327) - the dream → Under this sign you shall conquer ?, made Byzantine capital (aka Constantinople) → thought of as the founder of Eastern Roman Empire

- traditional Roman lands - now power- concept of Roman power = lived on without Romans- moving power to another place → translation - rule of Romans from one place to another or rule

to another line- where did power fall + to who ?

• Roman Church → 1st doc Constantine leaving power to Pope Sylvester - power to Christians

• secular non-Roman rulers → ‘barbarians’ - descendants fought over who had rights of power

• the idea of the empire = stronger than political reality

• Holy Roman Emperor - Charlemagne → crowned by pope Leo III on xmas day 800 in Rome → thought of as new Constantine 500 years later

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T-O maps (Terrarum Orbis): LEFT: T-O map, 12th century, Isidore of Seville�s Etymologies. British Library, London. ABOVE: T-O map, 1472, Isidore of Seville�s Etymologies. University of Texas, Arlington.

• the idea that the pope can crown emperor - whose power is greater ?

• C11-14th - power debate which is more authentic → pope vs emperor

• who had power to invest officials → pope outdoing emperor

• Christian Europe → 2 parts- subjects of Europe - body- subjects of pope - spirit

• ongoing conflict

• Frederick II → inherited 2 major titles- from father → Holy Roman Empire- from mother → crown of Sicily which encompassed much of Southern Italy (had been Greek

colony) the crossroads of medieval world

• political dynastic conflict

• Empire Europeans thought about what empire meant to them

• to pope → Frederick II put powers together → unite Italy’s lands under one ruler → papacy = surrounded by HRE

• King of Sicily → in Palermo- fully functional legal system- courts - Greek/Arabic- trade networks- army/mercenaries

- navy controlled central Mediterranean- 1st state uni not related to the church

• Fred - lived in massive mountain castle, reputation = not religious → when crusade - pope invaded Sicily + excommunicated Fred, then truce, then excommunicated

• Innocent IV - next pope → carried on anti-imperialism, fled to France + deposed Fred as Emperor

in 1245 in meeting

• Fred’s life + conflict w/ pope → after his death it took a long time for Empire to regain power + ambitions + families to Europeans at large

• glitter of HRE combined Holiness + politics of Empire

• Empire = perfect govt

• strong mystical traditions around HRE

• harbingers of new age of mankind

• Christian time = birth of Roman Empire

• 1250 - Fred dies

• mystics - believing Fred survived/reborn/hiding

• seduction of HRE → craving sense of greatness living in world of political disagregation

• Emperor trying to unite Europe into political + spiritual being4

• to be united - peaceful ? fiery ?

• new pope/new emperor - maybe this is when something will happen

• popes - trouble C14th → relocated in 1305 to France - Avignon, returned 1378 with the college of cardinals split between Rome + France ∴ thought they could elect new pop

• 2 different pops in late C14th → split power ?

• early C15th trying to fix, 1417 - crisis resolved

• imperial claims dismissed by popes but pope trouble inside themselves

WK2 Lecture 1 - Medieval Inheritance, II - Localism + the Self

• pre-modern individual

• identitas - quality of being the same (as opposed to words that suggest difference: Aleritas, singularitas, diversitas)

• Middle Ages - how are things similar - identity

• persona - role, character, mask → something put on, assumed

• subjectus - that which is put beneath, which obeys

• individuum - something indivisible

• humanitas - humanity → in medieval christendom → humanity implied weakness - faults, imperfections

• external expression of internal workings

• Augustine → Confessions tells personal/spiritual journey of his humanity, pagan → christian

• Petrarch - Secretum, interior work → quality of his faith in God, dialogue form w/ St Augustine

• Black Hole of the self in middle ages

• 1000year period between 2 texts

• individualism + christianity etc → boundaries between religions + people generally

• intertwining of persons, corporatism in medieval church

• Middle Ages - didn’t share aspirations for individuality

• C11th - your relationship w/ God

• 1215 - initiative for private profession

• 1245 - pope broke with tradition with collective excommunication but more individial

• monastic communities - monks

• 2 modes of being a monk- eremetic - like a hermit (early middle ages) → alone- cenobetic - in a community (later middles ages) → living under a written rule

• Benedict - hermit → community leader

• communities built on sense of individual

• monastries - hair, clothes, belongings taken away etc taking away their will

• monastry = not stifling, still great people out of it

• more interested in narrative than motivation5

• asking how/why you are who you are

soul

• rational - humans

• sensible - animals

• vegetative - plants

• Aristotle - every living body possessed a soul → soul = not unique to man, everything has one i.e plants - vegetative soul, animals - sensitive soul, humans - rational soul

• rationality of humans made them unique, not their soul itself which was subject to God’s will

• relating individual to soul = it isn’t driven by the soul

body

• blood = hot/wet

• yellow bile = hot/dry

• black bile = cold/dry

• phlegm = cold/wet

• basic system of understanding human body

• health of human body = defined by balanced mixture of fluids

• universal concepts

• behaviour, appearance, morals etc = human condition

• fluids = made up complexion = whats inside i.e medical makeup

• e.g men → quick to become angry - hot + wet

• e.g women → menstruated = too wet and bloody

• soul not talked about everywhere

• medical ideas - not known by everyone

community → Italy

• ‘the group’ - huge power → how it shaped people, not ‘becoming self’ but becoming one of us (part of the group rather than the individual focus)

• towns - islands in wilderness, dense collections of families → organising entity of society, belonging to ‘the group’ = appealing

• campanilismo - ‘bell towerism’ → local chauvinism → deep + abiding loyalty to local townspeople/area etc

• place defining people

• campanilismo - positive inside group, negative - outside - don’t care

• hostility to those not part of community - defines limits + superiority

• violent + verbal clashes

• places - boundaries - marked by religious symbols as protection6

• marginette - images, sculpture on tracks, outskirts of town etc → there’s my saint ∴ my place and

my people → markers of community boundaries in Ren

• cities + towns = face to face society, relationships developed on intense mutuality - really know people within your town

• family, friends, neighbours → influence greatly sense of person (part of the group)

• 1860’s → Burckhardt - internalist perspective → individual came about by new med categories, man = himself in context of member of family/party/corp. objective/subjective changes. individual coming out of group, veiled

• 1900’s - in between

• 2000’s - outside

• 1989 - excess of community

• weissman - who is someone if member of multiple groups

• people = friendly to people but also secretive ?

• know when to give + keep to yourself in society

• people = more diverse, more sensitive to obligations of others

• Ren people used ambiguity to protect selves

• Valentin Groebner - focuses of depiction to people → coats of arms - signs identified who there are and where they are from

• recognise items/images/signs rather than faces → more of the house that the individual

• medieval and ren self boundary = hard to define

• self interrogation

• secrecy - challenge to find into place to hide things

• power of others - family, community, towns etc = influencing

WK2 tute

• Donation of Constantine → forgery C8th/C9th, Pseudo Isador ? → doc says give entire sovereignty to papacy

• Constantine = Roman Emporer → powerful, liberal - religion

• Rome = in decline → barbarians

• elites trying to escape law etc - not paying taxes

• Western Roman Empire → in decline, under attack

• Constantinople → new seat = powerful therefore hands rome over to pope

• Pope = Sylvester → religious, devout person not into the glamour → sets up papacy as temporal force not just spiritual force

• papacy wants empire to be subordinate to papacy

• people believed it to be dodgy (the Donation of Constantine) - odd, not legit

• the language = wrong, historical references = wrong

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Frederick II + Innocent III

• Innocent makes teenager emperor thinking he could be easily influenced and controlled but rather he was intelligent and already had Sicily - being groomed for emperorship

• HREmperor - prestige, great influence, power, imperial tiara - prestige, general candiates → German kings → back to tribal, not dynastic. Pope usually would crown them

• Voltaire

• HRE = idea rather than an entity

• can have power/no authority, authority but no power

• Gregory IX - uses donation of Constantine → excommunicates Fred from church

• excommunication = bad for King, subjects no longer subject to you, ability to impose your power

• King of F - Louis IX and King of E - Henry → support pope but won’t send army. Fred writes to

them

• Fred held $ back from church

• within popes power to take Sicily away

• last time Emperor managed to sway church → popes didn’t really have much power after this

• secular vs spiritual

• Ren thinkers HRE → monarchy ? corporation ? influence from classical periods

• Empirical model for World Govt

• stability in one powerful person

St Augustine

- started as a pagan- Confessions - difficult to give up ‘one’ for church- Confessions = to god about his sins, not being able to devote his life and free will to god, blocking

journey- different natures within self

- body + mind → split good/evil - battle inside himself- arrogance/pride → original sin- superba - inability to suppress urges, lack of control, sinful principle- breaking habit to impose will- son → wants to have family etc

- without imposing will he cannot achieve his goalsPetrarch’s Secret- pride/love - why its wrong- platonic relationship w/ Laura- Aug - criticises - he cannot impose his will, Petrarch has lack of piety

- self + awareness of self + motivation- Renaissance writers → PERSUASION

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WK2 Lecture 2 - War

• love/hate - individuals + groups

• war in practice

• glories

• horrors

Family

• primary solidarity

• provided benefits - status, benefits etc

• compliance - cooperation within family for benefits

• resources - protection

- larger families - cohere + fight

• honour - distillation of reputation → chief social quality then, built upon dynamics of face to face society → everyone else decides, based on looks, behaviour

• patriarchs = head of family, truthful, forgiving, integrity, avoid shame

• women = key to maintaining family honour

• honour - more about what they didn’t do → MODEST - already ashamed of self, quiet, self-conscious, chastity, passive virtue

• women and men honour intersected in family

• men - make sure women uphold family honour because women = weak, easily seduced/forced to do things

• women - leaving house = a risk

• public sphere/square = male domain

• family honour - defaced - sfacciato → lacking face/defaced

• face = noblest part of the body

• nose = noblest part of face → representation of honour → symbol of virginity

• being dishonoured → nose in bad condition

• eloquent violence - meant to tell a tale → locating honour in face

• mutilated bodies → tell tale of families dishonour

• families houses → groups

• house claims on space, height as well

• medieval/ren house - elite = tall

• towers - preserves of noble families, used for refuge, metaphor - massive power of families

• bridges from house tower to house tower

• 1250-60’s - pulled down

• family magnates - too powerful so pulled down

• ‘challenge’ 9

• 1293 - Ordinances of Justice

• 1290’s - civic attack on private towers

• towers replaced w/ low lying palaces

• surviving towers today in modern Italy - remnants etc

Family crests/flages

- valued, about who they are- identify the family + their honour- defacing crest - cause great animosity between families, loss of honour, shame- response to defacing honour = vendetta - smallest scale of animosity + localised family warfare,

revenge related - not ongoing war but a reaction, most common in republican cities - regimes →

like Romeo/Juliet - Shakespeare uses this time as inspiration- Nth Italy - state intervened- republican regimes - easier to have these issues → honour resides in commune itself + respect of

citizens ‘communal honour’- vendetta - divisible moments in medieval history

- opposing families

Guelf + Ghibelline

• Guelf → pope allegiance

• Ghibelline → Emperor allegiance

• 2 centuries of political animosity

• Chronicle - challenges to maintaining peace → reasons, agendas, major players - pop + Holy Roman Emperor → how related to city-state context

• Chronicle - imposing state oversight

• pre-modern world couldn’t exist without families to act as anchors

Mercenaries

• C13th Italy communes (city/states) = wealthy → trade, hire mercenary companies to lighten burden on authority etc

• mercenaries = young, foreign men → quick $$ with the service, mixed groups, same nationality

• contractors - signed contract with employer to provide people for payment over period of time, mostly E/G

• 7000 G cont - leading 10000 men, ‘country boy’ ‘foot travelers’

• White Company - led by English Mercenary John Hawkwood (1320-1394) late 1300’s → for and

against major Italian states, led campaign against Milan 1390’s, given citizenship, pension, cathedral burial, aka Giovanni Acuto

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• 1402 - Milan power crumbled, mercenaries take over, captain becomes Duke, politically +

economically = good

• mercenaries = dangerous that they could easily turn against their employers for power, untamable

Vassals- state mobilisation depends on type of state

- Italian = wealthy etc → expect warlords to fight- larger states - i.e F, B, Spain etc → noble elites owed allegiance to crown fought for the crown,

leave land + fight for monarch, riding horses = important, others on foot- linked family + landPierre Terrail (1473-1524) → French knight

- Bayard - one of the most accomplished warriors- legend - knighting king - shows power ?

Glories

• fictional war = recreation

• nobles - jousting → a recreation of war/‘re-enactment’ of war demonstrating the glory and prestige of victors

• literary fictional accounts of knights in wars/battles

• chivalries

• infidels/exotic women

• jousting - recreated main elements of real battle

• shared ethos of being part of warrior class

• peasants/commoners → war of fists in Venice C16-17th → bridge fighting - no sided bridge, 2 opposing forces, gather on either side of bridge at go at each other → way to gain honour as a regular person

Horrors

• war = sweet to the inexperienced

• conflict in + outside of cities

• extremely violent society

• mounted cavalry till C17th-C18th

• gun powder → cannons

• late C15th - boom in handgun manufacture

• sword → skill

• gunshot → scary to warrior culture leveling everyone in the field where skill and tactics are no

longer important

• threat of ongoing warfare - mercenaries - rape/pillage11

• people = dehumanised - stripped of clothing, weapons, belongings in battlefield to serve another

person

• war - supposed to bring honour to victors but could also bring unidentified flesh

• anonymity in death

• war → productive, builds honour, cultural identity

• bad → emphasis on peace

WK3 Lecture 1 - PeaceSt Francis of Assissi (1182-1226)

• Assissi = in Umbria region of Italy

• Francesco di Bernadone → parable for how one should think about living in middle ages

• PAX - personage of peace

• Francesco = born into wealthy family

• normal till ~ 25 (Bondi equivalent?)

• became ill in 20’s - looked out window and felt the time in his life had been wasted and therefore when he got better he wanted to leave with merchant to go to war → didn’t go after he had a bad

vision

• started to withdraw from life + taking on Christianity

• retreated to mountain grotto (hermit)

• went to Feligno

• stopped at church of St Damian

• Jesus/St Damian - rebuild my church

• His father searched for him, Francis hid in dirty hole - came out so dirty and demented he was rejected from townspeople

• alterpiece w/ images of St Francis’ life

• Francis’ father locks him up in his home → takes him to church + Francis renounces his clothes

→ his family = clothes merchants so perhaps in a way renouncing previous life/ties to his family, naked, he is embraced by the bishop w/ his cloak (embraced by church)

• Francis - in prior non church life, hated lepers, the first thing he did was kiss a leper

• he designed a tunic in the shape of the cross - made not to be with $$ or food or good clothing

• Francis - encouraged peace through religion - had pacifying effect on people, was encouraged to

be a monk/hermit, had followers

• Order of Friar Minor → minor clergy, brothers not true monks till 1210, slim living → prayer mixed w/ mortification → on knees all day, naked in cold, rope themselves

• Francis - sermon to birds - asking them to listen to the word of God, attuned to nature, made peace with a wolf who was terrorising a town (Gubbio) - made a peace pact

• Had Christs hands lasered into his body - died singing a biblical song

• Francis - mendicant order → beggar, very poor, exists exclusively on charity12

Chiara Offreduccio (1194-1253) - known as Clare of Assissi → one of St Francis’ first female/

followers- friends- she nursed him on his deathbed

• traditional clergy - replaced with brotherhood helping people, more about the people rather than

the people of the clergy

• mendicate = reproach to traditional orders, chastising them for their way of life

1390’s - peace movements in times of war

• John Hawkwood monument in Florence cathedral

• 1390’s = intense warfare but movement of people for peace - Bianci - the ‘whites’, white gowns → men, women, children spreading from coastal town of Genoa, sing/pray/fast

• growing as they moved from town to town

• resurrection/sick to healthy

• July-Oct 1399 → shortlived by deeply popular desire growing among people for concord during

war

• San Bernadine - hollow cheeks → followed in steps of St Francis, most famous preacher modeled on St Francis

• Bernadine preached sermons in low series for several days → 45 days straight for up to 3 hours at a time

• audiences would write it down → how we know how they went - colloquial/casual

• Bernadino’s Christogram (tavoletta) → YHS Yesus Hominem Salvator (Jesus Saviour of Mankind) → reminder of Christs holy name

• crest = Bernadino’s trump card → this is better than any of your crests

• took place of many factional symbols i.e city Hall

• a legal document - instrument of peace

• osculatorium - ‘thing to be kissed’ - pax-board → passed around during mass + is kissed, small handheld wood/metal w/ picture

• kisses = lecherous, treacherous, peace

• kissing images - paintings of Jesus

• kisses - meant to bind religious community together

• kiss of peace = more legally binding than actual document

• marriage → legal kiss where marriage is compacted

• not through vendetta but through peace

• political peace - political theory → more secular authority, against pope claim of total power + for

power of emperor

• pope - complete global subjection to papacy13

• Dante - political theorist/imperialist proposal → tries to separate religions from political argument

radical happiness - political happiness

• introduced + maintained by Emperor

• Marsilius of Padua - written in wake of another failure of empire, Defender of Peace - against pope, church misconstrued → no power over people etc, doesn’t follow Dante but opens up window

• Political parties - based on governed rather than rulers

• to be defender of peace = to be critic of papal sovereignty

WK3 Tutereading 1

• Guelfs + Ghibellines → rivalry C13th-C16th - shattering of the peace

• Florence - new migrants, increased population → very prosperous, expanding, the place to be

• inter-familial conflict - feuds, vendettas, honour disputes - patriarch’s go to great lengths to protect family honour - particularly of the women

• violent time

• killing

• political system in Florence → fluctuating between royal/council

• richer merchants = nobility

• nepotism

• people not in power = frustrated

• people in power = unhappy with others in power

• 1215 Guelf + Ghibelline

• volatile unsteady victory, even if enemy = gone, whole new problems within factions

• peace didn’t hold - people being exiled

• theme/context - factional strike at close of C13th

• Henry VII of Luxemberg → hope for peace

• Campagni + Dante get excited for this after factional issues, nepotism, failing peace in prosperous city-state

• Draconian Laws - magnate unhappy

• punishment - effective → fitting of the crime, i.e hands off for thieves

• mercenaries - end up causing problems → draw more out of conflict, they have no attachment, fix something temporarily but problems later

• berates lords for ruining so great a city

• plan for unity ?

• Dino - arrogant - renaissance rhetoric/persuasion, wants emperor to impose his will on the people

to make them believe you’re the leader - may not be loved but important to not be hated although still feared → needed a strong person as a leader

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• no-one = scared of him → not effective leader

• Machiavelli - liked republic idea

• Dante - on pope saying he has all the power - says both emperor + pope - both subject to God therefore peers, ‘2 equal swords’, 2 sides of a coin, 2 separate entities

• autonomy of temporal sphere → human affairs = not subject to papacy

• civic responsibility

• nature of intelligence to progress with intelligence → need peace/unity etc

• endless hierarchy → need head

• tyranny is bad → easy for emperor to be a tyrant, would have to be benevolent

• democracy = corruptible - doesn’t trust it, nothing gets done, perverted politicians like the power but not the responsibility

• dynasty etc - don’t need to win over people

• monarch doing the best they could → didn’t have to campaign, generally always ruled with a council/advisors, not just independently making decisions

• God as single power - works in heaven so why not here ?

• justice system

• draw on classical sources - Aristotle etc to better argument

• basic common principles/grounds

• one world govt

• Augustus (emperor at time) - ‘golden moment’ → when Jesus appeared

• look at why this worked

• human based govt in Florence gone wrong

• strong leadership so everything underneath works well

• works for god + nature

• universal govt - opposing, everyone has their own agenda, nationalism undoing

• EU - created to prevent WW3

• corruption

WK3 Lecture 2 - Making a Life, I - Social Structures

• God - plan for society → nature, how creatures are organised

• men - leaders and subservient - naturally

• therefore certain caste of people → nobility - wealth, privilege + less virtuous = ruled by leaders

• BORN nobility BORN peasant

• idea of human body → metaphor for social order i.e head (king) ruled/governed body (everyone else)

• patriarchal in a good way → providing help

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• kingdom of France - 3 estates

- clergy → pray- nobility → fight- peasants → work → ~98% of society- clergy/nobility → rights + privileges - more virtuous etc exempt from tax, weapons etc

• Italy

- free/partially autonomous cities- ruler = difficult to define- nobles ?- ruled by council- city states - nobility = assigned over years, perhaps for serving city etc

- mixing tradition with earned wealth → the Grandi - the Greats → earned right - given last names

- end of C13th 13% had family names- elite = more isolated from everyone

• Florence

- push from communes govt- 1293 - Ordinance of Justice - forced powerful families to accept magnate - legal status of

disempowerment- label recognised enormous wealth + power + stopped them from using it on the city i.e politics

• Venice

- separation from great families themselves to prevent lower families from rising- 1297 - ruling families closed ‘golden book’ - list of council families - locked it → Serrata- froze elites of Venice in time + established oligarchy

• Milan- mid C14th Dukes of Milan + Ferrara → attempting to create mini kingdoms for themselves -

feudalism - trying to make feudalist states- they created new nobles by giving them land in exchange for royalty service- Milanese + Ferrarese infeudation, mid C14th

• Elite = becoming more distinctive in Italy

• therefore how to show off differences → clothing = map of social structure - class, gender,

geography

• laws - map of class

• play with laws

• sumptuary laws - regulated consumption, supposed to be able to read social class by clothing

• those who wanted to aspire couldn’t or more virtuous who could

• high middles ages - not much need for law on clothing etc

• but elites → showing selves off - city intervened - why did they care ?16

• Economy

- eco = delicate, needed to be protected therefore useless expenditure on clothing etc means less ability to marry well etc

- protected local trades + citizens from other economies → into one economy

• Social- sumptuary law protected division of upper and lower states

- confusion led to wannbes → aspirations- build up the powerful and not others → religiously, socially etc- prostitutes = forced to wear red, white, black scarves- Jews - yellow patches- i.e like the Scarlett letter

- to prevent inappropriate mixing

• Modesty- styles - some seen by church + city as immodest- perhaps against common decency or God- ineffective even with fines

- Officers of Virtue - supposed to uphold law

• Venice - platform shoes - to not get dresses wet, those with higher shoes = higher status. status read by height also

Family

• marriage → important - alliances, system of inheritance

• Italy - all sons inherited equal inheritance, sisters/daughters excluded from inheritance but given dowry - showed confidence in girl to serve as legal binding

• like a package → dowry = transaction between father/brother and future husband

• brothers remained at home, paternal state undivided

• women - to different families, married around 13-18

• men - at home + bringing women in, married around 20-50

• large age gap

• elite household → 3-6 nuclear families under one roof

• alot of daughters - where to get dowries from ? therefore sent off to convent → smaller dowry +

saving money

• women = assets → marry off or lock up for virtue, protecting family honour

• forcing women to become nuns = standard grew over

• 1336 - 1% of women in Florence in convent

• 1427 - 7%

• 1581 - 54% of Venetian women in convents

• sons - career in church - younger, perk → travel, study, politics, greater freedom than women17

• family - dowry = great importance → unity of family and virtue, competing dowries driving

themselves broke

• solution Italy → 1350-1550 → dowries growing by 2-6 times in size, cities stepped in to resolve problem ‘The Dowry Fund’ - govt fund, semi-charitable

• at the birth of a daughter - the father invested money + could get interest + then take out when needed

• 30,000 girls used this between this time period

• 1480 - 1/5 of girls using the fund account

• guilds - trade corps organisation specific functioning of specific trade → gave structure to lives of mentors → protection, economic security, cultural identity

• i.e saint sculpting - dealt with problems of social organisation, based on consent, eligibility,

different political culture than elites, community spirit of guilds

• shaping of city republics of early Ren Italy

• confraternities - family + religious brother/sisterhoods, lay associations, organised by normal people, popular in C14th - by Mendicate brothers - investment in society

• mens, womens, mixed, children, clergy etc

• function according to rules regulating what people did, cut across guild boundaries, rent spaces to get together + pray

• flagellants - 1260’s - penentance, self torture, mutilation

• praise singers - sang to God

• mercy-givers - give help to others, like charity groups, i.e condemned prisoners before they died

• communities to build family outside of actual family

• built kinship networks of trust in cities where family doesn’t

WK4 Lecture 1 - Making a Life, II - The Life Cycle

• Carnival - inversion of social class

• lent - meat forbidden

• carnival - farewell to flesh, when world is turned upside down and body is ruled by the lower parts rather than the head

• festive inversion - make a boy the duke in venice → showing need to turn things around, recognise structures in which they lived

• boy bishops

• masters serving servants

• boys beat fathers

• wearing masks + costumes - not sticking to codes ruling your life

• ridicule - allowed opportunity to mock people → way of acknowledging or accepting reality

• commentary between power + lack of power

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• constructive criticism - rulers + ruled = examined relationships to each other - bad ruler = scary -

easy to replace

• now to act correctly within social structures after the craziness

• carnival - shows everyone can participate in amusement of their society

6 Ages of Man (Isidore of Seville 7th Century)

• infantia (infancy) - to age 7

• pueritia (childhood) - to age 14

• Adolescentia (adolescence) - to age 28

• Juventus (youth) - to age 50

• Aets senioris (older age) - to age 70

• senectus (old age) - to death

• Florence - great archive of peoples lives - information still existing

• births - at home w/ sisters, female servants

- physician = rarely on hand- midwife - magic, spells etc- husband - protecting her from badness in life to protectbaby- birthing tray - boys depicting wishful thinking/otherside = for food- 1/5 of women died in childbirth

- swaddled to give shape of baby- baptism - name, exorcised- godparents - linked by business to the parents- salt in mouth, oil on tummy- sponsored by godparents

- 20-30% of babies born in Europe die before age 7- 1407 - woman killed a baby- 1455 - official option to getting rid of baby → designed to accept abandoned babies - hospital/

orphanage → Hospital of Innocence- parents left half tokens with children → wear tokens to identify them

- kept here till late teens, boys work and girls get dowry- mothers first milk = dangerous so have porridge ?- baby sent off to wet nurse in country for a year then back to family- children = impressionable → tutored by father, play with siblings etc

• age 12 - boy joins confraternity, religious education outside of confraternity → school - maths,

grammar, logic, classic texts used

• 1330’s - 10,000 boys and girls educated in Florence19

• 6am start, lunch etc

• age 15 - age of reason, capable of making rational decisions, expected to follow father in trade

• hair = shoulder length, tight pants w/ doublet, liking girls and their long hair etc

• mid 20’s → prostitutes → not legally allowed to leave rooms unless wearing coloured veil

• charitable houses - early 1600’s - 10% of Venice = prostitutes

• prostitutes = considered dirty but necessary, like a human sewer where men dump their juices etc

• sodomy - not unusual

• same sex excitement during adolscence

• sex between man + younger boy = common Florentine vice

• got fines, 5th offense → burned to death

• 2/3 of Florentine men indicted for sodomy estimation

• uni - Bologna - study liberal arts for 6 years

• look after own lodging

• 2 servants to cook/clean

• lectures in latin

• uni - acquisition of great knowledge, circular disputations

• studying hours, chewing sand to stay awake, more than one degree

• marriage → finds friend of family = marriage broker

• mother - looking for good girls at church

• UC - meet at wedding

• LC - meet, sex, marriage later

• MC - see at church a few times

• meet, transfer rings, parade of dowry wedding chests

• younger woman - 15 → live in parents home of husband, then use $$ from dowry to get new

house

• wife = mistress of household, constraining but also freeing

• bond deepens later

• some beat their wives/adultery

• divorce granted only in case of proven adultery/infertility or will to leave

• widows - of merchants etc inherit debts

• few years after wedding → pregnant

• 18 good age to start a family

• contraception

• bodies = colder and dryer with age

• no real concept of retirement → many planned for this, some successful people - awarded with state pension i.e John Hawkwood

20

• work till death

• drinkk blood of young man - got better

• will finalised

• dying = precarious - fight for soul between devils + angels

• genre of dying - the art of dying

• died surrounded by children/wife

• grief expected to be dramatic - loosened hair, scratched at face → like in ancient times with professional mourners

• confraternity - prepare for funeral, hired mourners (classical influence ? ), regalia, candles, cloth etc.

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